2012-Ctv062 Central Government

8/13/2019 2012-Ctv062 Central Government

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2012-ctv062-central-government 1/44

CentralgovernmentMaking carbon savings go further in the Government Estate

Sector Overview



2Central government

Preface

Reducing energy use makes perfect business sense; it saves

money, enhances reputation and helps everyone in the fight

against climate change.

The Carbon Trust provides simple, effective advice to help

businesses and public sector organisations take action to

reduce carbon emissions, and the simplest way to do this

is to use energy more efficiently.

This overview for central government introduces the mainenergy saving opportunities for the sector and demonstrates

how simple actions can save energy and help make the most

of budgets.



Contents

Introduction 04

Energy consumption in the

Government Estate 05

Government targets

and compliance 07

Opportunities for energy saving 10

Heating 10

Ventilation and cooling 13

Lighting 15

Office and small power equipment 20

Building fabric 22

Catering 24

Combined heat and power (CHP) 26

Renewable energy 28

Water usage 31

Laundries 33

Housekeeping and people solutions 35

Purchasing and service contracts 38

Action checklist 40

Next steps 42

Further services from theCarbon Trust 43



4Central government

Introduction

Sustainability is high on the agenda of all government departments. Carbon reduction andenergy efficiency is an ideal way to demonstrate commitment, as it spans environmental,

economic and social factors.

Energy is one of the largest controllable

overheads across the Government Estate and

there are many opportunities to make savings.

Reducing energy consumption and carbon

emissions not only helps government achieve

targets but also improves working conditions

and can increase staff productivity.

As most government departments have strict

budgetary constraints, money saved through

energy efficiency can make a useful contribution

to improving facilities elsewhere. Furthermore,

the environment will benefit from reductions in

carbon emissions and energy use which can

enhance the image of government and motivate

others to become more environmentally aware.

Who is this publication for?

This overview deals with the wide range of

buildings in the Government Estate. This includes

both office-based buildings within civil

departments, as well as institutional buildings

such as prisons and those in MoD estates.

Regardless of building type, use and consumption

profile, all properties in the Estate use significant

energy. This publication addresses key areas for

making savings generally, and is aimed at helping

facilities managers and decision-makers get the

most from their budgets.

What are the benefits of saving energy and

reducing carbon emissions?

• Saves money, which can be used elsewhere.

• Demonstrates good overall management and

promotes the importance of energy efficiency

in the community. The Government Estate

should act as exemplars for both commercial

and non-profit organisations UK-wide.

• Lower maintenance costs for buildings and

associated services and equipment,

as well as prolonged reliability and lifespan.

• Reduced environmental pollution.

• Helps to meet UK Government

energy/CO2 reduction targets.

• Improved internal conditions

for building occupants.

Did you know?

The Government Estate covers over

250,000 hectares, and its buildings are

responsible for emitting as much CO2

as the whole of Liverpool.

Energy costs are not fixed, but controllable and should be

managed accordingly



5Central government

Energy consumption in the Government Estate

In the UK, the Government Estate’s total energy demand stands at around 10 billion kWhper year, which is about 1% of the UK’s total.

Government buildings fulfil a variety of functions,

which can be split broadly into:

Offices and services – varying from large,

office-style complexes such as Her Majesty’sRevenue and Customs to local, customer-facing

centres such as benefits agencies and Job

Centre Plus offices.

Institutions – including prisons and courts. This

category also includes laboratories and MoD bases.

Government buildings range from listed and

refurbished buildings to purpose-built, prestige

developments. Both the function and condition

of the building will affect its energy consumption

profile, and consequently where energy, cost

and carbon savings can be made.

Energy consumption profiles and costs are

determined by the facilities that government

buildings offer. Clearly, those with leisure

centres, residential accommodation or large

science/biomedical facilities will have different

consumption patterns and spend from office

and service buildings.

Did you know?

Around 40% of the Government

Estate’s total energy consumption

is used within the Civil Estate, with

military establishments responsible

for the rest.



6Central government

Despite the wide range, there are several areas

which emerge as particularly important when

targeting energy wastage. Although necessarily

generic, the charts below offer an insight into

the main areas of energy consumption,

subsequent costs and carbon emissions

within the Government Estate.

The graphs clearly demonstrate how, in some

areas, although the percentage of energy used

may be quite low, the cost, both financially

and in terms of carbon, can be significant, for

example, lighting, and space heating using

electricity. By following the guidance in this

publication, these costs and carbon emissions

can often be significantly reduced.

Catering (elec.)

Cooling & ventilationHot water (elec.)

Lighting

Computing

other (elec.)

Space heating (elec.)

Catering (fossil fuel)Hot Water (fossil fuel)

Other (fossil fuel)

Space heating (fossil fuel)

Catering (elec.)


Lighting

Computing

other (elec.)



Other (fossil fuel)


Catering (elec.)


Lighting

Computing

other (elec.)



Other (fossil fuel)


Figure 1 Percentage Energy Use Figure 2 Percentage Energy Cost Figure 3 Percentage Carbon Emissions



7Central government

Government targets and compliance

As well as achieving cost savings, reducing energy and carbon emissionsare requirements in numerous government initiatives.

New targets for carbon reductions were

introduced in April 2011 through the greening

Government operations and procurement

commitments:

1. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25%,

from a 2009/10 baseline from the whole

estate and business-related transport.

a. Cut carbon emissions from Central

Government offices by 10% in 2010/11.

All ministerial HQs to publish online real

time energy use information.

b. Cut domestic business travel flights by

20% by 2015, from a 2009/10 baseline.

2. Reduce the amount of waste generated by

25% from a 2009/10 baseline.

a. Cut paper use by 10% in 2011/12.

b. Government will go to market with

a requirement for “closed loop”

recycled paper in 2011, subject to

approval from the Government’s

Procurement Executive Board.

c. Ensure that redundant ICT equipment

is re-used (within government, the

public sector or wider society) or

responsibly recycled.

3. Reduce water consumption from a 2009/10

baseline, and report on office water use

against best practice benchmarks:

a.≥6 m3

water consumption per full timeemployee equivalent (poor practice).

b. 4m3 to 6m3 per full time employee

equivalent (good practice).

c.≤4m3 per full time employee equivalent

(best practice).

d. Percentage of offices meeting best/good/

poor practice benchmark.



8Central government

4. Ensure government buys more sustainable

and efficient products and engages with its

suppliers to understand and reduce the

impacts of its supply chain:

a. Embed the Government Buying Standards

in departmental and centralised procurement

contracts, within the context of Government’s

overarching priorities of value for money

and streamlining procurement processes.

b. Improve and publish data on supply chain

impacts, initially focussing on carbon, but

also water and waste – setting detailed

baselines for reducing these impacts.

Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs)

These certificates relate to all buildings that have

a total useable floor area of greater than

1,000m2, and are required whenever such a

building is constructed, sold or rented. The

building is given an asset rating which assesses

the building’s potential to be energy efficient.

The certificate records how energy efficient a

building is and will provide an energy rating of

the building from A to G, where A is very

efficient and G is the least efficient. These are

similar to the labels now provided with

domestic appliances such as refrigerators and

washing machines. EPCs are produced using

standard methods and assumptions about

energy usage An EPC is always accompanied

by a recommendation report that lists cost

effective and other measures to improve the

energy rating.

Display Energy Certificates

Display Energy Certificates (DECs) are required

for buildings with a total useful floor area over

1,000m2, that are occupied or part occupied either

by public authorities or by institutions providing

public services to a large number of people.

DECs show the actual energy usage of a

building, its operational rating, and its energy

efficiency, based on energy consumption

recorded by gas, electricity and other meters.

