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7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
1/13
10-36
I E
S
LIGHTING
HANDBOOK
FIG.
10-25.
Typical recommended
luminaires for
entrances, halls,
and
closets.
a.
Lantern
bracket, b. Semi-indirect,
c.
Ceiling
lantern,
d.
Recessed
house
num-
ber,
e.
Attached house number,
f.
Semidirect.
g.
Projector lampholder.
h.
Gen-
eral
diffuse
lantern.
and
switch-controlled
from
the house,
will provide
ample
protective
lighting
between
the
garage
and
the house as well
as yard and
garden
lighting.
A
lighted house
number
may be
incorporated
in
the
entrance
lantern,
in
a
separate
recessed
box (Fig.
10-25d)
located
in
the
house
wall
or
steps, or in
a
special
applied box
connected to
the door-bell circuit
(Fig.
10-25e).
The
size
of numerals is important
;
for
clear visibility
up
to 75
feet,
they must
be
at
least
3
inches
high
with a
half-inch stroke.
In halls with
open stairways,
lantern-type
luminaires
(Fig.
10-25h) often
are used.
Their
scale
and design
should
fit
the interior.
They
should
be
placed to
illuminate
adequately
for safety
on
the
stairs.
The
type
shown
in
Fig. 10-25b must be
mounted
close
to the
ceiling in
order
to
shield
the
lamps
from
the view
of persons descending
stairs.
In
smaller
halls the
type
shown in Fig.
10-25f may be
used,
and for vestibules
and
narrow
passages
the same
type
in
a
size
as small
as
6
inches in diameter for
a
40-watt
incandescent
lamp
may
be
adequate.
Light is
essential in
a
closet unless it
has
less
than
9
square
feet floor area
or
is not more than 18 inches
in
depth,
or
where the
light
spilled
from
an
adjacent room
is
sufficient.
When closets are
located
in
hallways
it
is
often
practical
to
place the
hall
fixture in front
of the closet door. A
simple
porcelain pull-chain socket mounted just over the door frame on
the
opening
side serves shallow
closets.
Deeper closets
are
better
served
by
a
small
fixture,
such as
shown in Fig.
10-25f , mounted
on
the closet ceiling,
controlled
by
a
manual
switch
just
inside
the
door
or
by
an
automatic door
switch.
A
lamp rating
of
60
watts
is
recommended
as the
minimum.
Living
Rooms
In
living-room
lighting
a
degree
of
flexibility is
desirable
to meet
varied
requirements.
This
is
provided
by:
7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
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INTERIOR LIGHTING
10-37
FIG.
10-26.
Typical
recommended
living-room luminaires. a.
Semi -indirect,
ceiling-mounted
(for
incandescent-filament lamps),
b.
Semi-indirect,
ceiling-
mounted
(for
fluorescent
lamps),
c.
Semi
-indirect,
suspended,
d.
Semi-indirect,
multiple-arm.
e.
Wall urn. f.
Decorative
wall
bracket,
g.
Recessed
element,
h. Window cornice,
i.
Side-wall
valance.
Ceiling
fixtures.
A
ceiling center
fixture
similar
to the types shown
in
Fig.
10-26
provides for
the modest home
(1)
soft background
lighting
for
more visually
comfortable
use
of portable lamps,
(2)
lighting
for
game
tables
in
center of
the
room without need to move portables,
(3)
convenient
over-all
room light upon
entering, and
(4)
flexibility
in
the
room's
atmos-
phere
for
varying
occasions.
The
recommended
types
distribute light to
the
ceiling
and side walls and diffuse light throughout the room.
The
re-
commended
minimums
(14-inch diameter
and
150-watt
lamp) for
the types
shown
in
Figs.
10-26a
and
c
will
be
adequate
for rooms
of
150
to 200 square
feet or
less. Large
luminaires close
to
the
ceiling
are
less consipcuous than
small
low
mounted ones. Generally, they should be
mounted not
less
than
7
feet
6
inches
above the floor.
