16 Sampling Errors

8/3/2019 16 Sampling Errors

1/33

Business

Research Methods

Errors In Survey Research


2/33

Surveys

Surveys ask respondents for information

using verbal or written questioning


3/33

Total

error

Systematic

error (bias)

Random sampling

error

Tree Diagram of Total Survey Error


4/33

Random Sampling Error

Even though a representative sample is

selected there is always a deviation between

true population value & sample value

A statistical fluctuation that occurs because

ofchance variation in the elements selected

for the sample.


5/33

Systematic Error

Systematic error results from some

imperfect aspect of the research design or

from a mistake in the execution of the

research


6/33

Systematic

error (bias)

Administrative

error

Respondent

error



7/33

Respondent Error

Errors observed on respondents side

It is difficult to get respondents cooperation

in getting answers that contain correctinformation

Two common types of respondent errors are

- Non- Response Error- Response Bias


8/33

Respondent

error

Nonresponse

error

Responsebias



9/33

Non response Error

Nonrespondents - people who refuse tocooperate

--Not-at-homes

--Refusals due to fear or personal preference


10/33

Response Bias

A bias that occurs when respondents

tend to answer questions with a certain

slant that consciously or unconsciously

misrepresents the truth


11/33

Response

bias

Unconscious

misrepresentation

Deliberate

falsification



12/33

Deliberate Falsification

People knowingly misrepresent or give false

answers when they are not certain about facts

- Providing information by recall- For assuming a safe situation

-To conceal personal information


13/33

Unconscious Misrepresentation

People give wrong information due to ignorance

-Misunderstanding a question

-Prior inexperience to a subject


14/33

Factors for Misrepresentation

Misrepresentation of answers either deliberately or

unconsciously could be due to a number of factors

Factors are results of various biases in the nature

of respondents


15/33

Acquiescence bias

Extremity bias

Interviewer bias

Auspices bias

Social desirability bias

Types of Response Biases


16/33

Acquiescence Bias

A category of response bias that results

because some individuals tend to agree with

all questions or to concur with a particularposition.


17/33

Extremity Bias

A category of response bias that results

because response styles vary from person to

person; some individuals tend to useextremes when responding to questions

while some tend to give neutral answers


18/33

Interviewer Bias

A response bias that occurs because thepresence of the interviewer influences

answers. Facial expression, age, gender,

tone, etc of the interviewer may play a role

in inducing interviewer

bias


19/33

Auspices Bias

Bias in the responses of subjects caused by

the respondents being influenced by the

organization conducting the study.


20/33

Social Desirability Bias Bias in responses caused by respondents

desire, either conscious or unconscious, to

gain prestige or appear in a different social

role. Information about educationalqualification or income might be overstated

to gain prestige


21/33

Systematic

error (bias)

Administrative

error

Respondent

error



22/33

Administrative Error

Improper administration of the research task

Caused due to sample design error or other

factors on personal front

Confusion

Neglect

Omission


23/33

Data processing error

Sample selection error

Interviewer error

Interviewer cheating



24/33


Sample selection error -improper sample design or

sampling procedure execution.

Mall intercept interviewers selecting only neatly

dressed customers or only families with children

----Sample Frame error frame is list of population

units for sample selection. Error occurs if list does

not match with target population (Incomplete list)

---Population Specification Error- Population itself

defined incorrectly .To estimate market potential

for electronic cars selecting population of only

small car users


25/33


Interviewer cheating-filling in fake

answers or falsifying interviewers

Interviewer error - field mistakes committedby interviewer while administering

questionnaire or recording responses

Data processing error- incorrect data entry,computer programming, or other procedural

errors during the analysis stage.


26/33



27/33

Total

error

Systematic

error (bias)

Random sampling

error



28/33

Systematic

error (bias)

Administrative

error

Respondent

error



29/33

Respondent

error

Nonresponse

error

Responsebias



30/33

Response

bias

Unconscious

misrepresentation

Deliberate

falsification



31/33

Acquiescence bias

Extremity bias

Interviewer bias

Auspices bias

Social desirability bias

Types of Response Biases


32/33

Systematic

error (bias)

Administrative

error

Respondent

error



33/33

Data processing error

Sample selection error

Interviewer error

Interviewer cheating


Date post:	07-Apr-2018
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16 Sampling Errors

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