A DEC is always accompanied by an Advisory

Report that lists cost-effective measures to

improve the energy rating of the building.

The DEC must be clearly displayed at all times in

a prominent place clearly visible to the public.

Display Energy Certificates are valid for one year

and the Advisory Report is valid for seven years.

EPC’s are an asset rating, which is a measure of

the quality of the building, whilst DECs are an

operational rating and reflect how it is run.



9Central government

National Indicators

National Indicators are set by the government

to measure the performance of public service

organisations against agreed national priorities.

Continuous improvement seeks to balance

quality and cost considerations, and is achieved

with regard to a range of values such as

economy, sustainable development,

safety and wellbeing.

Private Finance Initiative (PFI)

The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) provides

a way of funding major capital investments,

without immediately drawing on public funds.

Private consortia, usually involving large

construction firms, are contracted to design,

build, and in some cases manage new projects.

Contracts typically last for 30 years, during

which time the building is leased by a public

authority. For more information, turn to the

PPP/PFI section on page 30.

Building Research EstablishmentEnvironmental Assessment Method

This is a tool used to assess the environmental

impact of buildings and is a requirement

of all new government buildings and major

refurbishments. The Building Research

Establishment Environmental Assessment

Method (BREEAM) provides a flexible

assessment method valid throughout the life

of a building, giving emphasis to issues of

growing environmental importance such as

energy, transport, water consumption and

construction materials. The Government BuyingStandards require environmental assessments

using BREEAM or equivalent for all holistic

government building projects to achieve

at least ‘excellent’ ratings for new buildings

and ‘very good’ for major refurbishments.

Defence Related Environmental

Assessment Method

The Defence Related Environmental Assessment

Method (DREAM) is an online environmentalassessment tool, developed by Defence Estates

(Estate Strategy & Policy) for New Building and

Refurbishment projects on the Defence Estate.

Further information

The Carbon Trust Design Advice Service

promotes the construction of more

energy-efficient non-domestic buildings.Support ranges from self-help guidance to

free or subsidised design and construction

consultancy. Contact the Carbon Trust on

0800 085 2005 for more information.



10Central government

Opportunities for energy saving

There are lots of opportunities for saving energy and, therefore, money and carbon emissions.Many of these require little or no cost, with some needing more significant investment.

Heating

In a building without comfort cooling, the

greatest energy user is usually heating.

There are several key opportunities to save

energy and reduce carbon emissions with

regards to heating, particularly by taking a closer

look at a building’s systems and controls and at

the behaviour of building occupants.

Change habits

Keep windows and doors closed

Staff members and delivery personnel require

easy access to buildings but open doors allow

warmed air to escape and cold air to enter. The

thermostat then senses a temperature decrease

and automatically switches the heating on which

may be unnecessary. Whenever a space is

heated, try to keep external doors closed.

Obtain feedback from staff

Building occupants should be encouraged to

report any areas that are too hot, cold or

draughty. Investigating problem areas can help

to identify maintenance issues and if people feelthat these are being addressed, they are less

likely to open windows whilst heating or cooling

is on, or use portable electric heaters or fans to

make their workspace more comfortable.

Use meetings and internal communications to

remind staff of simple actions they can take to

save energy (and therefore reduce carbon

emissions) in their day-to-day work.

Systems

Keep systems clear and unobstructed

Poorly placed furniture can obstruct radiators,

fans and ducts, reducing their capacity to keepwarm air circulating in the space. Keep fans

and ducts clean and replace any filters at the

manufacturers’ recommended intervals.

Maintain boilers and pipework

Have boilers serviced regularly by a reputable

firm, in accordance with manufacturing

recommendation. A regularly serviced boiler can

save as much as 10% on annual heating costs.

Boilers, hot water tanks, pipes and valves should

be insulated to prevent heat escaping. Most will

pay back within a few months of installation,

with additional savings in subsequent years.

Did you know?

Some facilities managers have reduced

their building’s heating costs by 30%

through implementing some of the simple

energy saving measures outlined here.




Consider CHP and district

heating opportunities

On sites with high or constant heat

demands throughout the year such as MoDestablishments with swimming pools or

residential accommodation, it may be beneficial

to operate a district heating scheme and/or

to install a combined heat and power (CHP)

plant. Further information is provided in the

CHP section later in this guide (page 26).

Would heat pumps also be a good alternative?

Renewable energy systems such as biomass

boilers or ground source heat pumps are also an

option, and can qualify for payments within the

Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) Tariff Scheme.

Control

Maintain appropriate internal temperatures

Control settings should reflect the activity taking

place in the space. Ensure that room

thermostats and radiator controls are on the

minimum settings required for comfort or

environmental control.

The recommended temperature for heating

government buildings such as libraries and

court rooms is 19-21°C but sedentary

occupants, such as those in offices, may prefer

the temperatures somewhat higher, say at

21-23°C. Lower temperature settings are

appropriate in laundries, where heat gains from

machines mean that it is appropriate to set

controls to 16-19°C, and sports facilities, where

people exercising will be more comfortable in

lower temperatures.1 Unoccupied storage areas

could be reasonably kept as low as 10-12°C.

When setting internal temperatures, consider

the outside conditions. In cold weather, staff

will be wearing warmer clothing so it may not

be necessary to heat as much. Heating should

be switched on or off depending on outside

conditions, rather than by set dates as is

common practice.

Ensure controls match building occupancy

Heating needs will vary throughout the day, so

check that the system’s operating hours match

the times when heating is required. Useprogrammable time switches to help automate

this process and review time settings every

month or so to check that they are still correct.

Many systems function inefficiently because

someone made a short-term adjustment and

then forgot about it.

1 Source: Environmental Design CIBSE Guide A, 2006.

Further information

Technology overviews

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

(CTV046)

Low temperature hot water boilers (CTV051)

Technology guide

Heating control (CTG065)

Top tip:

Discourage staff from using thermostats

as on/off switches. Turning them

to maximum does not speed up the

heating process, it just results in an

overheated space.




Weather compensation and optimum

start controls

Some heating systems can adjust themselves

in response to the UK’s changeable weather. Acompensator is a form of control for heating

systems that automatically regulates the heating

temperature based on the weather. An optimum

start controller learns how quickly the building

reaches the desired temperature and brings the

heating on at the optimum time prior to building

occupancy, again depending on the weather.

These types of controls can save energy, reduce

carbon emissions and pay back their investmentin just a couple of years. Consult a qualified

heating technician to discuss the range of

options available.

Building Energy Management Systems

A building energy management system

(BMS or BEMS) is based on a network of

controllers and offers closer control and

monitoring of building services performance,

including heating, ventilation and air conditioning.

This is shown on a computer screen in real

time and allows settings to be changed quickly

and easily. A BEMS can reduce total energy

costs by 10% or more and could repay the

capital investment in less than five yearsso they are well worth considering.

Zoning

Some areas in larger buildings require different

levels of heating (or cooling ventilation). A solution is

to create ‘zones’ in the building where separate time

and temperature controls are installed. Zoned areas

will provide closer control which improves comfort

conditions and saves on costs.

Zoning is ideal for areas of the building

where there are:

• Different occupancy patterns.

• Different temperature requirements

due to different uses.

• A number of floors (particularly where

top floors are poorly insulated).

Prisons and multi-storey civil buildings are

usually excellent candidates for zoning.

Top tip:

Adjust timers so that the building

reaches optimum temperature just as

people arrive and begins to cool down

as they leave. This can be achieved by

gradually altering settings over a numberof days and checking the building’s

temperature at various times. This can be

automated with weather compensation

and optimum start controls, where

BEMS/BMS are installed.Heating costs rise by about 8% for every 1°C of overheating

Case studyHM Prisons

A prison fitted time switches and

isolating valves to the heaters in its

kitchens, allowing heating to be switched

off when the space was unoccupied.