In
small
rooms
with
ceilings
over
9
feet
high,
suspended
types such
as
shown
in
Figs.
10-26c
and
d
often are
used.
7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
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10-38
I E
S
LIGHTING
HANDBOOK
Wall brackets and
urns.
Wall
brackets and
urns
of
either the
purely
decorative
or functional
type
have living-room
applications.
The wall
urn
illustrated
in
Fig.
10-26e
when
used
in pairs on opposite
walls
increases
the
general illumination
of
a room,
especially
in
low-ceiling rooms and
when
located
on
the end
walls
of
a
long narrow
room
in
which
a
centrally
located
luminaire
lights side walls
better than end walls.
The type
shown
in
Fig. 10-26f
is better suited
to
purely
decorative highlighting.
In rooms
of normal ceiling height
they are mounted
5 feet
6
inches
above
the floor
and should
be
arranged
as part
of
a
permanent furniture
grouping.
Built-in luminous elements. When
cost
is not
a limiting
factor,
skillfully
applied
and
balanced luminous elements
(Figs.
10-26g,
h,
and
i)
offer
endless
possibilities
and
may
replace
the
center fixture
or augment
it.
The simplest
methods are
shown. An
indirect, or
luminous
cove, con-
tinuous
or
sectional,
is
not
recommended
for
other
than
its
decorative
effect
unless
it
can
be
mounted at least
1
foot from
the
ceiling.
Greater
separation
and
the use
of
directional
reflectors
is desirable.
Table and
floor
lamps.
To
ensure
desirable
illumination
levels
for
sewing,
reading,
and
other
seeing tasks,
portable
luminaires
should
be
placed
not
more
than
30
inches
from
the work
unless
a high
level of general illumina-
tion
also is
provided.
Portable luminaires
prove
the most flexible
means
of
obtaining light at desks, davenports,
reading
and
sewing
chairs,
and
pianos.
(See
Fig.
10-27.)
Portable-lamp
lighting
proves
more
comfortable
and
less
spotty
when
wall
and
floor
brightnesses
are
sufficient
to
minimize
con-
trasts between the seeing task and
the
surround.
FIG.
10-27.
Typical
wall,
table,
and floor
lamps
selected
and placed
for
decora-
tive
harmony
and
to
provide the
recommended quantity
and
quality
of
illumina-
tion.
7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
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INTERIOR
LIGHTING
10-39
Dining
Rooms
Whether
the
dining
table
is in
a
room
of
its
own
or is at
one end of
the
living room
or kitchen, it is
the
center
of
interest
for that
area.
Linen,
china,
and
polished
silver
can
gleam
only
if
the
illumination
is
provided
by
large-area
luminaires of proper
brightness. The lighting
method and the
choice
of
luminaires,
however, depend to a
great
degree
on
the activities
at
the
dining-room
table.
If
it serves as a
dining
area
only,
individual
taste
and
a desire for
sparkle
may
dictate. When the
dining
table is
used
also
for
sewing,
studying,
writing, or games, the
recommended illumination
for
these
tasks
should
be
provided.
The
dining area, therefore,
requires
flexible
lighting.
It
can
be
provided
by
a choice
or combination
of
ceiling
luminaire,
brackets, and built-in
lighting.
(See
Fig.
10-28.)
FIG. 10-28.
Typical
recommended
dining-room
luminaires.
a.
Semi-indirect,
with
downlight.
b. Semi-indirect, with
inner
diffusing bowl. c. Semi
-indirect,
multiple-arm.
d.
Shaded
candles,
e.
Semi-indirect,
for fluorescent
lamps,
f.
Semi
-in
direct,
ceiling
mounted,
g.
Direct, spotlight
or downlight. h.
Over-
cabinet
lamp.
i.
Cove.
7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
5/13
10-40
I
E
S
LIGHTING HANDBOOK
Ceiling
fixtures.
