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`chisenu`crpeysils.ih
@ftcjs chk Hdh`ftcjs
Jcvdisfr ljcssibifk cjj fjf`fhts ihtd `ftcjs, hdh`ftcjs chk `ftcjjdiks dh tef ocsis db tefir prdpfrtifs.
\d`f ld``dhjy usfk `ftcjs, hdh`ftcjs chk `ftcjjdiks crf mivfh ofjdw.
@ftcjs 7 Irdh, Ldppfr, Mdjk, \ijvfr, Cju`ihiu`, Wihl Jfck crf sd`f ld``dhjy usfk `fcts.
Hdh`ftcjs 7 Eykrdmfh, Dxymfh, Hitrdmfh, Lcrodh, \ujpeur, Qedspedrus, Lejdrihf, Ord`ihf, Idkihf
crf ld``dhjy usfk hdh`ftcjs.
@ftcjjdiks 7 Odrdh, \ijildh, Crsfhil chk Mfr`chiu` crf sd`f `ftcjjdiks.
Lecrcltfristils db @ftcjs
\d`f i`pdrtcht lecrcltfristils db `ftcjs crf 7
@ftcjs crf mddk ldhkultdrs db efct chk fjfltrility.
Cjj `ftcjs fxlfpt `frlury crf sdjik ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf. @frlury is tef dhjy `ftcj weile is jiquik
ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf.
@ftcjs crf `cjjfcojf chk kultijf “ tect is `ftcjs lch of ofctfh ihtd teih jfcvfs chk krcwh ihtd teih
wirfs.
@ftcjs ecvf justrf chk lch of pdjisefk.
@ftcjs ecvf tfhsijf strfhmte.
@ftcjs crf fjfltrdpdsitivf fjf`fhts. [ect is, `ftcjs ecvf c tfhkfhly td jdsf fjfltrdhs chk bdr`
pdsitivfjy lecrmfk idhs, (lcjjfk lctidhs).
3LECQ[F_
LDH[FH[\
@ftcjs chk Hdh`ftcjs
Lecrcltfristils db @ftcjs
Lef`ilcj Qrdpfrtifs db @ftcjs
Lecrcltfristils db Hdh @ftcjs
Lef`ilcj prdpfrtifs db Hdh`ftcjs
Vsfs db \d`f Ld``dh Hdh`ftcjs
Dxikfs db @ftcjs chk Hdh`ftcjs
@F[ J\ H HDH@F[ J\
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`chisenu`crpeysils.ih
Dllurrfhlf db @ftcjs
@ftcjs dllur ih hcturf ih tef brff cs wfjj cs ih tef ld`oihfk stctfs.
@ftcjs ih hcturf
Ih brff (dr hctivf) bdr` Ih tef ld`oihfk stctf
(\ijvf, Mdjk, Qjctihu`, @frlury) (\dkiu`, Qdtcssiu , Lcjliu`, @cmhfsiu ,Irdh, Cju`ihiu , Ldppfr ftl.)
Cjj `ftcjs weile crf hdt cbbfltfk oy wctfr chk oy tef mcsfs prfsfht ih tef cir dllur ih brff stctf
ih hcturf.
[ef hcturcjjy-dllurrihm ld`pduhks db `ftcjs `ixfk wite fcrtejy `ctfricjs crf lcjjfk `ihfrcjs.
C `ihfrcj brd` weile c `ftcj lch of fxtrcltfk dh tef ld``frlicj slcjf, fldhd ilcjjy chk fcsijy,
is lcjjfk ch drf.
Qeysilcj Qrdpfrtifs db @ftcjs
Cjj `ftcjs sedw si`ijcr peysilcj prdpfrtifs. [efrf crf edwfvfr c bfw fxlfptidhs.
Qeysilcj \tctf 7 Vhkfr hdr`cj prfssurf, cjj `ftcjs fxlfpt `frlury crf sdjiks ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf.
@frlury is jiquik ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf.
Ldjdur 7 @dst `ftcjs fxlfpt mdjk chk ldppfr crf sijvfr-mrfy ih ldjdur. Ldppfr is rfkkise-ordwh chk
mdjk is mdjkfh yfjjdw.
Cppfcrchlf 7 Cjj `ftcjs crf seihy. [ef lecrcltfristil seihf db `ftcjs is lcjjfk `ftcjjil justrf. [eus
cjj `ftcjs ecvf `ftcjjil justrf. @ftcjs lch of fcsijy pdjisefk.
Ecrkhfss 7 @dst `ftcjs crf ecrk fxlfpt sdkiu` chk pdtcssiu`. \dkiu` chk pdtcssiu` `ftcjs lch of fcsijy lut wite c nhibf. Ds`iu` is ecrk fhdume td slrctle mjcss.
[fhsijf strfhmte 7 @ftcjs ecvf eime tfhsijf strfhmte. @ftcjs crf vfry strdhm. Bdr fxc`pjf, irdh lch
ofcr c jdt db strfss. [ect is wey it is wikfjy usfk ih ldhstrultidh db ouijkihms, orikmfs, rcijwcy jihfs
ftl.
@cjjfcoijity 7 @ftcjs crf `cjjfcojf. [eis `fchs tect `ftcjs lch of ec``frfk ihtd vfry teih seffts.
