3D 1. A Anthropometric and Image Repository for the Clinical and ... · The 3D Facial Norms...

The 3D Facial Norms Database: Part 1. A Web‐Based Craniofacial Anthropometric and Image Repository for the Clinical and Research Community ‐ SUPPLEMENT Introduction This supplement contains a series of figures and tables with basic descriptions, age‐ and sex‐specific summary statistics, and sex‐specific distance growth curves (with standard centiles) for the full set of 34 anthropometric measurements included in the 3DFN database. The parent article contains detailed information on the sample and methods used to collect these data. Methods used to Generate Growth Curves

Growth curves and associated centiles were generated using the lambda‐mu‐sigma (LMS) smoothing method (Cole and Green, 1992). The LMS method is particularly useful when evaluating growth variables that are dependent upon age. The smoothed curves represent the continuous nature of human growth data and are therefore a more accurate representation of the growth variables than median plots alone (Cole and Green, 1992; Indrayan, 2014). The LMS method applies a Box‐Cox power transformation (L), the median (M), and the coefficient of variation for each year of age (S) to the data and applies smooth curves between the age groups (Cole and Green, 1992). Rescaled age was used for these data, which smooths the M

curve by fitting the curve to the data twice and allowing the spline to better fit the curve in areas of extreme curvature (i.e., rapid growth). Equivalent degrees of freedom (edf) are assigned to splines between each age group to obtain reasonable fits to the data based on maximum penalized likelihood calculations (Pan and Cole, 2004). For example, an edf of 2 gives lower freedom of curvature and results in a straight line between two ages; a higher edf allows for greater curvature of the spline. Assuming the growth data are normally distributed, the LMS method gives visually accurate representations of continuous growth variables while simultaneously calculating z‐scores to identify potential outliers and apply associated centiles to the growth data.

Growth data for each variable were plotted using the program LMS Chartmaker Light v2.54, which displays L, M, and S curves along with data plots, z‐scores, and velocity and accelerations curves (Pan and Cole, 2011). The

data for each anthropometric variable were plotted from age three through 22 years, separately for males, females and both sexes combined. This upper age limit was chosen to capture the period of growth secession at the start of adulthood. The Z‐score method was used

to determine outliers for each measurement. Individuals with no measurement for a given variable were omitted only for that variable. Goodness of fit for each LMS model was determined by evaluating both Z‐scores and penalized deviance as described by Pan and Cole (2004). The LMS method was used for each variable, with edf noted and labeled for each run (male, female and combined).

Growth data was displayed as seven smoothed curves at the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles, following standards used by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) clinical growth charts (see figure above). Data Accessibility and Use Restrictions The summary statistics tables and their associated text and graphics are also available at the 3D Facial Norms section of the FaceBase Consortium website (www.facebase.org). The summary statistics tables can also be downloaded as .csv files from the site. All of the content in this supplement, including the growth curve charts, are owned by the content creator, Dr. Seth M. Weinberg. The content is reproduced here with permission. Growth curves may be reproduced for private use. Any other use of this content, in its present or modified form, for non‐commercial purposes (e.g. in a publication or a presentation) by a third party requires proper attribution and explicit permission from the content creator. Commercial use is prohibited. References Cole TJ and Green PJ. 1992. Smoothing reference centile curves: the LMS method and penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine. 11:1305–1319. Indrayan A. 2014. Demystifying LMS and BCPE methods of centile estimation for growth and other health parameters. Indian Pediatrics. 51:37–43. Pan H and Cole TJ. 2004. A comparison of goodness of fit tests for age‐related reference ranges. Statistics in Medicine. 23:1749–1765. Pan H and Cole TJ. 2011. LMSchartmaker, a program to construct growth references using the LMS method. http://www.healthforallchildren.co.uk/.

Maximum Cranial Width

Age GroupMales Females Combined

N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 9 140.22 5.19 13 133.85 4.98 22 136.45 5.893.5 18 141.67 5.99 18 136.44 3.84 36 139.06 5.624 11 141 4.58 13 139.54 5.38 24 140.21 4.984.5 11 144.55 4.93 6 138 4.69 17 142.24 5.75 25 143.12 4.88 20 139.6 3.68 45 141.56 4.686 20 141.65 4.74 21 138.24 5.87 41 139.9 5.567 22 144.41 5.1 10 142 6.36 32 143.66 5.538 19 147.42 4.6 13 139.85 5.23 32 144.34 6.099 16 147.75 7.63 21 143 6.82 37 145.05 7.4710 17 143.65 5.8 18 141.44 5.38 35 142.51 5.6211 21 148.33 5.52 20 144.05 5.84 41 146.24 6.0112 21 149.29 8 20 143.75 6.92 41 146.59 7.9113 21 151.24 6.67 25 147.92 5.2 46 149.43 6.0814 14 150.21 5.19 14 145.57 5.49 28 147.89 5.7515 14 151 3.68 14 147 4.37 28 149 4.4616 10 150.3 6.48 6 149 6.2 16 149.81 6.217 6 150.17 7.88 9 145.44 4.77 15 147.33 6.418 28 153.68 7.06 38 146.37 5.44 66 149.47 7.1319 28 153.57 5.88 57 146.96 4.51 85 149.14 5.8720 27 153.78 4 61 146.98 5.03 88 149.07 5.6721 41 153.22 6.24 67 147.42 3.78 108 149.62 5.622 40 151.63 5.45 82 146.12 4.83 122 147.93 5.6523 71 152.25 5.15 104 145.3 5.14 175 148.12 6.1724 43 152.67 5.71 83 145.99 5.1 126 148.27 6.1825 57 151.46 5.46 80 145.59 5.4 137 148.03 6.1326 50 151.84 5.07 62 144.98 4.91 112 148.04 6.0327 36 152.94 4.79 70 146.27 5.46 106 148.54 6.1128 28 152.61 5.78 56 145.66 4.31 84 147.98 5.8329 31 153.16 6.42 39 145.59 6.18 70 148.94 7.330 37 152.89 4.51 48 146.9 4.95 85 149.51 5.631 – 32 29 150.93 6.66 86 146.36 5.34 115 147.51 6.0133 – 34 19 151.58 7.57 63 145.48 6.13 82 146.89 6.9435 – 36 24 152.88 5.97 57 144.12 5.41 81 146.72 6.8537 – 38 24 149.67 7.14 50 144.58 6.53 74 146.23 7.139 – 40 22 154.23 5.31 41 145.41 5.22 63 148.49 6.72

Landmarks Involved Right Euryon (eu_r): The most lateral point on the parietal region of the head. Left Euryon (eu_l): Same as above.

Measurement Description This measurement attempts to capture the widest transverse dimension of the skull vault, which is typically located between the left and right parietal bones. Other common names for this measurement include: maximum head width/breadth and biparietal width/breadth.

Measurement Method Traditional anthropometry with a spreading caliper. Using moderate pressure, the tips of the caliper are applied to the scalp in the region of the skull vault just above the ears. Maintaining constant pressure, the operator moves the tips of the caliper inferior/superior and anterior/pos-terior in an alternating manner, exploring the entire parietal region until the highest reading is observed on the caliper’s scale.

Copyright Seth M. Weinberg (reprinted with permission)




Minimum Frontal Width


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 10 88.6 9.19 13 87.15 4.38 23 87.78 6.753.5 18 91.72 5.2 18 91.56 4.57 36 91.64 4.824 11 92.09 5.56 13 94.54 4.56 24 93.42 5.084.5 11 94.18 5.46 6 89.5 3.39 17 92.53 5.255 25 95.64 6.5 21 93.43 11.19 46 94.63 8.916 20 96 8.12 21 97.1 9.16 41 96.56 8.587 22 99.91 7.61 10 98.1 9.3 32 99.34 8.078 19 101.42 7.96 13 96.62 7.98 32 99.47 8.29 16 104.5 7.26 21 102.95 7.9 37 103.62 7.5610 17 107.59 8.44 18 103.72 6.82 35 105.6 7.7811 21 106.33 10.16 20 108.05 8.24 41 107.17 9.212 21 106.95 8.25 20 104.7 8.8 41 105.85 8.4913 21 107.9 6.93 25 106.12 8.4 46 106.93 7.7314 14 109.71 8.52 14 106.57 8.86 28 108.14 8.6715 14 111.64 8.11 14 107.36 5.4 28 109.5 7.1116 10 110.3 6.18 6 108.33 8.02 16 109.56 6.7317 6 109.5 6.12 9 105.56 7.23 15 107.13 6.8818 28 110.89 6.6 38 103.5 6.26 66 106.64 7.3519 28 107.71 5.15 57 105 6.94 85 105.89 6.520 27 106.56 6.91 61 104.05 6.8 88 104.82 6.8921 41 106.02 5.78 67 102.54 5.91 108 103.86 6.0822 40 108.95 6.96 82 103.51 7.58 122 105.3 7.7923 71 112.76 8.9 104 106.62 9.26 175 109.11 9.5824 45 113.33 7.91 83 106.55 8.04 128 108.94 8.625 57 114.14 9.03 80 106.76 8.5 137 109.83 9.4326 50 116 8.88 62 107.23 9.37 112 111.14 10.1127 37 112.76 10.33 70 103.49 6.46 107 106.69 9.1128 28 112.18 8.14 55 104.82 7.09 83 107.3 8.229 32 110.31 9.57 38 106.32 7.63 70 108.14 8.7430 36 108.69 9.37 48 106.96 8.1 84 107.7 8.6531 – 32 29 109.28 8.81 86 105.99 8.07 115 106.82 8.3433 – 34 19 114.68 12.46 63 106.27 8.05 82 108.22 9.8435 – 36 24 111.67 8.43 57 104.4 8.29 81 106.56 8.9337 – 38 23 110.83 10.33 50 106.36 8.69 73 107.77 9.439 – 40 22 107.86 7.23 41 106.9 7.27 63 107.24 7.21

Landmarks Involved Right Frontotemporale (ft_r): The most medial projecting point situated along the temporal crest of the frontal bone. Left Frontotemporale (ft_l): Same as above.

Measurement Description Minimum frontal width is a transversely-oriented measurement of forehead width, taken at the most medial point along the curves created by left and right temporal crests of the frontal bone. Other common names for this measurement include: forehead width/breadth and bifrontal width/breadth.

Measurement Method 7UDGLWLRQDO�DQWKURSRPHWU\�ZLWK�D�VSUHDGLQJ�FDOLSHU��8VLQJ�WKH�LQGH[�ÀQJHUV��WKH�IRUHKHDG�LV�palpated until the temporal crests are located. Using moderate pressure, the tips of the caliper are then applied to the forehead along the most medial aspect of each crest, taking care to not allow the tips of the caliper to slip posterior into the temporal fossae.





Maximum Facial Width


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 8 112.5 4.44 13 107.77 5.78 21 109.57 5.73.5 18 114.61 6.12 18 110.89 6.31 36 112.75 6.414 11 115.64 10.14 13 115.31 3.82 24 115.46 7.244.5 11 117.55 5.87 6 116.33 4.46 17 117.12 5.35 25 119.12 4.28 20 114.95 4.89 45 117.27 4.976 20 117.9 5.32 21 116 8.01 41 116.93 6.817 22 119.45 6.52 9 117.44 7.35 31 118.87 6.718 19 123.26 5.02 13 119.54 6.21 32 121.75 5.759 14 125.93 8.64 20 123.05 6.86 34 124.24 7.6610 17 124.47 3.34 18 122.44 5.41 35 123.43 4.5811 21 130.76 6.05 20 124.6 6.63 41 127.76 6.9912 21 130.57 8.65 18 126.78 5.95 39 128.82 7.6713 21 132.38 7.74 25 129.84 6.31 46 131 7.0314 14 131.29 6.65 14 128.14 3.94 28 129.71 5.615 13 129.62 7.05 14 129.29 5.06 27 129.44 5.9816 9 134.78 6.72 6 132.67 3.72 15 133.93 5.6517 5 131.8 4.44 9 127.56 3.17 14 129.07 4.0818 24 135.79 7.17 32 131 4.84 56 133.05 6.3619 27 137.85 4.71 52 130 5.02 79 132.68 6.1620 25 137.52 4.63 55 131.25 4.3 80 133.21 5.2621 40 138.43 4.94 66 129.73 4.88 106 133.01 6.4622 40 135.35 6.37 82 128.91 5.21 122 131.02 6.3623 71 136.52 5.77 95 128.42 4.65 166 131.89 6.5324 45 138.29 5.51 83 130.05 5.25 128 132.95 6.6325 57 136.46 6.77 70 129.34 6.21 127 132.54 7.3526 49 137.16 5.05 58 129.74 5.19 107 133.14 6.3127 34 138.94 7.31 70 129.73 5.21 104 132.74 7.3628 25 135.84 6.34 55 130.56 5.14 80 132.21 6.0329 31 138.06 8.63 36 128.64 6.37 67 133 8.8230 34 138.56 4.86 45 130.89 5.28 79 134.19 6.3531 – 32 27 137.19 6.54 82 131.54 5.16 109 132.94 6.0233 – 34 17 137.88 8.38 58 130.26 5.3 75 131.99 6.8735 – 36 24 141.25 6.65 55 129.29 5.83 79 132.92 8.237 – 38 23 137.26 6.96 48 129.94 5.92 71 132.31 7.1239 – 40 21 141.48 6.62 38 128.76 7.04 59 133.29 9.19

Landmarks Involved Right Zygion (zy_r): The most lateral point on the zygomatic arch. As such, this landmark may be located on the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Left Zygion (zy_l): Same as above.

