1 11.1: Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The...

1

11.1: Introduction

• The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.

• The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord.

• Communication to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is by way of the spinal cord.

2

11.2: Meninges• The meninges

• Membranes of CNS• Protect the CNS• Three (3) layers:

• Dura mater• “Tough mother”• Venous sinuses

• Arachnoid mater• “Spider mother”• Space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

• Pia mater• “Little mother”• Encapsulates blood vessels

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Scalp

Cranium

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

Meninges

Meninges

Cerebrum

(b)(a)

Gray matterWhite matter

Subarachnoid space

Falx cerebri

Pia mater

Dura mater

Bone of skull

Subcutaneous tissue

Skin

Tentoriumcerebelli

Vertebra

Dural sinus (superiorsagittal sinus)

Arachnoidgranulation

Arachnoidmater

3

Meninges of the Spinal CordCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Pia mater

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

Dorsal root

Dorsal root

Spinal nerve

Epidural space

(a) (b)

Ventral root

Dorsal rootganglion

Thoracicvertebra

Spinalnerve

Dorsal rootganglion

Subarachnoidspace

Dorsal branch(dorsal ramus)

Ventral branch(ventral ramus)

Ventral root

Epiduralspace

Body ofvertebra

4

11.3: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

• There are four (4) ventricles• The ventricles are interconnected cavities within cerebral hemispheres and brain stem• The ventricles are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord• They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

• The four (4) ventricles are:• Lateral ventricles (2)

• Known as the first and second ventricles

• Third ventricle• Fourth ventricle

• Interventricular foramen• Cerebral aqueduct

Lateral ventricle

Third ventricle

Fourth ventricle

(a)

Interventricularforamen

Cerebralaqueduct

To central canalof spinal cord


Third ventricle

(b)

Cerebralaqueduct

To central canalof spinal cord

Fourthventricle

Lateralventricle

Interventricularforamen

5

Cerebrospinal Fluid

• Secreted by the choroid plexus• Circulates in ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space• Completely surrounds the brain and spinal cord•Clear fluid similar to blood plasma• Volume is only about 120 ml.• Nutritive and protective• Helps maintain stable ion concentrations in the CNS


Third ventricle

Fourth ventricle

Cerebral aqueductSubarachnoid space

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

Pia mater

Pia materCentral canal of spinal cord

Subarachnoid space

Filum terminaleArachnoid mater

Dura mater

Arachnoidgranulations

Choroid plexusesof third ventricle

Blood-filleddural sinus

Choroid plexus offourth ventricle

6

11.4: Spinal Cord

• Slender column of nervous tissue continuous with brain and brainstem• Extends downward through vertebral canal• Begins at foramen magnum and ends at L1/L2 interspace• Conduit for nerve impulses to and from brain and brainstem• Center for spinal reflexes


Brainstem

Spinal cord

(a) (b)

Foramenmagnum

Cervicalenlargement

Vertebralcanal

LumbarenlargementConusmedullarisCaudaequina

Filumterminale

Conusmedullaris

Lumbarenlargement

Cervicalenlargement

7

Structure of the Spinal Cord Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

White matter

Gray matter

Lateral funiculus

Posterior funiculus

Gray commissure

Central canal

(a)

Posterior horn

Dorsal rootof spinal nerve

Dorsal rootganglion

Ventral rootof spinal nerve

Anteriorhorn

Anteriormedianfissure

Portion ofspinal nerve

Anteriorfuniculus

Posterior mediansulcus

8

Reflex Arcs

• Reflexes are automatic, subconscious responses to stimuli within or outside the body

• Simple reflex arc (sensory – motor)• Most common reflex arc (sensory – association – motor)


Receptor

(a)

Sensory orafferent neuron

Motor orefferent neuronCentral

NervousSystem

Effector(muscle or gland)

12

9

Reflex Arcs

10

General Components of a Spinal Reflex

Receptor

Sensory neuron

Motor neuron

White matter

Gray matter

Spinal cord

DorsalInterneuron

4

5

3

2

1

(b)