\ijvfr lch of ofctfh td vfry teih jfcvfs. Ydu `ust ecvf sffh sijvfr vcrcn dh ourbff. Cju`ihiu` bdij
is usfk ih tef pclncmihm db bddk `ctfricjs.
Kultijity 7 @ftcjs crf kultijf. [eis `fchs tect `ftcjs lch of krcwh ihtd teih wirfs. \ijvfr chk mdjk
lch of krcwh ihtd vfry teih wirfs.
Ldhkultivity 7 @ftcjs crf mddk ldhkultdr db efct chk fjfltrility. \ijvfr is tef ofst ldhkultdr db
fjfltrility. Ldppfr is tef hfxt ofst ldhkultdr db fjfltrility.
Kfhsity 7 @ftcjs, fxlfpt sdkiu` chk pdtcssiu` ecvf eime kfhsitifs. \dkiu` chk pdtcssiu` ecvf
`ule jdwfr kfhsitifs.
\duhk 7 @ftcjs crf sdhdrdus. @ftcjs wefh eit oy c ec``fr prdkulf c rihmihm sduhk. [ect is wey
`ftcj crf usfk bdr `cnihm ofjjs chk wirfs bdr `usilcj ihstru`fhts.
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`chisenu`crpeysils.ih
Lef ilcj Qrdpfrtifs db @ftcjs
Cjj `ftcjs mivf si`ijcr lef`ilcj rfcltidhs. Edwfvfr, tef rfcltivity db c `ftcj kfpfhks updh its hcturf
chk rfcltidh ldhkitidhs.
\d`f typilcj rfcltidhs db `ftcjs crf kfslriofk ofjdw 7 _fcltidh wite dxymfh 7 Cjj `ftcjs ld`oihf wite dxymfh td bdr` `ftcj dxikfs. Kibbfrfht `ftcjs
rfclt wite dxymfh uhkfr kibbfrfht ldhkitidhs.
Bdr fxc`pjf,
\dkiu` (Hc) 7 \dkiu` + Dxymfh/cir .tf`prdd` \dkiu` dxikf
@cmhfsiu` (@m) 7 @cmhfsiu` + Dxymfh jimet)weitfkczzjihmcwite ourhs(
Efct
@cmhfsiu` dxikf
Whil (Wh) 7 Wihl + Dxymfh )bjc`f ojufcwite ourhs(
efctihmstrdhm Wihl dxikf
Irdh (Bf) 7 Irdh + Dxymfh ) ourhihmhd(
efctihmstrdhm Bfrrdsd-bfrril dxikf
Ldppfr (Lu) 7 Ldppfr + Dxymfh ) ourhihmhd(
efctihmstrdhm prdjdhmfk Ldppfr dxikf
Brd` tef rfcltidh ldhkitidhs db tef rfcltidhs mivfh codvf, tef drkfr db rfcltivity db `ftcjs wite
dxymfh is,
\dkiu` (Hc) 8 @cmhfsiu` (@m) 8 Wihl (Wh) 8 Irdh (Bf) 8 Ldppfr (Lu)
_fcltidh wite ]ctfr 7 Kibbfrfht `ftcjs rfclt wite wctfr uhkfr kibbfrfht ldhkitidhs.
_fcltidhs db sd`f ld``dh `ftcjs wite wctfr crf mivfh ofjdw 7
\dkiu` (Hc) 7 \dkiu` +)ldjk(
]ctfr \dkiu` eykrdxikf + Eykrdmfh
@cmhfsiu` (@m) 7 @cmhfsiu` +) odijihm(
]ctfr @cmhfsiu` dxikf + Eykrdmfh
Irdh (Bf) 7)edtrfk(
Irdh + \tfc` Bfrrdsd-bfrril dxikf + Eykrdmfh
Ldppfr (Lu) 7 Ldppfr + ]ctfr Hd rfcltidh fvfh ct eime tf`pfrcturf
Brd` tef rfcltidh ldhkitidhs db tef codvf rfcltidhs, tef drkfr db rfcltivity db `ftcjs wite wctfr is
\dkiu` (Hc) 8 @cmhfsiu` (@m) 8 Irdh (Bf) 8 Ldppfr (Lu)
_fcltidhs wite Cliks 7 @dst `ftcjs rfclt wite kijutf cliks prdkulf scjt chk eykrdmfh mcs.
_fcltidh db sd`f ld``dh `ftcjs wite kijutf eykrdlejdril clik crf mivfh ofjdw 7
\dkiu` (Hc) 7 \dkiu` +)kij(clik
ilEykrdlejdr
lejdrikf
\dkiu` + Eykrdmfh Rimdrdus
@cmhfsiu` (@m) 7 @cmhfsiu` +)kij(clik
ilEykrdlejdr
lejdrikf
@cmhfsiu` + Eykrdmfh _cpik
8/12/2019 1 Metals and Nonmetals
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`chisenu`crpeysils.ih
Wihl (Wh) 7 Wihl +)kij(clik
ilEykrdlejdr .tf`prdd`
lejdrikf
Wihl + Eykrdmfh @dkfrctf
Irdh (Bf) 7 Irdh +)kij(clik
ilEykrdlejdr efctihm
lejdrikf
Irdh + Eykrdmfh @dkfrctf
Ldppfr (Lu) 7 Ldppfr +)kij(clik
ilEykrdlejdr Hd rfcltidh fvfh dh efctihm
Brd` tef rfcltidh ldhkitidhs db tef rfcltidh mivfh codvf, tef drkfr db rfcltivity db tefsf `ftcjs wite
kijutf clik is
\dkiu` (Hc) 8 @cmhfsiu` (@m) 8 Wihl (Wh) 8 Irdh (Bf) 8 Ldppfr (Lu)
Vsfs db sd`f Ld``dh @ftcjs
@cih usfs db sd`f ld``dh `ftcjs crf jistfk ofjdw 7
@ftcj @cih Vsfs
Irdh Bdr `cnihm orikmfs, fhmihf pcrts, irdh seffts chk ocrs usfk ih ldhstrultidh, stffjs ftl.
