12. Discuss the consequences of over-fishing to fish stocks.13. Describe methods to regulate fishing, including imposing fishing quotas, exclusion zones and restricted mesh sizes.14. Discuss the benefits and problems attributable to fish farming: including disease, overuse of antibiotics, pesticides and eutrophication.

Fish Farming Benefits

How its made:https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=fish+farming+problems

Is it sustainable?http://www.filmeducation.org/theendoftheline/fish_farming.html

Fish Farming TypesOpen Closed

Which is better?

The Problem with Fish Farms (OPEN AND SEMI INTENSIVE ONLY)

http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/common-resources/fish/fish-farming/offshore/problems/

Eco Friendly?:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUrGKVJcd9M

Habitat Disturbance

Innefficiency

Human Health Concerns

Studies indicate that farm-raised fish contain higher levels of chemical pollutants than wild fish, including PCBs, which are known carcinogens. This is due to higher concentrations in the fish feed. Antibiotics are also a problem with farm-raised fish, effecting consumers directly as well as by developing super strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, making diseases less treatable, and perpetuates the cycle of increased antibiotic use.

Sea lice

Flavobacteria

Unregulated farming practices

Water Pollution

• Excess food (nitrates)• Faeces (nitrates)• Cage materials (debris)• Antibiotics (antibiotic resistance)• Algal growth prohibiting • Chemicals

Conservation Methods

Successful reintroduction programs

Red Kites – the historyhttp://www.yorkshireredkites.net/index.php/red-kite-info/history-red-kite-reintroduction-programme

Red Kites, were once commonplace in suitable habitat throughout England, Scotland and Wales. In addition to the countryside, they were found around human settlements where they fed on waste. However, with the passage of time, improvements in hygiene arrangements reduced this source of food, alongside which they became increasingly persecuted. In company with many other species of bird and mammal, they were seen as a direct threat to food supplies at a time when the human population was growing. Further pressures from game shooting interests resulted in them becoming extinct in England and Scotland around 150 to 200 years ago, a handful of pairs managing to survive in Wales. (NB: It is worthy of note that a significant number of pairs of kites now breed on shooting estates, indicating a considerable present-day change in attitude towards them).

Further reductionsThe rarity of the red kite made it a prime target for egg collectors and bounty hunters, who robbed up to a quarter of nests each year. More sophisticated nest protection initiatives during the 1950s and 1960s succeeded in reducing the proportion of nests robbed, and this is no longer regarded as a serious problem for red kites.In 1980s the red kite was one of only three globally threatened species in the UK, and so it was a high priority for conservation efforts.It became apparent that due to the low rate of chick production by the Welsh kites, largely caused by the marginal habitat the birds live in, combined with the activities of egg collectors and illegal poisoning, the birds would be unlikely to be able to spread out of Wales.

Red Kite Conservation

• The red kite is subject to the longest continuous conservation project in the world.

• The red kite is subject to the longest continuous conservation project in the world. The first Kite Committee was formed in 1903 by concerned individuals appalled at the continuing destruction of kites, who initiated the first nest protection schemes. The RSPB is thought to have been involved continuously since 1905.

In recognition of this, the RSPB and NCC (now Natural England and Scottish Natural Heritage), got together in 1986 to discuss the feasibility of reintroducing the red kite to England and Scotland.Reintroduction would only be considered if the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) criteria were met in full:•Existence of good historical evidence of former natural occurrence.•A clear understanding of why the species disappeared. Only if the disappearance was due to human action and the species was unlikely to recolonise naturally, would it be considered.•The factors causing extinction have been rectified.•Suitable habitat is still present to support a viable population.•Birds intended for release are genetically as close as possible to the former indigenous population.•The removal of birds for the project does not jeopardise the survival of the population from which the birds are taken.•The red kite is one of few bird species in Britain that fulfils all the criteria.

Previous vs. Current Range

http://www.bto.org/about-birds/bird-of-month/red-kite

Reintroduction – the storyAfter a number of years of protection, with very little to show for the efforts of those involved, the Welsh Red Kite population started to show a steady growth in numbers. However, as it was likely to be a long time before they would recolonise suitable habitat outside Wales, a programme began in 1989 to reintroduce them into England and Scotland. Over a period of several years, more than 90 young birds were released in each of the initial reintroduction areas, on the Black Isle near Inverness and in the Chilterns in Oxfordshire/ Buckinghamshire. The Scottish birds were sourced from Scandinavia, whilst those released in England came from Spain. They were taken from wild nests at an age of 4-5 weeks. They were kept in large pens, from which they were released at around 8 weeks old, having been fed on a diet of carrion-similar to what their parents would have provided for them in the wild. These initial releases were so successful that further projects were established in other areas, whilst young birds were still available from the donor populations. The Yorkshire Red Kite Project was the fifth in this sequence and began at Harewood Estate in West Yorkshire in 1999. By this time, the newly established Chilterns population had been so successful that, up to 2003, it was able to supply a total of 68 young birds for release in Yorkshire. This figure was supplemented by an older rehabilitated bird, also from the Chilterns, and an untagged bird of unknown origin, both of which arrived in late 1999.It is a salutary thought that Red Kite numbers have plummeted in some parts of Europe, especially Spain. It is fortunate that the timing of the initial English releases preceded the onset of this problem otherwise the Spanish authorities might not have allowed the relocation of some of its young birds to kick-start the now burgeoning population here.

Questions1. What factors led to the decreasing numbers of red kites?2. When did conservation efforts for the dwindling numbers

or red kits begin?3. What factors led to the IUCN getting involved?4. How were red kites reintroduced?5. Where were the birds taken from?6. Due to the relatively small number of birds used in the

reintroduction, what implications does this now have for all the red kites in the UK?

7. Suggest a reason for the subsequent reduction of red kites in Europe?