Chapter 12The Civil War

Section 1 The Union Dissolves

A. Last Ditch Compromise1. Crittenden Compromise

– Sen. John Crittenden of Kentuckya) Proposal – Reinstate the Missouri

Compromise line west through the remaining territories

b) Rejected by Lincoln. Why? • He would have lost the support of

many Republicans if he had allowed slavery to expand into the territories

A. Last Ditch Compromise2. Secessionists vs. the Union

a) Secessionists excited about creating a new country

b) Why did Lincoln try to keep the South from seceding?• He took an oath of office to enforce

the Constitution in every state• No state should be able to get out of

the Union by its own decision• Country was made up of people, not

states

B. Fall of Fort Sumter1. The South easily took control of many

federal forts, mints and arsenals – Fort Sumter at Charleston, S.C. remained in Union hands

2. Why was Fort Sumter important? – It controlled naval access to one of the

South’s largest ports3. Lincoln’s dilemma–

– Protect the fort but without being the aggressor

– Why? Most remaining slave states said they would secede if force was used, but he would look weak if he just let the Confederacy take it.

B. Fall of Fort Sumter4. Lincoln’s decision – send supplies

only5. Result –

– Confederate troops led by Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard refuse to allow ships through

– Bombing begins at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861

– Maj. Robert Anderson and troops surrender 34 hours later

6. Lincoln’s Call to Arms – Two days after the surrender, Lincoln asks states to provide 75,000 troops for 3 months

“Showers of balls… and shells… poured into the fort in one incessant [unending] stream causing great flakes of masonry to fall in all directions. When the immense mortar shells, after sailing high in the air, came down in a vertical direction and buried themselves in the parade ground, their explosion shook the fort like an earthquake.”

-- Abner Doubleday, Maj. Anderson’s second-in-command

C. Choosing Sides1. Four more Southern states secede

after Lincoln’s call for troops– Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia

2. Confederate capital – Richmond, Virginia

3. Border States – Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri keep slavery legal but remain in Union (not always willingly)

C. Choosing Sides4. West Virginia –

People living in the mountains of northwestern Virginia set up their own government in 1861, became a state in 1863

5. Family divisions – Upper South’s white population remained divided over secession, many family members fought on opposite sides

– Including two sons of Sen. John Crittenden

Union ConfederacyPopulation

(North = 22 million, South = 9 million including

3.5 million slaves)

Defending their homeland

(More familiar with the land, plus Union had to conquer over 750,000

square miles)Better

industry/economy(North controlled 85% of industry and resources)

Better military leaders(Most good generals were

from the South)

Better Railroads(Twice as many miles, Southern cities were

disconnected

United and motivated

U.S. Navy stayed loyal(South had to start from

scratch)

Strengths for each side

E. Comparing Sides1. Armies

a) Union – • Over 500,000 by end of 1861• Over 2.7 million during the entire war• About 180,000 African Americans and

3,500 Native Americans servedb) Confederacy –

• Over 258,000 by end of 1861 • 750,000 during the entire war• Included about 5,500 Cherokee, Creek,

Chickasaw and Choctaw Indians

Robert E. Lee"With all my devotion to the Union and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have therefore resigned my commission in the Army, and save in defense of my native State, with the sincere hope that my poor services may never be needed, I hope I may never be called on to draw my sword....."

Lee in a letter to his sister, April 20, 1861Question: Why did Lee resign from the U.S. Army?

F. 1st Battle of Bull Run1. Fighting at Manassas

a) Lincoln wants to take Richmond right away, both sides thought their troops needed more training

b) Battle of Bull Run – at Manassas Junction, 30 miles outside of Washington, D.C.

c) Confederates – led by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, dug in on high ground behind a creek called Bull Run

d) Result – Union squanders early advantage, then are forced to retreat back to D.C.