Ldppfr Bdr `cnihm fjfltrilcj wirfs chk lcojfs, utfhsijs, nfttjfs, ldihs ftl> bdr cnihm cjjdys
\ijvfr Bdr `cnihm gfwfjjfry, ih fjfltrdpjctihm, ih pedtdmrcpey, sijvfrihm db `irrdrs
Mdjk Bdr `cnihm gfwfjjfry, bdr kfldrctivf purpdsfs, ih pedtdmrcpey bdr tdhihm
@frlury Vsfk ih tefr d ftfrs chk ocrd`ftfrs
Cju ihiu` Bdr cnihm fjfltrilcj wirfs chk lcojfs, kd fstil utfhsijs, cjjdys, `ftcjjil pcihts,
cju`ihiu` bdij bdr pclncmihm
Jfck Bdr `cnihm cutd doijf octtfrifs, jfck pipfs, cjjdys sule cs sdjkfr, prdtfltivf slrffh
bdr U-rcy `cleihfs, bdr `chubclturihm chy lef`ilcj ld`pduhks chk pcihts.
Lecrcltfristils db Hdh @ftcjs
\d`f i`pdrtcht lecrcltfristils db `ftcjs crf 7
Hdh ftcjs crf sdbt sdjiks, jiquiks dr mcsfs.
Hdh ftcjs (fxlfpt mrcpeitf) crf hdhldhkultdrs db efct chk fjfltrility.
\djik hdh`ftcjs crf orittjf.
Hdh ftcjs (fxlfpt mrcpeitf chk kic`dhk) crf jdw `fjtihm chk jdw odijihm.
Hdh ftcjs crf fjfltrdhfmctivf fjf`fhts. [ect is, hdh`ftcjs ecvf c tfhkfhly td mcih fjfltrdhs chk
bdr` hfmctivfjy lecrmfk idhs (lcjjfk chidhs).
Dllurrfhlf db Hdh`ftcjs
@chy hdh`ftcjs dllur brff ih hcturf, wefrfcs `chy `drf dllur dhjy ih tef bdr` dh tefir ld`pduhks
cs `ihfrcjs.
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`chisenu`crpeysils.ih
[ef `dkfs db dllurrfhlf db sd`f typilcj hdh`ftcj crf kfslriofk ofjdw 7
Hdh`ftcj Brff hctivf bdr` Ld`oihfk bdr`
Hitrdmfh Cir ldhtcihs codut =5% (oy vdju f)
db hitrdmfh
Ih cjj jivihm drmchis`s cs prdtfihs, ih tef sdij cs
hitrdmfh ld`pduhks
Dxymfh Cir ldhtcihs codut ?3% (oy vdju f)
db dxymfh
Cs wctfr, dxikfs ih tef sdij/rdlns
Hdocj mcsfs Cir ldhtcihs tefsf mcsfs ih s`cjjfr
c`duhts
‛
Eykrdmfh Brff eykrdmfh is prfsfht ih stcrs Cs wctfr
\ujpeur Hctivf sujpeur dllurs ihsikf tef
fcrte.
Cs sujpeikf, sujpectf drfs, cs E?\ ih lfrtcih
sprihm wctfr
Qedspedrus ‛ Cs pedspectf rdlns, ih odhfs db dur odky cs
lcjliu` pedspectf
\ijildh ‛ Cs dxikf (\iD?, \ijilc, \chk), Cs sijilctf rdlns
Lcrodh Cs kic dhks, mrcpeitf Cs lcrodhctf rdlns, ihfrcjs
Cs eykrdlcrodhs “ pftrdjfu , hcturcj mcs ftl.
Cs lcrodh kidxikf ih tef cir.
@dst hdh`ftcjs crf fitefr `ihfk kirfltjy brd` tefir `ihfs dr dotcihfk cs oy-prdkults ih sd`f ihkustricj
prdlfssfs.
Hitrdmfh chk Dxymfh crf dotcihfk brd` tef cir oy brcltidhcj kistijjctidh db jiquik cir. Lejdrihf is dotcihfk brd` ld``dh scjt oy fjfltrdjytil `ftedk.
\ujpeur is `ihfk ih its fjf`fhtcj bdr`
Hdh ftcjs sule cs pedspedrus chk sijilc crf dotcihfk brd` tefir drfs oy lef ilcj `ftedks.
Qeysilcj Qrdpfrtifs db Hdh`ftcjs
\d`f ld``dh mfhfrcj peysilcj prdpfrtifs db hdh`ftcjs crf mivfh ofjdw 7
Qeysilcj stctf 7 Hdh`ftcjs `cy dllur cs sdjiks, jiquiks dr mcsfs ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf.
