231 FuelCell Presentation

7/31/2019 231 FuelCell Presentation

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A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device

that combines hydrogen and oxygen to

produce electricity, with water and heatas its by-product.


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Since conversion of the fuel to energy

takes place via an electrochemical

process, not combustion It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient

process- two to three times more efficient

than fuel burning.


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It operates similarly to a battery, but it does not

run down nor does it require recharging.

As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell willproduce both energy and heat.

A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst coated

electrodes surrounding an electrolyte

One electrode is an anode and the other is a

cathode


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The process begins when Hydrogen molecules

enter the anode.

The catalyst coating separates hydrogensnegatively charged electrons from the

positively charged protons.

The electrolyte allows the protons to pass

through to the cathode, but not the electrons .

Instead the electrons are directed through an

external circuit which creates electrical current.


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While the electrons pass through the external

circuit, oxygen molecules pass through the

cathode There the oxygen and the protons combine

with the electrons after they have passed

through the external circuit

When the oxygen and the protons combinewith the electrons it produces water and heat


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Individual fuel cells can then be placed in

a series to form a fuel cell stack

The stack can be used in a system topower a vehicle or to provide stationary

power to a building


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In general all fuel cells have the samebasic configuration - an electrolyte and

two electrodes Different types of fuel cells are classified

by the kind of electrolyte used

The type of electrolyte used determinesthe kind of chemical reactions that takeplace and the temperature range ofoperation


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Fuel CellType

Electrolyte AnodeGas

CathodeGas

Temperature Efficiency

ProtonExchangeMembrane

(PEM)

solid polymer

membrane

hydrogen pure or

atmospheric

oxygen

75C

(180F)

3560%

Alkaline(AFC)

potassium

hydroxide

hydrogen pure

oxygen

below

80C

5070%

DirectMethanol(DMFC)

solid polymermembrane methanolsolution

in water

atmosphericoxygen 75C(180F) 3540%

PhosphoricAcid(PAFC)

Phosphorous hydrogen atmospheric

oxygen

210C

(400F)

3550%

MoltenCarbonate(MCFC)

Alkali-

Carbonates

hydrogen,

methane

atmospheric

oxygen

650C

(1200F)

4055%

Solid Oxide

(SOFC)

Ceramic

Oxide

hydrogen,

methane

atmospheric

oxygen

8001000C

(15001800F)

4560%


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Fuel Cells require highly purified hydrogen as a

fuel.

Researchers are developing a wide range oftechnologies to produce hydrogen

economically from a variety of resources in

environmentally friendly ways.

Hydrogen is a secondary energy resource,meaning it must be made from another fuel.


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Developing safe, reliable, compact and cost-

effective hydrogen storage is one of the

biggest challenges to widespread use of fuel

cell technology.

Hydrogen has physical characteristics that

make it difficult to store large quantities without

taking up a great deal of space. Hydrogen will need to be stored onboard

vehicles, at hydrogen production sites,

refueling stations and stationary power sites.


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Stationary Power Stations

Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have beeninstalled all over the world in hospitals,nursing homes, hotels, office buildings,schools and utility power plants

Most of these systems are either connectedto the electric grid to provide supplementalpower and backup assurance or as a grid-independent generator for locations that areinaccessible by power lines


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Telecommunications

Due to computers, the Internet and

sophisticated communication networks thereis a need for an incredibly reliable power

source

Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999%

reliable


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Micro Power

Consumer electronics

could gain drastically

longer battery power withFuel Cell technology

Cell phones can be

powered for 30 days

without recharging

Laptops can be poweredfor 20 hours without

recharging


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Physical Security

Efficiency

Environmental Benefits

Military Applications


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Physical Security

Both central station power generation and

long distance, high voltage power grids canbe terrorist targets in an attempt to cripple

our energy infrastructure

Fuel Cells allow the country to discontinue

reliance on these potential targets


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Efficiency

Fuel Cell power generation systems in

operation today achieve 40% to 50% fuel-to-electricity efficiency

In combination with a turbine, electrical

efficiencies can exceed 60%

When Cogeneration is used, fuel utilization

can exceed 85%


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Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell

Power Generation

A fuel cell power plant may create less thanone ounce of pollution per 1,000 kilowatt-

hours of electricity produced

Conventional combustion generating

systems produce 25 pounds of pollutants for

the same electricity


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Military Applications

Fuel Cell technology in the military can help

save lives because it reduces telltale heatand noise in combat

Handheld battlefield computers can be

powered for 10 times longer with Fuel Cell

power meaning soldiers could rely on theircomputers in the field for longer periods of

time


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Promising technology

Most viable for niche market use in the

near future Widespread marketplace acceptance and

use is still many years away


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REFERENCES:

1. BERRY M. & MACDONALD A., Energythrough Hydrogen, Helicentries.2. COLELL H., Solar Hydrogen Technology,Helicentris.

3. KOPPEL, T., (2001) Powering the Future,John Wiley and sons.4. LQARMINE J. &DICKS A., (2000) Fuel cellsystems explained, PHI

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231 FuelCell Presentation

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