Measurement Description This measurement attempts to capture the widest transverse dimension of the upper face. Other common names for this measurement include: facial width/breadth; upper facial width/breadth; and bizygomatic width/breadth

Measurement Method Traditional anthropometry with a spreading caliper. Facing directly in front of the subject, the op-HUDWRU�ÀUVW�SDOSDWHV�WKH�H[WHQW�RI�WKH�]\JRPDWLF�DUFK��8VLQJ�PRGHUDWH�SUHVVXUH��WKH�WLSV�RI�WKH�calipers are applied to the skin at roughly the mid-point of the arch. The operator then moves the tips of the caliper in an alternating fashion, back and forth and up and down, exploring the HQWLUH�DUFK�XQWLO�WKH�KLJKHVW�UHDGLQJ�LV�REVHUYHG�RQ�WKH�FDOLSHU·V�VFDOH�





Mandibular Width


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 10 79.2 8.43 13 77.08 5.59 23 78 6.883.5 18 81.61 4.9 18 79.78 4.45 36 80.69 4.714 11 82.36 3.5 13 82.08 3.9 24 82.21 3.654.5 11 83.27 7.06 6 83.17 7.52 17 83.24 6.995 25 84.6 5.48 21 79.9 5.94 46 82.46 6.116 19 86.84 4.03 20 84.9 4.45 39 85.85 4.317 22 87.68 6.83 9 83.78 4.74 31 86.55 6.478 19 88.79 5.73 13 87.38 6.19 32 88.22 5.869 14 91.71 5.9 18 88.78 6.36 32 90.06 6.2410 17 91.18 4.14 18 88.78 6.46 35 89.94 5.5111 20 96.65 5.62 18 93.83 6.16 38 95.32 5.9712 19 98.05 6.56 19 92 7.12 38 95.03 7.4213 21 99.33 6.62 22 95.86 5.55 43 97.56 6.2714 13 98 6.03 14 92.57 5.5 27 95.19 6.2915 13 98.38 5.22 14 95.07 6.49 27 96.67 6.0416 10 100.8 6.03 6 98.83 7.11 16 100.06 6.317 6 101.5 7.06 9 94.89 3.92 15 97.53 6.1518 28 100.89 6.71 38 95.53 7.06 66 97.8 7.3619 28 102.25 6.28 55 96.53 6.76 83 98.46 7.1120 27 102 9.97 61 96.21 6.47 88 97.99 8.1121 41 103.9 7.14 67 97.13 6.19 108 99.7 7.3222 40 103.05 5.66 82 96.83 5 122 98.87 5.9723 71 103.8 7.15 100 96.34 5.49 171 99.44 7.2324 42 103.45 6.25 83 96.77 5.48 125 99.02 6.5425 56 104.88 6.57 78 96.31 7.49 134 99.89 8.2726 50 106.14 6.73 61 95.39 7.88 111 100.23 9.127 37 105.11 6.15 68 97.25 12.98 105 100.02 11.6628 28 105.32 7.3 56 97.66 5.11 84 100.21 6.9129 31 107 7.59 39 97.46 5.98 70 101.69 8.2230 35 105.23 8.96 47 97.74 5.67 82 100.94 8.1131 – 32 28 104.18 7.03 86 97.07 6.97 114 98.82 7.633 – 34 20 102 10.64 63 98.57 7.31 83 99.4 8.335 – 36 23 106.78 6.22 56 97.02 6.4 79 99.86 7.7337 – 38 23 101.83 9.49 50 97.76 6.51 73 99.04 7.7439 – 40 22 106.23 8.4 41 96.8 6.58 63 100.1 8.5

Landmarks Involved Right Gonion (go_r): The most lateral point at the gonial/mandibular angle. Left Gonion (go_l): Same as above.

Measurement Description Transversely-oriented measurement designed to capture the width of the mandible at the level of the gonial angles. Other common names for this measurement include: mandible width/breadth and bigonial width/breadth

Measurement Method 7UDGLWLRQDO�DQWKURSRPHWU\�ZLWK�D�VSUHDGLQJ�FDOLSHU��:LWK�WKH�VXEMHFW·V�KHDG�WLOWHG�VOLJKWO\�EDFN��WKH�JRQLDO�DQJOHV�RI�WKH�PDQGLEOH�DUH�ÀUVW�ORFDWHG�WKURXJK�SDOSDWLRQ��8VLQJ�PRGHUDWH�WR�KHDY\�pressure, the tips if the caliper are then applied through the dense soft tissue overlying the go-QLDO�DQJOHV�XQWLO�WKH\�VLW�RQ�WKH�ERQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�KHOSIXO�WR�VWDUW�ZLWK�WKH�FDOLSHU·V�WLSV�VLWXDWHG�MXVW�behind/below the angle and then move the tips slowly forward/upward until they slip laterally onto the surface of the angle. The tips of the caliper are then moved back and forth slightly until WKH�KLJKHVW�UHDGLQJ�LV�REVHUYHG�RQ�WKH�FDOLSHU·V�VFDOH�





Maximum Cranial Length


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 9 173 7.35 13 171.31 6.29 22 172 6.633.5 18 173.94 7.38 18 171.94 5.87 36 172.94 6.654 11 174.64 6.8 13 171.08 4.48 24 172.71 5.824.5 11 174.91 7.16 6 165.83 9.5 17 171.71 8.965 24 179 6.11 21 172.19 6.21 45 175.82 6.996 20 178.55 6.01 21 175.95 7.05 41 177.22 6.627 22 179.36 10.43 10 175.6 4.45 32 178.19 9.098 18 180.56 9.58 12 175.33 4.31 30 178.47 8.229 15 183 6.24 21 177.48 5.97 36 179.78 6.610 17 186.29 7.12 18 175.61 7.56 35 180.8 9.0411 21 185.1 6.22 20 179.15 5.66 41 182.2 6.612 19 188.58 8.09 18 184.06 7.69 37 186.38 8.1113 21 191.33 6.81 25 184.08 5.13 46 187.39 6.9314 13 192.54 11.09 14 187.29 6.72 27 189.81 9.315 14 191.29 6.52 14 186.5 5.14 28 188.89 6.2616 9 195.67 8.08 6 187.5 5.99 15 192.4 8.217 6 199 4.69 9 188 6.75 15 192.4 8.0618 28 199.79 6.41 38 186.79 5.69 66 192.3 8.819 28 196.5 6.86 57 189.23 5.97 85 191.62 7.1220 27 198.26 5.95 61 188.77 6.67 88 191.68 7.7821 41 195.98 6.88 67 188.82 5.68 108 191.54 7.0622 40 197.23 6.66 82 187.73 6.52 122 190.84 7.9223 71 198.58 5.7 104 186.43 6.59 175 191.36 8.6324 44 197 6.46 83 187.4 5.82 127 190.72 7.5725 57 198.79 6.21 80 186.56 5.8 137 191.65 8.4826 50 197.78 7.17 62 186.53 6.21 112 191.55 8.6827 37 199.14 7.84 70 187.87 5.82 107 191.77 8.4828 28 197.93 6.51 56 188.54 6.84 84 191.67 8.0429 31 200 7.43 39 186.49 6.51 70 192.47 9.6530 36 199.58 7.05 48 188.17 5.7 84 193.06 8.4631 – 32 29 199.79 7.11 86 187.5 6.4 115 190.6 8.4733 – 34 20 195.1 9.99 63 186.63 5.97 83 188.67 7.9635 – 36 24 200 8.09 56 187.02 5.71 80 190.91 8.8137 – 38 23 198.91 8.21 50 187.08 7.39 73 190.81 9.439 – 40 22 198.68 7.61 40 185.85 8.31 62 190.4 10.12

Landmarks Involved Glabella (g): The most anterior midline point on the frontal bone situated between the supraor-bital ridges. 2SLVWKRFUDQLRQ��RS��7KH�PRVW�SRVWHULRU�PLGOLQH�SRLQW�RQ�WKH�RFFLSLWDO�ERQH��DV�GHÀQHG�LQ�relation to the glabella.

Measurement Description This measurement attempts to capture the longest dimension of the skull vault along the ante-rior-posterior axis. Other common names for this measurement include: maximum head length; head length; cranial length; and glabello-occipital length.

Measurement Method Traditional anthropometry with a spreading caliper. This measurement is best taken with the subject looking forward and the operator standing to one side, such that the head is viewed in SURÀOH��8VLQJ�PRGHUDWH�SUHVVXUH��RQH�WLS�RI�WKH�FDOLSHU�LV�KHOG�ÀUPO\�DJDLQVW�WKH�JODEHOOD�ZKLOH�the other tip is slip along the occiput in the midline until the highest reading is observed on the FDOLSHU·V�VFDOH�





Cranial Base Width


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 124.68 4 13 119.25 3.87 24 121.74 4.733.5 18 125.49 4.47 17 121.94 2.6 35 123.76 4.054 12 125.91 4.91 12 124.29 5.35 24 125.1 5.094.5 10 126.97 2.68 7 123.68 4.69 17 125.61 3.885 25 129.6 4.37 20 123.67 3.75 45 126.97 5.046 20 129.51 3.49 20 125.14 5.56 40 127.32 5.097 27 131.1 4.88 12 128.05 3.38 39 130.16 4.658 20 135.57 4.95 16 127.9 5.58 36 132.16 6.459 16 137.98 7.03 24 133.02 5.32 40 135.01 6.4610 18 136.98 3.93 17 132.09 4.39 35 134.6 4.7911 23 141.13 4.46 22 135.8 7.59 45 138.52 6.6912 22 142.03 7.2 24 136.53 6.89 46 139.16 7.513 21 143.58 7.64 26 139.78 4.44 47 141.48 6.314 16 143.31 5.27 14 136.59 5.11 30 140.17 6.1415 15 143.67 6.62 15 137.22 4.36 30 140.45 6.4116 8 144.71 4.38 7 139.76 3.6 15 142.4 4.6617 6 146.16 4.54 10 138.37 4.89 16 141.29 6.0418 30 147.51 5.72 47 139.32 5.72 77 142.51 6.9619 28 148.48 4.37 67 139.24 5.21 95 141.96 6.5220 27 147.78 4.63 66 139.53 5.02 93 141.93 6.1721 41 147.49 4.99 71 138.4 4.47 112 141.73 6.422 43 145.77 5.49 83 137.99 5.23 126 140.65 6.4623 70 146.97 5.53 103 137.76 4.61 173 141.48 6.7424 48 148.25 4.88 85 139.51 5.14 133 142.67 6.5625 58 147.43 5.19 82 138.83 4.83 140 142.39 6.5426 50 148.17 5.03 64 138.26 4.27 114 142.61 6.7527 36 148.49 6.3 70 138.59 4.56 106 141.95 7.0128 28 147.54 6.38 57 139.03 4.64 85 141.83 6.629 33 149.91 5.06 38 139.56 5.06 71 144.37 7.2230 37 148.88 5.44 48 139.87 5.24 85 143.79 6.9531 – 32 29 147.6 4.99 86 140.65 5.2 115 142.4 5.9633 – 34 20 148.4 6.78 67 139.41 4.51 87 141.48 6.3535 – 36 23 149.96 7.67 58 139.67 4.85 81 142.59 7.437 – 38 25 147.44 6.39 49 138.46 5.41 74 141.49 7.1439 – 40 21 150.25 5.19 35 139.2 6.45 56 143.35 8.04

Landmarks Involved Right Tragion (t_r): Point marking the notch at the superior margin of the tragus, where the cartilage meets the skin of the face. Left Tragion (t_l): Same as above.

Measurement Description A transverse measurement designed to approximate the width of the cranial base at the level of the middle cranial fossa. Other common names for this measurement include: basicranial width/breadth; skull base width/breadth; biauricular distance; and bitragion diameter.