Bdr fxc`pjf, uhkfr hdr`cj ldhkitidhs, sujpeur, pedspedrus crf sdjiks, ord`ihf is c jiquik, wefrfcs
eykrdmfh, dxymfh chk hitrdmfh crf mcsfs.
Ldjdur 7 Hdh`ftcjs ld`f ih `chy ldjdurs.
Bdr fxc`pjf, sujpeur is yfjjdw, pedspedrus is weitf, dr rfk, lejdrihf is mrffhise-yfjjdw, ord`ihf is
rfkise-ordwh. Eykrdmfh, dxymfh chk hitrdmfh crf ldjdurjfss.
Cppfcrchlf 7 Hdh`ftcjs ecvf kujj cppfcrchlf i.f., tefy kd hdt seihf. Edwfvfr, mrcpeitf chk idkihf
crf tef dhjy hdh`ftcjs weile ecvf `ftcjjil justrf.
@cjjfcoijity chk kultijity 7 Hdh ftcjs crf hfitefr kultijf hdr `cjjfcojf. Hdh ftcjs lchhdt of
krcwh ihtd wirfs, chk ofctfh ihtd jfcvfs/seffts.
Ldhkultivity 7 Hdh`ftcjs kd hdt ldhkult efct chk fjfltrility, i.f., hdh`ftcjs crf ihsujctdrs. Mrcpeitf
edwfvfr, is c mddk ldhkultdr db efct chk fjfltrility.
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`chisenu`crpeysils.ih
Kfhsity 7 Hdh`ftcjs usucjjy ecvf jdw kfhsitifs chk crf sdbt. Kic`dhk edwfvfr is ch fxlfptidh.
Kic`dhk is tef ecrkfst hcturcj suostchlf nhdwh.
[fhsijf strfhmte 7 Hdh`ftcjs ecvf jdw tfhsijf strfhmte, i.f., Hdh`ftcjs lch of fcsijy ordnfh.
@fjtihm chk odijihm pdihts 7 Hdh`ftcjs fxlfpt mrcpeitf ecvf jdw `fjtihm chk odijihm pdihts.
\duhk 7 Hdh`ftcjs kd hdt prdkulf sduhk wefh eit wite ch dogflt, i.f., hdh`ftcjs crf hdh-sdhdrdus.
Lef`ilcj prdpfrtifs db Hdh`ftcjs
\d`f mfhfrcj lef`ilcj prdpfrtifs db hdh`ftcjs crf kfslriofk ofjdw 7
Fjfltrdhfmctivf Lecrcltfr
Hdh`ftcjs crf fjfltrdhfmctivf fjf`fhts. Hdh`ftcjs ecvf c tfhkfhly td cllfpt fjfltrdhs chk bdr`
hfmctivfjy lecrmfk idhs (chidhs).
Bdr fxc`pjfs.
Lejdrihf + ?f “ Lejdrikf idh (ch chidh)
Dxymfh + ?f “ Dxikf idh (ch chidh)
[eus, hdh`ftcjs crf cojf td rf`dvf fjfltrdhs brd` fjfltrdpdsitivf fjf`fhts chk clt cs dxikisihm
cmfhts.
Eykrdmfh is tef dhjy hdh`ftcj weile lch jdsf cs wfjj cs mcih ch fjfltrdh.
Eykrdmfh +
fjf`fhtitivffjfltrdpds
eimejycbrd`
“ f
)chidhch(
idhEykrikf
Eykrdmfh “
fjf`fhtctivffjfltrdhfm
eimejycbrd`
“ f
)lctidhc(
idhEykrdmfh
[eus, eykrdmfh lch clt odte cs ch dxikisihm cs wfjj cs rfkulihm cmfht.
_fcltidh wite Dxymfh
Hdh`ftcjs rfclt wite dxymfh td mivf ldvcjfht dxikfs. \ule dxikfs crf fitefr hfutrcj dr clikil ih hcturf.
Cliks dxikfs db hdh`ftcjs kissdjvf ih wctfr td bdr` ldrrfspdhkihm cliks. _fcltidh db sd`f ld``dh
hdh`ftcjs wite dxymfh crf kfslriofk ofjdw7
Hitrdmfh 7 Hitrdmfh rfclts wite dxymfh uhkfr kibbfrfht ldhkitidhs td bdr` bivf kibbfrfht dxikfs.
\d`f db tefsf crf hfutrcj, weijf dtefrs crf clikil ih hcturf.
Bdr fxc`pjf,
Hitrdmfh + Dxymfh Hitrdus dxikf (hfutrcj) Hitrdmfh + Dxymfh Hitril dxikf (hfutrcj)
Hitrdmfh + Dxymfh Kihitrdmfh tridxikf (clikil)
Hitrdmfh + Dxymfh Hitrdmfh kidxikf (clikil)
Hitrdmfh + Dxymfh Kihitrdmfh pfhtdxikf (clikil)
Kihitrdmfh pfhtdxikf rfclts wite wctfr td mivf hitril clik.
Kihitrdmfh pfhtdxikf + ]ctfr Hitril clik.
Lcrodh 7 Lcrodh rfclts wite dxymfh td bdr` twd dxikfs “ lcrodh `dhdxikf (LD) chk lcrodh kidxikf
(LD?). Lcrodh `dhdxikf is hfutrcj, wefrfcs lcrodh kidxikf (LD?) is clikil ih hcturf. Lcrodh kidxikf
kissdjvfs ih wctfr td mivf lcrodhil clik.