Cell bodyof sensoryneuron

Effector(muscleor gland)

Centralcanal

Ventral


11

Reflex Behavior

• Example is the knee-jerk reflex• Simple monosynaptic reflex• Helps maintain an upright posture


Spinal cord

Patella

Patellar ligamentDirection of impulse

Axon of sensoryneuron

Cell body ofsensory neuron Cell body of

motor neuron

Axon of motorneuron

Effector (quadriceps femorismuscle group)

Receptor associated withdendrites of sensory neuron

12

Reflex Behavior• Example is a withdrawal reflex• Prevents or limits tissue damage


Interneuron

Spinal cord

Axon of sensory neuron

Cell body of sensory neuron

Dendrite ofsensoryneuron

Painreceptorin skin

Directionof impulse

Cell body ofmotor neuron

Axon ofmotor neuron

Effector (flexormuscle contractsand withdraws partbeing stimulated)

Tack

13

11.5: Brain

• Functions of the brain:• Interprets sensations• Determines perception• Stores memory• Reasoning• Makes decisions• Coordinates muscular movements• Regulates visceral activities• Determines personality

• Major parts of the brain:• Cerebrum

• Frontal lobes• Parietal lobes• Occipital lobes• Temporal lobes• Insula

• Diencephalon• Cerebellum • Brainstem

• Midbrain• Pons• Medulla oblongata

14

The BrainCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Spinal cord

Cerebellum

Fornix

(b)

Skull

Meninges

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Brainstem

(a)

Sulcus

Gyrus

Fornix

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

Midbrain

Pons

Medullaoblongata

Corpuscallosum

Corpuscallosum

Transverse fissure

b: © Martin M. Rotker/Photo Researchers, Inc.

15

Structure of the Cerebrum• Corpus callosum

• Connects cerebral hemispheres (a commissure)

• Gyri • Bumps or convolutions

• Sulci• Grooves in gray matter

• Central sulcus of Rolando

• Fissures• Longitudinal: separates the cerebral hemispheres• Transverse: separates cerebrum from cerebellum• Lateral fissure of Sylvius


Central sulcus

Gyrus

Sulcus

Frontal lobe

Lateral sulcus

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

(a)

(b) (c)

Parietal lobe

Central sulcus

Occipital lobeFrontal lobeInsula

Temporal lobe

Longitudinalfissure

TransversefissureCerebellarhemisphere

Retractedtemporal lobe

16

Lobes of the Cerebrum

• Five (5) lobes bilaterally:• Frontal lobe• Parietal lobe• Temporal lobe• Occipital lobe• Insula aka ‘Island of Reil’ (functions in interoceptive awareness & judging intensity of pain, among other things)


(c)

Parietal lobe

Central sulcus

Occipital lobe

Frontal lobe

Insula

Retractedtemporal lobe

17

Functions of the Cerebrum

• Interpreting impulses• Initiating voluntary movements• Storing information as memory• Retrieving stored information • Reasoning• Seat of intelligence and personality

18

Functional Regions of theCerebral Cortex

• Cerebral cortex• Thin layer of gray matter that constitutes the outermost portion of cerebrum• Contains 75% of all neurons in the nervous system


Frontal eye field

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Cerebellum

Brainstem

Interpretation of auditory patterns

Lateral sulcus

Auditory area

Sensory areas involved withcutaneous and other senses

Sensory speech area( Wernicke’s area)

Combiningvisual images,visual recognitionof objects

Visual area

Temporal lobe

Motor speech area(Broca’s area)

Motor areas involved with the controlof voluntary muscles

Concentration, planning,problem solving

Front lobe

19

Functions of the Cerebral Lobes

20

Sensory Areas(post-central sulcus)

