0131389033 ppt13

CJ 2011James A. Fagin

Chapter 13:

Homeland Security


© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.2

After completion of this chapter, students should be able to:Explain how terrorism has affected the criminal justice systemDetail how the United States reorganized law enforcement agencies to respond to terrorismGive examples of how fear of terrorist attacks influence legislation, homeland security strategies, and search and seizureSpecify concerns about the impact of homeland security legislation and law enforcement powers with regard to constitutional rights



Terrorism is a strategy of using random, violent attacks on noncombatants, symbolic building and landmarks, and infrastructure of a society to cause widespread fear



Domestic terrorism involves acts such as:

1. Militias and extremist groups, such as Timothy McVeigh, Oklahoma City Bombing

2. Single-issue extremist groups, such as anti-abortion groups

3. Ecoterrorist, such as Animal Liberation Front (ALF), and Earth Liberation Front (ELF)



Prior to the September 11, 2001, the criminal justice system lacked resources to counter international terrorism

USA Patriot Act gives federal law enforcement agencies expanded powers



The DHS consolidated 22 federal agencies and 180,000 employees to create a single agency

Transportation Security Administration (TSA) created for airport security and passenger screening, deployed over 20,000 baggage screeners in 2002

FAA reports have been critical of baggage screeners’ ability to prevent passengers with potential weapons or explosives from boarding



Enemy Combatant Executive Order allows captured persons to be detained in military prisons, without charges, without access to an attorney, nor other constitutional rights

Civil rights proponents argue that circumventing the criminal justice system is a danger to civil liberties



Allows police to use roving wiretaps to track any phone a terrorist suspect might use

Permits law enforcement to conduct searches with delayed notifications

Section 215 of Patriot act allows searches of business, medical, bookstore or library records without probable cause



Fear of attacks is transforming cities into urban fortresses

Threats are costing police departments millions of dollars in overtime costs, training, and equipment

Few departments have the budget to provide officers with the necessary training and equipment to prepare for a biological, chemical, or nuclear terrorist attack



There is concern that illegal immigrants could obtain jobs as airline mechanics, at nuclear facilities, or at other infrastructure facilities

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) conducts investigations to determine if illegal immigrants are employed in such facilities

Government adopts ‘Smart Passports’ containing microchips with personal data, and a radio frequency identification system



DHS has been criticized as ‘overly aggressive’ racial profiling no-fly list

The 9/11 Commission criticized immigration polices as neither preventing potential terrorists from entering the country, nor clearly identifying them



ICE deports approximately 80,000 illegal immigrants for criminal activity

In 2008, ICE arrested over 1,000 alleged gang members of which most eligible for deportation

DHS has advocated adaption of a ‘National ID Card’



Cyber attacks can be executed from anywhere in the world

Difficult to establish the source of attacks

Extremist groups use the Internet to recruit new members, provide online training for jihadists, and disseminate propaganda



Congress has provided law enforcement officials with new powers that diminish Fourth Amendment rights

FBI has new powers to conduct domestic intelligence and to monitor the political activist groups that diminish First Amendment rights



Material witness law allows federal authorities to hold a person indefinitely without bringing charges

U.S. Supreme Court (2008) ruled that terrorist suspects held at the Guantanamo Bay naval base had constitutional rights to challenge their detention



Rendition: illegal transportation of a person to a foreign country for the purpose of having officials of that country interrogate the person using torture

Waterboarding was used under the Bush administration in the interrogation of al-Qaeda leaders



Role of local police and the need for coordinating multiagency response to terrorism have exposed critical shortcomings in training and equipment

War on Terrorism has resulted in reexamination of some of the most basic practices of the criminal justice system

Criminal Justice scholars and student must ask, What are the best practices for responding to terrorism?

Date post:	11-May-2015
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0131389033 ppt13

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