04e.Bacterial Pathology (1).pdf

8/13/2019 04e.Bacterial Pathology (1).pdf

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Pharmaceutical Bacteriology

J.E. Jose, RMT, MAEd, MSMTInstructor

Department of Medical TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Santo Tomas


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Just Checking Differentiate bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and

parasites of medical importance based on fundamentalfeatures and characteristics. (CILO1)

Compare the fundamental features of selected

pharmaceutically important microorganisms. (CILO1) Determine the extent of occurrence of infectious diseasesand the severity of pathogenicity caused bymicroorganisms. (CILO3)

Analyze the effect of microbial biofilms on the populations

health. (CILO3) Recommend measures for the improvement of routine

administration of vaccines as well as vaccines forindividuals in special risk categories. (CILO3)


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BACTERIAL PATHOLOGY


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What is the difference betweenpathogenicity and virulence?

Pathogenicity is the potential to causedisease and is applied to groups orspecies of organismsVirulence is the degree of pathogenicitywithin a group or species and ismeasurable by the LD 50 .


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LD50


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Microbial Mechanisms of

Pathogenicity


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Pathogenicity - ability to cause diseaseVirulence - degree of pathogenicity

Many properties that determine amicrobes pathogenicity or virulence areunclear or unknown

But, when a microbe overpowers the hostsdefenses, disease results!


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Portals of Entry

1. Mucus Membranes

2. Skin

3. Parentarel


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1. Mucus Membranes

A. Respiratory Tract microbes inhaled into

mouth or nose indroplets of moisture ordust particles

Easiest and mostfrequently traveledportal of entry


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Common Diseases contracted via

the Respiratory Tract Common cold Flu Tuberculosis Whooping cough Pneumonia Measles Strep Throat Diphtheria


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Mucus Membranes

B. Gastrointestinal Tract microbes gain entrance thru

contaminated food & wateror fingers & hands

most microbes that enter

the G.I. Tract are destroyedby HCL & enzymes ofstomach or bile & enzymesof small intestine


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Common diseases contracted via theG.I. Tract

Salmonellosis Salmonella sp.

Shigellosis Shigella sp.

Cholera Vibrio cholorea

Ulcers

Helicobacter pylori Botulism

Clostridium botulinum


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Fecal - Oral Diseases

These pathogens enter the G.I. Tract at oneend and exit at the other end.

Spread by contaminated hands & fingers orcontaminated food & water

Poor personal hygiene.


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Mucus Membranes of the Genitourinary System - STDs

GonorrheaNeisseria gonorrhoeae

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum

Chlamydia

Chlamydia trachomatis

HIV

Herpes Simplex II


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Mucus Membranes

D. Conjunctiva mucus membranes that cover

the eyeball and lines the eyelid

Trachoma Chlamydia trachomatis


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2nd Portal of Entry: Skin

Skin - the largest organ of the body. Whenunbroken is an effective barrier for mostmicroorganisms.

Some microbes can gain entrance thruopenings in the skin: hair follicles and sweatglands


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3rd Portal of Entry: Parentarel

Microorganisms are deposited into the tissuesbelow the skin or mucus membranes

Punctures injections bites scratches surgery splitting of skin due to swelling or dryness


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Preferred Portal of Entry

Just because a pathogen enters your body itdoes not mean its going to cause disease.

pathogens - preferred portal of entry


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Preferred Portal of Entry

Streptococcus pneumoniae if inhaled can cause pneumonia if enters the G.I. Tract, no disease

Salmonella typhi if enters the G.I. Tract can cause Typhoid Fever if on skin, no disease


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Number of Invading Microbes

LD50 - Lethal Dose of a microbes toxin thatwill kill 50% of experimentally inoculated

test animal ID50 - infectious dose required to cause

disease in 50% of inoculated test animals Example: ID 50 for Vibrio cholerea 10 8 cells

(100,000,000 cells) ID50 for Inhalation Anthrax - 5,000 to 10,000

spores ????


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How do Bacterial Pathogens

penetrate Host Defenses?