• Cutaneous sensory area• Parietal lobe• Interprets sensations on skin

• Visual area• Occipital lobe• Interprets vision

• Auditory area• Temporal lobe• Interprets hearing

• Sensory area for taste• Near base of the central sulcus

• Sensory area for smell• Arises from centers deep within the cerebrum


Frontal eye field

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Cerebellum

Brainstem


Lateral sulcus

Auditory area




Visual area

Temporal lobe




Front lobe

21

Motor & Sensory AreasCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Parietal lobe

Sensory area

Central sulcus

Motor area

Frontal lobe

Swallowing

ForearmArm

PelvisThigh

Leg

Lips

Forearm ArmNeck Pelvis

Thigh

Leg

Genitals

(a) Motor area (b) Sensory area

Longitudinalfissure

SalivationVocalizationMastication

Facialexpression

Thumb,fingers,and hand

Trunk

Foot andtoes

Tongue andpharynx

Teeth andgums

Upperface

Hand, fingers,and thumb

Trunk

Foot andtoes

Longitudinalfissure

22

Association Areas• Regions that are not primary motor or primary sensory areas• Widespread throughout the cerebral cortex• Analyze and interpret sensory experiences• Provide memory, reasoning, verbalization, judgment, emotions


Frontal eye field

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Cerebellum

Brainstem


Lateral sulcus

Auditory area




Visual area

Temporal lobe




Front lobe

23

Association Areas

• Frontal lobe association areas• Concentrating• Planning• Complex problem solving

• Parietal lobe association areas• Understanding speech• Choosing words to express thought

• Temporal lobe association areas• Interpret complex sensory experiences • Store memories of visual scenes, music, and complex patterns

• Occipital lobe association areas• Analyze and combine visual images with other sensory experiences

24

Hemisphere Dominance

• The left hemisphere is dominant in most individuals

• Dominant hemisphere controls:• Speech• Writing• Reading• Verbal skills• Analytical skills• Computational skills

• Nondominant hemisphere controls:• Nonverbal tasks• Motor tasks• Understanding and interpreting musical and visual patterns• Provides emotional and intuitive thought processes

25

Memory

• Short term memory• Working memory• Closed neuronal circuit• Circuit is stimulated over and over• When impulse flow ceases, memory does also unless it enters long-term memory via memory consolidation • Limited to 7 bits of information

• Long term memory• Changes structure or function of neurons• Enhances synaptic transmission

26

Basal Nuclei

• Masses of gray matter• Deep within cerebral hemispheres• Produce dopamine• Control certain muscular activities

• Primarily by inhibiting motor functions


Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Brainstem

Putamen

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

Longitudinalfissure

Right cerebralhemisphere

Caudatenucleus

Globuspallidus

Basalnuclei

27

Diencephalon

• Between cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem• Surrounds the third ventricle

• Thalamus• Epithalamus• Hypothalamus• Optic tracts• Optic chiasm• Infundibulum• Posterior pituitary• Mammillary bodies• Pineal gland


Pyramidal tract

Pons

Optic nerveOptic chiasma

Thalamus

Spinal cord

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Optic tract

Mammillary body

(a) (b)

Olive

Corpora quadrigemina

Cerebralpeduncles

Superiorcolliculus

Inferiorcolliculus

Thirdventricle

Fourthventricle

Cerebellarpeduncles

Medullaoblongata

28

Diencephalon

• Thalamus• Gateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex• Receives all sensory impulses (except smell)• Channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation

• Epithalamus• Functions to connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain.