F. 1st Battle of Bull Run2. Aftermath of Southern victory

a) Most people realized that the war would take longer than expected

b) Most important effects were psychological

a) North shocked and shamed but now more determined

b) South thought they were the better side– Johnston named to command Army of

Northern Virginia, Robert E. Lee named adviser

– George McClellan named head of Union army

Chapter 12The Civil War

Section 2 The North and South

Face Off

A. Strategies of War1. North’s three-part plan to win

the war – Anaconda Plana) Capture Richmondb) Gain control of the Mississippi Riverc) Naval blockade

2. How did it get its name?3. Why this plan?

It would divide the fighting into two areas (east and west of the Appalachians) and cut off the western part of the Confederacy

A. Strategies of War4. South’s plan to win the war

a) Drive through Virginia and invade the North

b) Why this plan? Three things – • Shatter northern morale • Disrupt Union communications• Win European support

c) Why were the Confederates hoping for support from Great Britain or France?

d) Two reasons why this plan failed –

B. Military Experience1. Young recruits on both sides – 2. Plenty of shortages – 3. Camp conditions –

– Unsanitary and full of disease4. Worst conditions of all were in

prisoner-of-war camps in both North and South– Where was the worst POW camp?

Andersonville, Georgia– Why?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Andersonville_birdseye_ransom.jpg

C. Matthew Brady• Who was he?

Famous early photographer• What were the most dramatic

photos?Pictures of soldiers lying dead on the battlefield

D. Home Front1. North

a) Women replaced male factory workers and farmers

b) Civilians participated in volunteer groups that raised money for Union cause or provided relief services

2. Southa) Southerners supported the war effort with

patriotic events like parades and fund raisers b) First sign of trouble – Effects of the blockade

and providing for war effort set in, life became hard

E. Civilian Aid on the Battlefield

1. Women tried to serve in battle and others served as spies, over 3,000 served as nurses

2. Clara Barton – Nurse on the battlefield, started the American Red Cross after the war

3. Sally Tompkins – Commissioned as a Confederate captain

F. War Opposition1. Southern Opposition

a) Spring of 1862 – Confederates hold first draft

• Poor farmers and working people were left to fight because large plantation owners didn’t have to serve

• Conscription – forced military serviceb) Food shortages led to riots

F. War Opposition2. Northern Opposition

a) Too costly, took too longb) Riots in New York City in 1863

• Response to Union draft law• Could pay $300 to get out of draft• Immigrants and working class vs. elite

c) Copperheads – • Type of poisonous snake, nickname

given to Northern Democrats who opposed the war

• Limited antiwar activities to newspaper articles and speeches

The Copperhead Party - in favor of a vigorous prosecution of peace!

F. War Opposition4. Lincoln’s response to

Copperheads • Suspension of some civil liberties

including habeas corpus 5. What is habeas corpus?

• Protection against unlawful imprisonment

6. What happened to many Copperheads?

• Arrested and held without a trial indefinitely

Chapter 12The Civil War

Section 3 Fighting the War

A. War in the West1. Union Differences in East and West

a) East – Turmoil at the topb) West – Grant finds success

2. Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862)a) SW Tennessee along the Mississippi

borderb) Union victory, 23,000 casualties on

both sidesc) End result –– Union gains big advantage in battle for

Mississippi River– Casualty count gets people’s attention

Grant

A. War in the West3. New Orleans (Late April 1862)

– Why was it important? Two major reasons• Largest city in the South• Cut off supplies to western Confederate

troops and allow troops to go up river to join Grant

4. Admiral David Farragut5. Result of both battles–

– Union makes big gains, Confederate morale starts to fall

B. Eastern Campaigns1. Lincoln wants Richmond,

McClellan in charge2. Peninsula Campaign

a) McClellan – not Lincoln’s favorite general

b) McClellan decides against direct attack

3. Yorktown and Seven Pines4. Seven Days’ Campaign

McClellan

C. Shift in War Goals1. Beginning to Move Against Slavery

a) Wanting a resolutionb) July 1862 – c) Lincoln’s hope –

• More slaves would run away to join Union army and hurt South’s economy

2. Emancipation Proclamation – a) What was it?

• Lincoln’s plan to free the slavesb) Why only in the South?

• Border states and lack of Constitutional authority

D. Antietam1. September 17, 1862 – Antietam Creek

near Sharpsburg, Maryland2. Why did Confederates need a win?3. Lucky break – McClellan still can’t get

it right4. What happened –

– Bloodiest single day of the war, McClellan out again

5. September 22, 1862 – – Lincoln issues Emancipation

Proclamation to begin Jan. 1, 1863

E. African Americans Take Up Arms

1. Danger to captured African Americans?

2. 54th Massachusetts Infantry (story told in the movie “Glory”) – a) Who were they?