When a
luminaire
is
suspended over
the table
it
becomes
part
of
the
table
grouping
and usually is
mounted
with
the
bottom
of
the
fixture
30
to 36
inches
above
the table
top.
The
types shown in
Figs.
10-28a
and
d
are
designed
so
that a
portion of
the
light
emitted
is
directed
downward to
increase the brightness
of
the table
and
create
sparkle
by
reflections from the
silver,
china,
and crystal. When
the dining
table
becomes a
utility
table
after
dinner, a luminaire
should
be chosen
that
produces
lighting
with
the
downward
light diffused
by
means of
a
glass or
plastic
reflector,
such
as
used
in the
type
shown in
Fig.
10-28b.
When
it is
desired to mount
a
luminaire
close
to
the ceiling
rather
than
to
suspend it,
the
types
shown
in
Figs.
10-28e
and f
are recommended.
The
types
shown
in Figs.
10-
28a
and
c may
be
installed without
suspen-
sion.
Close-to-ceiling
luminaires,
unless designed with
a
downlight
com-
ponent,
will
not
highlight
the
table as
the
suspended
type
will.
Wall brackets. Wall brackets
add
a
pleasing
note
of
decoration
in
the
dining room
and
increase
wall
brightness. They
usually are
mounted
5
feet
6
inches above the
floor
and should
be
used
in
pairs.
They should
be
used
in
conjunction with a
ceiling-mounted
luminaire.
Because
of
the
remote
location
of wall brackets they
alone cannot
place
dramatic
emphasis
on
the table service.
Built-in
lighting.
The
dining
room
is
adaptable to
decorative
lighting
from window
or
wall valances,
coves
at opposite
sides
of
the
room,
and
recessed
spots
and
lights
in
and
above
china
cabinets.
Coves
and
valances
may provide
general illumination.
Valance and cornice
lighting
is
appli-
cable
to the
dining
room
also.
Lamps
may be
installed on the top of
high
china
cabinets to give
additional
background lighting
as
well
as
to
be
decorative.
Downlights similar
to
that
shown
in
Fig.
10-28g
give
dramatic
emphasis to
the table
only.
When downlights
are
installed
over the table,
additional luminaires,
wall
brackets, torcheres,
urns,
valances,
or
coves are
necessary
to
reduce
contrast
and
provide
background lighting.
Kitchen,
Laundry,
and
Garage
Illumination design
for
kitchens
should provide
(1)
light distributed
generally about
the
room, and
(2)
light
specifically
directed
on
work areas:
sink,
range, counters, and
dining
table,
for example. Luminaires
similar
to
those
shown in Figs.
10-29a,
b,
and
c will
provide
general illumination.
Indirect luminaires
should
be
mounted so as to
permit
a
wide distribution
of
light. The bright lamp
neck
should
be
shielded from
the field of view.
General
illumination
alone
will
not
prevent the
annoyance and incon-
venience
of working in
shadow
at
the
sink, range,
or other work
area.
The
type
of
luminaire
installed
over
the
sink
depends
upon
window
and
cabinet
treatment. A
small duplicate
of
the
central
luminaire
often is
used.
Luminaires
such
as
those
in Figs. 10-29a
and
c
with
a 100-watt
or
a
40-watt lamp
also
may
be
used
over the
sink. Downlights
similar
to
that
7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
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INTERIOR
LIGHTING
10-41
FIG.
10-29.
Typical
recommended
luminaires
for
kitchen,
laundry, and garage.
a.
General
diffuse
enclosing globe,
b.
Indirect, c.
Semidirect, louvered,
for
fluorescent
lamps,
d. Direct,
for
incandescent-filament
lamps,
e.
Direct,
for
fluorescent
lamps, f.
Recessed
element,
g.
Wall
bracket,
for fluorescent
lamps.
h. Wall
bracket,
for
incandescent
lamps.
shown
in
Fig.
