PRINCIPLES OF SOLAR ORIENTED DESIGN

NAME OF MEMBERS: Peh Peng Cheong MBE141009

Yu Tieng Wei MBE 141025

Chuah Pei Jin MB131045

MBEA2139-01 DESIGN PRE-THESIS 3

AIMS:

To study the different principles of Solar Oriented Design (SOD)

and critically review that such design strategies are suitable and

sustainable for the present and future.

OBJECTIVES:

To promote passive solar design strategies.

To maximize use of solar energy in building environment.

To minimize the negative impact of environmental through

building design.

To improve thermal comfort for occupants.

AIM & OBJECTIVE

• Research on Solar Oriented Design Principles.

• Understand the application of Solar Energy to overcome

limitations.

• Understand the importance and usefulness of Solar Passive

design strategies.

• Review on its suitability to the present and future conditions.

METHODOLOGY

The world population is projected to grow from 6 billion in 1999 to 9 billion by 2044,

an increase of 50 % that is expected to require 45 years.

WHY BOTHER ABOUT PRINCIPLE?

Everything we do, directly

affect the environment,

as well as the energydemand.

Source: http://biofuelenergy.yolasite.com & http://www.booneyliving.com/

WHY BOTHER ABOUT PRINCIPLE?

Source: http://www.encasement.com/

…because we have PROBLEMS

Source: David A. Bainbridge, Ken

Haggard, 2011

Current Dry Spell & last

year’s Devastating FloodMALAYSIA (2015) The current dry spelland last year’s devastating flood aresigns that Malaysians should not takeclimate change and global warminglightly, says Prime Minister Datuk SeriNajib Razak.

Source: The Malaysian Insider, 2015

WHY BOTHER ABOUT PRINCIPLE?

BUILDINGS…main consumer of global energy

WHY BOTHER ABOUT PRINCIPLE?

“While more green buildings are being built, they are

only pale green and often perform little better than the

buildings they replace, for they often neglect the most

elementary feature of sustainable design: using the

SUN and climate resources for heating, cooling,

ventilation and daylighting.”

- David A. Bainbridge, Ken Haggard

SOLAR POWER …abundant, free, eco-friendly

WHY SOLAR ORIENTED DESIGN PRINCIPLES?

• Orientation

• Climate Zone

• Thermal Mass / Comfort

• Air Leakage

• Zoning

• Ventilation

• Insulation

• Glazing

• Shading

WHAT SOLAR ORIENTED DESIGN PRINCIPLES?

SOLAR GEOMETRY… Earth’s motion around the Sun

ORIENTATION

SOLAR POSITION …Earth relative to Sun at winter solstice

ORIENTATION

Diagram shows the key definition used when describing the Sun’s passage across site. (by John Brennan)

Fundamental in design

building façadeLet in light;

Passive solar gain;

Reduce glare;

Reduce interior solar

heat gain.

ORIENTATION

Source: UK Meteorological Office

Construction, Ventilation techniques, Breezes,

Shaded Design

CLIMATE ZONE

Indirect heat gain & heat loss

THERMAL MASS / COMFORT

• Design building to provide access to sun, wind and light for as many

of the interior spaces as possible [daylight building, passively cooled

building and passive solar building]

• Zoning strategies to organize, locate and orient group of spaces with

similar needs.[heating zones, cooling zones, daylighting zone,

electric light zone, stratification zone ]

• Energy programming to identify the degree to which different types

of spaces require different levels of heating, cooling, lighting and

ventilation.

SPATIAL ZONING

• High-activity spaces should be

located on the south side to

benefit from the solar heat.

• Storage areas, garage and other

less-used spaces can act as

buffers along the north side.

• Entry-ways should be located

away from the wind.

• Pantry, kitchen, toilet and

bathrooms should located near

the water heater will save the

heat that would be lost from

longer water lines.

Strategic

Storage,garage,

less used space

High activity spaces

North

South

STRATEGIC

• The lane community college health and wellness building in Eugene,

Oregon by SRG Partnership

• By using zoning principles and distribution pathways – daylight and

naturally ventilated building

• Divided in to two parts – night cooling the thermal mass

• Sliding door located in the central hallway is closed at night to ensure

that ventilation air travel the planned route through each separate

zone of the building so that the thermal mass in each zone receives

adequate night ventilation to remove heat collected during daytime

use.