Measurement Method Inter-landmark distance calculated from 3D stereophotogrammetry.





Upper Facial Depth Right


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 101.63 3.62 13 100.41 2.93 24 100.97 3.253.5 18 103.1 3.78 17 101.44 3.24 35 102.3 3.584 12 103.41 3.71 13 103.48 3.98 25 103.45 3.774.5 10 105.45 3.09 7 101.14 3.85 17 103.67 3.965 25 107.87 4.56 20 103.76 3.97 45 106.04 4.736 20 109.45 4.08 21 106.26 4.55 41 107.82 4.577 27 109.3 5.5 13 106.77 4.33 40 108.48 5.238 20 112.75 3.24 16 107.65 4.51 36 110.48 4.599 16 114.09 5.25 24 111.33 5.08 40 112.43 5.2610 18 116.15 4.69 18 111.59 4.05 36 113.87 4.911 23 117.53 5.46 22 113.28 5.53 45 115.45 5.8412 24 118.61 4.99 24 115.4 4.74 48 117.01 5.0813 21 120.59 5.78 26 117.45 3.71 47 118.85 4.9514 16 122.33 4.1 14 116.32 3.58 30 119.52 4.8715 15 122 4.18 15 116.56 3.39 30 119.28 4.6616 9 123.1 5.1 7 119.82 3.43 16 121.67 4.6317 6 126.31 2.42 10 117.08 4.04 16 120.54 5.7518 30 126.15 5.8 47 118.61 4.52 77 121.55 6.2419 29 125.61 3.93 68 119.22 4.29 97 121.13 5.0920 27 126.64 4.62 68 119.76 4.27 95 121.72 5.3521 41 126.84 4.76 71 119.18 4.41 112 121.99 5.8422 43 125.4 5.18 83 118.3 4.42 126 120.72 5.7723 71 126.5 5 104 117.83 4.29 175 121.35 6.2624 48 127.12 5.32 88 118.82 4.79 136 121.75 6.3625 58 126.2 4.16 82 117.73 4.35 140 121.24 5.9726 50 125.84 5.18 64 118.45 4.45 114 121.69 6.0227 37 127.97 5.28 70 119.47 3.92 107 122.41 628 28 125.04 5.71 59 119.14 4.13 87 121.04 5.4329 33 129.5 3.37 38 120.02 4.07 71 124.43 6.0530 37 128.44 4.29 48 119 4.35 85 123.11 6.3731 – 32 29 125.84 4.11 87 120.29 4.48 116 121.67 4.9933 – 34 20 126.08 5.22 68 119.19 4.81 88 120.75 5.6835 – 36 24 128.97 5.89 59 118.61 4.23 83 121.6 6.6937 – 38 25 127.63 4.8 50 119.98 4.93 75 122.53 6.0639 – 40 21 128.41 4.62 35 118.7 5.59 56 122.34 7.04

Landmarks Involved Nasion (n): Midline point where the frontal and nasal bones contact (nasofrontal suture). Soft tissue nasion corresponds to the underlying bony landmark. Right Tragion (t_r): Point marking the notch at the superior margin of the tragus, where the cartilage meets the skin of the face.

Measurement Description A measurement designed to capture the depth or projection of the upper third of the face. Other common names for this measurement include: upper third facial depth and tragio-nasal distance.






Upper Facial Depth Left


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 101.33 3.11 13 100.41 3.83 24 100.83 3.483.5 18 102.89 4.5 18 100.66 3.96 36 101.77 4.334 12 103.51 4.2 12 103.17 2.92 24 103.34 3.544.5 10 104.47 3.11 7 100.15 4.58 17 102.69 4.255 25 107.96 5.37 20 103.64 3.8 45 106.04 5.176 20 108.6 4.15 20 105.73 4.97 40 107.17 4.747 27 108.52 6.34 13 108.26 4.78 40 108.44 5.828 20 111.64 4.16 16 107.53 4.02 36 109.81 4.549 16 113.55 4.47 24 110.41 4.24 40 111.66 4.5510 18 116.11 4.43 17 110.04 4.01 35 113.16 5.1911 23 115.98 4.52 22 112.23 4.95 45 114.14 5.0512 22 118.98 5.13 24 114.82 5.25 46 116.81 5.5513 21 119.81 5.69 26 117.38 3.73 47 118.47 4.8114 16 121.49 4.8 14 114.76 3.78 30 118.35 5.4715 15 121.37 3.15 15 115.61 4.24 30 118.49 4.716 9 124.55 6.46 7 118.17 3.65 16 121.76 6.1917 6 124.94 4.58 10 117.26 2.55 16 120.14 5.0718 30 125.91 4.84 48 118.44 4.31 78 121.31 5.7919 28 126.13 4.23 67 119.06 4.18 95 121.14 5.2820 27 125.77 4.9 68 119.44 4.38 95 121.24 5.3521 41 127.02 4.89 72 119.2 4.83 113 122.04 6.1322 43 124.81 5.31 83 118.46 4.64 126 120.62 5.7223 71 126.47 5.35 104 117.92 4.38 175 121.39 6.3724 48 126.41 5.49 85 118.88 5.38 133 121.6 6.525 58 125.48 4.42 82 117.69 4.53 140 120.92 5.926 50 125.69 5.26 64 118.44 4.3 114 121.62 5.9527 36 126.96 4.2 72 119.32 3.76 108 121.87 5.3128 28 124.88 5.55 57 119.03 4.11 85 120.96 5.3629 33 128.5 4.43 38 119.7 4.11 71 123.79 6.1230 37 128.31 4.94 48 118.79 4.66 85 122.93 6.7231 – 32 29 125.62 3.8 87 119.77 4.51 116 121.23 5.0233 – 34 20 125.93 5.43 67 118.66 5.01 87 120.33 5.9435 – 36 24 128.92 6.13 58 118.72 4.48 82 121.7 6.8337 – 38 25 127.1 5.94 49 118.89 4.61 74 121.66 6.439 – 40 21 127.54 4.98 38 118.11 5.42 59 121.47 6.93

Landmarks Involved Nasion (n): Midline point where the frontal and nasal bones contact (nasofrontal suture). Soft tissue nasion corresponds to the underlying bony landmark. Left Tragion (t_l): Point marking the notch at the superior margin of the tragus, where the carti-lage meets the skin of the face.

Measurement Description A measurement designed to capture the depth or projection of the upper third of the face. Other common names for this measurement include: upper third facial depth and tragio-nasal distance.






Middle Facial Depth Right


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 103.45 3.11 13 101.61 3.07 24 102.45 3.163.5 18 104.31 3.47 17 102.78 3.48 35 103.57 3.514 12 104.51 4.57 13 104.55 5 25 104.53 4.74.5 10 106.71 2.86 7 101.8 3.41 17 104.69 3.95 25 109.28 4.4 20 105.12 4.55 45 107.43 4.896 20 110.98 3.85 21 108.38 4.13 41 109.65 4.167 27 111.91 5.27 13 109.09 3 40 110.99 4.88 20 116.04 3.62 16 111.36 4.25 36 113.96 4.529 16 117.52 5.52 24 114.97 5.59 40 115.99 5.6410 18 119.17 3.8 18 116.1 3.19 36 117.63 3.7911 23 122.07 5.29 22 118.19 6.49 45 120.17 6.1612 24 123.81 5.48 24 120.25 5.57 48 122.03 5.7613 21 126 6.08 26 122.04 3.8 47 123.81 5.2814 16 127.8 3.64 14 120.93 4.4 30 124.6 5.2615 15 127.75 5.63 15 121.47 3.97 30 124.61 5.7516 9 128.21 5.15 7 125.4 3.83 16 126.98 4.717 6 132.77 4.08 10 122.07 4.1 16 126.08 6.6518 30 132.29 5.5 47 123.92 3.94 77 127.18 6.1519 29 132.28 3.89 68 124.85 4.67 97 127.07 5.620 27 133.13 5.12 68 124.51 4.27 95 126.96 5.9621 41 133.46 4.54 71 124.13 4.81 112 127.55 6.5122 43 132 5.74 83 123.22 4.73 126 126.22 6.5723 71 132.48 5.14 104 123.12 4.29 175 126.92 6.5324 48 133.07 5.13 88 124.05 4.88 136 127.24 6.5825 58 132.8 4.9 82 123.41 4.64 140 127.3 6.6326 50 131.79 4.77 64 122.71 4.39 114 126.69 6.4127 37 133.87 5.41 70 124.62 4.29 107 127.82 6.4428 28 131.85 4.84 59 124.04 4.5 87 126.55 5.8729 33 136.16 4.08 38 124.43 4.25 71 129.88 7.230 37 134.35 4.53 48 123.41 4.37 85 128.17 7.0231 – 32 29 132.71 4.47 87 124.58 4.56 116 126.61 5.7333 – 34 20 132.77 4.71 68 123.52 4.38 88 125.62 5.935 – 36 24 134.81 6.32 59 123.41 4.29 83 126.71 7.1637 – 38 25 133.31 4.64 50 123.88 4.81 75 127.02 6.5139 – 40 21 134.22 5.04 35 122.3 6.06 56 126.77 8.11

Landmarks Involved Subnasale (sn): Midline point marking the junction between the inferior border of the nasal septum and the cutaneous upper lip. It is the apex of the nasolabial angle. Right Tragion (t_r): Point marking the notch at the superior margin of the tragus, where the cartilage meets the skin of the face.

Measurement Description A measurement designed to capture the depth or projection of the middle third of the face (midface). Other common names for this measurement include: midfacial/midface depth; middle third facial depth; and tragio-subnasal distance.






Middle Facial Depth Left


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 102.39 3.21 13 101.6 4.04 24 101.96 3.633.5 18 104.25 3.86 18 101.79 3.99 36 103.02 4.074 12 104.72 4.82 12 104.05 3.7 24 104.38 4.224.5 10 105.37 3.36 7 101.52 4.06 17 103.78 4.045 25 109.38 5.38 20 104.5 4.33 45 107.21 5.476 20 110.03 3.82 20 107.97 4.52 40 109 4.267 27 111.13 5.49 13 111.04 4.03 40 111.1 5.018 20 114.84 3.74 16 111.35 4.21 36 113.29 4.279 16 117.01 4.85 24 114.36 5.15 40 115.42 5.1410 18 119.08 3.47 17 114.28 3.22 35 116.75 4.111 23 120.4 4.01 22 117.08 5.33 45 118.78 4.9412 22 123.94 5.46 24 119.84 5.75 46 121.8 5.9213 21 124.92 5.75 26 121.96 3.7 47 123.28 4.914 16 126.22 4.34 14 119.49 4.37 30 123.08 5.4815 15 127.36 4.31 15 120.42 4.61 30 123.89 5.6316 9 129.79 6.82 7 122.52 3.52 16 126.61 6.617 6 131.83 5.12 10 121.6 3.18 16 125.43 6.418 30 132.07 4.87 48 123.94 3.95 78 127.07 5.8619 28 131.93 3.93 67 124.36 4.28 95 126.59 5.4220 27 131.85 5 68 124.46 4.26 95 126.56 5.5821 41 133.42 4.94 72 124.05 4.93 113 127.45 6.6822 43 131.18 5.11 83 123.08 4.88 126 125.84 6.2623 71 131.75 5.17 104 122.57 4.41 175 126.3 6.5324 48 132.36 5.23 85 124.02 5.55 133 127.03 6.7525 58 131.39 5.4 82 123.11 4.68 140 126.54 6.4426 50 131.1 4.73 64 122.32 4.31 114 126.17 6.2627 36 132.74 4.84 72 124.42 4.3 108 127.2 5.9528 28 131.45 5.06 57 123.58 4.31 85 126.17 5.8729 33 134.6 5.19 38 123.99 4.05 71 128.92 7.0330 37 134.28 5.34 48 122.92 4.36 85 127.87 7.4131 – 32 29 132.11 4.49 87 124.04 4.78 116 126.06 5.8633 – 34 20 132.11 5.12 67 122.54 4.73 87 124.74 6.2835 – 36 24 134.54 6.26 58 123.34 4.45 82 126.61 7.1637 – 38 25 132.72 5.31 49 122.61 4.71 74 126.03 6.8639 – 40 21 133.52 5.39 38 121.62 5.71 59 125.85 7.99

Landmarks Involved Subnasale (sn): Midline point marking the junction between the inferior border of the nasal septum and the cutaneous upper lip. It is the apex of the nasolabial angle. Left Tragion (t_l): Point marking the notch at the superior margin of the tragus, where the carti-lage meets the skin of the face.