10
29f may
be
recessed
in
a
ceiling
or
in
a
furred-down
section
between
cabinets over
a
sink. Opal
-glass plates should be
used
with
incandescent lamps,
stippled
or etched glass plates or louvers
with fluore-
scent
lamps.
Where sinks stand
against unbroken
wall surfaces
or
beneath
double-sash windows,
a
bracket
similar to
that
shown in Fig. 10-29g
in
the
former
case,
or
10-29h
in the latter, often
is
attached to the
wall
or
to
the
center connecting
window
frame. Bracket
types such
as
shown
in Figs.
10-29g
and
h
are
suitable
also
for
use over
ranges
and
work
counters.
They
should
be
mounted
approximately
56 to 58 inches
above
the
floor
for
greatest
visual comfort.
When
lights
are not built
into
cabinets
to
illuminate
the
counter surface,
brackets similar
to Fig.
10-29g should
be
installed on the wall under the
cabinets.
Illumination
designs
for laundries should
provide
light
on
work
areas
such as wash
tubs,
ironing
board,
ironer,
and counters
or
sorting table.
A
single ceiling
luminaire cannot properly
light all of
these
areas.
A
minimum
of
two
is
recommended.
Luminaires
similar to
those
in
Figs.
10-
29a,
d,
and
e are recommended
over
laundry
work areas and
basement
work
benches.
In
the garage
two
luminaires
of
the
type
shown in Fig.
10-29d
are
recommended.
7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
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10-42
I
E
S
LIGHTING
HANDBOOK
Bedrooms
Bedrooms in the
home are
used
for
dressing,
applying
make-up, reading,
sewing,
and
studying as well as
for sleeping. A
ceiling
luminaire
is
recom-
mended
for
every
bedroom.
The
types
in Figs.
10-30a,
b,
and
g
are similar
in
performance,
and the
choice
between them
depends on individual
preference.
The type shown
in
Fig.
10-30d may
be
preferable
for child-
ren's rooms, since it has
very
low
brightness
when
viewed from
reclining
positions.
The recommended
minimums (14-inch
diameter
and
150-watt
silvered-bowl lamp) are
adequate
only
for
small- and medium-sized rooms.
For built-in dressing tables between wardrobes, excellent illumination
for
make-up is provided
by
a
recessed
luminous
element in a furred-down
ceiling.
(See
Fig. 10-30h.) Thin
etched glass
is recommended for fluores-
cent
lamp
elements
and
diffusing
opal
for
incandescent
lamp
designs.
The
dresser top should
be mirrored
to
reflect
light under
the
chin.
Luminous
panels
on
each
side
of
the mirror
are
excellent
when
inset in
the
wall
as
in Fig. 10-30f. Lamps
with
half-cylinder
shades (Fig.
10-30c)
may
be
mounted on
the
mirror. A bracket
with
an
open-bottom
oval
shade placed
over
the
door
mirror is inexpensive.
FIG. 10-30.
Typical
recommended
bedroom
luminaires.
a.
Semi-indirect,
for
incandescent-filament
lamps,
b.
Semi-indirect, multiple-arm.
c.
Bracket
(fluor-
escent
lamp),
d.
Indirect,
e.
Bracket for
door mirrors,
f.
Recessed elements for
illumination
at a mirror,
g.
Semi-indirect,
for
fluorescent
lamps,
h.
Recessed
fluorescent
element,
use over vanity.
7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
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INTERIOR LIGHTING
10-43
Wherever
fixed luminaires
are
not
installed, portables
are
needed.
Wall-
mounted
luminaires
over
the
bed
and
tall bed-side
table
luminaires
will
provide
illumination
for reading.
Portables
at
the dresser, desk,
reading,
or sewing
chair
are
recommended. A
small
6-watt night lamp
plugged
into
a
low
convenience
outlet is
desirable,
especially in
nurseries.
Bathrooms
The
most
important illumination
in
the bathroom is
that
at the
mirror.
The
face of
the
person in
front
of
the mirror, not the mirror,
should
be
illuminated. The ideal method is to
provide a
luminous
area around
the
entire mirror circumference.