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`chisenu`crpeysils.ih
Lcrodh +)suppjyitfk(ji`
Dxymfh
)hfutrcj(
`dhdxikfLcrodh
Lcrodh +)fxlfss(
Dxymfh
)clikil(
kidxikfLcrodh
Lcrodh kidxikf + ]ctfr Lcrodhil clik
Qedspedrus 7 Qedspedrus rfclts wite dxymfh td mivf twd dxikfs “ pedspedrus tridxikf (Q?D<) chk
pedspedrus pfhtdxikf (Q?D6). Odte crf clikil dxikfs.
Qedspedrus +)ji`itfk(
Dxymfh
)likilc(
tridxikfQedspedrus
Qedspedrus +)fxlfss(
Dxymfh
)likilc(
pfhtdxikfQedspedrus
\ujpeur 7 \ujpeur dh ourhihm ih cir bdr`s twd dxikfs “ sujpeur kidxikf (\D ?) chk sujpeur tridxikf
(\D<). Odte tefsf dxikfs crf clikil.
\ujpeur + Dxymfh
)likilc(
kidxikf\ujpeur
\ujpeur + Dxymfh
)likilc(
tridxikf\ujpeur
\ujpeur tridxikf + ]ct fr \ujpeuril clik
Eykrdmfh 7 Eykrdmfh rfclts wite dxymfh td bdr` ch dxikf E?D. E?D is lcjjfk wctfr. ]ctfr (E?D)
is c hfutrcj dxikf
Eykrdmfh + wctfr
)hfutrcj(]ctfr
_fcltidh wite Ecjdmfhs
Hdh`ftcjs rfclt wite ecjdmfh td mivf ldvcjfht ecjikfs. Ih purf stctf, tef ecjikfs db hdh`ftcjs kd hdt
ldhkult fjfltrility.
Bdr fxc`pjf wite lejdrihf,
Qedspedrus + Lejdrihf
Efct Qedspedrus trilejdrikf
Qedspedrus + Lejdrihf
Efct Qedspedrus pfhtdxikf
Eykrdmfh + Lejdrihf
suhjimet Eykrdmfh lejdrikf
\ujpeur rfclts wite bjudrihf ct eimefr tf`pfrcturf td mivf sujpeur efxcbjudrikf.
\ujpeur + Bjudrihf
tf`p.eime \ujpeur efxcbjudrikf
_fcltidh wite Eykrdmfh
Hdh ftcjs rfclt wite eykrdmfh td bdr` ldvcjfht eykrikfs. [eus ih tef eykrikfs db hdh`ftcjs, eykrdmfh
is odhkfk td tef hdh`ftcj ctd` oy ldvcjfht odhks. [ef eykrikfs db hdh`ftcjs ctd` oy ldvcjfht odhks.
[ef eykrikfs db hdh`ftcjs kd hdt ldhkult fjfltrility. [ef eykrikfs db hdh`ftcjs `cy of clikil, ocsil
dr hfutrcj kfpfhkihm updh tef hcturf db tef hdh`ftcj.
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`chisenu`crpeysils.ih
Bdr fxc`pjf,
\ujpeur wite eykrdmfh mivfs eykrdmfh sujpeikf (E?\). E?\ is wfcnjy clikil ih hcturf.
Eykrdmfh + \ujpeurf
)clikilwfcnjy(
sujpeikfEykrdmfh
Hitrdmfh rfclts wite eykrdmfh td mivf c` dhic (HE<). C``dhic is ocsil ih hcturf.
Eykrdmfh + Hitrdmfh
) ocsil(
C``dhic
Dxymfh rfclts wite eykrdmfh td mivfh wctfr (E?D). ]ctfr is hfutrcj ih hcturf.
Eykrdmfh + Dxymfh
spcrn fjfltril ]ctfr
_fcltidh wite Cliks
Hdh`ftcjs kd hdt kispjclf eykrdmfh brd` kijutf cliks. [eis is oflcusf hdh`ftcjs crf cojf td mivf
fjfltrdh(s) bdr tef rfkultidh db E+. \d`f hdh`ftcjs edwfvfr rfclt wite ldhlfhtrctfk dxikisihm cliks td
bdr` tef ldrrfspdhkihm dxycliks.
Bdr fxc`pjf, sujpeur rfclts wite ldhl. hitril clik td mivf sujpeuril clik.
\ujpeur +.)ldhl(
clik Hitril \ujpeuril clik + Hitrdmfh kidxikf + ]ctfr
Kispjclf`fht _fcltidhs
Lfrtcih `drf rfcltivf hdh`ftcjs kispjclf jfss rfcltivf hdh`ftcjs brd` tefir scjt sdjutidhs.
Bdr fxc`pjf, Lejdrihf kispjclfs ord`ihf brd` ord`ikfs chk idkihf brd` idkifs.
Qdtcssiu` ord`ikf + Lejdrihf Qdtcssiu` lejdrikf + Ord`ihf
Qdtcssiu` idkikf + Lejdrihf Qdtcssiu` lejdrikf + Idkihf
Vsfs db \d`f Ld``dh Hdh`ftcjs
@cih usfs db sd`f ld``dh hdh`ftcjs crf jistfk ofjdw 7
Hdh`ftcj @cih Vsfs
Lcrodh Ih tef bdr` db kic`dhk, it is usfk bdr `cnihm gfwfjjfry, luttihm chk mrihkihm fquip fhts.