This measure cost £1,000 yet recovered

savings of £6,000 in the first year and

still achieves year-on-year savings

for the prison.




Ventilation and cooling

Providing building occupants with comfortable

internal temperatures and adequate fresh air is

achievable – and getting it right can save money.

Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning is

increasingly specified for new government

buildings or retrofitted to older buildings during

refurbishment. This is predominantly to

counteract the increase in heat-gains from

lighting and office equipment. The more heat

that is generated, the harder the ventilation and

cooling systems have to work to maintain the

desired temperature which, in turn, consumes

more energy.

Is air conditioning really necessary?

Investigate cheaper cooling options before

making the decision to install a full air

conditioning system,2 as precise control

is not usually necessary in UK buildings.

Natural ventilation and free coolingAs simple as it sounds, natural ventilation and

cooling relies on airflow between openings on

opposite sides of a room or building – or rising

warm air being replaced with cooler air sucked in

through windows or vents. In many government

buildings, it may be possible to use windows

and doors to provide good levels of naturalventilation, allowing mechanical ventilation to be

switched off or turned down to save money.

When opening vents, doors and windows,

always consider security implications.

Night cooling

The lower outdoor temperatures at night can

cool a building well into the following day, thus

delaying the switching on of air conditioning.This is known as ‘night cooling’ and is useful in

buildings that rely heavily on air conditioning, and

in older buildings such as some prisons and court

rooms. Always ensure that security is considered

carefully before opening vents or windows.

Control settings

Ventilation requirements may vary at different

times and in different parts of a building

throughout the day. Check that operating times

for ventilation and cooling systems are

consistent with the occupancy patterns of the

building and are set at the appropriate levels.

Maintain system components

If regular maintenance is not carried out, the

effectiveness of ventilation systems can fall by

up to 60%. Dirty or faulty fans, air ducts and

components directly affect system efficiencyand will increase running costs and risk of

breakdown. The performance of the whole

system should be reviewed annually and

replacement parts ordered as necessary.

Always consult a maintenance technician.2 The true definition of an ‘air conditioning system’ is one which has the ability to control temperature, humidity and air

quality within precise limits, yet the term is often applied to systems which simply cool the space. These cool air systems

are more correctly referred to as ’comfort cooling’.

Further information

For more information about

alternatives to air conditioningand efficient cooling systems.

Air conditioning (CTG005)

Did you know?

Natural ventilation and free cooling can

halve energy costs.




Set a dead band

Heating and cooling should not operate at the

same time – though they frequently do because

of poor control. Avoid this by setting a

temperature ‘dead band’ – a wide gap betweenthe temperatures at which heating and cooling

cut in. For example, in a typical government

office, the heating might be set to switch off

when a temperature of 19°C has been reached

and cooling would be set to come on only after

the temperature exceeded 24°C.

Recover heat from exhaust air

Heating air costs energy and money; this is

wasted if the air is allowed to leave the building

unnecessarily. It may be possible to reduce thewaste by simply re-circulating a proportion of the

exhaust air with the fresh air. More advanced

solutions allow the heat from exhaust air to be

used to pre-heat fresh incoming air. Investigating

this simple principle is particularly worthwhile for

larger buildings.

Fit variable speed drives

Government buildings incorporating ventilation

systems may not need fans operating at full

speed all of the time. Variable speed drives(VSDs) reduce costs by matching the fan speed

to the actual ventilation requirements throughout

the day. This reduction in speed saves energy

and there are corresponding heating and cooling

cost savings too.

Safety first

Effective ventilation is essential for the

comfort and safety of occupants, and

is in some cases, subject to legislation.

Always seek professional advice when

looking to change ventilation systems.

Further informationTechnology guide

Variable speed drives (CTG070)

Top tip:

Check that cooled air is not escaping

through opened windows and gaps in

the building fabric. If it is, you are

wasting energy – and money.

Figure 4 Diagram of ‘dead band’ control providing recommended temperatures

Cooling is on whentemperature exceeds 24ºC

Heating and Coolingboth off between 19ºC and 24ºC

– a ‘dead band’ of 5 degrees

Heating is on untiltemperature reaches 19ºC

0ºC 5ºC 10ºC 15ºC 20ºC 25ºC 30ºC 35ºC 40ºC




Lighting

A well-lit environment is essential for staff to be

effective and safe. In many buildings, however, lights

are responsible for a great deal of energy wastage.

Lighting can account for up to 20% of total

energy costs in a government building so there

is significant potential to make savings and

reduce carbon emissions. There are many

simple and inexpensive ways to reduce the

energy consumption and costs associated with

lighting without compromising safety or comfort.

‘Switch off’ policy

Lights in government buildings often remain on

much longer than necessary. Involve staff at all

levels in making savings. Simple actions includebriefing staff in meetings and appointing people

to make sure that lights are switched off at the

end of the working day. Raise awareness –

stickers for switches and awareness posters are

available from the Carbon Trust. Don’t forget to

involve cleaning and security staff in this, and

think about changing cleaning regimes to ensure

equipment isn’t left on unnecessarily.

Avoid blinds down and lights on

Blinds are designed to control glare when it is

bright outside, but inappropriate usage can

result in occupants turning on internal lightsunnecessarily, which is clearly wasteful.

Encourage staff to use blinds to redirect daylight

onto the ceiling and walls where possible, which

should reduce solar heat gains along with the

need for electric lighting in the area. Once the

sun moves away, blinds should be opened

rather than leaving lights on.

Did you know?

Without regular maintenance, light levels

can fall by up to 30% in 2-3 years.

Establishing a basic lighting maintenance

programme can reduce costs by up to 15%

as well as improving internal ambience

and appearance.

Further information

Technology overview

Lighting (CTV049)




Label light switches

Label light switches clearly to help staff to select

only those lights they need. Lights in unoccupied

areas should be switched off, except wherethere are health and safety implications, such as

in corridors or stairwells. Remember to provide

information to staff about where lights must not

be switched off.

Maintenance

Lighting is essential for providing a pleasant

and productive working environment so it is

important to keep windows, skylights and light

fittings clean. Encourage occupants to report

failing lamps and replace them promptly. This

will help maintain the desired light output and,

in turn, provide a safer working environment.

Keep controls in good working order by ensuring

timers are set to match occupancy hours and

that occupancy sensors are clean.

Occupancy sensors

Occupancy sensors ensure lights only operatewhen there is somebody there to require them.

Sensors can achieve savings of up to 30% on

lighting costs and are especially useful in

storerooms, toilets and meeting rooms. They are

not appropriate for general areas where people may

not be moving frequently enough to be detected.

Reduces brightness

at the window

Ensures light distribution

deep into the interior

Protects from heatand glare

Provides a viewoutside for staff

Maintains the natural daylight spectrum

Diffuse overhead light

Direct sunlight

Figure 5 Using blinds to reflect daylight




Switching in parallel

Install separate controls for lights that are parallel

to windows. Doing so enables occupants to make

the most of natural daylight without leaving those

spaces further away from the windows in

shadow. As a result, less lighting is needed which

reduces energy consumption and also cuts down

on additional heat generated by the lights, which

means that less cooling is required.

Install low energy lighting

Upgrade any standard (tungsten) light bulbs to

energy efficient versions. Compact fluorescent

lamps (CFLs) are usually a good choice for most

government buildings: they use 75% less

energy, produce less unwanted heat and last

8-10 times longer, or LEDs, which use up to

80% less energy and provide around 50,000

hours of use.