Two
brackets,
one at each side of
the mirror,
mounted approximately
5
feet
6
inches
above the
floor, also
provide
good
coverage.
Either
incandescent
or fluorescent
lamps
may be used as in
Figs.
10
31e
and
g.
The
length
of
the
fluorescent
tube
distributes
more
light over the face and
neck.
Where
the budget permits only one lighting
outlet
in
the
bathroom, a
shaded-lamp
over-mirror luminaire
can
be used,
lamps
are
shaded.
Unless
a
bathroom
is
less than
60
square
feet
in
area,
it
should
have
a
ceiling
luminaire.
If
a
small budget
necessitates a
choice
between
a
ceiling
luminaire and mirror
illumination,
the
room
should
be
illuminated
from
the
mirror
area.
A wall
switch
inside
the bathroom door
should
be
used to
control all luminaires.
Enclosed
showers should
have
a
vapor-proof
ceiling
luminaire
such
as
that shown
in
Fig.
10-3
Id,
controlled
by a
switch
outside
the
compartment.
In large
bathrooms
a
recessed
element
over the tub
also
is a convenience.
It should
be
switch
controlled
at the
door.
For
safety and
convenience,
a
night light in
the
switch
plate at the door
or one
in
the baseboard
is recommended.
^
^
?
K
i
'
1
il
j
f
e
g
FIG.
10-31.
Typical
recommended
bathroom^luminaires. a.
General
diffuse en-
closing
globe,
b. Semidirect,
ceiling-mounted,
for
incandescent-filament
lamps,
c.
Semidirect,
ceiling-mounted, for
fluorescent lamps, d. Vapor-proof,
for shower,
e.
Semi-indirect,
bracket
with
lens.
f.
Semi
-indirect,
bracket,
g.
Wall
bracket.
7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
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10-44
I E
S
LIGHTING
HANDBOOK
Floor,
Table,
and
Wall
Lamps
It
is possible, through
skillfully planned built-in
forms
combining efficient
fluorescent
and spotlight sources, to
develop satisfactory lighting
throughout
a
home
without the
use
of portable lamps. Such
a plan requires
relatively
fixed
positions
for
furniture, and
its cost
at
present
makes it
impractical for
the
average
home. Most
homemakers
still
prefer
the
flexibility
and
decorative
character
of
portable
lamps. Fixed
ceiling
luminaires
do
not
produce
the
illumination levels recommended
for
difficult
seeing
tasks
at
furniture
groupings. Therefore,
portables
are
recommended.
Each
portable,
be
it
a
table,
floor,
or
wall
type, should
harmonize
in
scale,
material,
and form
with
its room
environment
and
produce
the level
of
illumination
recommended
in
Table
10-7
for
the seeing
task
associated
with
the
specific grouping
for
which
it
is
selected.
(See
Fig.
10-27.)
Table
10-8
gives the
range
of
wattage
ratings of
incandescent and
fluorescent
lamps
required to meet these
footcandle recommendations.
Table
10-8
also
gives
efficient lamp heights and shade diameters for
the desired
distribution.
Inner
diffusing
bowls.
The
I.E.S. certified lamps
of
1933-1941
had
diffusing bowls
within
the
shades. The purpose
of diffusing
bowls is
to
improve the
quality
of
lighting
for
the
more exacting
seeing
tasks,
to
reduce
the
brightness
of incandescent-lamp
filaments
rated
100
watts
and
greater,
to
soften
shadows,
and
to
minimize
reflected
glare.
This im-
provement
in
quality
is
gained
with some loss in luminaire
efficiency.
Table
10-8.