Ih tef bdr` db mrcpeitf it is usfk bdr `cnihm ojcln jfck pflijs, chk eime tf`pfrcturf
lruliojfs
\ujpeur Bdr tef `chubclturf db muh pdwkfr, \ujpeuril clik chk ih tef vujlchizctidh db ruoofr
Qedspedrus Bdr tef `chubclturf db ctlestilns, rct pdisdh, pedspedril clik chk bfrtijizfrs.
Dxymfh \uppdrtfr db ld`oustidh, bdr rfspirctidh oy jivihm drmchis`s.
Hitrdmfh Bdr `chubclturihm c` dhic, hitril clik ftl.
Lejdrihf Bdr ojfcleihm, stfrijizihm wctfr, chubclturihm lejdrihf ld`pduhks
Eykrdmfh Cs c bufj, ih dxymfh-eykrdmfh bjc`f usfk ih wfjkihm
Bdr `chubclturihm c``dhic, eykrdmfh lejdrikf, vfmftcojf meff oy eykrdmfhctidh db
dijs, chk cs c rfkulihm cmfht.
Idkihf Bdr prfpcrihm idkisfk ld``dh scjt , tihlturf idkihf is usfk cs ch chtisfptil.
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Dxikfs db @ftcjs chk Hdh`ftcjs
Odte `ftcjs chk hdh`ftcjs rfclt wite dxymfh (prfsfht ih tef cir) td bdr` dxikfs. [ef dxikfs db `ftcjs
chk hdh`ftcjs kibbfr ih tefir prdpfrtifs.
Dxikfs db @ftcjs
[ef dxikfs db `ftcjs crf ocsil ih hcturf. ]efh kissdjvfk ih wctfr, `ftcj dxikfs mivf cjncjihf (dr ocsil)
sdjutidh weile turh rfk jit`us ojuf.
Bdr fxc`pjf, `cmhfsiu` (@m) ourhs ih cir td mivf `cmhfsiu` dxikf (@mD), weile is ocsil ih hcturf.
@cmhfsiu` +)cir brd`(
Dxymfh
)dxikf ocsil(
dxikf@cmhfsiu`
@cmhfsiu` dxikf + ]ctfr
ojufjit`usrfkturhs
eykrdxikf@cmhfsiu`)cturfhih ocsil(
Dxikfs db Hdh`ftcjs
[ef dxikfs db hdh`ftcjs crf clikil ih hcturf. ]efh kissdjvfk ih wctfr hdh`ftcj dxikfs mivf clikil mivf
sdjutidhs weile turh ojuf jit`us rfk.
Bdr fxc`pjf, sujpeur dh ourhihm ih cir, mivfs sujpeur kidxikf (\D?) weile is clikil ih hcturf.
\ujpeur +)cir brd`(
Dxymfh
)dxikfclikil(
kidxikf\ujpeur
\ujpeur kidxikf + ]ctfr
rfkjitu`s ojufturhs
)hcturfihclikil(
clik\ujpeurdus
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FUF_LI\F - 3
C. Rfry sedrt chswfr typf qufstidhs.
S. 3 Mivf dhf fxc`pjf db fcle7 `ftcjs chk hdh-
`ftcjs.
S. ? Hc`f tef `ftcj, weile is tef ofst ldhkultdr
db efct chk fjfltrility.
S. < Hc f tef prdpfrty oy weile ftcjs lch of
krcwh ihtd teih wirfs.
S. ; Hc f tef mcs prdkulfk, wefh `ftcjs rfclt
wite cliks.
S. 6 ]ect is tef ldjdr db tef ldppfr sujpectf
sdjutidh 4
S. 2 \tctf tef hcturf db dxikfs db hdh- ftcjs.
S. = ]eile `ftcj is stdrfk ih nfrdsfhf 4
S. 5 Hc f tef prdpfrty db tef `ftcj oy weile it
lch of krcwh ihtd teih seffts.
S. 9 ]ect ecppfhs wefh sujpeur rfclts wite
dxymfh 4S.31 ]eile hdh- ftcj lctlefs birf, ib fxpdsfk td
cir 4
S.33 Hc f tef mcs tect ourhs wite c QDQ sduhk.
S.3? ]ect crf Kispjclf`fht rfcltidhs 4
S.3< Mivf dhf usf db hdh-`ftcj ih dur kcijy jibf.
S.3; ]ect crf `ftcjjdiks 4
S.36 ]eile `ftcj is usf td wrcp bddk itf`s 4
O. \edrt chswfr typf qufstidhs
S.32 ]ect ecppfhs wefh sujpeur ki-dxikf rfclts
wite wctfr 4 Mivf tef lef ilcj rfcltidh
ihvdjvfk.
S.3= ]ey jf`dh pilnjf lchhdt of stdrfk ih ch
cju`ihiu` bdij 4
S.35 ]ritf twd i`pdrtcht prdpfrtifs db ftcjs.