Replace blackened, flickering, dim or failed

fluorescent tubes with tri-phosphor coated

versions, as stated on the packaging. Tri-phosphor

or multi-phosphor coatings provide a more natural,

brighter light for the whole life of the tube. If the

tubes are 38mm (1.5 inch), replace them with

slimmer 26mm (1 inch) tubes.

Metal halide, mercury fluorescent and high-

pressure sodium lamps are efficient options for

exterior lighting such as car parks and high bay

buildings such as hangars and warehouses. These

lights are suitable for a range of applications.

Specify high frequency electronic control gear

for fluorescent lighting systems and mirror

reflectors whenever fluorescent lighting is to be

replaced. This will reduce energy use and heat

output, eliminate flicker and hum, extend lamp

life and can allow dimming - all of which can

improve environmental comfort.

Daylight sensors

Like occupancy sensors, light sensors (or

photocells) save money and energy by switching

off artificial lights which are not necessary,

in this case, when there is sufficient natural

daylight. As daylight hours vary throughout the

year, sensors provide closer control and can

achieve substantial savings. Where high-

frequency fluorescent lighting is installed,

sophisticated light sensors can dim the light

rather than switch it off completely. With the

right lamps, daylight sensing controls are also

useful for external lighting in car parks and can

often pay back their costs in less than a year.

Top tip:

Specify high frequency fittings with

mirror reflectors to help fluorescent

tubes last longer and eliminate flicker

and hum. Mirror reflectors allow the area

to be lit by fewer tubes as more light is

provided into the space than would be

provided by plastic diffusers.

Fluorescent tubes use only a few seconds’ worth of power in start up –

therefore, it is always better to switch them off when leaving a room.


A prison replaced old 38mm fluorescent

tubes with 26mm ones in the prison kitchen.

All the diffusers and reflectors were also

cleaned. This increased lighting levels in the

area allowed 25% of the lamps to be removed.

This resulted in savings of £2,000 a year

for an initial investment of £90.




Existing lamp type Uses Energy efficient option Energy saving/

benefits

Application notes

Tungsten light bulbs General lighting and

task lighting. Also

commonly used

in domestic

applications

Replace with compact

fluorescent lamps

(CFLs), or LEDs, in

the same fitting

75-80% saving plus

longer lamp life

Attractive, modern CFL and

LED replacements may also

be acceptable for display and

feature lighting

38mm (T12)

fluorescent tubes in

switch-start fittings

General lighting

commonly used in

prisons, warehouses,

laboratories,

workshops and

office spaces

Replace with

equivalent 26mm

(T8) triphosphor

fluorescent tubes

of lower wattage

Up to 15-20%

saving plus longer

lamp life

Good for general lighting

throughout the Government

Estate, but even better

used with modern fittings

(see below)

High-wattage filament

lamps or tungstenhalogen lamps as

used in floodlights

Commonly used to

light external areas,ornamental features

and building facades

Replace with metal

halide, LEDs, or highwattage compact

fluorescent lighting

65-75% saving plus

longer lamp life

Appropriate for flood

lighting, high bay lightingand external lighting

Mains voltage

reflector lamps,

filament spot and

flood types

Commonly used for

spot lighting and

display lighting in

areas that require

bright light and good

colour rendering.

Commonly found in

reception areas and

public areas

Replace with LEDs or

compact metal halide

discharge lighting

50-80% saving for

equivalent lighting

performance

Where compact metal halide

or LEDs are not appropriate

then low voltage tungsten

halogen spotlights can reduce

lighting energy by 30%, with

further savings available by

using 35W infrared coated

(IRC) bulbs instead of the

standard 50W bulbs.




Existing lamp type Uses Energy efficient option Energy saving/

benefits

Application notes

Fluorescent fittings

with the old 2ft 40W,

and 8ft 125W

fluorescent lamps

General lighting,

commonly used in

court buildings,

prisons, MOD

buildings, computer

facilities and offices

Replace with efficient

fittings using

reflectors/ louvres

or efficient

30-45% saving

with much improved

lighting quality.

The use of high

frequency electronic

control gear

eliminates flicker,

hum and

stroboscopic effect

Reduction in flicker

and hum is appreciated

by building users

Fluorescent fittings

opal diffusers or

prismatic controllers

which are

permanentlydiscoloured

General lighting,

commonly found

in older buildings

requiring

refurbishment suchas prisons, courts

and in areas such

as corridors and

building entrances

Replace with new

prismatic controllers

or replace complete

fittings as above

No reduction in

energy consumption

but increases the

amount of light by

between 30% and60%

General lighting levels

can be improved leading

to a more attractive and

efficient workspace




Office and small power equipment

The growth of ICT equipment across the

Government Estate accounts for a significant

proportion of electricity bills. Civil buildings aregood candidates for saving energy and reducing

carbon emissions, although the presence of

computers in most government institutions

means that there are opportunities to make

savings in all departments.

Electrical equipment can account for up to 20%

of the energy used in government offices.

Turn off and power down

It is not necessary for most appliances to remain

permanently switched on, so encourage staff to

turn them off and enable power-down modes. As

well as saving on energy consumption, this will

reduce the heat produced by equipment which, in

turn, lowers cooling costs. Further benefits

include extending the lifespan of the equipment

and reducing maintenance costs. Ensure all staff

members are aware of switch off policies and

inform them of the cost and environmental

benefits of putting this into practice.

Communal equipment

When it comes to printers, fax machines

and copiers, some simple actions can make

all the difference:

• Place heat-emitting equipment in a separate

naturally-ventilated area with good airflow.

This helps minimise air conditioning costs

and excessive noise. Colder areas on the

north side of buildings are ideal.

• Check and clean equipment regularly.

Keep parts clean and free of dust and

blockages and follow manufacturers’ advice

on servicing schedules in order to maintainoptimum efficiency.

• Install plug-in seven-day timers. These only

cost a few pounds from DIY stores and will

help to reduce the likelihood of machines

being left on out of hours.

• Set machines to revert to standby when not in

use. Take care though; machines with a very

deep-sleep mode can take longer to reach the

right temperature which can result in staff

disabling the standby feature, thereby missing

out on savings.

Did you know?

A single computer and monitor left on 24

hours a day will cost around £53 a year.

Switching them off out of hours and

enabling standby features could reduce

this to less than £11 a year and prolong the

lifespan of equipment.

Further information

Technology overview

Office equipment (CTV005)




Purchase for requirements

Specify equipment that meets current and

predicted requirements. Do not over specify

as high-performance office equipment can use

more energy. Take running costs into account

and ensure that purchasing policies consider

energy consumption rather than just the initial

capital outlay.

When it comes to upgrading computers, some

computers can simply be fitted with newer, more

energy efficient components so it’s worth looking

into this option before purchasing new machines.

The Government Procurement Service hasintroduced ‘Greenticks’ to help identify ICT

products which meet best practice standards

and those which meet the highest standards

for sustainability.

Ensure all new items of equipment have

energy saving features meeting at least

Energy Star performance specifications. Visit

www.eu-energystar.org to find out more.

Equipment in specialist buildings

Government institutions such as MoD bases frequently employ specialist facilities.

These inevitably use a significant amount of energy which is exacerbated by the factthat much of the equipment needs to remain permanently switched on to fulfil specific

process requirements.

In order to make a realistic plan for energy reduction and to monitor it accurately, it is

important to sub-meter these buildings and, if possible, measure the process energy used.

The facility can then be treated as a regular building with regards to energy saving.

When it comes to monitoring and assessing these savings, the sub-metering data

will help keep the consumption of specialist equipment separate.

See the Carbon Trust’s Metering Technology overview (CTV061) for more informationon metering and sub-meters.