Recommended
Characteristics
of
Portable
Luminaires
for
Use
in the Home
TOTAL LAMP WATTS
HEIGHT
OVER-
ALL
(inches)
SHADE
DIAMETER,
Incandescent
Fluorescent*
(inches)
Lamps
for
flat-top
desks
and
tables
100-150
30-40
19-28f 14-18
Vanity
lamps
for:
Dressing
tables
Dressers
75-100
75-100
15-20J
15-20
20
2(3
S-lOf
8-10t
Wall
lamps
75-100
100-150
15-40$
50-60
above
floor
8-10
12-18||
Floor lamps
150-500
1f
50-58**ft
16-20$$
Lamp watts only. Does
not include
power
consumed
by
auxiliary
and
refers
to
straight tubes only.
tSome
models
using
fluorescent
lamps
may
be
shorter,
since
the long
form
and
moderate
brightness allow
a
lower
position within
the
shade,
with
a
wider
resultant
spread of light.
tin
vanity
and
wall lamps
utilizing
straight
fluorescent tubes
full-length shielding
is
required.
This
size
is
appropriate
only
with
75-
watt, incandescent-filament
lamps
(without
diffusing
bowls) over
sinks and both
sides
of
a
dressing-table mirror.
IIThis
size
(with bowls) required
for
critical seeing
tasks,
for
use over
beds
desks, sewing
machines,
chairs,
etc.
1'Circular
fluorescent lamps
(32-watt) are
being used as supplementary sources.
**An
adjustable
feature
is most
desirable
in
floor lamps
in
order to
fit
the height to the varying seating
heights
of
lounge chairs
and davenports.
ttTotally
or
semi-indirect
torcheres
should be 60
to
66
inches high.
JJThe
shades
on
small-scale
bridge
lamps
may
be smaller
(10
to
14
inches),
since
the
extension arm
brings
the source
closer
to
the user.
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INTERIOR
LIGHTING
10-45
Shape,
size,
and density
of
bowl are
important.
For
noncritical
seeing
tasks, table
lamps 19
to 24 inches
high
equipped
with
two
adjustable
sockets for
GO-watt
incandescent
lamps
are
satisfactory. Inner
bowls
should
not be
used
in dressing-table
lamps.
Shades
for
portable
luminaires. Shade
linings
should
be
white,
ivory, or
a
very
pale
tint.
Slant-sided
shades aid in
spreading
light
over
a
wider
area.
Shades
for
floor
and table
types
which
utilize
fluorescent
lamps
can
be
reduced
in
depth,
and
may therefore have
desirable
large
lower
diameters
without
appearing
too heavy
and out
of
proportion
in
a
small
room.
Open-top shades
produce interesting
highlights on
pictures and
walls and provide
a
more
uniform
distribution
of light.
A disk
of shallow
louvers or of silk
or
plastic attached
to
the
upper
ring is
often
necessary
to
shield
the lamp's
mechanics
from
the
view of
standing
observers.
The
transmittance
and reflectance
of
shade
materials
should
be
balanced
with
the brightness
of the lamps
used
so that
the
luminaire
will
blend with
the
surround
brightness.
Placement
of
portable
luminaires.
All
portables
should
be placed close
to
whatever
is
to
be
seen.
Most
of
those
centered
on a large
table serve
only for
decoration. The type
(floor,
table, or
wall)
selected for
a given
grouping should
be
the
one
which
brings
the light
source nearest
the
user.
Swivel
and extension
arms
are
advantageous,
especially
at
large
desks,
sewing
tables,
and
broad-armed
chairs.
Luminaires
used
for
sewing,
writing,
or
other
handwork
should
be
placed
on
the
side opposite the
hand
used so that the hand
will
not
cast
its
shadow
over the
work. Shadows are
minimized
by
diffusing
bowls or
fluorescent
lamps and when
a
fixed
ceiling luminaire
is used in
conjunction
with
the
portables.
Floor
lamps
usually should
be
placed
toward the rear of
the
chair
or
davenport for which they
are selected,
so
that
a seated
person
does
not
view the under part
of
the
shade. Luminaires should
not
be placed directly
in front
or behind
a
person. Secretary
and other
tilt-top desks
require
a
floor type
either
the
small-scale
bridge
or
larger swivel types, depending
on
the
desk size.