S.39 ]ey ldppfr lchhdt kispjclf zihl brd` zihlsujpectf sdjutidh 4
S.?1 ]ey i` frsidh rdks bdr efctihm crf `ckf
up db `ftcjjil suostchlfs 4
S.?3 ]ect ecppfhs wefh irdh hcijs crf kippfk ih
wctfr ih c tfst tuof bdr c wffn 4
S.?? ]ect ecppfhs wefh irdh rfclts wite dxymfh
chk wctfr 4 Mivf tef lef`ilcj rfcltidh
ihvdjvfk.
S.?< ]ect ecppfhs wefh ldppfr vfssfj is
fxpdsfk td `dist cir bdr c jdhm ti`f 4 Mivf
tef lef`ilcj rfcltidh tect tcnfs pjclf.
S.?; ]ey mdjk is prfbfrrfk ih `cnihm gfwfjjfry 4
S.?6 ]ect ecppfhs wefh kijutf sujpeuril clik is
pdurfk dh c zihl pjctf 4 ]ritf tef lef`ilcj
rfcltidh tcnfs
S.?2 ]ect ecppfhs wefh `cmhfsiu` rioodh is
ourht ih cir 4
S.?= ]ey `ftcjs crf usfk ih `cnihm cfrdpjchfs,
orikmfs, sctfjjitfs ftl.
S.?5 Ld`pjftf tef bdjjdwihm lef`ilcj rfcltidhs.
Wh + E?\D;
?Lu + E?D + LD?
?Bf + D? + E?D
\D? + E?D
Lu + ELj
L. Jdhm chswfr typf qufstidhs
S.?9 wect wijj ecppfh wefh cse db `cmhfsiu` is
kissdjvfk ih wctfr 4 Is tef sdjutidh clikil dr
ocsil 4 ]ect fbbflt kdfs jit`us sedw ih
lcsf db dxikfs db `ftcjs 4
S.<1 Fxpjcih tef bdjjdwihm tfr s 7 (i) @cjjfcoijity
(ii) Kultijity (iii) \dhdrdus (iv) Justrdus (v)
@ftcjjdiks.
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C. \ihmjf Ldrrflt Chswfr typf Sufstidhs
S. 3 [ef ofst fjfltrilcj ldhkultdr is,
(C) mdjk (O) ldppfr
(L) sijvfr (K) cju`ihiu`
S. ? "is `cjjfcojf chk ......" [eis stctf`fht ofst
kfslriofs,
(C) c `ftcj (O) c hdh`ftcj
(L) c `ftcjjdik (K) c ld`pduhk
S. < [ef `dst rfcltivf `ftcj db tef bdjjdwihm is,
(C) zihl (O) irdh(L) `cmhfsiu` (K) sdkiu`
S. ; [ef rfcltidh, Wihl + Ldppfr sujpectf
sdjutidh Wihl sujpectf sdjutidh +
Ldppfr, ikilctfs tect tef `ftcj weile cppfcr
jdwfr ih tef rfcltivity sfrifs is,
(C) Wh (O) Lu
(L) Wh?+ (K) Lu?+
S. 6 ]efrf kd tef `ftcjs weile lch kispjclf
eykrdmfh brd` wctfr ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf
cppfcr ih tef rfcltivity sfrifs 4
(C) hfcr tef tdp (O) ct tef odttd`
(L) ih tef `ikkjf (K) hfxt td eykrdmfh
S. 2 Irdh is mcjvdhizfk oy ldctihm it wite,
(C) hilnfj (O) lerd`iu`
(L) `chmchfsf (K) zihl
S. = @ftcjjdiks secrf tef prdpfrtifs db
(C) @ftcjs (O) Hdh-`ftcjs
(L) Hdhf (K) Odte
S. 5 ]eile dhf db tef bdjjdwihm is usfk bdr `cnihm pfhlij jfck 4
(C) Mrcpeitf (O) Kic`dhk
(L) \ujpeur (K) Hdhf
S. 9 [ef ftcj tect `fjts fvfh wefh nfpt dh tef
pcj` is
(C) Ldocjt (O) Mcjjiu`
(L) Hilnfj (K) @frlury
S.31 ]eile db tef bdjjdwihm `ftcj lchhdt
kispjclfk eykrdmfh 4
FUF_LI\F - ?
(C) Ldppfr (O) \ijvfr (L) Mdjk (K) Cjj db tefsf
S.33 [ef fssfhticj ldhkitidh rfquirfk bdr rustihm
db irdh is tef prfssurf db
(C) Dxymfhctfk cir
(O) @disturf
(L) Hitrdmfh
(K) @dist dxymfhctfk cir
S.3? ] eile d b te f b d jjd wihm f jf `f ht is c
`ftcjjdik4
(C) Lcrodh (O) Hitrdmfh
(L) Lcjliu` (K) \ijildh
S.3< ]eile db tef bdjjdwihm is tef ofst ldhkultdr
db fjfltrility 4
(C) Ldppfr (O) Cju`ihu`
(L) Mdjk (K) @frlury
S.3; [ef `ftcj jiquik ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf is
(C) Ldppfr (O) Cju`ihu`
(L) \dkiu` (K) @frlury
S.36 [ef fjf fht usfk cs tef ihkfx db tef wfcjte
db c lduhtry is “
(C) Qjctihu` (O) Cju`ihu`
(L) Mdjk (K) @frlury
S.32 [ef sdjkfrihm wirf is ch cjjdy db
(C) Ldppfr chk tih
(O) Jfck chk tih
(L) Cju`ihiu` chk jfck
(K) Ldppfr chk cju`ihiu`
S.3= [ef stcihjfss stffj is ch cjjdy db “ (C) Irdh chk hilnfj
(O) Irdh chk lerd`iu`
(L) Hilnfj chk lerd`iu`
(K) Irdh, hilnfj chk lerd`iu`
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FUF_LI\F-3
CH\]F_ NFY
C. Rfry sedrt chswfr typf qufstidhs.
\dj.3 @ftcjs 7 Ldppfr
Hdh-@ftcjs 7 \ujpeur
\dj.? Ldppfr
\dj.< Kultijity
\dj.; Eykrdmfh mcs
\dj.6 Ojuf
\dj.2 [ef dxikfs db hdh-`ftcjs crf clik ih hcturf.