Further information

Office Equipment Technology Overview

(CTV005)

Top tip:

Consider using laptops as they have been developed to be as energy efficient as possible.

Using laptops and docking ports can maintain familiar desktop arrangements of mouse,keyboard and monitor combinations and increase workspace flexibility.

Note: Although laptops are a convenient and eff icient alternative for mobile or intermittent

working, there are health and safety issues related to prolonged usage, such as cramped

hands and posture.




Building fabric

Wherever heat is escaping through the walls,

floors and ceilings of a building, energy is being

wasted. It therefore makes sense to includebuilding fabric as an integral part of any energy

saving plan.

Improving building fabric in the Government

Estate is beneficial for a number of reasons:

• It enables better temperature control –

improved building fabric can lower

ventilation costs and prevent overheating.

• It can improve productivity – staff moraleand output can be enhanced by providing a

more comfortable working environment

through reducing draughts, solar glare,

overheating and noise.

• Improved building fabric lowers capital

expenditure – a more efficient, well-

insulated building needs smaller heating

and cooling systems.

• It makes a good investment – better

insulation can increase a building’s value

and attractiveness.

Figure 6 Heat loss from a typical central government building

Windows

26%

Walls

9%

Roof

22%

Floor

8%

Ventilation andair infiltration

35%

Further information – historical buildings

Further information and advice specific to buildings of historical significance can be found

in the Heritage and culture sector overview (CTV026), available from the Carbon Trust.




The following advice provides some general

guidance applicable to the wide range of types

and ages of buildings in the Government

portfolio. More detailed information can be

found in the Carbon Trust’s Building fabric

technology overview (CTV015).

Regular maintenance

As part of general maintenance, identify potential

problems and deal with them promptly. Compile

a checklist to address areas where energy is lost

via the building structure and note where building

fabric needs repair or upgrade. In particular, gaps

or holes in walls, windows, doors and skylights

should be repaired immediately.

Be pre-emptive. For example, pay attention toevidence of damp, which causes significant

damage to the building structure and reduces its

insulating properties. Repair split down-pipes,

faulty gutters and leaky roof tiles. Check for

signs of damp and condensation at least once a

year, preferably prior to winter months.

On larger government sites, it may be beneficial

to draw up a detailed schedule for facilities

groups to implement as part of their planned

preventative maintenance checks. Every

department should work together to reduce

energy consumption and carbon emissions.

Insulate to accumulate

Around 25% of a building’s heat escapes

through an un-insulated roof, adding hugely to

heating bills. Insulating any roof spaces and

unfilled external cavity walls is an effective and

inexpensive way of reducing such heat losses.

Improve glazing

Double glazing with emissivity glass is now a

minimum requirement when replacing windows.

Specifying triple glazing with emissivity glass on

north facing or exposed sides of a building can

offer further comfort and energy savings.

Windows can have a coating applied to

improve insulation properties. Coatings that

allow daylight through but block or reduceheat (infrared) can be particularly effective at

lessening overheating from direct sunlight.

Highly glazed spaces are a

particularly common

feature of 1960s buildings, many of which

populate the Government Estate. In these areas,

it may be more effective to replace some of the

glazing with insulated blank panels. Although

doing so will reduce the amount of light entering

the space, it will provide better insulation and

can reduce heat-gain and glare associated with

a large area of windows.

Draught lobbies

Installing a draught lobby at frequently used

entrances can reduce heating costs and draughts.Design lobbies so that they allow unrestricted

access, with enough space for one set of doors

to be fully closed before the other is opened.

Where possible, automate both sets of doors.

Top tip:

Before making substantial changes,

always seek specialist advice for

individual structures, particularly

older buildings.

Top tip:

Install draught stripping to windows

and doors. Draught stripping can reduce

heating costs by up to 10% and pay back

any investment within a year or two.

Around 25% of a building’s heat escapes through an un-insulated

roof, adding hugely to heating bills.




Catering

Catering in the Government Estate can be a major

energy consumption area, particularly in MoD

institutions and prisons. This energy use canalmost always be reduced without compromising

hygiene, safety or quality standards.

Preparing food on site has a significant effect

on energy consumption so it is important to

implement as many efficiency measures as

possible. In fact, these can often have the

additional benefit of improving standards

and the working environment.

Raise awareness

Every member of staff should be involved in

reducing energy consumption, so raising

awareness and providing training is an excellent

starting point and could reduce energy use by

25%. The following simple actions can have

substantial paybacks:

• Do not switch on too soon – most modern

catering equipment reaches its optimum

temperature quickly. Label equipment with its

preheat time and educate staff to switch on

only when required.

• Avoid using kitchen equipment to warm thespace on staff arrival – the building’s heating

system should do this effectively. If it does

not, find out why.

• Switch off grills, fryers and hobs immediately

after use.

• Avoid overfilling saucepans and kettles and

use lids where possible.

• Keep fridge and freezer doors closed anddefrost at manufacturers’ recommended

intervals to save energy and prolong

equipment lifetime.

• Switch off equipment, lights and extraction

fans when they are not being used.

• Move storage fridges and freezers out

of kitchen areas into well ventilated,heated spaces.

Consider running costs when purchasing

Although gas-fired equipment is often more

expensive to buy than electrical or steam

equivalents, savings made on running costs

make it an attractive option. Equipment that

automatically switches off, such as pan sensors

on hobs, can save 25% on energy costs.

Select ovens with large double glazed viewing

windows to reduce the need to open doors

to inspect contents.

Top tip:

If items are centrally purchased, ensure

the facilities team incorporates

environmental awareness into its policies

and that energy saving equipment is

specified across the whole site.




Sub-metering

Sub-meters will help identify cost savings and

justify any investments required in order to lower

running costs in catering departments. If catering

is provided by a separate contractor, there is also

the additional benefit of allowing for budget

allocation and charging to take place. This acts as

an incentive for kitchen managers to reduce

energy costs by providing some financial reward

for doing so.

Consider heat recovery

Large volumes of warm air are expelled from

kitchens. Many kitchen managers do not realise

that over 50% of this heat can be recovered

using heat recovery devices which can

significantly reduce energy costs. An air-to-water

recovery device is often the most effective

method of recovering heat because it can then

preheat hot water, providing a year-round use for

the recovered heat.


A large prison with a catering energy bill of £45,000 a year purchased a modern efficient

oven, fitted automatic door closers to much of its cooling equipment and replaced worn

door seals on refrigerators and freezers. These measures cost £11,400 but with annual

savings of £6,700 the investment was repaid in less than two years.




Combined heat and power (CHP)

CHP can offer an economical method of providing

heat and power which is less environmentally

harmful than conventional methods.

CHP is the simultaneous generation of heat and

power in a single process. CHP equipment

usually burns fossil fuel such as natural gas or

diesel oil to generate electricity on-site.

At a power station, the heat generated when

electricity is produced has to be dissipated via

cooling towers. With CHP, the heat is recovered

on-site, and used for space heating and hot

water. This means that overall, the process is

more efficient, so less fuel is used.

To gain maximum benefit from CHP, the system

needs to be in operation for as many hours of

the year as possible. Therefore, CHP can be

applied to any Government Estate building or

site provided it has a significant, year-round

demand for heat. An MoD facility with a

swimming pool would be an ideal candidate for

CHP. Similarly, prisons and other large MoD

facilities may be good candidates depending on

their hot water and heating requirements.

However, not all sites are suitable for CHP, nor

will they have good payback. Make sure that the

site is investigated properly, including a

complete financial and technical appraisal from

an expert.