Davenports
placed flat
against
a
wall
with no tables
to accomodate
portables
are
served
best
by
floor
types
of
the shorter
dimensions
given.
Swivel-arm,
floor-type portables
serve
spinet and miniature pianos,
though
a
taller floor
type
placed
close
to the
keyboard
is
better
for
upright or
grand
pianos.
Dressing-table
luminaires
should
be
placed
about 30
inches
apart.
Shades
should
be
near white
and
at
face
height. Wall
luminaires mounted
over
beds
should
be
not
more than
26 inches above the mattress top.
Torcheres
do
not give
sufficient
downlighting
for
critical seeing.
They
serve best for
soft
background
lighting, especially
in
halls,
dining
rooms,
and game
rooms.
A
balanced
arrangement of
luminaires
within
a
room
usually
is
pleasing.
7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
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10-46
I
E
S
LIGHTING
HANDBOOK
FARM LIGHTING
Farm
Exteriors
Though
it
may
be used
less
frequently
than
other
entrances,
the
front
door
of
the
farm home
should
be
lighted
as
it
may
be
the guest
entrance.
The rear or
side
entrance
is used
regularly and
often
leads directly
to an
auxiliary
farm
building. A
high
level
of illumination
is recommended
at
doors.
Individual reflectors, projector-type lamps, or floodlights
provide
suitable
coverage
for
the
large
open areas
between
and around
the
buildings
fenced
off
from the rest
of
the
farm
land.
(See
Fig.
10-32a.)
Except in
midsummer
such
lighting is needed in
the regular work
day,
either morning
or evening or both.
Luminaires should
be
suspended
from
brackets on
the
side
of
the
buildings, or on poles. In
any event, they
should
be as high
as
possible in
order to
distribute light
over
a
wide
area and
should
be
securely
installed.
Their exact
number
and
location and
the
lamp
used
depend
on the
individual farm and
the
distances
and
areas
involved.
The
illumination
provided close
to the
buildings
themselves
should
be
sufficient
for
routine chores.
The spaces between
may
be
satisfactorily
lighted
if
dependence
on
silhouette vision as
in street
lighting
is
planned.
Farm
Buildings
Two types
of incandescent-lamp
reflectors
are used most
frequently for
farm
buildings
the
standard-dome
reflector
and the shallow-dome
reflector.
The
standard
industrial
dome
affords
a
greater protection from
glare.
The
shallow-dome
reflector
spreads light over
a
wider
area.
Other reflectors
frequently
used are
the angle
type
and, for local lighting, the
deep
bowl.
In
all cases,
reflectors should
be
durable,
efficient, and
easily cleaned. For
this
reason,
porcelain-enameled
steel
or aluminum is recommended.
FIG.
10-32.
a. Farm-yard lighting, b.
Small
r.
75-watt
lamp
in
an industrial-type reflector.
m in
a
milk house
lighted
by
a
7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
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INTERIOR LIGHTING
10-47
Milk House
The milk
house
requires
illumination,
since considerable
work
is
per-
formed
there during the dark hours
following the milking
of
the
cows
in
the
late
afternoon
and
early
morning,
particularly
during
the
winter
months
when the days are short.
The
various
operations
such as
milk
separation,
cooling,
bottling, etc.,
require maintenance of
most
sanitary
and
orderly
conditions.
Illumination
assists in
carrying
out
such
a
program.
For most
rooms,
a
symmetrical
arrangement
provides
the
best light
distribution.
(See
Fig.
10-32b.)
Under
some
conditions,
the
arrangement
of milk-handling equipment
calls
for local
or
localized-general
lighting.
For
general
lighting,
100-
to
150-watt,
incandescent-filament
lamps
should
be
specified;
for localized-general lighting,
60-
or 75-watt,
incandescent-
filament
lamps
and for local lighting,
25-
or
40-watt,
incandescent-filament
lamps. Direct
type,
corrosion
resistant
reflectors
or
enclosing
globes
are
preferable
for
general
lighting,
while
deep bowl reflectors
are
preferable
for
local
lighting. Not less than
5
footcandles
and
preferably
10
should
be
provided for general work.