•Hypothalamus• Maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities • Links nervous and endocrine systems (hence some say the neuroendocrine system)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system

29

Diencephalon

• Consists of:• Portions of frontal lobe• Portions of temporal lobe• Hypothalamus• Thalamus• Basal nuclei• Other deep nuclei

• Functions:• Controls emotions• Produces feelings• Interprets sensory impulses

The Limbic System

30

Brainstem

Three parts:1. Midbrain2. Pons3. Medulla Oblongata


Spinal cord

Thalamus

HypothalamusDiencephalon

Pons

Midbrain

Corpuscallosum

Corporaquadrigemina

Cerebralaqueduct

Reticularformation

Medullaoblongata

31

Midbrain


Pyramidal tract

Pons


Thalamus

Spinal cord

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Optic tract

Mammillary body

(a) (b)

Olive


Cerebralpeduncles

Superiorcolliculus

Inferiorcolliculus

Thirdventricle

Fourthventricle

Cerebellarpeduncles

Medullaoblongata

• Between diencephalon and pons• Contains bundles of fibers that join lower parts of brainstem and spinal cord with higher parts of the brain• Cerebral aqueduct• Cerebral peduncles (bundles of nerve fibers)• Corpora quadrigemina (centers for visual and auditory reflexes)

32

Pons


Pyramidal tract

Pons


Thalamus

Spinal cord

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Optic tract

Mammillary body

(a) (b)

Olive


Cerebralpeduncles

Superiorcolliculus

Inferiorcolliculus

Thirdventricle

Fourthventricle

Cerebellarpeduncles

Medullaoblongata

• Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem• Between medulla oblongata and midbrain • Helps regulate rate and depth of breathing• Relays nerve impulses to and from medulla oblongata and cerebellum (bridge)

33

Medulla Oblongata

• Enlarged continuation of spinal cord• Conducts ascending and descending impulses between brain and spinal cord• Contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers• Contains various nonvital reflex control centers (coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting)


Pyramidal tract

Pons


Thalamus

Spinal cord

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Optic tract

Mammillary body

(a) (b)

Olive


Cerebralpeduncles

Superiorcolliculus

Inferiorcolliculus

Thirdventricle

Fourthventricle

Cerebellarpeduncles

Medullaoblongata

34

Cerebellum

• Inferior to occipital lobes• Posterior to pons and medulla oblongata• Two hemispheres like cerebrum• Vermis connects hemispheres• Cerebellar cortex (gray matter)• Arbor vitae (white matter)• Cerebellar peduncles (nerve fiber tracts)• Dentate nucleus (largest nucleus in cerebellum)• Integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts• Coordinates skeletal muscle activity• Maintains posture


Thalamus

Superior peduncle

Middle peduncleInferior peduncle

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Corpus callosum

Longitudinalfissure

35

Major Parts of the Brain

36

11.6: Peripheral Nervous System

• Cranial nerves arising from the brain• Somatic fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles• Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera

• Spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord• Somatic fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles• Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera

37

Nervous System Subdivisions

38

Structure of a Peripheral NerveCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Peripheral nerve

Epineurium

Axon

Neurilemma

Myelin sheath

Schwann cell

Node of Ranvier

Endoneurium

Perineurium

Fascicle

Sensory receptor

Motor neuronending

39

Nerve and Nerve Fiber Classification

• Sensory nerves• Conduct impulses into brain or spinal cord

• Motor nerves• Conduct impulses to muscles or glands

• Mixed (both sensory and motor) nerves• Contain both sensory nerve fibers and motor nerve fibers• Most nerves are mixed nerves• ALL spinal nerves are mixed nerves (except the first pair)

40

Cranial NervesCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Olfactory bulb

Hypoglossal (XII)

Optic tract

Olfactory tract

Olfactory (I)

Optic (II)

Oculomotor (III)

Abducens (VI)

Facial (VII)

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Accessory (XI)

Trochlear (IV)

Trigeminal (V)

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Vagus (X)

41

Cranial Nerves I and II

• Olfactory nerve (CN I)• Sensory nerve• Fibers transmit impulses associated with smell

• Optic nerve (CN II)• Sensory nerve• Fibers transmit impulses associated with vision

42

Cranial Nerves III and IV

• Trochlear nerve (CN IV)• Primarily motor nerve• Motor impulses to muscles that move the eyes• Some sensory

• Proprioceptors

• Oculomotor nerve (CN III)• Primarily motor nerve• Motor impulses to muscles that:

• Raise eyelids• Move the eyes• Focus lens• Adjust light entering eye

• Some sensory• Proprioceptors

43

Cranial Nerve V

• Trigeminal nerve (CN V)• Mixed nerve• “Three (3) sisters”• (1) Ophthalmic division

• Sensory from surface of eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, and upper eyelids

• (2) Maxillary division• Sensory from upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, palate, and skin of face

• (3) Mandibular division• Sensory from scalp, skin of jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, and lower lip• Motor to muscles of mastication and muscles in floor of mouth


Lacrimal nerve

Eye

Maxilla

Mandible

Lacrimalgland

Infraorbitalnerve

Tongue

Mentalnerve

Ophthalmicdivision

Maxillarydivision

Mandibulardivision

Lingualnerve

Inferioralveolarnerve

44

Cranial Nerves VI and VII

• Abducens nerve (CN VI)• Primarily motor nerve• Motor impulses to muscles that move the eyes• Some sensory

•Proprioceptors

• Facial nerve (CN VII)• Mixed nerve• Sensory from taste receptors• Motor to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands


Zygomatic nerve

Buccal nerve

Facial nerve

Mandibular nerve

Cervical nerve

Temporal nerve

Posterior auricularnerve

Parotid salivarygland

68

45

Cranial Nerves VIII and IX

• Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)• Aka acoustic or auditory nerve• Sensory nerve• Two (2) branches:

• Vestibular branch• Sensory from equilibrium receptors of ear

• Cochlear branch • Sensory from hearing receptors

• Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)• Mixed nerve• Sensory from pharynx, tonsils, tongue and carotid arteries• Motor to salivary glands and muscles of pharynx

46

Cranial Nerve X

• Vagus nerve (CN X)• Mixed nerve• Somatic motor to muscles of speech and swallowing• Autonomic motor to viscera of thorax and abdomen• Sensory from pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of thorax and abdomen

Meningeal branch

Auricular branch

Pharyngeal branch

Palate

Cardiac nerves

Heart

Liver

Kidney

Nerve XI

Nerve XII

Carotid body

Large intestine

Lung

Stomach

Spleen

Pancreas


Superior laryngealnerve

Recurrent laryngealnerve

Superior ganglionof vagus nerve

Inferior ganglionof vagus nerve

Left vagusnerve

Smallintestine

47

Cranial Nerves XI and XII

• Accessory nerve (CN XI)• Primarily motor nerve• We called this “Spinal” Accessory because:

• Cranial branch• Motor to muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx

• Spinal branch • Motor to muscles of neck and back• Some sensory

• Proprioceptor

• Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)• Primarily motor• Motor to muscles of the tongue• Some sensory

• Proprioceptor

48

Functions of Cranial Nerves

49

Spinal Nerves

• ALL are mixed nerves (except the first pair)• 31 pairs of spinal nerves:

• 8 cervical nerves• (C1 to C8)

• 12 thoracic nerves• (T1 to T12)

• 5 lumbar nerves• (L1 to L5)

• 5 sacral nerves• (S1 to S5)

• 1 coccygeal nerve• (Co or Cc)


Cauda equina

C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8T1T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10T11

T12

L1

L2

L3L4

L5

S2S3

S4

S1

S5Co

Posteriorview

Cervicalnerves

Thoracicnerves

Lumbarnerves

Sacralnerves

Coccygealnerve

50

Spinal Nerves

• Dorsal root (aka posterior root)

• Sensory root• Axons of sensory neurons are in the dorsal root ganglion

• Dorsal root ganglion • Aka DRG• Cell bodies of sensory neurons whose axons conduct impulses inward from peripheral body parts


Lateral horn

Ventral root(a)

(b)