Information for sites withoutCHP installed

When to consider CHP installation

The best time to consider CHP in existing

buildings is when the heating plant is being

replaced, so that the CHP unit can be integratedwith the heating system. The commercial value of

the electricity and heat produced by a CHP unit is

greater than the combined cost of the fuel and

maintenance required for the system to operate.

Understand existing heat and

electricity loads

When considering CHP, it is important to

carefully assess its application and feasibility.

Space requirements should be considered, along

with a detailed evaluation of the system’s

engineering, economics, reliability and operation.

To justify the cost of investment, the aim should

be to maximise the use of all the heat and hot

water that the system can produce. Every

building is different and therefore a detailed cost

calculation is essential. This assessment should

be made only after other, more simple energy

efficiency measures outlined in this guide havebeen implemented.

Investigate funding opportunities

If budgets cannot stretch to investing in CHP,

explore options for third party funding. Energy

services and contract energy management

options absorb the initial cost and risks

associated with installation, maintenance and

operation of a CHP unit. Charging arrangements

vary but under certain contracts it is possible to

only pay for fuel used by the CHP unit and

receive the heat for free, as well as paying a

reduced price for electricity.

Did you know?

CHP can have financial, environmental

and strategic benefits. A well-designed

and operated CHP plant can reduce

carbon dioxide emissions. However, CHP

schemes represent a significant long-

term investment and so the economics

need to be studied carefully before a

decision is made.




Information for sites withCHP installed

Maintenance issues

CHP systems require regular maintenance to

ensure efficient operation and reduce the risk ofbreakdown. Major maintenance should be

carried out as part of a planned shutdown. When

deciding on the timing and duration of a

shutdown, always consider cost implications

such as for labour and materials required to carry

out the planned work as well as additional costs

of meeting the site’s heat and power

requirements from other sources. For smaller

installations, shutdowns are normally undertaken

by the CHP supplier who also maintains the unit.

Monitor performance

A CHP system should be monitored to ensure it

is operating correctly. Look out for factors that

affect performance such as changes in output

and fuel consumption, air temperature and

pressure in gas turbine installations. It is also

important to monitor the rate that system

performance changes as this provides a basis for

planning maintenance tasks and plant overhauls.

Always explore why performance is failing to

meet the specification as this could indicate

maintenance requirements. It will also be

reducing the cost effectiveness of the system.

Meet CHPQA requirements and avoid

paying the climate change levy (CCL)

Monitoring data collected can be used to

demonstrate compliance with the necessary

quality standards for exemption from the CCL.

Metering installed for CCL registration must

be able to differentiate between heat used by

the site and heat rejected to atmosphere via

a cooling system, so ensure meters are

positioned correctly to achieve this.

Consultancy advice

Consultancy support is available from the

Carbon Trust to help evaluate the feasibility

of CHP. Contact the Carbon Trust on 0800

085 2005 for more information.

‘Good Quality’ CHP

Exemption from the Climate Change

Levy for ‘Good Quality’ CHP is based on

certificates issued by the Government

CHPQA programme. Good Quality CHP

is that which meets the threshold criteria

in the Combined Heat and Power Quality

Assurance (CHPQA) programme

standard. The standard is intended to

ensure that the energy efficiency and

environmental performance of a CHP

scheme are superior to the generation

of the same amounts of heat and powerby separate conventional means.

For more information, and for details of the

monitoring requirements for the CHPQA

programme, visit www.chpqa.com




Renewable energy

Energy generated from buildings-integrated

renewable sources can be a viable alternative to

conventional methods of supplying electricalpower and heat to some buildings in the

Government Estate. Some renewable energy

systems qualify for payments within the

Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) and Feed-in

Tariffs (FITs).

Some renewable energy systems qualify for

payments within the Renewable Heat Incentive

(RHI) and Feed in Tarrifs (FiTs).

What is renewable energy?

Conventional fuels such as oil, gas or coal are

extracted from finite reserves. However,

renewable energy sources:

• Come from a source that can be readily replaced,

such as wood or another organic material.

• Are a natural flow of energy that will not run

out for millions of years, such as sunlight and

the movement of the wind and sea.

• Add very little or no ‘new’ carbon dioxide to the

atmosphere (e.g. wind or solar power generate

no emissions at all and the CO2 from burning

sustainably managed wood fuel is ‘neutral’

because it is balanced by the amount that the

tree removed from the atmosphere as it grew).

As well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions,there are other good reasons for using

renewable energy technologies:

• The growth of renewable energy increases

diversity in the UK’s energy supply and

increases the lifetime of fossil fuel reserves.

• Renewables help to ‘future-proof’ energy

supplies because they are not subject to the

price fluctuations of globally traded

commodities such as oil and gas.

• A growing renewables sector creates jobs in

manufacturing, installation, operations and

maintenance and in the case of biomass

energy, a local fuel supply.

The type and age of a building, as well as any

additional land requirements need to be

considered before incorporating renewable

energy solutions. Many technologies functionbest when integrated into new buildings from

the design stage; however, there are others

which can be retrofitted on existing property.

Supplying energy for governmentbuildings – the options

Since the main objective is to minimise the

amount of energy needed to run buildingservices, careful design of new buildings or

refurbishments should take full advantage

of ‘passive’ measures such as:

Passive (solar) heating

Heat from the sun directly warms the

building fabric and reaches the interior

surfaces through windows.

A good design will trap useful heat in thebuilding (particularly in winter) and minimise

summertime overheating whilst reducing

or eliminating the need

for mechanical (‘active’) heating or cooling.

A good design will also make effective use of

the heat generated by the building’s occupants

and electrical equipment.

Passive ventilationA carefully planned design can take advantage

of the natural buoyancy of warm indoor air plus

air movement outside to maintain a comfortable

flow of air through a building without the need

for fans or air conditioning.




Natural daylighting

Another application for passive solar energy

is a well-planned natural daylighting strategy

that incorporates moveable shades to minimise

glare, reflective blinds to throw light further

into a building or even reflective ‘light pipes’ to

supply daylight where previously electric lights

would have been used. Straightforward use

of sunlight coming through windows can be

improved by giving careful consideration to

the direction in which windows face. Interior

finishes in pale colours and paint textures help

by allowing diffusion of the reflected light. In

bright sunlight, shading and control of glare areimportant for comfortable working conditions.

The next step is to consider using a renewable

source to supply electricity or thermal energy.

Options include:

•Photovoltaics (PV), particularly on the roofsof public buildings; useful in remote locations

and as a standalone power supply.

• Small wind turbines to supply power for

offices, or large-scale wind power on remote/

large sites (possibly in combined public/private

ownership and service supply agreements).

• Solar thermal systems to heat hot water

and augment space heating.

• Heat pumps for space heating.

• Biomass heating, perhaps coupled with

combined heat and power (CHP) plant

and possibly as part of a community

heating system.

• Small scale hydro and wave power or tidal

flow installations at suitable coastal sites.

The following table indicates the type ofrenewable energy that would be worth

considering for a variety of applications.

Further information

Technology overviews

Renewable energy sources (CTV010)

Case studySunderland

The Solar Office

The Solar Office in Sunderland is the

first office building in the UK to deploy

a photovoltaic façade – one of a number

of features in the building’s holistic

energy strategy.

The PV façade, which is 646m and 18m

high, is raked back at an angle of 60

degrees. This helps to maximize solar

radiation on the panels. Annual output is

around 55,000 kWh, representing an

annual CO2 saving of around 24 tonnes

compared to grid electricity.