1. Adherence - almost all

pathogens have a means toattach to host tissue

Binding Sites

adhesins

ligands


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Adhesins and ligands are usually on

Fimbriae Neisseria gonorrhoeae ETEC (Entertoxigenic

E. coli)

Bordetello pertussis


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2. Capsules

Prevent phagocytosis attachment Streptococcus

pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumoniae Haemophilus

influenzae Bacillus anthracis Streptococcus mutans Yersinia pestisK. pneumoniae


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3. Enzymes

Many pathogens secrete enzymes thatcontribute to their pathogenicity


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A. Leukocidins

Attack certain types of WBCs

1. Kills WBCs which prevents phagocytosis 2. Releases & ruptures lysosomes

lysosomes - contain powerful hydrolyticenzymes which then cause more tissue damage


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B. Hemolysins - cause the lysis of RBCs

Streptococci


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1. Alpha Hemolytic Streptococci

- secrete hemolysins that cause theincomplete lysis or RBCs


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3. Gamma Hemolytic Streptococci - donot secrete any hemolysins


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C. Coagulase - cause blood to coagulate

Blood clots protect bacteria from phagocytosisfrom WBCs and other host defenses

Staphylococci - are often coagulase positive boils abscesses


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D. Kinases - enzymes that dissolve blood clots

1. Streptokinase - Streptococci 2. Staphylokinase - Staphylococci

Helps to spread bacteria - Bacteremia

Streptokinase - used to dissolve blood clots in the Heart(Heart Attacks due to obstructed coronary blood vessels)


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E. Hyaluronidase

Breaks down Hyaluronic acid (found in connectivetissues)

Spreading Factor

mixed with a drug to help spread the drugthru a body tissue


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F. Collagenase

Breaks down collagen (found in many connectivetissues)

Clostridium perfringens - Gas Gangrene uses this to spread thru muscle tissue


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G. Necrotizing Factor

- causes death (necrosis) to tissue cells

Flesh Eating Bacteria

Necrotizing fasciitis


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Summary of How BacterialPathogens Penetrate Host Defenses

1. Adherence 2. Capsule 3. Enzymes

A. leukocidins B. Hemolysins C. Coagulase D. Kinases E. Hyaluronidase F. Collagenase G. Necrotizing Factor


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4. Toxins Poisonous substances produced by

microorganisms toxins - primary factor - pathogenicity 220 known bacterial toxins

40% cause disease by damaging the Eukaryoticcell membrane

Toxemia Toxins in the bloodstream


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2 Types of Toxins

1. Exotoxins secreted outside the bacterial cell

2. Endotoxins part of the outer cell wall of Gram (-) bacteria


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Exotoxins

Mostly seen in Gram (+) Bacteria

Most gene that code for exotoxins are locatedon plasmids or phages


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3 Types of Exotoxins

1. Cytotoxins kill cells

2. Neurotoxins interfere with normal nerve impulses

3. Enterotoxins effect cells lining the G.I. Tract


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Response to Toxins

If exposed to exotoxins: antibodies against the toxin(antitoxins )

Exotoxins inactivated ( heat, formalin or phenol) no

longer cause disease, but stimulate the production ofantitoxin

altered exotoxins - Toxoids Toxoids - injected to stimulate the production of

antitoxins and provide immunity


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Example: DPT Vaccine

D - Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae

P - Pertussis Bordetello pertussis

T - Tetanus Clostridium tetani

DPT - Diphtheria Toxoid

Pertussis Antigen

Tetanus Toxoid

R i d I i i i Illi i


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Required Immunizations in Illinois 1. Diphtheria

2. Pertussis 3. Tetanus 4. Measles 5. Mumps 6. Rubella

German Measles 7. Polio 8. Hib 9. Hepatitis B 10.Chicken Pox

Corynebacterium diphtheriae Bordetello pertussis Clostridium tetani Measles virus Mumps virus Rubella virus