• 1st all-black regimentb) What happened?

a) Led attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, SC on July 18, 1863

3. Discrimination – Lower pay, white officers

• Numbers by end of the war – 180,000

Col. Robert Gould Shaw, commanding officer of the 54th Massachusetts regiment

F. New Union Commanders

1. After Antietam, Ambrose E. Burnside takes over

2. Fredericksburg (December 11-12, 1862)– Confederates have high ground, Union

troops get slaughtered– Casualties – 12,000 Union, 5,000

Confederate3. Chancellorsville (April 30, 1863)

– New leader, same result for North– Costly victory –

Burnside Hooker

G. Naval War1. USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia (March 9,

1862)– Monitor sank New Year’s Eve 1862 in

North Carolina2. Battle of Mobile Bay (Aug. 5, 1864) –

Farragut – “Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!” – Union victory

3. Submarines – • Used in battle to sink an enemy ship

for the first time (H.L. Hunley, CSA)

Chapter 12The Civil War

Section 4 The Final Phase

A. Gettysburg1. July 1-3, 18632. Lee invades the North again

– Give Virginia a break, take needed supplies away from Union

3. Meade replaces Hooker4. What were Confederates looking

for?5. Day 1

– Union gets pushed back out of Gettysburg

6. Day 2– Confederates can’t take Little Round

Top, Union barely holds on but does well in other spots

A. Gettysburg7. Day 3

a) Pickett’s Charge – • Disaster for rebels, less than half of 15,000

make it to topb) Why did Meade let the Confederates

retreat?8. Results – 51,000 casualties both

sides9. Gettysburg Address – Nov. 19, 1863

a) Given to dedicate the cemetery at Gettysburg

b) Only lasted two minutesc) Remains a classic statement of

democratic ideals to this day

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Battle_of_Gettysburg.jpg

B. Lincoln’s General1. Grant continues to gain big victories

in West2. Vicksburg

a) Importance – • Control of the Mississippi at stake

b) Confederates’ strength – high bluffs overlooking the river

c) Risky plan – End around through enemy territory

d) Siege of Vicksburg – • Lasts six weeks, Confederates run out of

supplies and surrendere) Result – Union has total control of

Mississippi R.

B. Lincoln’s General3. Spring and Summer of 1864

a) Lincoln promotes Grant to commander of all Union forces

• Lincoln – “I can’t spare him. He fights.b) Grant vows to march on Richmond at

any costc) War of attrition –

• Continue fighting until your opponent runs out of men, supplies and energy to fight

d) Grant’s Overland Campaign• 13,000 Union casualties vs. 2,500

Confederate at Battle of Cold Harbor in mid-May

e) Siege of Petersburg – Grant tries to eliminate supply center for Richmond, would last into 1865

C. “March to the Sea”1. William Tecumseh Sherman’s reward2. Atlanta – last railroad link to the

Appalachians3. Tactics –

– Burned parts of the city and tore up railroad lines

– Said it was up to southerners to end the war

– Atlanta falls Sept. 2, 18644. Election of 1864 –

– Before Atlanta– Result

C. “March to the Sea”6. “March to the Sea” details –

– Pillaging and destruction, living off the land

7. Total war – – Waging war against economic resources

instead of just troops8. Union closer to victory, but bitter

scars left across the Southeast that continue

9. Christmas gift to Lincoln – Savannah, GA – troops get resupplied by Union navy, head north to South Carolina afterward

D. Surrender!1. As Sherman moves north through the

Carolinas, Grant continues his attack on Petersburg and sets his sights on Richmond

2. April 2, 1865 – Lee gives up Richmond, Union troops enter city within hours

3. Lee tries to flee westward to join up with more troops but Grant cuts him off

4. April 9, 1865 – – With just 30,000 troops left, many starving, Lee

surrenders to Grant in small Virginia town of Appomattox Courthouse

D. Surrender!5. Terms of Surrender

a) Confederate officers could keep pistols (also called sidearms)

b) All men would be fed and could keep horses and mules

c) No one would be tried for treason6. Impact of Surrender –

– Both sides were tired of fighting and both commanders emphasized that the nation was united again

7. Johnston surrenders to Sherman at Durham Station, N.C. on April 26 with similar terms

E. Consequences of War1. Loss of life –

– 360,000 Union, 258,000 Confederates2. Southern economy –

– Left in ruins, slaves and veterans left without jobs and homes

3. Northern economy –– Agriculture and industry continued to

expand4. Effects on slavery – 13th Amendment

1/18655. Effects on politics –

– Republican Party dominant– Country was back together but far from

united