Source: Brown, G., & DeKay, M. (2001). Sun, wind & light: Architectural design strategies (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

CASE STUDY

• Indoor air Quality

• Maintain Quality of indoor air by replacing indoor air with

outdoor fresh air

• Removal of CO2, odour, moisture and avoid mould &

condensation

• Thermal comfort ventilation

• Prevent discomfort due to warmth and wetness

• Cools by removing heat by convection and forced convection

• Remove moisture

• Structural ventilation

• Cool the structure by passing air over walls, ceilings etc,

removing heat

• Night ventilation – using cold night air to cool structures during

the night

VENTILATION

WHY WE NEED VENTILATION?

In Universal Building By Law 1984, Part 3, under Natural Lighting and Ventilation Headings, item no 39 reads:

• “Every Room designed, adapted or used for residential, business or other purposes except hospitals and schools shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than 10% of the clear floor area of such room and shall have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air not less than 10% of such floor area”

• “Every water-closet, latrine, urinal or bathroom shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more openings having a total area of not less than 0.2 square meter per water-closet, urinal latrine or bathroomand such opening shall be capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air.”

REGULATION

Source: Code of practice for design of buildings: Ventilation principles and designing for natural ventilation. (1980). London: British Standards Institution.

REGULATION

Ventilation Principle#1

• Air will always flow from the region of highpressure to region of low pressure

Ventilation Principle#2

• Air has mass and thus momentum andtend to continue in its direction untilaltered by obstruction or adjacent airflow

Ventilation Principle#3

• The overall effect of wind at a site is solarge that locally deflected airflow(bytrees for example) will tend to return tothe direction and speed of site wind

High pressure Low pressure

HOW VENTILATION WORKS?

Bernoulli effect: A decrease in pressure when air is accelerated in

order to cover a greater distance than adjacent air flow. It reduces

pressure on the top of the wing as the air is accelerated creating “lift”.

VENTILATION

Venturi effect: Acceleration occurs when laminar flow is constricted in

order to pass through an opening .

VENTILATION

Stack effect: Warm air in the building become more buoyant that

outside air, rising to escape out of opening high in the building.

VENTILATION

Trickle ventilation: background ventilation pass through gaps in doors,

windows, walls etc

Source: Sun, Wind, and Light, by G.Z. Brown and Mark DeKay, published by Wiley

VENTILATION

Interior partition

VENTILATION

Windows placement

VENTILATION

Opening in opposite walls

Source: Sun, Wind, and Light, by G.Z. Brown and Mark DeKay, published by Wiley

VENTILATION

Air gaps along the ridgeline or between tiles

often provide sufficient ventilation. Gable or

eaves vents may also be used.

Utilize the attic volume occupied by roof

trusses as a ventilated space.

Ventilated roof spaces in tropical climates

under metal roofing can result in excessive

condensation within the roof space at night.

To prevent condensation dripping off the

underside of metal roofing onto the ceiling

by installing reflective foil sharking similar to

that used under roof tiles, or using a foil-

backed building blanket (anti-condensation

blanket) under the metal roof, or closing the

vents at night to prevent night air from

entering the roof space.

ROOF VENTILATION

Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Y5dRdhG69_Y/TN2iJu7Tk5I/AAAAAAAAABk/HezkGxoGhvQ/s1600/climate.bmp

A building raised on piles over the surface

of the soil or a body water.

This allows for ventilation and cool air to

flow under the house, protects the main

structure from termites and other pests,

and enables the natural flow of water in

times of torrential rain.

It can catch winds of a higher velocity.

Material of the floor such as timber strip,

which have gaps between bring the air

to the interior space .

ON STILT VENTILATION

Air Brick (vent block)

• To provide ventilation below suspended

ground floor

• To be used with cavity sleeves for ventilation

thought external wall to a building interior

MATERIALS

Stilted house

catches winds of high velocity.

