Technology for Sustainable Energy

David Smeulders Professor of Energy Technology EEI Scientific Director Curacao, March 29th 2012

Factsheet TU/e

• 9 Departments • 7500 students • 3000 staff (of which 2000 • research staff) • Annual turnover 350 M$

Factsheet Energy Technology

• 3 part-time professors • Small scale LNG (Imtech) • Heat storage materials (TCM, ECN) • Biomass torrefaction

• 6 associate/assistant professors • 20 PhD students • 7 technical staff

Every day: 13 billion liters of oil 224 m 32

3 m

Primary energy demand per year (2010)

Mtoe Mboe PJ (1015 J)

World 12 000 90 000 500 000

NL 100 730 4 200

NL Electricity: 20 KWh/p/d Curacao: 15 kWh/p/d

World energy consumption increases in 2035 by 36% primarily in non-OECD countries (China: +75%)

12 000 Mtoe = 12 billion toe

NL: 100 Mtoe = 0,8 % US: 2286 Mtoe = 19 %

Source: IEA WEO 2010, BP Stat. Review of World Energy 2010

6 Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2008

How much oil is left ?

30 years

Source: BP Stat. Review of World Energy 2010

EU comission Energy Roadmap 2050

• First tool of the EU energy strategy: energy efficiency • Second major pre-requisite: higher share of renewable energy

• Storage technologies • Sufficient interconnection capacity and a smarter grid • Managing variations of renewable power in some local areas with

renewables elsewhere • Improved research, more efficient policies & support schemes • Gas will be critical for transformation • Carbon Capture and Storage to be applied from around 2030 • Current trend scenario: Low nuclear, assuming no new nuclear

being built besides already under construction

Energy Roadmap 2050, draft 2011

TU/e Strategic Areas, Themes, Top Sectors

Energy (ca. 400 fte)

Health (ca. 250 fte)

Smart Mobility (ca. 230 fte)

Built Environment Future Fuels Energy Conversion Fusion Energy Chemistry ◊ Energy ◊ High Tech S&M ◊ Life Sciences Logistics

Themes Smart Environment Smart Diagnosis Smart Interventions NL Top Sectors ◊ ◊ ◊

Automotive Technology Intelligent Transport Systems Freight Transport and Logistics Mobility andTraffic ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

University of Technology Eindhoven, Research Area Energy

Built Environment

Fusion

Energy Conversion

Future Fuels

Future Fuels Production

Gassification, pyrolysis

Cleaning (plasma, catalysis, oxidation)

XTL synthesis (catalysis)

Fission processes (e.g. CO2)

Clean Combustion Concepts

MILD

PCCI

TU/e : Fuel Production & Combustion

in EEI in EEI

Roadmap 2010-2030: Synfuels (fossil with biomass)

Thermo-chemical coal/gass/biomass gassification,pyrolysis,synthesis

Bio-chemical many (catalytic routes)

2020-2050: 1e phase Sunfuels (mainly biomass) Thermo-chemical biomass gassification,pyrolysis,synthesis

Bio-chemical biorefinery

Post 2050: 2e phase Sunfuels (biomass & solar based process) Sunlight CO2 reduction + H2O fission fuel synthesis

High energy density makes liquid fuels essential

Phase Transitions Research Liquefied Natural Gas Facts and figures LNG: condensation at -162 C at 1 bar density 0.5 g/cc energy density 60% of diesel fuel 2004: 7% of world’s natural gas demand, rapid demand increase condensing contaminants H2S, H2O, CO2

Offshore LNG production Shell Prelude (planning: 2017) •Production

•Cleaning CO2/H2S/H2O MEA 500 x 75 m

•Liquefaction (-162 0C)

•Storage •Offloading

LNG TR&D Organisation Structure

Board TNO, VSL, 3TU

Directors team TNO, VSL, 3TU

Advisory Board

Steering Group Offshore LNG

Steering Group LNG Metrology

Steering Group Small scale LNG

Steering Group Traditional LNG

how to make it real: our technology Aquaver patented technology is based on vacuum driven membrane distillation, which delivers a high flux and true multi-effect distillation with very good energy recovery. The process runs at low temperature levels and is fully flexible.

The basic principle of standard Membrane Distillation (MD) is simple: Boiling feed water flows into a channel bordered by a micro-porous, hydrophobic membrane. Due to surface tension the liquid cannot enter the membrane. However, the difference in temperature and vapor pressure on both sides of the membrane forces the water-vapor to pass the membrane. Condensation of the vapor to a distillate occurs on the other side. Non-volatiles stay in the feed and are rejected with the brine.