Measurement Description A measurement designed to capture the depth or projection of the middle third of the face (midface). Other common names for this measurement include: midfacial/midface depth; middle third facial depth; and tragio-subnasal distance.






Lower Facial Depth Right


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 9 110.82 4.15 12 106.27 3.09 21 108.22 4.183.5 17 110.41 4.49 16 110.29 4.73 33 110.35 4.534 10 112.37 5.56 12 113.45 5.63 22 112.96 5.494.5 10 115.15 4.1 7 111.11 5.39 17 113.48 4.965 24 117.75 4.6 20 113.61 4.32 44 115.87 4.896 19 119.77 4.11 20 117.23 5.4 39 118.46 4.927 27 120.57 5.58 12 117.75 4.14 39 119.7 5.298 20 125.31 5.83 16 120.62 5.23 36 123.22 5.989 16 128.5 6.97 24 124.27 5.13 40 125.96 6.2110 18 128.96 4.97 18 126.36 4.82 36 127.66 511 23 134 7.17 22 130.58 8.26 45 132.33 7.8212 24 136.57 6.51 24 132.97 8.03 48 134.77 7.4613 21 140.51 7.35 26 134.69 3.69 47 137.29 6.2814 16 142.41 5.86 14 134.58 6.53 30 138.75 7.2515 15 142.36 8.64 15 133.72 6.52 30 138.04 8.7116 9 143.1 8.02 7 140.29 4.41 16 141.87 6.6517 5 145.49 2.96 10 138.66 8.06 15 140.94 7.4418 29 148.41 6.69 46 138.75 4.75 75 142.48 7.2919 28 149.54 4.52 66 138.81 6.36 94 142.01 7.6520 27 151 6.42 65 139.21 5.42 92 142.67 7.8521 39 150.72 6.43 71 138.29 6.85 110 142.7 8.9622 42 149.9 6.69 81 138.19 6.12 123 142.19 8.4123 69 151.09 6.19 101 138.72 5.29 170 143.74 8.3124 48 151.97 6.02 88 140.33 5.73 136 144.44 8.0625 57 152.74 6.08 80 138.41 6.7 137 144.37 9.5726 47 152.38 5.9 63 137.44 5.25 110 143.83 9.2527 34 152.4 6.71 69 140.7 5.87 103 144.56 8.2528 28 150.73 6.38 59 139.84 6.28 87 143.34 8.129 32 155.48 6.18 38 139.75 5.75 70 146.94 9.8630 34 153.32 5.77 48 138.95 6.4 82 144.91 9.3831 – 32 26 152.56 5.54 87 140.45 6.33 113 143.23 7.9933 – 34 20 150.98 6.35 68 140.12 5.49 88 142.59 7.2835 – 36 24 153.13 7.42 58 139.88 5.01 82 143.76 8.3737 – 38 21 152.28 6.83 50 139.7 4.86 71 143.42 7.9639 – 40 21 153.5 7.26 34 139.89 7.21 55 145.09 9.79

Landmarks Involved Gnathion (gn): Midline point on the inferior border of the mandible. Corresponds to the underly-ing bony landmark. Right Tragion (t_r): Point marking the notch at the superior margin of the tragus, where the cartilage meets the skin of the face.

Measurement Description A measurement designed to capture the depth or projection of the lower third of the face (re-lating to the mandible). Other common names for this measurement include: lower third facial depth and tragio-gnathion distance.






Lower Facial Depth Left


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 9 109.9 4.22 12 106.8 3.85 21 108.13 4.213.5 17 110.72 4.6 17 109.34 4.8 34 110.03 4.684 10 111.86 4.67 11 112.25 5.34 21 112.07 4.914.5 10 114.21 4.34 7 111.08 5.79 17 112.92 5.075 24 117.75 5.73 20 113.22 4.11 44 115.69 5.56 19 119.09 3.98 19 116.79 5.26 38 117.94 4.757 27 120.12 5.36 11 119.4 4.1 38 119.91 4.998 20 124.23 5.99 16 120.91 5.26 36 122.75 5.849 16 127.35 6.17 24 124.33 5.24 40 125.54 5.7510 18 129.28 4.58 17 124.74 4.48 35 127.07 5.0211 23 133 6.14 22 129.91 8.06 45 131.49 7.2312 22 136.59 6.73 24 133.11 8.31 46 134.78 7.7113 21 139.72 7.2 26 135.08 4.22 47 137.15 6.1414 16 141.22 5.92 14 133.24 6.05 30 137.5 7.1315 15 142.51 7.84 15 132.81 7.17 30 137.66 8.8816 9 144.07 10.37 7 138.04 4.99 16 141.43 8.7617 5 143.99 4.58 10 138.2 8.02 15 140.13 7.4418 29 148.04 5.85 47 138.36 4.92 76 142.06 7.0719 28 149.57 3.94 65 138.25 6.08 93 141.66 7.5920 27 150.17 6.98 65 139.22 5.77 92 142.43 7.921 39 149.92 6.69 72 138.4 6.81 111 142.45 8.7222 42 149.31 6.12 81 137.82 6.14 123 141.74 8.223 69 150.4 6.19 100 138.33 5.82 169 143.26 8.4224 48 151.81 6.13 85 140.18 5.95 133 144.38 8.2125 57 151.54 5.96 80 138.31 6.15 137 143.81 8.9126 47 151.6 6.61 63 137.29 5.15 110 143.4 9.1727 34 151.8 6.12 70 140.1 5.85 104 143.93 8.0828 28 150.43 6.61 57 139.16 6.17 85 142.87 8.2429 32 154.23 6.53 38 139.48 5.24 70 146.23 9.4130 34 153.06 5.85 48 138.84 6.63 82 144.73 9.4431 – 32 26 151.43 5.7 87 140.18 6.45 113 142.77 7.8633 – 34 20 150.28 6.75 67 139.62 5.27 87 142.07 7.1935 – 36 24 153.35 8.71 57 139.62 5.3 81 143.68 9.0237 – 38 21 151.97 7.15 49 138.44 5.19 70 142.5 8.5239 – 40 21 152.86 6.98 37 139.11 6.51 58 144.09 9.4

Landmarks Involved Gnathion (gn): Midline point on the inferior border of the mandible. Corresponds to the underly-ing bony landmark. Left Tragion (t_l): Point marking the notch at the superior margin of the tragus, where the carti-lage meets the skin of the face.

Measurement Description A measurement designed to capture the depth or projection of the lower third of the face (re-lating to the mandible). Other common names for this measurement include: lower third facial depth and tragio-gnathion distance.






Morphological Facial Height


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 9 92.42 6.66 12 91.82 4.94 21 92.07 5.593.5 17 93.44 6.19 17 94.28 6.25 34 93.86 6.144 10 94.73 3.17 12 96.03 4.65 22 95.44 4.014.5 11 98.32 6.88 7 96.6 4.89 18 97.65 6.085 24 100.35 5.61 21 95.43 3.67 45 98.05 5.366 20 102.96 5.42 22 100.32 4.47 42 101.58 5.067 27 101.8 4.94 12 99.24 2.43 39 101.01 4.468 20 106.25 6.5 16 101.56 3.29 36 104.17 5.769 17 107.49 6.7 24 105.46 4.87 41 106.3 5.7110 18 109.9 5.63 18 105.74 5.8 36 107.82 6.0211 23 110.62 6.73 22 109.05 5.28 45 109.85 6.0512 24 113.82 5.39 24 113.29 6.64 48 113.56 5.9913 21 117.46 6.69 27 114.47 4.66 48 115.78 5.7714 16 120.8 7.71 14 109.59 6.72 30 115.57 9.1315 16 122.48 6.18 15 115.78 8.69 31 119.24 8.1216 10 124.17 7.73 7 118.22 3.43 17 121.72 6.8717 5 128.45 9.46 10 114.56 6.05 15 119.19 9.7518 29 125.48 8.07 47 116.34 5.56 76 119.82 7.9519 28 125.33 5.46 68 118.63 5.79 96 120.59 6.4420 28 128.4 6.77 69 119.41 6.49 97 122 7.7221 39 125.84 6.21 73 118.33 6.06 112 120.95 7.0722 42 125.85 6.37 83 117.83 5.92 125 120.52 7.1523 70 126.21 6.95 101 119.06 6.35 171 121.99 7.4624 48 126.54 6.76 88 117.72 5.83 136 120.83 7.4725 57 127.62 5.52 80 118.7 6.29 137 122.41 7.4226 47 126.68 6 63 118.21 6.75 110 121.83 7.6727 34 126.9 5.7 71 118.95 5.98 105 121.52 6.9628 28 125.22 6.73 60 118.91 5.81 88 120.91 6.7629 32 128.25 6.99 38 118.79 4.82 70 123.12 7.5530 34 129.85 6.74 48 117.45 5.4 82 122.59 8.5631 – 32 26 127.17 8.31 88 119.32 5.58 114 121.11 7.0833 – 34 20 127.74 5.34 68 119.59 6.12 88 121.44 6.8535 – 36 25 129.08 7.31 59 117.89 5.24 84 121.22 7.8237 – 38 21 128.83 6.85 52 120.08 6.16 73 122.6 7.4739 – 40 22 128.33 5.98 40 116.46 7.2 62 120.67 8.85

Landmarks Involved Nasion (n): Midline point where the frontal and nasal bones contact (nasofrontal suture). Soft tissue nasion corresponds to the underlying bony landmark. Gnathion (gn): Midline point on the inferior border of the mandible. Corresponds to the underly-ing bony landmark.

Measurement Description A common facial measurement designed to capture the entire vertical length/height of the face or viscerocranium. Other common names for this measurement include: anatomical facial length; facial height; and total facial length.






Upper Facial Height


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 55.86 3.63 13 56.61 3.36 24 56.27 3.433.5 18 58.89 4.1 18 58.61 3.22 36 58.75 3.644 12 58.19 3.07 13 60.51 3.68 25 59.4 3.544.5 11 59.98 4.59 7 59.54 3.04 18 59.81 3.965 25 62.76 4.45 21 59.25 2.97 46 61.16 4.26 21 64.25 4.16 23 62.53 3.38 44 63.35 3.837 27 62.89 4.22 14 62.03 3.4 41 62.59 3.948 20 65.8 5.41 16 63.69 2.39 36 64.86 4.419 17 66.4 4.76 24 66.04 3.81 41 66.19 4.1710 18 69.94 3.87 18 65.92 2.66 36 67.93 3.8611 23 68.5 4.9 22 67.83 3.84 45 68.17 4.3712 24 71.52 3.92 24 70.41 4.29 48 70.97 4.1113 21 72.88 4.28 27 71.64 3.23 48 72.18 3.7414 16 74.22 4.46 14 68.75 4.48 30 71.67 5.1915 16 75.93 3.91 15 72.97 5.02 31 74.5 4.6616 10 76.9 5.86 7 73.08 2.17 17 75.33 4.9817 6 81.56 5.26 10 70.54 4 16 74.67 7.0118 30 77.19 5.29 48 71.91 4.07 78 73.94 5.2319 29 76.43 3.68 70 73.37 3.94 99 74.27 4.0920 28 78.48 4.58 72 73.86 4.23 100 75.16 4.7821 41 77.38 4.13 73 73.97 3.9 114 75.2 4.2922 43 77.04 4.68 84 73.87 4.6 127 74.95 4.8523 72 77.54 4.62 105 74.39 4.76 177 75.67 4.9424 48 77.82 4.81 88 73.97 4.55 136 75.33 4.9825 59 78.22 3.82 82 74.14 4.21 141 75.85 4.5126 50 77.77 4.07 64 74.09 5.19 114 75.7 5.0627 37 77.92 4.45 73 75.25 4.26 110 76.15 4.4828 28 77.16 4.49 60 74.35 4.46 88 75.24 4.6429 33 78.37 4.95 39 74.69 4.17 72 76.38 4.8830 37 79.42 4.99 48 73.36 3.82 85 76 5.2931 – 32 29 79.16 4.64 88 75.05 4.12 117 76.07 4.5933 – 34 20 78.75 3.64 68 75.22 4.15 88 76.02 4.2935 – 36 25 79.95 4.11 60 73.83 3.79 85 75.63 4.7737 – 38 24 79.74 5.6 52 75.59 4.37 76 76.9 5.1439 – 40 22 79.93 4 40 72.77 4.91 62 75.31 5.73

Landmarks Involved Nasion (n): Midline point where the frontal and nasal bones contact (nasofrontal suture). Soft tissue nasion corresponds to the underlying bony landmark. 6WRPLRQ��VWR��0LGSRLQW�RI�WKH�ODELDO�ÀVVXUH�

Measurement Description This measurement is designed to principally capture the vertical length/height of the upper portion of the face or viscerocranium. Despite its name, this measurement contains segments RI�WKH�FODVVLFDOO\�GHÀQHG�PLGGOH�DQG�ORZHU�IDFLDO�WKLUGV��2WKHU�FRPPRQ�QDPHV�IRU�WKLV�PHDVXUH-ment include: naso-buccal height.