Dorsal root

Dorsal root

Spinal nerve

Dorsal rootganglion

Posteriormedian sulcus

Posteriorhorn

Anteriorhorn

Centralcanal


Dorsal branchof spinal nerveVentral branchof spinal nerve

Visceral branchof spinal nerve

Paravertebralganglion

Ventral branchof spinal nerve (ventral ramus)

Dorsal branchof spinal nerve (dorsal ramus)



Ventral root

51

Spinal Nerves

• Ventral root (aka anterior root) • Motor root• Axons of motor neurons whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord

• Spinal nerve• Union of ventral root and dorsal roots• Hence we now have a “mixed” nerve


Lateral horn

Ventral root(a)

(b)

Dorsal root

Dorsal root

Spinal nerve

Dorsal rootganglion

Posteriormedian sulcus

Posteriorhorn

Anteriorhorn

Centralcanal


Dorsal branchof spinal nerveVentral branchof spinal nerve



Ventral branchof spinal nerve (ventral ramus)

Dorsal branchof spinal nerve (dorsal ramus)



Ventral root

52

Nerve Plexuses

• Nerve plexus• Complex networks formed by anterior branches of spinal nerves• The fibers of various spinal nerves are sorted and recombined• There are three (3) nerve plexuses:

• (1) Cervical plexus – Lies deep within the neck• (2) Brachial plexus – Lies deep within shoulders• (3) Lumbosacral plexus – Extends from lumbar region into pelvic cavity

53

Plexuses

C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8T1

T2T3

T4

T5

T6

T8

T9

T10T11

T12

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

S2S3S4S5

Co

Posterior view

Cervical plexus(C1–C4)

Lumbosacral plexus(T12–S5)

Sciatic nerve

Brachial plexus(C5–T1)

Obturator nerve

Phrenic nerve

Ulnar nerveMedian nerveRadial nerveAxillary nerve

T7

S1

Cauda equina

Musculocutaneousnerve

Femoralnerve

Intercostalnerves


54

11.7: Autonomic Nervous System

• Functions without conscious effort• Controls visceral activities• Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands• Efferent fibers typically lead to ganglia outside of the CNS

• Two autonomic divisions regulate:• Sympathetic division (speeds up)

• Prepares body for ‘fight or flight’ situations• Parasympathetic division (pauses or slows down)

• Prepares body for ‘resting and digesting’ activities

55

Sympathetic DivisionCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lacrimal gland

Skin

Eye

Blood vessels

Heart

Lungs

Adrenal gland

Kidney

UterusPenis

Liver

Stomach

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Ovary

Scrotum

Small intestine

Large intestine

Trachea

Parotid gland,submandibular andsublingual glands

UrinarybladderPreganglionic

neuronPostganglionicneuron

Sympatheticchain ganglia

Inferiormesentericganglion

Spinalcord

Superiormesentericganglion

Celiacganglion

Fibers toskin, blood vessels,and adipose tissue

Celiac andpulmonaryplexuses

56

Parasympathetic DivisionCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Heart

Trachea

Lung

GallbladderLiver

Stomach

Spleen

Pancreas

Small intestine

Large intestine

Kidney

UterusScrotum

Otic ganglion

Ciliary ganglion Eye

Penis Ovary

Sphenopalatineganglion

Cranialnerve III

CranialnerveVII

Submandibularganglion

Cranialnerve IX

Cranial nerve X(Vagus)

Cardiac andpulmonaryplexuses

Celiacplexus

Superiorhypogastricplexus

Inferiorhypogastricplexus

Spinalcord

Pelvicnerves

Urinarybladder

Parotidgland

Submandibularand sublingualglands

Lacrimalgland

Preganglionicneuron

Postganglionicneuron

57

Control of Autonomic Activity

• Controlled largely by CNS

• Medulla oblongata regulates cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory activities

• Hypothalamus regulates visceral functions, such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and water and electrolyte balance

• Limbic system and cerebral cortex control emotional responses

Date post:	28-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	pierce-rodney-mcgee
View:	213 times
Download:	0 times

1 11.1: Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The...

Documents