History of marine science

1.3 History of marine scienceAncient explorations 5000 B.C. 800 A.D.Egypt- 1st recorded sea voyage (3200 B.C.)Phoenicians- 1st trade routes through the Mediterranean (used stars and didnt leave sight of the shore)

Ancient explorations contPolynesians- navigated through the open oceansGreeks- developed complex maps including latitude and longitude

Middle ages (800- 1400 A.D.)Scientific discovery suppressedVikings (790- 1100 A.D) global warming allowed for exploration/trade routesComplex vessel designChineseInvented magnet compass (1000 A.D)Vessels designed with ventral rudders and watertight compartments

European voyages of discovery (1400-1700 A.D.)Vasco de Gama (1469-1424 A.D.)- 1st expedition around Cape of Good Hope to IndiaColumbus (1469-1524) discovered the new worldAmerigo Vespucci (1454- 1512)- first to recognize S. America as a new continent

Balboa (1500s) first European to sail in the PacificMagellan (1519)- first to sail around the world, circumnavigationDrake (1577)- Second circumnavigation

Birth of marine science (1700- 1900)James Cook1st scientific ocean expeditionsInvented chronometer in 1735 (clock that works accurately on the ocean)United States Exploring Expedition (Wilkes expedition)Proved existence of AntarcticaGathered flora and faunaMatthew MauryPublished physical geography of the seaDescribed global wind and current patterns, making sailing more efficient

Charles Darwin (1831)Studied coral reef growthProposed that seafloor sinksProposed theory of natural selectionChallenger expedition (1872)Mapped the seafloor (discovered Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas Trench)Discovered organisms in deepest parts of the oceanCatalogued 715 new genera and 4,717 new species

Twentieth CenturyGerman meteor expedition (1925)Established patterns of ocean water circulationMapped the Atlantic sea floorAtlantis (1931)1st ship designed exclusively for marine scienceConfirmed the existence of Mid-Atlantic ridge

Challenger II (1951)Measured depths of Atlantic, Pacific, Indian OceansFound deepest known part of the ocean (10,838 meters, Marianas Trench)