Table 1 Selecting a renewable energy source: by building and project type

Technology Wind PV Solar hot

water

Biomass Hydro Energy Wave/tidal

from waste

Office estate

Existing buildings 3 33 3 3

Refurbishment 33 33 33 3

New build 33 33 33 3

Adjacent land 33 3

Accommodation

Existing buildings 3 333 3

Refurbishment 33 333 33 3

New build 33 333 33 3

Adjacent land 33 3 3 (supply) 3

Large estates with land resources

General 3 3 3 3

Remote locations 33 3 3 3

Site specific 3 3 33 33

3Suitable 33Well suited 333Very well suited

3C l




Water usage

Provision of hot water is essential for many

Government Estate buildings but it can lead

to considerable energy costs. However, wateris a metered and controllable resource and

it is possible to save on both water and energy

costs by implementing some inexpensive

efficiency measures.

Figure 7 Offices – percentage cost

Any rooms within government buildings that have

running water are areas that could hold significant

energy and cost savings. Particularly pay attention

to high water-using facilities such as kitchens,

laundries and residential accommodation.

In fact, through implementing some of the advice

provided in this section, it is possible to save up to

50% on water costs. Approximately 90% of this

water usage can be subject to water saving devices.

An indication of the likely savings can be made by

comparing water use with benchmarks. Various

water consumption benchmarks are available

including various Environment Agency benchmarksfor sectors and activities; overall usage for offices

published by CIRIA; and typical breakdown of water

use for public administration and defence published

within the Market Transformation Programme.

Maintain pipes and taps

Inspect water services including taps, storage

facilities and pipework on a regular basis and

ensure all drips are fixed immediately. Check for

water vapour, flooded ducts and corrosion

around joints or fittings on pipework. If a leak is

underground, it may be harder to spot so read

water meters regularly.

Run an awareness campaign

Encourage staff to report any issues such as

dripping taps, overflowing cisterns and

inefficient water saving devices in toilets so they

can be repaired before the problem escalates.

Check hot water temperature

If water is too hot to keep hands under the tap,

ask a maintenance technician to reduce the

temperature. Accepted standards are 50°C

(120°F) or less for hand-washing and 55°C

(130°F) for washing utensils. Every 1°C

reduction in water temperature will reduce

energy consumption by 1-3%.

WashingCleaning

Canteen useWC flushing

Urinal flushing

Top tip:

Readings taken when water is not in use

can help spot smaller leaks early. Water andsewage charges account for approximately

15% of running costs for most buildings

and leaks will drastically increase water

bills. Each cubic metre of water saved

will reduce costs by around £2.

Further information

For more advice on reducing

your water usage, go to

www.envirowise.co.uk/water







Laundries

Some larger Government Estate institutions

such as prisons and MoD facilities have

laundries on site. These areas are oftensignificant energy consumers and so savings

made here can improve overall budgets.

Laundry equipment uses large amounts of

electricity, mainly to drive electric motors. In fact,

the electricity used in a laundry can account for as

much as 15% of a site’s total energy consumption.

Energy efficiency measures taken in this area

primarily centre around efficient operation, water

re-use and mechanical maintenance.

Recycle water

The re-use of water has the advantages of

reducing the metered water supply, reducing

trade effluent charges and conserving energy.

Investigate the possibility of re-using rather than

discarding hot water – for example, by using

water from the final rinse for the next pre-wash.

‘Grey water’ from laundries may also be used to

flush toilets but a detailed feasibility study will be

needed first before such measures can be

implemented. Always seek professional advice.

Use integrated water and heat

recovery systemsMajor savings can be achieved by recovering

heat from waste water using heat exchangers.

These systems can effectively preheat incoming

water to the laundry indirectly through plate heat

exchangers (see diagrams right) or more directly

to recycle heated water from previous washes.

There are two key water recovery methods for

washer extractor systems:

Single water recovery – involves sending the

final rinse water to a tank and using it as a

source of water for the first rinse and/or washes.

The first rinse water is dumped to the drain, as

are the wash waters.

Double water recovery – involves sending the

final rinse water to a tank and using it in the first

rinse. The first rinse water is then sent to a first

rinse tank and used for the washes.

Note: Double recovery is not suitable for use in conjunctionwith hypochlorite bleaching as the bleach is applied in thefirst rinse and any contaminations of the main wash coulddamage the fabric.

Laundries are often significant

energy consumers, so savings

made here can improve

overall budgets

Fresh water

Fresh

water

Prewash

Drain Drain Drain

Wash 1st rinse 2nd rinse

Fresh

water

Prewash

Drain Drain

Wash 1st rinse 2nd rinse





Recover heat from hot liquid effluent

Heat recovery from the wash effluent is

applicable to both washer extractor and tunnel

washer systems. The basic method involves

passing the wash effluent through a heat

exchanger and using the extracted heat

to heat the final rinse water.

Lag pipework

A basic measure but extremely important

in order to avoid wasting heat through un-

insulated pipes. Always ensure that steam

and hot water pipes as well as valves and

flanges are properly lagged.

Fit humidity sensors to dryers

Avoid wasting energy by over-drying laundry.

Install humidity sensors to automatically turn

dryers off when laundry is dry.

Use direct gas firing of tumble dryers

Gas tumble dryers offer the greatest production

capacity – up to 20% higher than an equivalent

steam model. Despite possible higher capital

costs, gas tumble dryers can be cheaper to run

and they do not suffer the idling losses incurred

by their steam equivalents.

Use direct gas firing of finishing equipment

Tunnel finishers are usually heated either with

gas or steam. Items progress through the tunnel

on hangers; after being sprayed with steam to

relax the fibres, hot air is blown vigorously

downwards to encourage crease removal.Conducting this process using direct gas firing

ensures minimal waste heat and damaging

emissions. The same applies to garment

presses and other finishing equipment.

Install calendar covers

Items such as sheets, pillowcases, tablecloths

and napkins are passed through calendars under

pressure, to be ironed or pressed. Using a

calendar cover or hood will minimise the amount

of energy lost to the atmosphere and improve

the working environment.





Housekeeping andpeople solutions

Energy savings and reduced carbon emissions

are easily achievable across the GovernmentEstate and need not require any initial outlay.

Many opportunities are within the control of

building occupants which is an ideal way of

involving people and raising awareness

of the importance of reducing consumption.

Remind everyone that good energy

management helps to achieve:

• Environmental benefits.

• Healthier and more productive

working conditions.

• Cost savings.

• An enhanced image which can be promoted

to the general public.

Whether starting an energy conservation

programme from scratch or simply checking

the effectiveness of an existing managementsystem, there are a number of basics to consider.

Responsibility and commitment

To implement a change in practice effectively,senior management through to front line staff

must be committed to energy efficiency.

This should be backed up by a personalised

mission statement and energy policy. It is also

important to appoint an ‘energy champion’. In

small buildings, this may be the office manager

but on larger sites, appointing a specific staff

member will often improve involvement and

awareness throughout the team.

Get everyone involved

All staff members are important in saving

energy so provide training on how to reduce

waste and operate controls correctly. Motivate

people – ask their opinions and encourage

them to review their own working practices

to increase energy savings.

Below are some simple ways that staff

can help.

• Cleaning staff can report any faulty lamps

and only use lighting where it is required.

• All building occupants can feed back on areas

that are overheated, where doors and windows

are not closing properly, or where lighting or

equipment is being left on unnecessarily.

• Maintenance staff can monitor and adjust

control settings to meet, but not exceed,internal requirements for heating.

• Ensure everyone knows it is their

responsibility to check equipment

is switched off at the end of the day.

• Managers can investigate current and

past energy use and continue to monitor

energy consumption.




g

Run an awareness campaign

Reinforce the benefits of improving the working

area and give staff a sense of ownership of

energy management by running a campaign.

Post consumption figures on an energy

notice board and advertise related activities.