Lower Facial Height



Landmarks Involved Subnasale (sn): Midline point marking the junction between the inferior border of the nasal septum and the cutaneous upper lip. It is the apex of the nasolabial angle. Gnathion (gn): Midline point on the inferior border of the mandible. Corresponds to the underly-ing bony landmark.

Measurement Description This measurement is designed to principally capture the vertical length/height of the lower portion of the face or viscerocranium. Despite its name, this measurement contains segments of both the middle and lower facial thirds.






Intercanthal Width


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 27.12 1.31 13 28.68 2.3 24 27.96 2.043.5 18 28.36 2.08 18 27.9 2.22 36 28.13 2.134 12 28.15 1.54 13 29.19 2.11 25 28.69 1.94.5 10 29.96 1.52 6 28.11 1.95 16 29.27 1.875 25 29.24 2.87 21 28.98 2.65 46 29.12 2.756 21 30.04 2.04 23 29.48 2.51 44 29.74 2.297 27 29.67 2.46 14 30.26 1.82 41 29.87 2.268 20 31.38 3.47 16 29.65 2.54 36 30.61 3.179 17 31.95 2.98 24 30.79 2.58 41 31.27 2.7710 18 31.35 2.6 18 31.51 1.98 36 31.43 2.2811 23 31.94 2.91 22 30.92 2.44 45 31.44 2.7112 24 32.32 2.95 24 32.39 2.91 48 32.36 2.913 21 31.73 3.75 27 32.03 2.56 48 31.9 3.114 16 32.29 2.05 14 31.33 2.11 30 31.84 2.115 16 31.69 2.67 15 31.28 2.04 31 31.49 2.3616 10 32.13 1.66 7 31.8 3.24 17 32 2.3517 6 32.95 3.83 10 32.51 3.2 16 32.68 3.3318 30 33.15 2.78 48 31.14 2.89 78 31.91 319 29 32.79 2.51 70 31.27 2.36 99 31.72 2.4920 28 31.87 1.71 72 31.25 2.33 100 31.43 2.1821 41 32.59 3.47 73 30.98 2.77 114 31.56 3.1222 42 32.11 2.82 85 31.76 3.12 127 31.88 3.0223 72 33.33 2.68 104 31.08 2.92 176 32 3.0324 48 33.24 3.37 88 31.49 2.32 136 32.11 2.8525 59 33.08 3.15 82 30.69 2.84 141 31.69 3.1926 50 32.58 2.77 64 31.57 2.52 114 32.02 2.6727 37 32.73 3.06 73 31.44 3 110 31.88 3.0628 28 32.68 2.73 60 31.06 2.92 88 31.57 2.9529 33 32.39 2.55 39 30.87 2.24 72 31.57 2.4930 37 32.62 2.79 48 31.96 2.61 85 32.25 2.6931 – 32 28 32.37 2.97 88 31.98 2.43 116 32.08 2.5733 – 34 20 31.63 3.98 67 30.78 2.64 87 30.98 335 – 36 25 33.63 2.65 60 30.8 2.9 85 31.63 3.137 – 38 25 32.2 3.26 51 32.03 3.25 76 32.09 3.2339 – 40 22 33.45 2.66 41 31.16 2.93 63 31.96 3.02

Landmarks Involved 5LJKW�(QGRFDQWKLRQ��HQBU��$SH[�RI�WKH�DQJOH�IRUPHG�DW�WKH�LQQHU�FRUQHU�RI�WKH�SDOSHEUDO�ÀVVXUH�where the upper and lower eyelids meet. Left Endocanthion (en_l): Same as above.

Measurement Description Horizontal measurement designed to quantify the inner distance between the eyes. Other com-mon names for this measurement include: innercanthal width/breadth/distance; endocanthal width/breadth/distance; internal bipalpebral width/breadth/distance; internal interorbital width/breadth/distance; and interocular width/breadth/distance.






Outercanthal Width


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 10 72.83 2.6 13 72.95 4.05 23 72.9 3.423.5 18 75.18 2.91 18 72.95 2.76 36 74.06 3.024 12 74.8 3.35 13 76.11 2.13 25 75.48 2.84.5 11 76.71 1.89 6 74.94 2.52 17 76.08 2.235 24 76.94 3.53 20 75.23 3.67 44 76.16 3.656 20 78.47 3.43 23 77.08 3.73 43 77.72 3.627 27 80.02 3.54 13 80.32 4.24 40 80.12 3.738 20 81.65 3.49 16 77.74 3.4 36 79.91 3.939 16 83.52 4.18 24 81.02 3.2 40 82.02 3.7810 17 84.12 3.71 18 81.1 3 35 82.57 3.6511 23 84.71 5.19 21 83.33 4.59 44 84.05 4.9112 23 85.5 4.28 22 82.78 4.23 45 84.17 4.4313 20 87.89 4.2 27 85.75 3.58 47 86.66 3.9614 16 87.92 3.41 14 85.25 2.71 30 86.67 3.3415 15 87.33 4.35 15 85.06 4.53 30 86.2 4.5116 10 86.7 4.53 7 85.29 3.01 17 86.12 3.9317 5 87.15 3.65 10 88.02 3.19 15 87.73 3.2418 30 90.22 4.38 48 86.18 4.22 78 87.74 4.6919 29 89.29 4.15 70 86.67 4.08 99 87.44 4.2520 28 88.05 4.4 68 86.04 3.55 96 86.62 3.9121 41 89.68 3.8 73 85.85 3.02 114 87.23 3.7822 41 88.2 4.22 85 85.48 3.89 126 86.36 4.1923 71 89.21 3.25 104 85.13 3.52 175 86.79 3.9524 47 88.63 4.28 87 85.9 3.85 134 86.86 4.225 57 89.31 4.02 81 85.22 3.79 138 86.91 4.3726 49 88.27 3.36 64 85.56 3.34 113 86.73 3.627 37 89.17 4.4 70 85.34 4.07 107 86.67 4.5528 28 88.85 3.46 58 85.46 3.85 86 86.57 4.0429 33 89.44 3.84 39 85.13 4.52 72 87.1 4.7230 37 88.82 3.48 48 85.4 4.72 85 86.89 4.5431 – 32 28 88.37 4.37 87 85.64 4.12 115 86.31 4.3233 – 34 19 88.46 4.13 67 84.8 3.47 86 85.61 3.9135 – 36 24 89.62 3.95 59 84.73 3.42 83 86.15 4.1937 – 38 25 88.71 4.24 52 85.36 3.94 77 86.45 4.3139 – 40 21 87.84 4.4 40 85.14 4.67 61 86.07 4.72

Landmarks Involved 5LJKW�([RFDQWKLRQ��H[BU��$SH[�RI�WKH�DQJOH�IRUPHG�DW�WKH�RXWHU�FRUQHU�RI�WKH�SDOSHEUDO�ÀVVXUH�where the upper and lower eyelids meet. Left Exocanthion (ex_l): Same as above.

Measurement Description Horizontal measurement designed to quantify the outer distance between the eyes. Other com-mon names for this measurement include: biocular width/breadth/distance; exocanthal width/breadth/distance; external biocular width/breadth/distance; external interorbital width/breadth/distance; and external bipalpebral width/breadth/distance.






Palpebral Fissure Length Right


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 10 24.11 1.91 13 23.22 1.55 23 23.61 1.733.5 18 24.28 1.46 18 23.45 2.03 36 23.86 1.794 12 24.12 1.61 13 24.55 1.41 25 24.34 1.494.5 10 24.43 0.97 6 24.37 0.7 16 24.41 0.865 24 24.43 1.39 20 24.15 1.91 44 24.3 1.636 21 24.75 1.22 23 24.72 1.52 44 24.74 1.377 27 25.99 2.25 13 26.2 1.93 40 26.06 2.138 20 25.82 1.53 16 24.93 1.71 36 25.43 1.659 16 26.56 1.5 24 25.93 1.67 40 26.18 1.6110 17 27.11 1.75 18 25.55 1.18 35 26.31 1.6611 23 27.51 2.21 21 26.97 1.82 44 27.25 2.0312 23 27.54 1.66 22 26.41 1.88 45 26.99 1.8413 20 28.51 2.21 27 27.65 1.93 47 28.02 2.0714 16 28.63 1.71 14 27.91 1.8 30 28.29 1.7615 15 28.44 2.26 15 27.52 2.49 30 27.98 2.3816 10 27.84 2.39 7 27.55 1.7 17 27.72 2.0817 5 28.04 2.34 10 28.65 2.49 15 28.44 2.3718 30 29.55 1.55 48 28.62 2.03 78 28.98 1.919 29 29.03 2.12 70 28.7 2.02 99 28.8 2.0420 28 29.01 2.19 69 28.53 1.78 97 28.66 1.9121 41 29.48 1.65 73 28.57 1.75 114 28.9 1.7622 40 29.02 1.96 85 27.73 1.82 125 28.14 1.9523 71 28.86 1.6 104 27.83 1.9 175 28.25 1.8524 47 28.54 1.86 87 28.08 1.83 134 28.24 1.8525 58 28.95 1.78 81 28.2 1.73 139 28.51 1.7826 49 28.39 1.62 64 27.85 1.7 113 28.09 1.6827 37 29.1 2.11 70 27.87 1.79 107 28.3 1.9928 28 29.03 1.76 58 28.05 1.74 86 28.37 1.829 33 29.43 1.91 39 27.86 2.14 72 28.58 2.1730 37 28.9 1.8 48 27.46 2.49 85 28.09 2.3231 – 32 28 28.94 2.2 87 27.66 1.89 115 27.97 2.0433 – 34 19 28.99 2.02 66 27.76 1.89 85 28.03 1.9735 – 36 24 28.71 1.89 59 27.7 1.8 83 28 1.8737 – 38 25 29.06 1.93 52 27.47 2 77 27.98 2.1139 – 40 21 27.86 2.12 40 27.69 2.33 61 27.75 2.24

Landmarks Involved 5LJKW�(QGRFDQWKLRQ��HQBU��$SH[�RI�WKH�DQJOH�IRUPHG�DW�WKH�LQQHU�FRUQHU�RI�WKH�SDOSHEUDO�ÀVVXUH�where the upper and lower eyelids meet. 5LJKW�([RFDQWKLRQ��H[BU��$SH[�RI�WKH�DQJOH�IRUPHG�DW�WKH�RXWHU�FRUQHU�RI�WKH�SDOSHEUDO�ÀVVXUH�where the upper and lower eyelids meet.

Measurement Description 7KH�KRUL]RQWDO�OHQJWK�RI�WKH�H\H�ÀVVXUH��IURP�FRUQHU�WR�FRUQHU��2WKHU�FRPPRQ�QDPHV�IRU�WKLV�PHDVXUHPHQW�LQFOXGH��H\H�ÀVVXUH�OHQJWK�






Palpebral Fissure Length Left


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 10 23.39 1.57 13 22.73 1.54 23 23.01 1.553.5 18 24.07 1.43 18 23.14 1.93 36 23.61 1.744 12 23.64 1.45 13 23.88 1.47 25 23.77 1.444.5 11 23.79 1.18 6 23.96 1.44 17 23.85 1.245 24 24.59 1.59 21 23.62 1.87 45 24.13 1.776 20 24.8 1.35 23 24.49 1.7 43 24.64 1.547 27 25.86 1.95 13 25.44 1.78 40 25.73 1.888 20 25.81 1.61 16 24.49 1.6 36 25.23 1.719 16 26.22 1.54 24 25.87 1.16 40 26.01 1.3210 17 26.95 2.26 18 25.17 1.29 35 26.03 2.0211 23 26.67 2.02 21 26.81 2.05 44 26.74 2.0112 23 27.1 1.75 22 25.87 1.93 45 26.5 1.9213 20 28.77 2.1 27 27.66 2.16 47 28.13 2.1814 16 28.48 2.14 14 27.66 1.9 30 28.09 2.0415 15 28.65 2.27 15 27.64 2.28 30 28.14 2.2916 10 28.03 2.27 7 27.53 1.75 17 27.82 2.0317 5 27.04 2.3 10 28.68 2.9 15 28.14 2.7518 30 29.14 1.72 48 28.14 2.07 78 28.52 1.9919 29 28.93 2.12 70 28.47 2.18 99 28.6 2.1620 28 28.71 2.22 69 28.04 1.94 97 28.23 2.0421 41 29.3 1.8 73 28.06 1.86 114 28.51 1.9322 41 28.79 1.92 85 27.51 2.07 126 27.93 2.1123 71 28.47 1.66 104 27.65 1.85 175 27.98 1.8224 47 28.31 1.87 87 27.85 2.05 134 28.01 1.9925 57 28.71 1.84 81 27.82 1.87 138 28.19 1.926 49 28.38 1.8 64 27.59 1.79 113 27.94 1.8327 37 28.66 2.08 70 27.49 1.8 107 27.9 1.9728 28 28.44 1.74 58 27.87 2.1 86 28.06 229 33 28.95 2.24 39 27.76 2.21 72 28.31 2.2830 37 28.51 1.98 48 27.17 2.21 85 27.75 2.231 – 32 28 28.37 2.07 87 27.42 2.11 115 27.65 2.1333 – 34 19 29.07 1.61 67 27.68 2.09 86 27.98 2.0735 – 36 24 28.77 1.72 59 27.7 1.89 83 28.01 1.8937 – 38 25 28.8 1.92 51 27.21 1.95 76 27.73 2.0639 – 40 21 27.67 2.02 40 27.55 2.12 61 27.59 2.07

Landmarks Involved /HIW�(QGRFDQWKLRQ��HQBO��$SH[�RI�WKH�DQJOH�IRUPHG�DW�WKH�LQQHU�FRUQHU�RI�WKH�SDOSHEUDO�ÀVVXUH�where the upper and lower eyelids meet. /HIW�([RFDQWKLRQ��H[BO��$SH[�RI�WKH�DQJOH�IRUPHG�DW�WKH�RXWHU�FRUQHU�RI�WKH�SDOSHEUDO�ÀVVXUH�where the upper and lower eyelids meet.

