11 million people were 11 million people were exterminatedexterminated

6 million Jews6 million Jews5 million people 5 million people

1933 - 19451933 - 1945

They were shot, They were shot, starved, gassed starved, gassed and burned…and burned…

Defining the HolocaustDefining the Holocaust HOLOCAUST HOLOCAUST (Heb., (Heb.,

sho'ah) sho'ah) which which originally meant a originally meant a sacrifice totally sacrifice totally burned by fire burned by fire

the annihilation of the the annihilation of the Jews and other groups Jews and other groups of people of Europe of people of Europe under the Nazi regime under the Nazi regime during World War IIduring World War II

GENOCIDEGENOCIDE: the : the systematic systematic extermination of a extermination of a nationality or groupnationality or group

Cold Hard FactsCold Hard Facts

Casualties of the Holocaust:Casualties of the Holocaust: 63% of Jewish population in Europe killed63% of Jewish population in Europe killed

91% of Jewish population in Poland killed91% of Jewish population in Poland killed

Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only 000 pounds of human hair. But only

7, 6507, 650 live prisoners live prisoners

How did the Holocaust How did the Holocaust Happen?Happen?

The Power of WordsThe Power of Words The Stages of The Stages of

IsolationIsolation The Bystander The Bystander

versusversusthe Collaboratorthe Collaborator

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism

The Power of Words…The Power of Words… ““The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small

one”one”

““How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”

The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”

The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew”the Jew”

What do all these quotes have in common?What do all these quotes have in common?

All Quotes of Adolf All Quotes of Adolf Hitler…Hitler…

European Jewish Population European Jewish Population in 1933 was in 1933 was 9,508,3409,508,340

Estimated Jewish Estimated Jewish Survivors of Holocaust: Survivors of Holocaust:

3,546,2113,546,211

The Stages of IsolationThe Stages of IsolationThe Holocaust was a progression The Holocaust was a progression

of actionsof actions

leading to the annihilation of leading to the annihilation of millions by:millions by:

1: Stripping of Rights1: Stripping of Rights

2: Segregation2: Segregation

3: Concentration3: Concentration

4: Extermination4: Extermination

Stage 1: Stripping of Stage 1: Stripping of RightsRights1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all 1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all

JEWS were :JEWS were :

stripped of German citizenship stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses fired from jobs & businesses

boycotted boycotted banned from German schools and banned from German schools and

universitiesuniversities Marriages between Jews and Aryans Marriages between Jews and Aryans

forbiddenforbidden Forced to carry ID cards Forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a “J”Passports stamped with a “J” forced to wear the arm band of the forced to wear the arm band of the

Yellow “Star of David”Yellow “Star of David” Jewish synagogues destroyedJewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a forced to pay reparations and a

special income taxspecial income tax

Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List“Whoever saves one life, saves the “Whoever saves one life, saves the

world entire”world entire”•Oskar Schindler is a vain, glorious and greedy Oskar Schindler is a vain, glorious and greedy German businessman who becomes unlikely German businessman who becomes unlikely humanitarian amid the barbaric Nazi reign when humanitarian amid the barbaric Nazi reign when he feels compelled to turn his factory into a refuge he feels compelled to turn his factory into a refuge for Jews. Based on the true story of Oskar for Jews. Based on the true story of Oskar Schindler who managed to save about 1100 Jews Schindler who managed to save about 1100 Jews from being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration from being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration camp. A testament for the good in all of us.camp. A testament for the good in all of us.

•Clip 1: Chapter 5 (entering ghetto)- 5 Clip 1: Chapter 5 (entering ghetto)- 5 minmin

Stage 2: Segregation Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOSGHETTOS Jews were forced to live in Jews were forced to live in

designated areas called “ghettos” designated areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from the rest of to isolate them from the rest of societysociety

Nazis established 356 ghettos in Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Poland, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWIIHungary during WWII

Ghettos were filthy, with poor Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme sanitation and extreme overcrowdingovercrowding

Disease was rampant and food Disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that was in such short supply that many slowly starved to death many slowly starved to death

Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in sizesquare miles in size

Nazi ghettosNazi ghettos were a preliminary were a preliminary step in the annihilation of the Jews, step in the annihilation of the Jews,

as the ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for as the ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for

deportation to concentration & death campsdeportation to concentration & death camps

Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List

Clip 2: Start at 45:00 min - 49:30 Clip 2: Start at 45:00 min - 49:30 (train)(train)

Clip 3: Chapter 14 (Liquidation of Clip 3: Chapter 14 (Liquidation of Ghetto)- 17 minGhetto)- 17 min

Stage 3: Concentration Stage 3: Concentration CampsCamps

essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents)Communists, homosexuals, opponents)

