01_Computer Abstractions and Tech

7/29/2019 01_Computer Abstractions and Tech

1/12

Advanced Computer Architecture

Computer Abstractions and

Technology

Department of Computer Engineering

Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering TechnologyYarmouk University

Department of Computer Engineering

Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering TechnologyYarmouk University

The Computer Revolution

Progress in computer technology

Underpinned by Moores Law

Computers in automobiles

Cell phones

Human genome project

World Wide Web

Search Engines

Com uters are ervasive

Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering TechnologyDr. Mohammed Halloush


2/12

Classes of Computers

Computers are used in different three types ofapps: Desktop computers

General purpose, variety of software

Subject to cost/performance tradeoff

Server computers Network based

High capacity, performance, reliability


Embedded computers

Hidden as components of systems Stringent power/performance/cost constraints

The Processor Market



3/12

What You Will Learn

How programs are translated into the machine language

And how the hardware executes them

What determines program performance

And how it can be improved

How hardware designers improve performance

What is parallel processing


Understanding Performance

Algorithm

Determines number of operations executed

Programming language, compiler, architecture

Determine number of machine instructions executedper operation

Processor and memory system

Determine how fast instructions are executed


I/O system (including OS)

Determines how fast I/O operations are executed


4/12

Below Your Program

Application software Written in high-level language

ys em so ware

Compiler: translates HLL code tomachine code

Operating System: service code

Handling input/output

Managing memory and storage


Scheduling tasks & sharing resources

Hardware Processor, memory, I/O controllers

Levels of Program Code

High-level language Level of abstraction closer

to problem domain

Provides for productivityand portability

Assembly language Textual representation of

instructions


Binary digits (bits)

Encoded instructions anddata


5/12

Components of a Computer

Same components forall kinds of computer

The BIG Picture

, ,embedded

Input/output includes

User-interface devices

Display, keyboard, mouse

Storage devices


Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash

Network adapters For communicating with

other computers

Anatomy of a Computer

Out utdevice

Networkcable


Inputdevice

Inputdevice


6/12

Anatomy of a Mouse

Optical mouse LED illuminates

Small low-res camera

Basic image processor

Looks for x, ymovement

Buttons & wheel


uperse es ro er- a

mechanical mouse

Opening the Box



7/12

Inside the Processor (CPU)

Datapath: performs operations on data

Control: sequences datapath, memory, ...

Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to data


Inside the Processor

AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores



8/12

Abstractions

Abstraction helps us deal with complexity

-

The BIG Picture

-

Instruction set architecture (ISA)

The hardware/software interface

Application binary interface (ABI)

The ISA plus system software interface

Implementation

Hardware that obe s the architecture abstraction


A Safe Place for Data

Volatile main memory

Non-volatile secondary memory

Magnetic disk

Flash memory

Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)



9/12

Networks

Communication and resource sharing Local area network (LAN): Ethernet

Within a building

Wide area network (WAN: the Internet

Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth


Technology Trends

Electronicstechnology

Increased capacityand performance

Reduced cost

Year Technology Relative performance/cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

DRAM capacity


1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit (IC) 900

1995 Very large scale IC (VLSI) 2,400,000

2005 Ultra large scale IC 6,200,000,000


10/12

Defining Performance

Which airplane has the best performance?

Boeing 777 Boeing 777

0 100 200 300 400 500

Douglas

DC-8-50

BAC/Sud

Concorde

Boeing 747

Passenger Capacity

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Douglas DC-

8-50

BAC/Sud

Concorde

Boeing 747

Cruising Range (miles)

Boeing 777 Boeing 777


0 500 1000 1500

DouglasDC-8-50

BAC/Sud

Concorde

Boeing 747

Cruising Speed (mph)

0 100000 200000 300000 400000

Douglas DC-8-50

BAC/Sud

Concorde

Boeing 747

Passengers x mph

Response Time and Throughput

Response time

How long it takes to do a task

Throughput

Total work done per unit time

e.g., tasks/transactions/ per hour

How are response time and throughput affectedby


Replacing the processor with a faster version?

Adding more processors?

Well focus on response time for now


11/12

Relative Performance

Define Performance =1/Execution Time X is n times faster than Y

n== XY

YX

timeExecutiontimeExecution

ePerformancePerformanc

Example: time taken to run a program

10s on A, 15s on B


Execution TimeB / Execution TimeA

= 15s / 10s = 1.5 So A is 1.5 times faster than B

Measuring Execution Time

Elapsed time

Total response time, including all aspects

Processin I O OS overhead idle time

Determines system performance

CPU time

Time spent processing a given job

Discounts I/O time, other jobs shares

Comprises user CPU time and system CPU time

Different programs are affected differently by CPU and systemerformance



12/12

CPU Clocking

Operation of digital hardware governed by aconstant-rate clock

Clock (cycles)

Data transferand computation

Update state

Clock period


Clock period: duration o a clock cycle

e.g., 250ps = 0.25ns = 2501012

s Clock frequency (rate): cycles per second

e.g., 4.0GHz = 4000MHz = 4.0109Hz

Date post:	04-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	abd-arrahman-mesk
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

01_Computer Abstractions and Tech

Documents