Measurement Description 7KH�KRUL]RQWDO�OHQJWK�RI�WKH�H\H�ÀVVXUH��IURP�FRUQHU�WR�FRUQHU��2WKHU�FRPPRQ�QDPHV�IRU�WKLV�PHDVXUHPHQW�LQFOXGH��H\H�ÀVVXUH�OHQJWK�






Nasal Width


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 27.22 1.75 13 26.73 1.58 24 26.96 1.643.5 18 27.23 1.61 18 27 1.68 36 27.11 1.634 12 27.32 1.48 12 27.72 1.83 24 27.52 1.644.5 11 28.56 1.89 7 27.25 2.68 18 28.05 2.255 25 28.39 2.34 21 27.32 1.57 46 27.9 2.076 21 28.55 1.86 23 27.8 1.88 44 28.16 1.897 27 29.2 2.29 14 27.96 1.77 41 28.77 2.198 20 30.5 1.88 16 28.7 1.95 36 29.7 2.099 17 30.5 1.73 24 29.12 2.03 41 29.69 2.0110 18 30.86 2.06 18 30.8 2.58 36 30.83 2.311 23 31.23 2.32 22 30.74 2.91 45 30.99 2.612 24 32.57 2.49 24 31.91 2.1 48 32.24 2.313 21 32.94 2.67 27 33.09 2.13 48 33.02 2.3514 16 34.2 2.88 14 33.01 2.14 30 33.65 2.5915 16 35.3 2.97 15 31.91 1.96 31 33.66 3.0316 10 34.05 2.74 7 31.93 2.51 17 33.18 2.7817 6 36.67 2.34 10 33.07 2.91 16 34.42 3.1918 30 37.01 2.24 48 32.93 2.38 78 34.5 3.0519 29 36 2.13 70 32.66 2.27 99 33.64 2.6920 28 35.51 2.14 72 32.29 2.36 100 33.19 2.7121 41 36.09 2.83 73 32.44 2.05 114 33.75 2.9422 42 35.72 2.45 85 32.55 2.24 127 33.6 2.7423 71 36.03 2.49 105 32.26 2.19 176 33.78 2.9624 48 36.45 2.38 88 32.26 2.26 136 33.74 3.0525 59 35.77 2.59 82 32.37 2.19 141 33.79 2.8926 50 36.07 2.41 64 31.84 2.25 114 33.7 3.1327 37 35.48 2.4 73 32.63 2.38 110 33.59 2.7328 28 36.14 2.88 60 32.53 2.18 88 33.68 2.9429 33 37.2 2.5 39 32.22 2.22 72 34.5 3.4230 37 36.5 2.49 48 32.91 2.58 85 34.47 3.131 – 32 29 35.32 2.33 88 33.06 2.14 117 33.62 2.3933 – 34 20 35.89 2.46 68 32.79 2.39 88 33.49 2.7235 – 36 25 36.2 3.32 60 33.05 2.46 85 33.98 3.0837 – 38 25 36.55 3.39 52 33.25 2.16 77 34.32 3.0339 – 40 22 37.02 3.21 41 33.08 2.87 63 34.46 3.52

Landmarks Involved Right Alare (al_r): Most lateral point on the nasal ala. Left Alare (al_l): Same as above.

Measurement Description Horizontal measurement that captures the maximum soft-tissue width of the nose at the level of the alae. Other common names for this measurement include: nose width/breadth; bialar width/breadth; and soft nose width/breadth.






Subnasal Width


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 15.84 1.77 13 14.12 2.8 24 14.91 2.493.5 18 15.87 1.8 18 14.84 2.39 36 15.36 2.154 11 15.48 1.34 13 14.28 2.86 24 14.83 2.334.5 11 15.68 3 7 14.43 3.1 18 15.19 3.015 25 15.65 2.28 21 14.59 2.28 46 15.17 2.326 21 16.2 2.11 23 14.92 2.26 44 15.53 2.267 27 16.35 2.37 14 15.32 2.02 41 16 2.288 20 16.54 2.74 16 15.58 2.14 36 16.12 2.519 17 16.88 2.03 24 15.38 2.24 41 16 2.2610 18 16.93 2.04 18 17.53 1.71 36 17.23 1.8811 23 17.56 1.85 22 15.84 2.16 45 16.72 2.1712 24 17.25 1.69 24 16.06 1.92 48 16.66 1.8913 21 17.05 1.97 27 17.25 2.14 48 17.16 2.0514 16 17.9 3.09 14 18.46 2.72 30 18.16 2.8915 16 18.36 2.07 15 17.11 1.73 31 17.76 1.9816 10 17.71 1.96 7 17.71 1.66 17 17.71 1.7917 6 18.74 1.9 10 16.36 1.88 16 17.25 2.1718 30 19 2.88 47 17.75 2.26 77 18.24 2.5819 29 18.43 2.36 70 17.18 2.39 99 17.55 2.4420 28 18.84 2.23 72 17.25 2.31 100 17.7 2.3921 41 19.17 2.57 73 16.79 2.22 114 17.65 2.6122 43 18.75 2.31 85 17.42 2.3 128 17.87 2.3823 72 19.49 3.05 105 17.13 2.33 177 18.09 2.8824 48 19.47 2.45 88 17.09 2.07 136 17.93 2.4825 58 19.45 2.49 82 16.9 2.11 140 17.96 2.5926 50 19.77 2.73 63 17.32 2.14 113 18.4 2.727 37 19.54 3.17 73 17.82 2.19 110 18.4 2.6728 28 18.26 2.6 60 17.16 2.15 88 17.51 2.3529 33 19.56 2.5 39 17.73 2.99 72 18.57 2.930 37 20.22 2.08 48 17.64 2.81 85 18.76 2.8231 – 32 28 19.16 2.81 88 17.61 2.18 116 17.98 2.4333 – 34 20 19.35 2.77 68 17.97 2.39 88 18.28 2.5435 – 36 25 19.71 3.36 60 18.01 2.62 85 18.51 2.9437 – 38 25 19.68 3.31 52 17.82 2.23 77 18.43 2.7539 – 40 22 20.87 3.51 41 17.35 2.82 63 18.58 3.49

Landmarks Involved Right Subalare (sbal_r): Point located at the lower margin of the nasal ala, where the cartilage insterts in the cutaneous upper lip. Left Subalare (sbal_l): Same as above.

Measurement Description +RUL]RQWDO�PHDVXUHPHQW�RI�WKH�QDVDO�ÁRRU��DW�WKH�LQWHUIDFH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�QRVH�DQG�XSSHU�OLS��2WKHU�FRPPRQ�QDPHV�IRU�WKLV�PHDVXUHPHQW�LQFOXGH��QDVDO�ÁRRU�ZLGWK�EUHDGWK�






Nasal Protrusion



Landmarks Involved Subnasale (sn): Midline point marking the junction between the inferior border of the nasal septum and the cutaneous upper lip. It is the apex of the nasolabial angle. Pronasale (prn): Midline point marking the maximum protrusion of the nasal tip.

Measurement Description 3URMHFWLYH�PHDVXUHPHQW�RI�WKH�QRVH�VSDQQLQJ�WKH�VXEQDVDO�VXUIDFH��IURP�WKH�QDVDO�ÁRRU�WR�the nasal tip. Other common names for this measurement include: nose protrusion and nasal depth.






Nasal Ala Length Right


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 21.91 1.11 13 21.95 1.46 24 21.93 1.283.5 18 22.11 1.11 18 21.66 1.14 36 21.88 1.134 12 22.24 1 13 22.26 1.22 25 22.25 1.14.5 11 23.59 1.5 7 22.67 1.98 18 23.23 1.715 25 23.68 1.58 21 22.95 1.22 46 23.35 1.466 21 24.15 1.15 23 23.74 1.14 44 23.94 1.157 27 24.79 1.52 14 23.56 1.45 41 24.37 1.598 20 26.19 1.47 16 24.91 0.89 36 25.62 1.399 17 26.44 1.58 24 25.19 1.61 41 25.71 1.6910 18 27.37 1.69 18 26.83 1.33 36 27.1 1.5211 23 27.96 2.11 22 27.89 2.04 45 27.93 2.0512 24 29.36 2.15 24 28.43 1.82 48 28.89 2.0313 21 30.3 2.35 27 29.87 1.81 48 30.06 2.0514 16 31.84 2.55 14 30.04 1.48 30 31 2.2715 16 32.93 1.67 15 30.52 1.78 31 31.76 2.0916 10 33.13 2.44 7 29.99 1.32 17 31.84 2.5517 6 35.73 1.27 10 29.91 2.14 16 32.09 3.4318 30 35.27 2.21 48 31.38 1.89 78 32.87 2.7719 29 35.11 2.4 69 31.08 1.86 98 32.27 2.7420 28 35.15 2.29 72 31.38 1.58 100 32.44 2.4721 41 35.23 2.25 73 31.47 1.66 114 32.82 2.6222 43 34.81 1.98 85 31.18 1.81 128 32.4 2.5423 71 35.16 1.9 104 31.45 1.81 175 32.95 2.5924 48 35.54 1.9 88 31.24 1.78 136 32.76 2.7425 59 35.14 2.15 82 31.37 1.8 141 32.95 2.726 50 35.09 1.88 64 31.39 2.11 114 33.01 2.7327 37 35.03 2.21 73 31.74 2.38 110 32.85 2.7928 28 36.08 2.91 60 31.43 1.67 88 32.91 3.0429 33 36.09 1.79 39 31.3 1.78 72 33.5 2.9930 37 35.94 1.61 48 31.85 1.91 85 33.63 2.7131 – 32 29 35.58 1.75 88 31.65 1.93 117 32.63 2.5433 – 34 20 35.49 2.02 67 31.57 2.01 87 32.47 2.635 – 36 25 35.47 2.36 60 32.35 1.77 85 33.26 2.4237 – 38 25 35.87 2.37 52 32.2 1.9 77 33.39 2.6839 – 40 22 36.89 2.81 41 32.18 2 63 33.83 3.22

Landmarks Involved Right Alar Curvature Point (ac_r): Most posterolateral point on the alar cartilage, located within the crease formed by the union of the alar cartilage and the skin of the cheek. Pronasale (prn): Midline point marking the maximum protrusion of the nasal tip.

Measurement Description Projective measurement of the lateral aspect of the nose, spanning from the posterior extent of the nasal ala to the nasal tip. Other common names for this measurement include: ala length.