Pure water, from natural energy sources.

from natural energy...

Our systems are almost energy-free when low temperature heat is available. They are designed to run from any renewables sources, such as solar, wind or biofuel, or from any waste heat.

Continuous fresh water from natural energy.

combining scientific excellence with commercial relevance

Daniel Bergmair

Humidity harvesting using water vapor selective membranes

Water in 1m³ of air - in the Negev desert

Negev desert in Israel: • annual av. Temp = 20°C • annual rel. humidity = 64%

Negev (64%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

5

1011.5

15

20

25

30

35

Temperature [°C]

abso

lute

hum

idity

[g/m

³]

absolute humidity

100%75%50%25%

11.5 g(H2O) / m³ (air)

water tank

cooler to condense

water vapor

medium cooling

membrane

unitwarm & dry air

Air filter

warm & humid air

dry gases

vacuum pump

wat

er v

apor

str

eam

water tank

cooler to condense

water vapor

medium cooling

membrane

unitwarm & dry air

Air filter

warm & humid air

dry gases

vacuum pump

wat

er v

apor

str

eam

Dutch Rainmaker 2.0 Dutch Rainmaker 2.0

University of Technology Eindhoven, Research Area Energy

Built Environment

Fusion

Energy Conversion

Future Fuels

From minimal dissatisfaction to optimized quality in an energy-positive and connected built environment

Buildings today: consume ~ 37%

world energy

exploit ~ 40% of world resources

produce ~ 40% of world waste

Central, local and decentralized energy generation: two way smart grids and user interfacing

Research topics

• Heat storage materials (v. Steenhoven, Zondag) • Cooling systems • Smart grids (Kling) • Lighting technologies • Mechanics of building materials (Geers, Jos Brouwers) • Building climate management (van den Bosch) • Wireless energy transmission (Lomonova)

University of Technology Eindhoven, Research Area Energy

Built Environment

Fusion

Energy Conversion

Future Fuels

ITER, Cadarache France

• 500 megawatts of output power during > 500 s for 50 megawatts of input

• Construction start 2007, first plasma is expected in 2019 • DEMO (2-4 GW): proposed to bring fusion energy to

commercial market

The seven challenges of fusion power

Fusion Fluid Dynamics Control Systems Plasma groups

Fusion Plasma groups Materials

ITER-NL

Heat

Flares

Insulation

Materials Fuel

Neutrons

Complexity

University of Technology Eindhoven, Research Area Energy

Built Environment

Fusion

Energy Conversion

Future Fuels

-

light

metal electrode

transparent electrode glass

+ - 100 nm

R. H. Friend et al., Nature 1995, 376, 498 A. J. Heeger et al., Science 1995, 270, 1789

nanoscopic mixing of donor and acceptor to overcome ~10 nm exciton diffusion length

absorption

electron transfer

donor acceptor

Bulk-heterojunction solar cells

What makes a solar cell efficient?

II. Quantum efficiency Or how many photons are converted into electrons and collected?

III. Energy efficiency Or what is the final (chemical) potential of the electrons generated?

I. Absorption efficiency Or how many photons are absorbed?

Shockley-Queisser limit: 31% efficiency for a single junction cell

Research topics

• Polymer solar cells (Janssen) • Multi-junction cells • Spectrum extension • Beam focusing • polycrystalline silicon (Kessels)

Solar PV: 300 kWh/year/m2

Yearly electricity consumption Curacao: 665 GWh (400 GWh business)

Households: one square kilometer solar PV

Gemasolar, Sevilla, Spain

Geothermal Energy

Crust: -50 – 500 0C

Outer mantle: 450 – 1400 0C

Inner mantle: 1400 – 3000 0C

Outer core: 2900 – 4000 0C

Inner core: 4000 – 6700 0C

Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Soultz, France

Wind turbines: 18-26 kWh/y/m2

Business electricity Curacao 2010: 400 GWh ≈ 20 km2

Installed offshore wind Netherlands: 41 km2 (OWEZ, Amalia)

Conclusions and outreach

• Future Fuels • Sunfuels and 2nd generation biofuels • LNG • Sea water harvesting • Humidity harvesting

• Solar • Polymer and polycristalline • Electric cars • Smart grids

• Sustainable Energy Technology • Students training and exchange programme