20-120-1 The Kingdom ProtistaThe Kingdom ProtistaA.A. What Is a Protist?What Is a Protist?

-Any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, -Any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or a prokaryoteor a prokaryote

-Catch All Kingdom–mostly unicellular, eukaryotes-Catch All Kingdom–mostly unicellular, eukaryotes

Euplotes

Radiolarian

Spirogyra

B. Evolution of protistsB. Evolution of protists

-First eukaryotic organisms on earth-First eukaryotic organisms on earth

C. Classification of ProtistsC. Classification of Protists

-Based on how they obtain nutrients and -Based on how they obtain nutrients and how they movehow they move

Stentor

20-2 Animallike Protists: 20-2 Animallike Protists: ProtozoansProtozoans

Four Phyla:Four Phyla:

1)1) ZooflagellatesZooflagellates2)2) SarcodinesSarcodines3)3) CiliatesCiliates4)4) SporozoansSporozoans

1)1) Zooflagellates:Zooflagellates: FlagellaFlagella Usually in aquatic environmentUsually in aquatic environment Asexual and sexual reproductionAsexual and sexual reproduction

2) Sarcodines2) Sarcodines Pseudopods (move using cytoplasmic Pseudopods (move using cytoplasmic

projections)projections) Amoeboid movementAmoeboid movement Shells of calcium carbonate or silicaShells of calcium carbonate or silica

Amoeba

AmoebaAmoeba

Contractile vacuole

Nucleus

Food vacuole

Pseudopods

3) Ciliates3) Ciliates Use cilia to swim, free-movingUse cilia to swim, free-moving Internal anatomy: macro- and micronucleus, Internal anatomy: macro- and micronucleus,

contractile vacuolecontractile vacuole Conjugation: exchange genetic information, Conjugation: exchange genetic information,

not reproductionnot reproduction

Paramecium

Paramecium – (Ciliate)Paramecium – (Ciliate)

Food vacuoles

Micronucleus

Macronucleus

Contractile vacuole

Cilia

4) Sporozoans4) Sporozoans Reproduce by sporozoitesReproduce by sporozoites parasitesparasites

Plasmodium

20-3 Plantlike Protists: 20-3 Plantlike Protists: Unicellular AlgaeUnicellular Algae

A.A. Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments – help harvest light energy– help harvest light energy

B.B. 4 Types:4 Types:1)1) EuglenophytesEuglenophytes2)2) ChrysophytesChrysophytes3)3) DiatomsDiatoms4)4) DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates

Acetabularia Calyculus

EuglenophytesEuglenophytes

2 flagella2 flagella No cell wallNo cell wall Pellicle (intricately folded cell membrane)Pellicle (intricately folded cell membrane) Eyespot (helps find sunlight)Eyespot (helps find sunlight)

Euglena

ChrysophytesChrysophytes

Gold-colored chloroplastGold-colored chloroplast Store food as oilStore food as oil Reproduce sexually and asexuallyReproduce sexually and asexually

DiatomsDiatoms

Cell walls with siliconCell walls with silicon GlasslikeGlasslike

DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates

Photosynthetic AND heterotrophicPhotosynthetic AND heterotrophic LuminescentLuminescent Reproduce asexually (binary fission)Reproduce asexually (binary fission)

Peridinium

Ecology of Unicellular AlgaeEcology of Unicellular Algae

Phytoplankton: PhotosyntheticPhytoplankton: Photosynthetic Algal bloomsAlgal blooms

recycle wastesrecycle wastes if they die they can deprive Oif they die they can deprive O22 from the water from the water

20-4 Plantlike Protists:20-4 Plantlike Protists:Red, Brown, and Green AlgaeRed, Brown, and Green Algae

Red AlgaeRed Algae Chlorophyll a and phycobilins (blue light)Chlorophyll a and phycobilins (blue light) Can live deeper in waterCan live deeper in water MulticellularMulticellular

Brown AlgaeBrown Algae Chlorophyll a and c and fucoxanthinChlorophyll a and c and fucoxanthin MulticellularMulticellular LargestLargest

Fucus

Sargassum

Green AlgaeGreen Algae Chlorophyll a and bChlorophyll a and b Cellulose in cell wallsCellulose in cell walls Probably ancestors of modern land plantsProbably ancestors of modern land plants Unicellular and multicellularUnicellular and multicellular

Volvox

Unicellular Green AlgaeUnicellular Green Algae Contractile vacuolesContractile vacuoles ChlamydomonasChlamydomonas

• Reproduction: diploid/haploid generationsReproduction: diploid/haploid generations

alternation of generationsalternation of generations

Multicellular Green AlgaeMulticellular Green Algae UlvaUlva Reproduction: gametophytes and sporophytesReproduction: gametophytes and sporophytes

20-5 Funguslike Protists20-5 Funguslike Protists

Have centriolesHave centrioles Lack chitin in cell wallsLack chitin in cell walls Two types:Two types:

Slime MoldsSlime Molds Water MoldsWater Molds

Tubifera ferruginosa

Oomycota

Slime MoldsSlime Molds

Cellular – cells remain distinct or Cellular – cells remain distinct or separatedseparated

Acellular – cells fuse to form large cellsAcellular – cells fuse to form large cellsCellular: Acellular

Water MoldsWater Molds

Thrive on dead or decaying organic matter Thrive on dead or decaying organic matter in waterin water

Some are plant parasites on landSome are plant parasites on land

Ecology of funguslike protists:Ecology of funguslike protists: Beneficial function: decomposersBeneficial function: decomposers Harmful function: cause plant diseasesHarmful function: cause plant diseases

Water Molds and the Potato FamineWater Molds and the Potato Famine