Nasal Ala Length Left


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 21.81 0.91 13 21.88 1.34 24 21.85 1.143.5 18 22.55 1.15 18 22.01 1.21 36 22.28 1.24 12 22.74 1.19 13 22.38 1.47 25 22.55 1.334.5 11 23.41 1.19 7 22.61 1.51 18 23.1 1.345 25 24.02 1.56 21 23.05 1.39 46 23.58 1.556 21 24.01 1.09 23 23.83 1.34 44 23.92 1.227 27 24.97 1.7 14 23.87 1.29 41 24.6 1.648 20 26.2 1.47 16 25.31 0.88 36 25.8 1.319 17 26.52 1.98 24 25.23 1.42 41 25.77 1.7710 18 27.23 1.63 18 26.56 1.42 36 26.89 1.5411 23 27.98 2.2 22 27.94 1.9 45 27.96 2.0312 24 29.36 2.12 24 28.65 2.01 48 29 2.0713 21 30.38 2.14 27 30.19 1.84 48 30.27 1.9614 16 32.28 2.76 14 29.92 1.77 30 31.18 2.615 16 33.53 2.02 15 30.82 1.85 31 32.22 2.3516 10 33.01 2.61 7 30.11 1.36 17 31.81 2.5917 6 35.74 2.15 10 30.45 1.76 16 32.43 3.2318 30 35.85 2.18 48 31.5 1.94 78 33.18 2.9419 29 35.06 2.51 69 31.19 1.67 98 32.34 2.6320 28 35.25 2.19 72 31.73 1.67 100 32.72 2.4121 41 35.5 2.38 73 31.47 1.76 114 32.92 2.7822 42 34.94 1.93 85 31.3 1.7 127 32.5 2.4723 71 35.21 1.92 104 31.63 1.96 175 33.08 2.6224 48 35.36 2.01 88 31.29 1.82 136 32.73 2.7125 59 35.07 2.23 82 31.58 1.64 141 33.04 2.5726 50 35 2.12 64 31.48 2.17 114 33.02 2.7627 37 35.18 2.55 73 31.79 2.33 110 32.93 2.8828 28 36.06 2.61 60 31.41 1.57 88 32.89 2.9229 33 36.32 2.14 39 31.44 1.71 72 33.68 3.130 37 35.67 1.74 47 32.04 2.03 84 33.64 2.6231 – 32 29 35.71 1.87 88 31.83 2.03 117 32.8 2.633 – 34 20 35.6 2.05 68 31.66 1.8 88 32.55 2.4935 – 36 25 35.51 2.62 60 32.59 1.8 85 33.45 2.4637 – 38 25 35.86 2.75 52 32.34 1.78 77 33.48 2.6939 – 40 22 37.13 2.67 41 32.44 1.93 63 34.08 3.14

Landmarks Involved Left Alar Curvature Point (ac_l): Most posterolateral point on the alar cartilage, located within the crease formed by the union of the alar cartilage and the skin of the cheek. Pronasale (prn): Midline point marking the maximum protrusion of the nasal tip.

Measurement Description Projective measurement of the lateral aspect of the nose, spanning from the posterior extent of the nasal ala to the nasal tip. Other common names for this measurement include: ala length.






Nasal Height



Landmarks Involved Nasion (n): Midline point where the frontal and nasal bones contact (nasofrontal suture). Soft tissue nasion corresponds to the underlying bony landmark. Subnasale (sn): Midline point marking the junction between the inferior border of the nasal septum and the cutaneous upper lip. It is the apex of the nasolabial angle.

Measurement Description This measurement is designed to principally capture the vertical length/height of the nose. Other common names for this measurement include: nose height/length.






Nasal Bridge Length


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 31.83 2.63 13 32.2 2.97 24 32.03 2.773.5 18 33.99 2.97 18 33.39 2.35 36 33.69 2.654 12 32.63 3.36 13 34.65 2.89 25 33.68 3.234.5 11 33.96 2.68 7 34.16 1.34 18 34.04 2.25 25 36.84 3.82 21 34.35 2.63 46 35.71 3.526 21 36.94 4.17 23 36.5 2.63 44 36.71 3.427 27 37.36 2.97 14 36.72 3.42 41 37.14 3.18 20 38.79 3.53 16 38.66 1.9 36 38.73 2.889 17 39.54 3.65 24 39.45 3.46 41 39.49 3.4910 18 40.94 3.97 18 40.35 2.3 36 40.64 3.2111 23 41.32 4.27 22 41.84 3.86 45 41.58 4.0412 24 44.19 3.52 24 43.45 2.95 48 43.82 3.2413 21 44.93 3.33 27 45.56 3.3 48 45.29 3.2914 16 45.82 2.87 14 44.06 3.3 30 45 3.1615 16 47.72 3.34 15 47.2 3.82 31 47.47 3.5316 10 49.26 3.85 7 45.74 1.54 17 47.81 3.5217 6 51.07 3.29 10 44.97 2.25 16 47.25 418 30 49.63 4.72 48 46.27 3.79 78 47.56 4.4619 29 48.84 3.63 70 46.38 3.17 99 47.1 3.4820 28 50.54 3.89 72 47.05 3.68 100 48.02 4.0421 41 49.54 4.04 73 47.73 3.46 114 48.38 3.7722 43 49.12 3.71 85 47.04 3.25 128 47.74 3.5423 72 49.75 3.69 105 47.53 3.84 177 48.43 3.9224 48 49.95 3.46 88 47.08 3.65 136 48.09 3.8325 59 50.11 3.83 82 47.51 3.61 141 48.6 3.9126 50 49.36 3.54 64 47.61 3.83 114 48.38 3.7927 37 49.59 3.71 73 48.69 3.59 110 48.99 3.6428 28 49.3 4.78 60 46.91 3.93 88 47.67 4.3429 33 49.66 4.51 39 48 2.99 72 48.76 3.8330 37 50.46 3.66 48 46.68 3.64 85 48.33 4.0931 – 32 29 50.27 3.98 88 47.86 3.53 117 48.46 3.7733 – 34 20 50.77 4.04 68 47.51 3.85 88 48.25 4.1135 – 36 25 50.11 3.85 60 47.2 3.38 85 48.06 3.7537 – 38 25 50.43 4.55 52 48.37 3.4 77 49.04 3.939 – 40 22 50.35 3.74 41 45.43 3.92 63 47.15 4.5

Landmarks Involved Nasion (n): Midline point where the frontal and nasal bones contact (nasofrontal suture). Soft tissue nasion corresponds to the underlying bony landmark. Pronasale (prn): Midline point marking the maximum protrusion of the nasal tip.

Measurement Description Vertical measurement designed to capture the length of the bridge of the nose.






Labial Fissure Width



Landmarks Involved 5LJKW�&KHOLRQ��FKBU��3RLQW�PDUNLQJ�WKH�ODWHUDO�H[WHQW�RI�WKH�ODELDO�ÀVVXUH� Left Chelion (ch_l): Same as above.

Measurement Description Horizontal measurement designed to capture the total width of the closed mouth. Other com-mon names for this measurement include: labial width/breadth and mouth width/breadth.






Philtrum Width


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 9.41 1.04 13 9.37 1.15 24 9.38 1.083.5 18 9.76 1.69 18 8.66 1 36 9.21 1.484 12 9.78 1.68 13 9.59 1.5 25 9.68 1.564.5 11 9.94 1.65 7 9.32 1.64 18 9.7 1.635 25 9.54 1.86 21 9.47 1.11 46 9.51 1.546 21 9.25 1.62 23 8.94 1.25 44 9.09 1.437 27 9.92 1.42 14 8.82 1.23 41 9.54 1.448 20 10.45 1.75 16 9.81 1.49 36 10.17 1.659 17 10.77 1.86 24 9.55 1.33 41 10.05 1.6710 18 10.71 1.19 18 10.34 1.74 36 10.53 1.4811 23 11.11 1.23 22 10.24 1.43 45 10.68 1.3912 24 11.17 1.51 24 10.77 1.54 48 10.97 1.5213 21 11.98 1.61 27 11.35 1.66 48 11.63 1.6514 16 12.01 2.19 14 11.46 1.64 30 11.75 1.9415 16 11.84 1.34 15 12.31 1.72 31 12.07 1.5316 10 11.52 1.52 7 11.46 2.14 17 11.49 1.7417 6 12.73 1.63 10 11.66 2.16 16 12.06 1.9918 30 13.52 1.98 48 12.14 1.81 78 12.67 1.9819 29 13.71 1.65 70 12 1.81 99 12.5 1.9220 28 13.08 1.77 72 11.93 1.7 100 12.25 1.7921 41 13.69 1.68 73 11.43 1.39 114 12.24 1.8522 42 12.83 1.68 85 11.65 1.52 127 12.04 1.6723 72 13.18 1.76 105 11.76 1.54 177 12.34 1.7724 48 13.21 1.77 88 11.83 1.68 136 12.31 1.8325 59 13.08 1.6 82 11.84 1.68 141 12.36 1.7526 50 13.46 1.58 64 11.83 1.88 114 12.55 1.9327 37 13.3 2.32 73 11.62 1.54 110 12.18 1.9928 28 12.95 1.74 60 11.69 1.48 88 12.09 1.6729 33 13.58 1.81 39 11.95 1.59 72 12.7 1.8730 37 13.19 1.65 48 11.78 1.71 85 12.39 1.8231 – 32 27 13.4 1.58 88 11.72 1.76 115 12.11 1.8633 – 34 20 13.34 1.53 68 11.87 1.79 88 12.21 1.8335 – 36 25 13.19 1.6 60 11.97 1.82 85 12.33 1.8437 – 38 25 13.6 2.12 52 11.64 1.51 77 12.27 1.9539 – 40 22 13.24 2.09 40 12.18 2.02 62 12.55 2.09

Landmarks Involved Right Crista Philtri (cph_r): Point marking the lateral crest of the philtrum at the vermilion border of the upper lip. Left Crista Philtri (cph_l): Same as above.

Measurement Description Horizontal measurement designed to capture the width of the philtrum at the vermillion border of the upper lip.






Philtrum Length


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 12.28 2.07 13 12.5 1.74 24 12.4 1.863.5 18 12.89 1.19 18 12.96 1.86 36 12.92 1.544 12 12.56 2.15 13 13.64 1.73 25 13.12 1.984.5 11 13.23 2.36 7 12.98 1.37 18 13.13 1.995 25 13.61 1.94 21 12.19 1.77 46 12.96 1.986 21 14.37 2.23 23 12.66 1.95 44 13.48 2.247 27 13.21 1.85 14 12.87 1.94 41 13.09 1.868 20 13.93 1.96 16 12.56 1.76 36 13.32 1.979 17 14.2 1.37 24 13.65 1.95 41 13.88 1.7410 18 14.72 1.72 18 12.62 1.87 36 13.67 2.0711 23 13.29 2.5 22 12.88 1.97 45 13.09 2.2412 24 13.7 2.17 24 13 2.57 48 13.35 2.3813 21 14.06 3.05 27 13.23 2.13 48 13.59 2.5814 16 14.42 2.84 14 12.24 1.81 30 13.4 2.6215 16 14.85 2.71 15 12.2 2.14 31 13.57 2.7616 10 15.08 2.85 7 14.03 2.31 17 14.64 2.6117 6 17.25 2.59 10 12.51 2.54 16 14.28 3.4218 30 15.43 2.54 48 12.16 2.5 78 13.42 2.9719 29 14.22 2.86 70 13.68 2.34 99 13.84 2.520 28 14.93 2.53 72 13.49 2.61 100 13.89 2.6521 41 15.45 2.72 73 13.37 2.49 114 14.12 2.7522 42 15.34 2.65 85 13.61 2.59 127 14.18 2.7223 72 15.52 2.53 105 14.2 2.64 177 14.73 2.6724 48 15.73 2.77 88 13.99 2.17 136 14.61 2.5325 59 16.09 2.48 82 14.19 2.17 141 14.99 2.4826 50 16.08 2.02 64 14 2.54 114 14.91 2.5427 37 17 2.61 73 14.24 2.47 110 15.17 2.8328 28 16.29 2.68 60 14.59 2.31 88 15.13 2.5529 33 17.85 2.39 39 14.42 2.35 72 15.99 2.9130 37 17.09 2.4 48 14.76 2.14 85 15.77 2.5331 – 32 29 17.6 2.15 88 14.91 2.25 117 15.58 2.533 – 34 20 17.23 2.25 68 15.21 2.04 88 15.67 2.2435 – 36 25 18.31 2.35 60 14.77 2.2 85 15.81 2.7637 – 38 25 18.3 2.64 52 14.81 2.56 77 15.94 3.0539 – 40 22 18.16 2.56 40 14.94 2.73 62 16.08 3.07

Landmarks Involved Subnasale (sn): Midline point marking the junction between the inferior border of the nasal septum and the cutaneous upper lip. It is the apex of the nasolabial angle. Labiale Superius (ls): Midline point of the vermilion border of the upper lip, at the base of the philtrum.

Measurement Description Vertical measurement designed to capture the length/height of the philtrum from the apex of the philtrum to the vermillion border of the upper lip.