Polio virus Haemophilus influenzae Hepatitis B Virus Varicella-zoster virus

Type of Vaccines


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Type of Vaccines D P

T M M R Polio

Salk Sabin

Hib HBV

Chicken Pox

Toxoid Antigen Toxoid Attenuated Attenuated Attenuated IPV Inactivated Polio virus (Killed) 1953 OPV Oral Polio vaccine (attenuated) 1964 Conjugated vaccine Recombinant vaccine (antigen) yeast

Capsid produced by geneticallyengineered yeast

Attenuated


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Most genes that code for exotoxins -plasmids or phages

Lysogenic convergence Diphtheria Cytotoxin inhibits

protein synthesis -resulting in cell death

Pseudomembrane fibrin, dead tissue,

bacterial cells


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Lysogenic Convergence

Scarlet Fever Streptococcus pyogenes

lysogenic convergence prophage

cytotoxin - damages blood capillaries and results in a skin rash Strep Thoat with a rash


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Diseases caused by Neurotoxins

Botulism Clostridium botulinum

Gram (+), anaerobic, spore-forming rod, found in

soil works at the neuromuscular junction prevents impulse from nerve cell to muscle cell

results in muscle paralysisBotulus latin word for sausage (first known as sausage disease) C. botulinum doesnot grow in sausage today mainly due to nitrites added. Infant botulism 250 peryr., most associated with honey (due to unestablished microbial flora in G.I.


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Tetanus (Lock Jaw) Clostridium tetani

Gram (+), spore-forming, anaerobic rod neurotoxin acts on nerves, resulting in the

inhibition of muscle relaxation tetanospasmin - spasms or Lock Jaw

About 50 cases a yr. In U.S. World wide 1million per yr. (50% in newborns becausethey dress severed umbilical cord with soil,clay or cow dung) Tetanospasmin inhibits therelease of acetylcholine by interfering with

activity of cholinesterase (enzyme thatnormally breaks down acetylcholine)


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Diseases caused by Enterotoxins

Cholera Vibrio cholerae Gram (-) comma

shaped rods


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Cholera toxin

Converts ATP into cAMP causes cells to excrete Cl - ions and inhibits

absorption of Na + ions Electrolyte imbalance

H2O leaves by osmosis

H2O Loss (Diarrhea)


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Severe cases, 12 - 20 liters of liquid lost in a day

Untreated cases - Mortality Rate about 50%

Mortality may be reduced to about 1% administering fluids and electrolytes


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EHEC(Enterohemorrhagic E. coli)

E. coli (0157:H7) enterotoxin causes a hemolytic inflammation

of the intestines results in bloody diarrhea

Toxin alters the 60S ribosomal subunit inhibits Protein Synthesis Results in cell death lining of intestine is shed Bloody Diarrhea (Dysentary)

H Hauch (film) seen ongrowth media if bacteria aremotile FLAGELLAO Ohne Hauch (without film)no flagella CELL WALLK Kapsel


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Endotoxins - part of the Gram (-) Bacterialcell wall

LPS (Lipopolysaccharides) O Antigen Lipid A

Lipid A - Toxin portion of the LPS responsible for Fever that is associated with

many Gram (-) Bacterial infections Gram (- ) cells are digested endotoxins are

released - fever Antibiotics


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Just Checking Differentiate bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and


Compare the fundamental features of selectedpharmaceutically important microorganisms. (CILO1)

Determine the extent of occurrence of infectious diseasesand the severity of pathogenicity caused bymicroorganisms. (CILO3)

Analyze the effect of microbial biofilms on the populationshealth. (CILO3)

Recommend measures for the improvement of routineadministration of vaccines as well as vaccines forindividuals in special risk categories. (CILO3)


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Please see

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/mrlnpharma-624876-pharmaceutical-significance-of-microbes/


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Chapter Completion Differentiate bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and


Compare the fundamental features of selectedpharmaceutically important microorganisms. (CILO1)

Determine the extent of occurrence of infectious diseasesand the severity of pathogenicity caused bymicroorganisms. (CILO3)

Analyze the effect of microbial biofilms on the populationshealth. (CILO3)

Recommend measures for the improvement of routineadministration of vaccines as well as vaccines forindividuals in special risk categories. (CILO3)

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