Slave labor “annihilation by work”Slave labor “annihilation by work” Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient

transportation transportation

Life in the Life in the CampsCamps

possessions were possessions were confiscatedconfiscated

heads were shavedheads were shaved arms tattooedarms tattooed Prison uniformsPrison uniforms Men, women and Men, women and

children were children were separated separated

Survival based on Survival based on trade skills / trade skills / physical strength physical strength

Unsanitary, Unsanitary, disease ridden and disease ridden and lice infested lice infested barracks barracks

inhumane medical inhumane medical experimentsexperiments

Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List

Clip 4: Chapter 17 Clip 4: Chapter 17 (concentration camps / (concentration camps /

factory)- 4 minfactory)- 4 min

Stage 4: ExterminationStage 4: Extermination

Einsatzgruppen Einsatzgruppen (mobile (mobile killing units) had began killing units) had began killing operations aimed killing operations aimed at entire Jewish at entire Jewish communities in the communities in the 1930s1930s

DEATH FACTORIESDEATH FACTORIES: : Nazi extermination Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the camps fulfilled the singular function of singular function of mass murder mass murder

EuthanasiaEuthanasia program: program: Nazi policy to eliminate Nazi policy to eliminate “life unworthy of life” “life unworthy of life” (mentally or physically (mentally or physically challenged) to promote challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity”Aryan “racial integrity”

“ “FINAL FINAL SOLUTION”SOLUTION”

Wannsee Wannsee

Conference Conference (Berlin -1942 ) (Berlin -1942 ) established the established the “complete “complete solution of the solution of the Jewish Jewish question”question”

called for the called for the complete and complete and mass mass annihilation and annihilation and exterminationextermination of of the Jews as well the Jews as well as other groups as other groups

Zyklon B gas Zyklon B gas became the became the agent in the agent in the mass mass exterminationextermination

Gas Chambers & Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsCrematoriums

Prisoners were sent to gas Prisoners were sent to gas chambers disguised as chambers disguised as showersshowers

Zyklon B gas used to gas Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutespeople in 3 – 15 minutes

Up to 8000 people were Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death camp with 4 largest death camp with 4 operating gas chambersoperating gas chambers

Gold fillings from victims Gold fillings from victims teeth were melted down to teeth were melted down to make gold bardsmake gold bards

Prisoners moved dead Prisoners moved dead bodies to massive bodies to massive crematoriums crematoriums

Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List

Clip 5: Chapter 1: Burning (disc 2)- 3 Clip 5: Chapter 1: Burning (disc 2)- 3 minmin

Clip 6: Chapter 4: Showers - 17:44 Clip 6: Chapter 4: Showers - 17:44 (disc 2)- 4 min(disc 2)- 4 min

Clip 7: Chapter 11: Liberation (7 min)Clip 7: Chapter 11: Liberation (7 min)

Nearing the End of Nearing the End of the Warthe War

By 1945, the Nazis’ By 1945, the Nazis’ began to destroy began to destroy crematoriums and crematoriums and camps as Allied camps as Allied troops closed introops closed in

Death Marches Death Marches (Todesmarsche):(Todesmarsche): Between 1944-1945, Between 1944-1945, Nazis ordered Nazis ordered marches over long marches over long distances. distances. Approximately 250 Approximately 250 000 – 375 000 000 – 375 000 prisoners perished in prisoners perished in Death MarchesDeath Marches

On January 27, 1945, On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army the Soviet army entered Auschwitz entered Auschwitz (largest camp) and (largest camp) and liberated more than liberated more than 7,000 remaining 7,000 remaining prisoners, who were prisoners, who were mostly ill and dying. mostly ill and dying.

Nazis confiscated property of Nazis confiscated property of prisoners in storerooms nicknamed prisoners in storerooms nicknamed “Kanada” because the sheer amount “Kanada” because the sheer amount of loot stored there was associated of loot stored there was associated with the riches of Canadawith the riches of Canada

Swastika: A Symbol of Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?Good or Evil?

•In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided that the Nazi Party needed its own insignia and flag and chose the swastika to represent the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man•Because of the Nazis' flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, anti-Semitism, violence, death, and murder.

• the swastika is an ancient Indian symbol (Sanskrit) that is over 3,000 years old meaning well being, life and good luck, prosperity• the swastika is sacred religious symbol for Hindus, Jains and Buddhists •Common symbol in ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, India, China, Central and South America (Maya)

Holocaust Holocaust

ArtArt

AftermathAftermath Yom ha-ShoahYom ha-Shoah: :

Holocaust Holocaust Remembrance Day Remembrance Day established in 1951established in 1951

Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials: : 1945-1949 were trials 1945-1949 were trials for war crimes of Nazi for war crimes of Nazi officials (24 Nazi officials (24 Nazi leaders tried)leaders tried)

Displaced PersonsDisplaced Persons Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism in the in the

world todayworld today