Upper Lip Height



Landmarks Involved Subnasale (sn): Midline point marking the junction between the inferior border of the nasal septum and the cutaneous upper lip. It is the apex of the nasolabial angle. 6WRPLRQ��VWR��0LGSRLQW�RI�WKH�ODELDO�ÀVVXUH�

Measurement Description Vertical measurement designed to capture the length/height of the entire upper lip including the skin and vermillion segments. Other common names for this measurement include: total upper lip height/length.






Lower Lip Height


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 10 15.48 3.52 12 14.57 1.98 22 14.98 2.753.5 18 14.91 1.27 18 14.71 1.77 36 14.81 1.524 12 13.91 1.44 13 14.4 1.15 25 14.16 1.294.5 11 14.87 2.27 7 14.83 2.07 18 14.85 2.135 25 15.09 3.39 21 13.97 1.89 46 14.58 2.836 21 15.38 2.12 23 15.05 2.44 44 15.21 2.277 27 15.02 2.79 14 14.76 1.66 41 14.93 2.448 20 16.47 2.1 16 16.15 1.75 36 16.32 1.939 17 16.06 1.78 24 16.65 2.02 41 16.4 1.9210 18 15.95 1.64 18 16.29 2.48 36 16.12 2.0811 23 16.7 3.04 22 15.64 1.72 45 16.18 2.5112 24 16.4 1.48 24 17.27 1.83 48 16.83 1.713 21 17.78 2.85 27 17.15 2.73 48 17.43 2.7714 16 17.53 2.95 14 16.22 2.21 30 16.92 2.6715 16 19.16 3.94 15 16.73 1.57 31 17.99 3.2316 10 19.58 2.44 7 17.86 1.68 17 18.87 2.2817 5 18.7 2.69 10 16.3 2.87 15 17.1 2.9618 29 19.45 3.37 48 17.88 2.13 77 18.47 2.7519 29 18.43 2.17 70 17.77 2.29 99 17.96 2.2720 28 19.74 2.75 71 17.51 2.47 99 18.14 2.7321 40 18.58 2.31 73 17.5 2.36 113 17.88 2.3922 42 19.62 2.87 84 17.4 2 126 18.14 2.5423 71 19.24 3.19 104 17.95 2.43 175 18.47 2.8224 48 18.36 2.67 88 17.14 2.04 136 17.57 2.3525 57 19.16 2.82 82 18.27 2.57 139 18.63 2.726 49 19.03 2.85 64 17.66 2.06 113 18.25 2.5227 35 19.06 2.58 73 17.63 2.23 108 18.09 2.4328 28 18.41 2.5 60 17.84 1.86 88 18.02 2.0829 32 18.95 2.62 39 17.7 2.07 71 18.26 2.430 36 20.46 3.44 48 17.22 2.42 84 18.61 3.331 – 32 27 19.55 3.26 88 17.45 2.39 115 17.94 2.7533 – 34 20 18.9 2.23 68 17.4 2.09 88 17.74 2.235 – 36 25 20 2.94 60 17.39 2.05 85 18.16 2.6237 – 38 24 20.16 2.29 52 17.6 2.29 76 18.41 2.5739 – 40 22 19.41 2.87 40 17.03 2.64 62 17.87 2.94

Landmarks Involved 6WRPLRQ��VWR��0LGSRLQW�RI�WKH�ODELDO�ÀVVXUH� Sublabiale (sl): Midpoint along the inferior margin of the cutaneous lower lip (labiomental sulcus).

Measurement Description Vertical measurement designed to capture the length/height of the entire lower lip including the skin and vermillion segments. Other common names for this measurement include: total lower lip height/length.






Upper Vermilion Height


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 11 6.37 2.57 13 6.84 1.19 24 6.63 1.913.5 18 6.83 1.49 18 5.92 1.28 36 6.37 1.444 12 6.7 1.32 13 6 1.22 25 6.33 1.294.5 11 6.83 1.51 7 6.14 0.97 18 6.56 1.345 25 6.3 1.91 21 6.6 1.38 46 6.43 1.686 21 6.33 1.71 23 7.08 1.52 44 6.72 1.647 27 6.7 1.43 14 6.51 1.1 41 6.64 1.328 20 7.28 1.83 16 6.83 1.45 36 7.08 1.669 17 6.67 1.26 24 6.75 1.18 41 6.71 1.210 18 7.67 1.37 18 7.07 0.85 36 7.37 1.1611 23 7.13 1.42 22 7.96 1.71 45 7.54 1.612 24 7.59 1.62 24 7.84 1.69 48 7.71 1.6513 21 8.38 1.74 27 7.33 1.6 48 7.79 1.7314 16 7.98 1.93 14 7.16 1.41 30 7.6 1.7315 16 7.89 1.11 15 7.93 1.06 31 7.91 1.0716 10 7.6 1.33 7 8.38 1.48 17 7.92 1.417 6 8.72 1.47 10 7.39 1.7 16 7.89 1.718 30 7.64 1.91 48 7.64 1.4 78 7.64 1.619 29 8.55 1.73 70 7.76 1.16 99 7.99 1.3920 28 8.48 1.99 72 7.77 1.5 100 7.97 1.6721 41 8.31 1.6 73 7.82 1.47 114 8 1.5322 42 7.62 1.91 84 7.46 1.35 126 7.51 1.5623 72 7.64 1.87 105 7.54 1.43 177 7.58 1.6224 48 7.83 1.63 88 7.67 1.28 136 7.73 1.4125 59 7.49 1.96 82 7.56 1.42 141 7.53 1.6626 50 7.68 1.34 64 7.51 1.67 114 7.59 1.5327 37 7.35 1.4 73 7.39 1.45 110 7.37 1.4228 28 7.68 1.38 60 7.26 1.33 88 7.39 1.3529 33 6.91 1.69 39 7.27 1.51 72 7.1 1.5930 37 7.49 1.54 48 7.39 1.13 85 7.43 1.3131 – 32 29 6.93 1.57 88 7.15 1.33 117 7.1 1.3933 – 34 20 7.44 1.68 68 6.88 1.32 88 7.01 1.4235 – 36 25 6.9 1.42 60 6.78 1.49 85 6.81 1.4637 – 38 24 7.06 1.92 52 7.05 1.61 76 7.05 1.739 – 40 22 7.01 1.95 40 6.58 1.41 62 6.73 1.62

Landmarks Involved Labiale Superius (ls): Midline point of the vermilion border of the upper lip, at the base of the philtrum. 6WRPLRQ��VWR��0LGSRLQW�RI�WKH�ODELDO�ÀVVXUH�

Measurement Description Vertical measurement designed to capture the length/height of just the vermillion segment of the upper lip.






Lower Vermilion Height


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 10 7.91 4.46 12 7.66 2.61 22 7.77 3.483.5 18 6.93 1.36 18 6.14 1.67 36 6.54 1.564 12 7.24 1.77 13 5.95 2.29 25 6.57 2.124.5 11 6.65 1.76 7 5.07 1.6 18 6.04 1.835 25 7.15 3.12 21 5.82 1.51 46 6.54 2.586 21 6.1 2.47 23 6.99 2.38 44 6.56 2.437 27 7.39 2.45 14 6.75 2.05 41 7.18 2.318 20 7.39 1.79 16 7.77 1.72 36 7.56 1.759 17 8.02 2.09 24 7.46 1.67 41 7.69 1.8510 18 7.81 2.23 18 8.06 1.9 36 7.94 2.0511 23 8.71 3.28 22 7.98 1.42 45 8.35 2.5412 24 8.02 1.9 24 8.59 1.54 48 8.31 1.7413 21 9.39 2 27 8.73 2.45 48 9.02 2.2614 16 9.2 2.13 14 8.61 2.28 30 8.92 2.1815 16 9.22 2.85 15 8.84 1.15 31 9.03 2.1716 10 10.54 1.24 7 9.51 0.74 17 10.12 1.1617 6 9.63 1.37 10 8.33 1.58 16 8.81 1.618 30 9.78 2.53 48 9.84 2.11 78 9.82 2.2619 29 9.3 2.33 70 9.94 1.67 99 9.75 1.920 28 9.7 2.43 71 9.3 1.99 99 9.41 2.1221 41 9.64 1.92 73 9.17 1.85 114 9.34 1.8822 43 9.54 2.02 84 8.76 1.83 127 9.02 1.9223 72 9 2.36 104 9.04 1.78 176 9.03 2.0324 48 8.86 1.94 88 8.56 1.74 136 8.67 1.8125 59 8.67 2.24 82 9.15 2.13 141 8.95 2.1826 50 8.48 2.22 64 8.71 1.66 114 8.61 1.9227 37 8.36 1.74 73 8.56 2.02 110 8.5 1.9228 28 8.35 1.78 60 8.2 2.02 88 8.25 1.9429 33 8.02 2 39 8.58 1.43 72 8.32 1.7330 37 9.35 3.17 48 8.38 1.67 85 8.8 2.4731 – 32 29 8.21 2.62 88 7.85 2.02 117 7.94 2.1833 – 34 20 8.23 2.04 68 7.61 1.65 88 7.75 1.7535 – 36 25 7.97 2.24 60 7.87 1.84 85 7.9 1.9537 – 38 24 7.83 2.34 52 7.98 1.77 76 7.93 1.9539 – 40 22 7.22 1.8 40 7.35 1.9 62 7.3 1.85

Landmarks Involved 6WRPLRQ��VWR��0LGSRLQW�RI�WKH�ODELDO�ÀVVXUH� Labiale Inferius (li): Midline point of the vermilion border of the lower lip.

Measurement Description Vertical measurement designed to capture the length/height of just the vermillion segment of the lower lip.






Cutaneous Lower Lip Height


N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD3 10 8.33 1.66 12 7.94 1.84 22 8.12 1.733.5 18 9.12 1.15 18 9.3 1.83 36 9.21 1.514 12 7.75 1.3 13 9.3 1.65 25 8.56 1.664.5 11 9.12 1.7 7 10.34 2.03 18 9.59 1.885 25 9.02 2.19 21 8.82 1.89 46 8.93 2.046 21 10.08 1.74 23 8.79 1.84 44 9.4 1.897 27 8.71 1.78 14 9.04 1.9 41 8.82 1.818 20 10.42 2.03 16 9.79 1.51 36 10.14 1.829 17 9.52 2.17 24 10.44 1.99 41 10.06 2.0910 18 9.73 1.62 18 9.67 2.36 36 9.7 211 23 9.56 1.48 22 9.2 1.89 45 9.38 1.6912 24 9.84 1.85 24 10.41 1.92 48 10.13 1.8913 21 10.01 2.61 27 10.13 1.77 48 10.08 2.1514 16 10.28 2.35 14 9.13 2.25 30 9.74 2.3415 16 11.63 2.71 15 9.75 1.64 31 10.72 2.4116 10 11.65 2.63 7 10.43 2.13 17 11.15 2.4517 5 11.92 2.45 10 9.59 2.71 15 10.36 2.7818 29 11.41 2.87 48 9.95 2.08 77 10.5 2.4919 29 11.07 2.38 70 9.62 2.26 99 10.05 2.3820 28 12.05 2.52 71 9.95 2.11 99 10.55 2.4221 40 11.01 2.8 73 10.16 2.36 113 10.46 2.5422 42 12.21 2.52 84 10.57 2.22 126 11.12 2.4423 71 12.38 2.57 104 10.85 2.32 175 11.47 2.5324 48 11.68 2.53 88 10.36 2.04 136 10.82 2.325 57 12.4 2.58 82 10.99 2.3 139 11.57 2.5126 49 12.51 2.59 64 10.81 2.04 113 11.55 2.4327 35 12.6 2.93 73 10.91 2.07 108 11.46 2.528 28 11.95 2.6 60 11.36 1.98 88 11.55 2.229 32 12.6 2.43 39 10.85 2.35 71 11.64 2.5330 36 13.22 2.19 48 10.66 2.23 84 11.76 2.5431 – 32 27 13.14 2.7 88 11.06 2.05 115 11.55 2.3833 – 34 20 12.83 2.16 68 11.36 1.95 88 11.69 2.0835 – 36 25 14 2.77 60 10.97 2.03 85 11.86 2.6537 – 38 24 13.87 2.26 52 11.24 2.15 76 12.07 2.4939 – 40 22 14.06 2.55 40 11.11 2.72 62 12.15 3

Landmarks Involved Labiale Inferius (li): Midline point of the vermilion border of the lower lip. Sublabiale (sl): Midpoint along the inferior margin of the cutaneous lower lip (labiomental sulcus).

Measurement Description Vertical measurement designed to capture the length/height of just the skin (non-vermillion) segment of the lower lip.






Date post:	03-Oct-2020
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