Fully Open Window along the House

Can allow ventilation at body level

CASE STUDY

Roof Joints (Double Roof )

The ventilation through roof joint can let the fresh

and hot air go in and out from interior

provide good ventilation to interior

Hot air flow upwards and exit

Opening on Top of Window

To allow the air to pass through intothe building when the window is close

CASE STUDY

• Air leakage occurs when outside air enters and conditioned air leaves indoor

uncontrollably through cracks and openings. It is unwise to rely on air leakage for

ventilation.

• During cold or windy weather, too much air may enter the house. When it's

warmer and less windy, not enough air may enter, which can result in poor

indoor air quality.

• Gaps in insulation and thermal bridging are also a substantial source of heat loss

or gain and can cause both draughts and condensation.

• Air leakage also contributes to moisture problems that can affect occupants’

health and the structure’s durability. Through sealing cracks and openings

reduces drafts and cold spots, improving comfort.

• The challenge is to identify where weather sealing can be improved and then

develop appropriate methods of construction, repair and detailing.

AIR LEAKAGE

• Air typically leaks through:

• unsealed or poorly sealed doors

and windows

• the poor design or omission of

airlocks

• unsealed vents, skylights and

exhaust fans

• gaps in or around ceiling insulation

and around ceiling penetrations

• gaps around wall penetrations

(e.g. pipes, conduits, power

outlets, switches, air conditioners)

• gaps between envelope element

junctions (e.g. floor−wall or

wall−ceiling)

• poorly fitted or shrunken

floorboards.

Common leakage points

Source: SEAV

WHERE ARE THE AIR LEAKAGE?

• Caulk or weatherstripping are two most effective way to

improve the energy efficiency while maintaining healthy

indoor air quality.

• Weatherstripping is used to seal components that move,

such as doors and operable windows.

• Caulking seal air leaks through crack, gaps or joints less

that one quarter inch wide between stationary building

components and material such as around door and

window frames.

• Type of caulk : Silicone (Household, construction),

Polyurethane, expandable spray foam, Water-based

foam sealant, Butyl rubber, Latex, Oil or resin-based.

• Caulking compounds vary in strength, properties, and

prices. Water-based caulk can be cleaned with water,

while solvent-based compounds require a solvent for

cleanup.

Caulk

Weatherstripping

HOW TO SOLVE AIR LEAKAGE?

• Acts as a barrier to heat flow

• It is a material that blocks or slows the flow

of heat through the building envelope.

Insulation is vital to most green building

design because it allows spaces to retain

what heat they have, while avoid gaining

excess heat from outside.

• It is essential for comfortable indoor quality

for us

• To reduces greenhouse gas emissions.

• To reduces heating and cooling costs by

reducing heat losses and gains through

building envelope.

• weatherproofing and eliminate moisture

problems such as condensation; some

types of insulation also have soundproofing

qualities.

Ceiling 25-35%

Wall 15-25%

Floor 10-20%

Windows 25-35%

Air leakage 5-25%

Source: SEAV 2002

INSULATION

1. In unfinished attic spaces,

insulate between and over

the floor joists to seal off

living spaces below.

2. In finished attic rooms with

or without dormer, insulate

Extend insulation into joist

space to reduce air flows.

3. All exterior walls

4. Floors above cold spaces,

such as vented crawl

spaces and unheated

garages.

5. Band joists.

6. Replacement or storm

windows and caulk and

seal around all windows

and doors.

Source: Oak Ridge National Laboratory

WHERE TO INSULATE IN A BUILDING?

• Bulky materials resist conductive and -- to

a lesser degree -- convective heat flow in

a building cavity. Rigid foam boards trap

air or another gas to resist conductive

heat flow.

• Bulk insulation includes materials such as

glass wool, wool, cellulose fibre, polyesterand polystyrene.

• All bulk insulation products come with one

material R-value for a given thickness.

Indoor

Outdoor

Reflective insulation and heat flow.Source: SEAV 2002

INSULATION TYPES AND APPLICATIONS

• Reflective insulation mainly resists radiant heat

flow due to its high reflectivity and low emissivity

(ability to re-radiate heat). It relies on the

presence of an air layer of at least 25mm next

to the shiny surface. The thermal resistance of

reflective insulation varies with the direction of

heat flow through it.

• Reflective insulation is usually shiny aluminium

foil laminated (RFL) onto paper or plastic and is

available as sheets (sarking), concertina-type

batts and multi-cell batts.