Competitions, campaigns and team

projects are great ways to get buy-in.

Monitor energy use

Understand your energy consumption

by reviewing energy invoices over the last

year – this should provide a picture of the

building’s monthly performance. Largergovernment buildings generally have meters

recording half-hourly electricity consumption

and these data should be available from the

energy supplier for comparison with the bills.

However, if the building does not have a

half-hourly electricity meter, check and record

monthly meter readings on-site. It is also

advisable to check and record monthly gas

consumption in the same way.

Further information

The Carbon Trust’s Creating an awareness campaign guide (CTG056) includes a staff

survey, useful tips, posters and stickers.




Undertake regular housekeeping

walk rounds

Note down and act on any maintenance

measures needed in order to avoid expensive

problems later on. As patterns of energy use

vary throughout the day, it is advisable to carry

out a series of walk rounds at different times to

get a better idea of where and when energy is

being wasted. Regular walk rounds can help to:

• Establish current operating practices.

• Eliminate wasteful practices and ensure

they do not recur.

• Identify maintenance and investment

opportunities for savings.

• Involve staff and raise awareness of the

importance of reducing energy consumption.

• Demonstrate commitment to improving

energy performance.

The Carbon Trust’s leaflet Assessing the

energy use in your building (CTL003) provides

hints, tips and a sample check list that can be

tailored to individual sites.

Check energy use out of hours

If a building is empty overnight, it is worth finding

out how much energy is being used when no-one

is around. Take meter readings at the end of one

day and the beginning of the next. The difference

between the two is the energy used. Is this more

than would be expected?

Further information

Technology overviews and guides

Metering

(CTV027)

Energy Management

(CTG054)

Management resources

Creating an awareness campaign

(CTG056)






The link between energy efficiency

and value for money

Value for money must be assessed over the

whole life of the PPP/PFI contract, taking into

account not only initial purchase costs, but alsoon-going running costs such as energy and

maintenance. This can easily be done using

whole life financial assessment methods such

as discounted cash flow.

Investment in energy efficiency both at the outset

of the contract (for example, by installing more

efficient plant), and over its life (for example, by

adopting more rigorous maintenance regimes),

will often deliver improvements in value for

money. This is because over the life of the

contract the value of the fuel consumed by

building services plant (for example, heating

boilers), will be far greater than the initial purchase

cost of the equipment itself. A small additional

investment in energy efficiency can therefore

yield far more substantial running cost savings.

The diagram right illustrates how value for

money can be improved by investing in energy

efficiency. Note, however, that simply choosing

the cheapest piece of equipment or undertaking

only minimal plant maintenance is unlikely to

deliver best value for money. Basic levels of

investment in energy efficiency will yield

excellent returns.

Figure 8 Value for money when investing in energy efficiency

Investment in energy efficiency

V a l u e f o r m o n e y

Optimum investmentfor best VFM

100

120

80

60

40

20

0




Action checklist

Action Progress

Take a holistic approach to building services – consider heating, ventilation and lighting as

part of an overall efficiency strategy.

Set internal temperatures appropriately.

Check controls match occupancy, and consider investing in more sophisticated controls.

Ask if air conditioning is necessary? Look for opportunities to use natural ventilation.

Set a dead band so that heating and cooling do not operate at the same time.

Keep lights switched off when not used, and maximise the use of daylight.

Keep light fittings clean and replace failing lights immediately.

Install low-energy lighting.

Install lighting control technology, such as sensors which detect light levels or movement.

Train staff to turn off computers and set equipment to standby.

Purchase office and small power equipment to suit requirements.

Maintain the building fabric to avoid expensive repairs later on.

Improve insulation of walls, roofs and glazed areas.






Next StepsOnce the opportunities for savings have been identified, it’s time to act.

The following steps should help to take effective measures.

Step 1 Understand your energy use

Look at the building and identify the major areas

of energy consumption. Check the condition and

operation of equipment and monitor the power

consumption over, say, one week to obtain abase figure against which energy efficiency

improvements can be measured.

Step 2 Identify your opportunities

Compile an energy checklist. Walk round the

buildings and complete the checklist at different

times of day and night to identify where energy

savings can be made. The action checklist on

page 30 could form the basis of the walk round.Further tips can be found in Assessing the

energy use in your building (CTL003),

available from the Carbon Trust.

Step 3 Prioritise actions

Draw up an action plan detailing a schedule of

improvements that need to be made and when,

along with who will be responsible for them.

Step 4 Seek specialist help

It may be possible to implement some energy

saving measures in-house but others may

require specialist assistance. Discuss the

more complex or expensive options with a

qualified technician.

Step 5 Make the changes andmeasure the savings

Implement energy saving actions and measure

against original consumption figures. This will

assist future management decisions regardingenergy priorities.

Step 6 Continue to managebusiness energy use

Enforce policies, systems and procedures to

ensure that the buildings operate efficiently and

that savings are maintained in the future.




Further services from the Carbon TrustThe Carbon Trust advises businesses and public sector organisations on their opportunities in

a sustainable, low carbon world. We offer a range of information, tools and services including:

Website – Visit us at www.carbontrust.com for our full range of advice

and services.

www.carbontrust.com

Publications – We have a library of publications detailing energy saving

techniques for a range of sectors and technologies.

www.carbontrust.co.uk/publications

Case Studies – Our case studies show that it’s often easier and less expensive

than you might think to bring about real change.

www.carbontrust.co.uk/casestudies

Carbon Trust Advisory – Delivers strategic and operational advice on

sustainable business value to large organisations.

www.carbontrust.co.uk/advisory

Carbon Trust Certification – Delivers certification and verification services to

companies and runs the Carbon Trust Standard and Carbon Reduction Label.

www.carbontrust.co.uk/certification

Carbon Trust Implementation – Delivers services to business in support of

implementation of energy efficient equipment and energy efficiency financing.

www.carbontrust.co.uk/implementation

CTV062The Carbon Trust is a not-for-profit company with the mission to accelerate the move to a low carbon economy.



The Carbon Trust receives funding from Government, including the Department of Energy and Climate Change, the Scottish

Government, the Welsh Government and Invest Northern Ireland.

Whilst reasonable steps have been taken to ensure that the information contained within this publication is correct, the authors,

the Carbon Trust, its agents, contractors and sub-contractors give no warranty and make no representation as to its accuracy

and accept no liability for any errors or omissions. All trademarks, service marks and logos in this publication, and copyright in it,

are the property of the Carbon Trust (or its licensors). Nothing in this publication shall be construed as granting any licence or

right to use or reproduce any of the trademarks, services marks, logos, copyright or any proprietary information in any way

without the Carbon Trust’s prior written permission. The Carbon Trust enforces infringements of its intellectual property rights

to the full extent permitted by law.

The Carbon Trust is a company limited by guarantee and registered in England and Wales under company number 4190230

with its registered office at 4th Floor Dorset House, Stamford Street, London SE1 9PY.

Published in the UK: March 2012.

© The Carbon Trust 2012. All rights reserved. CTV062

We provide specialist support to business and the public sector to help cut carbon emissions, save energy and

commercialise low carbon technologies. By stimulating low carbon action we contribute to key UK goals of lower

carbon emissions, the development of low carbon businesses, increased energy security and associated jobs.

We help to cut carbon emissions now by:

• providing specialist advice and finance to help organisations cut carbon

• setting standards for carbon reduction.

We reduce potential future carbon emissions by:

• opening markets for low carbon technologies

• leading industry collaborations to commercialise technologies

• investing in early-stage low carbon companies.

www.carbontrust.com

Date post:	04-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	roma38
View:	215 times
Download:	0 times

2012-Ctv062 Central Government

Documents