\dj.= \dkiu`
\dj.5 @cjjfcoijity
\dj.9 \ujpeur ki dxikf is bdr`fk.
\ + D? 0 \D?
\dj.31 Qedspedrus
\dj.33 Eykrdmfh mcs
\dj.3? [ef rfcltidhs ih weile `drf rfcltivf `ftcjs
kispjclf jfss rfcltivf `ftcjs brd` tefir
ld`pduhks ih cqufdus sdjutidh crf lcjjfk
kispjclf`fht rfcltidh.
\dj.3< Lejdrihf is usfk ih puribilctidh db wctfr
\dj.3; @ftcjjdiks crf tedsf weile pdssfs tef
lecrcltfr db odte `ftcjs chk hdh-`ftcjs.
\dj.36 Cju`ihiu`
O. \edrt chswfr typf qufstidhs
\dj.32 \ujperdus clik is bdr`fk.
\D? + E?D 0 E?\D<
\dj.3= Cju`ihiu` rfclts wite tef litril clik prfsfht
ih tef jf`dh.
\dj.35 (c) Mddk ldhkultdrs db efct chk fjfltrility.
(o) Justrdus, i.f., tefy lch seihf.
\dj.39 Oflcusf ldppfr is jfss rfcltivf tech zihl.
\dj.?1 Oflcusf `ftcjs crf mddk ldhkultdrs db efct.
\dj.?3 C ordwh jcyfr mfts kfpdsitfk dh tef irdh
hcijs, weile is lcjjfk cs tef rust.
\dj.?? Irdh dxikf is bdr`fk chk eykrdmfh mcs is
prdkulfk. [ef lef`ilcj rfcltidh tect tcnfs
pjclf is 7
?Bf + D?
+ E?
D Bf?
D<
+ E?
\dj.?< ]efh ldppfr vfssfj is fxpdsfk td `dist cir
bdr c jdhm ti f, it clquirfs c kujj mrffh
ldctihm. [ef mrffh `ctfricj is c `ixturf db
ldppfr eykrdxikf chk ldppfr lcrodhctf. [ef
bdjjdwihm lef`ilcj rfcltidh tcnfs pjclf7
?Lu + E?D + LD? + D?
Lu(DE)? + LuLD<
\dj.?; Mdjk is prfbfrrfk ih `cnihm gfwfjjfry
oflcusf mdjk is c justrdus `ftcj chk cjsd pdssfss tef prdpfrty db `cjjfcoijity.
\dj.?6 Cs wf nhdw tect zihl is `drf rfcltivf tech
eykrdmfh, sd it kispjclfs eykrdmfh brd`
sujpeuril clik chk bdr`s zihl sujpectf. [ef
lef`ilcj rfcltidh tect tcnfs pjclf kurihm tef
prdlfss is mivfh oy
Wh + E?\D; Wh\D; + E?
\dj.?2 Cs `cmhfsiu` is c `ftcj chk wf nhdw tect
wefh `ftcjs rfclt wite dxymfh tef dxikf
bdr`ctidh tcnfs pjclf.
?@m + D? ?@mD
\dj.?= Kuf td tefir ecrkhfss, `ftcjs crf prfbfrrfk
ih `cnihm sule teihms.
\dj.?5
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L. Jdhm chswfr typf qufstidhs
\dj.?9 ]efh cse db `cmhfsiu` is kissdjvfk ih
wctfr tefh `cmhfsiu` dxikf is bdr`fk.
?@m + D? ?@mD
[ef dxikfs db `ftcjs crf ocsil ih hcturf.
Ih lcsf db `ftcjs tef rfk jit`us wijj turh td
ojuf ldjdr.
\dj.<1 (i) @cjjfcoijity 7 [ef prdpfrty db tef `ftcjs
oy weile tefy lch of krcwh ihtd seffts.
FUF_LI\F-?
S u f s . 3 ? < ; 6 2 = 5 9 31Chs. L C K O C K K C K K
S u f s . 33 3? 3< 3; 36 32 3=
Chs. K K C K L K K
(ii) Kultijity 7 [ef prdpfrty db tef `ftcjs
oy weile tefy lch krcwh ihtd teih wirfs.
(iii) \dhdrdus 7 [ef prdpfrty db tef `ftcjs
oy weile tefy prdkulf rihmihm sduhk wef
struln ecrk.
(iv) Justrdus 7 [ef prdpfrty db tef `ftcjs
oy weile tefy cppfcr td of seihy.
(v) @ftcjjdiks 7 [edsf `ctfricjs tect
pdssfs tef prdpfrty db odte `ftcjs chk
hdh-`ftcjs.