• Dust settling on the reflective surface greatly

reduces performance. Face reflective surfaces

downwards or keep them vertical. The anti-

glare surface of single sided foil sarking should

always face upwards or outwards.

Indoor Outdoor

Bulk insulation traps air in still layers.Source: SEAV 2002

INSULATION TYPES AND APPLICATIONS

Batting / Blankets Blown-in/ Loose-Fill

Foamed in Place Rigid Board

INSULATION MATERIALS

According to Carmody & Haglund (2006),

• Exterior shading devices result in energy savings by reducing direct

solar gain through windows.

• By using exterior shading devices with less expensive glazings, it is

sometimes possible to obtain performance equivalent to unshaded

higher performance glazing.

• Electricity demand is also reduced by exterior shading devices

resulting in lower charges from utilities and reduced mechanical

equipment costs.

• Finally, exterior shading devices have the ability to reduce glare in an

interior space without the need to lower shades or close blinds.

BENEFITS OF EXTERNAL SHADING DEVICES

Factor of Application

Location of building

Window Orientation

Window Size

Impact of Application

Energy Use

Peak Demand

Glare

Carmody & Haglund (2006)

conducted the study for external

shading devices using DOE-2.1E

program, which is the building

industry standard that requires as

input a geometrical description of

the building and a physical

description of the building

construction, mechanicalequipment, end-use load

schedules, utility rates, and hourly

weather data to determine the

energy consumption of the

building. Prototypes were also built.

DOE-2 has been used to develop

American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1 and

California Title-24 Energy-EfficiencyStandards and to design many

commercial buildings over the past

twenty years.

SHADING DDEVICES

• Deep overhang varies from 25.6% energy saving when applied to a

clear double glazed window compared to 11.3% when applied to a

triple glazed low-E window.

• The key to this difference is that clear double glazing has a Solar Heat

Gain Coefficient (SHGC) of 0.60 meaning that 60% of the solar heat

gain is transmitted through the glass while 40% is blocked, while triple

glazed low-E glazing has an SHGC of 0.22 meaning only 22% of the

solar heat gain is transmitted and 78% is blocked by the glass. In effect,

the higher performance glazing is already diminishing the solar gain

quite a bit before the external shading device is applied.

ENERGY USE

• The percent savings resulting from using a deep overhang varies

from 44.1% when applied to a clear double glazed window

compared to 18.8% when applied to a triple glazed low-E window.

• The overhang still makes a substantial difference on peak demand

when tested but still depends on conditions.

PEAK DEMAND

• The greatest glare reduction occurs with a combination of a deep

overhang with vertical fins.

• A key advantage of external shading devices is that they can provide

glare reduction without the need to lower shades or

close blinds. This means that daylight and view are not diminished

by dark tinted glazing or blocked by interior shades.

• With exterior shading devices, glare control does not depend on user

operation.

• External shading devices can play an important role in creating more

sustainable buildings with less energy use and peak demand as well

as improved glare conditions for the building occupants.

GLARE

Why apply these principles? Sustainable?

• Responsive design to climate, end users’ comfort, building

typology, etc.

• Productive and conducive space

• Responsibility as designers to educate people through application

in design.

• Being responsive comes with new challenges, new challenges

come with new ideas, new ideas come with new design solutions.

• Saves client’s operational cost in the long run (depends on

building use), lesser maintenance on machineries required to

operate the building.

SHADING DEVICES + GLAZING IN DETAIL

• External Shading Devices in Commercial Buildings. London: Corporation of

London

• David A. Bainbridge, Ken Haggard. (2011). Passive Solar Architecture: Heating,

Cooling, Ventilation, Daylighting, and more using Natural Flows. USA: Chelsea

Green Publishing Company

• Michael J. Crosbie, Steven Winter Associates. (1998). The Passive Solar Design

and Construction Handbook. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• Code of practice for design of buildings: Ventilation principles and designing for

natural ventilation. (1980). London: British Standards Institution.

• http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Y5dRdhG69_Y/TN2iJu7Tk5I/AAAAAAAAABk/HezkGxo

GhvQ/s1600/climate.bmp

• Brown, G., & DeKay, M. (2001). Sun, wind & light: Architectural design

strategies (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

REFERENCE