Higher
levels
justified
for
special
operations
are
being provided
in
some
places by fluorescent-lamp
equipment.
Barns
There
are many types of barns;
the most common are dairy,
horse,
cattle,
sheep,
hog,
and
general
barns.
Typical
barn
design
seldom
provides
for
much
daylight,
and much
of the
regular work
in
a barn
is done
during
hours
when there is
little
or
no
daylight available.
Good electrical
illumina-
tion
is necessary.
The
care of
the
stock,
especially
the sick and
the
young,
is
aided
by
proper
lighting.
The
dairy
bam
should
have better
lighting
than
most
types
because
of
the
particular
need
of
cleanliness, an
important factor
in keeping
the
bacteria
content
of
milk
at a
low point.
Usually, dairy
barns are
arranged
in
a
series
of alleys, one
set
for feeding and
the
other set
for
milking
and
cleaning.
This
lends
itself
readily
to
the
installation
of
luminaires
spaced
10 to
15 feet
apart down the
center
of
each alley.
(See
Fig.
10-33a.)
For
the
care
of
young
calves box
stalls
with 4-foot partitions
usually
are
located at
one
end
of
the
barn.
Unless an alley
light
comes
directly
op-
posite,
a local light over
each
stall
is desirable.
Shallow-dome
reflectors
using
60-
or 100-watt incandescent
lamps
and mounted
close
to
the ceiling
are
recommended.
If
the
ceiling
is
open,
the
bottom of the
reflector
should
be
even
with
the bottom
of
the joist.
For
individual
stalls
40-
or 60-watt,
incandescent-filament
lamps
are used.
The
cattle
barn
is
a
closed
area containing
feed
troughs.
In
general,
a
row
of lamps in reflectors
over the
troughs will
provide adequate light
at
the
troughs and over
the rest
of
the barn
floor. In large
barns,
additional
outlets
are necessary,
and,
therefore, general
lighting
for
the entire area
is
recommended.
With
12-
to
15-foot spacings,
the 60-watt
lamp
is
preferred,
7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3
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10-48
I E
S
LIGHTING HANDBOOK
INCANDESCENT LAMP
FLUORESCENT
LAMPS
:
40
WATT
,= =,
30
WATT
P
PENDANT
OUTLET
So ONE-WAY SWITCH
30
THREE-WAY SWITCH
FIG.
10-33. Lighting
layouts
for
various
types
of
farm
buildings,
a. Gambrel-
roof
dairy
barn.
b.
Horse
barn.
c. Poultry
laying
house.
The
horse
barn
normally is
arranged
in
a
series
of
feeding
and cleaning
alleys,
similar
to the
dairy
barn.
The
lighting
layout
should
be
similar to
that
for
the
dairy
barn.
Luminaire
spacing
in
the
cleaning
alleys should be
such
that
light
is
distributed into
all stalls. (See
Fig.
10-33b.)
The
partitions
usually
are solid,
in contrast
to
the
open
stanchions
of
the
dairy
barn. As
in
the
dairy
barn, there
are
individual
stalls
at
one
end.
The
sheep
barn may
be
open
or
closed. Open
sheds
are
enclosed
to
a
height
only
sufficient
to
prevent the
sheep
from getting out
and to
protect
them
from
the
wind.
Closed
sheds
are
of
common
barn
construction.
In
wide
sheds
usually there
are
two
rows of
feed
troughs
with
a
center
runway.
Here,
general
lighting
supplied
by
60-watt
incandescent
lamps
in reflectors
mounted at the
ceiling
is
recommended.
In narrow
sheds
a
row
of
similar
units
directly
over,
or
not more
than 4 feet
behind,
the
single
feed
trough
will
be
found satisfactory.