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Federalism is a political concept in which a group ofmembers are bound together by covenant with a

governing representative head. The termfederalism is also used to describe a system of thegovernment in which sovereignty is constitutionallydivided between a central governing authority andconstituent political units (like states or provinces).Federalism is a system in which the power to govern

is shared between national and provincial (state)governments, creating what is often called afederation. Proponents are often called federalists.

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Dual federalism

Cooperative federalism

Creative federalism

New federalism

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Dual federalism, a legal theory which has prevailed inthe United States since 1789, is the belief that the UnitedStates consists of two separate and co-sovereign branches ofgovernment. This form of government works on the principlethat the national and state governments are split into theirown spheres, and each is supreme within its respective sphere.Specifically, dual federalism discusses the relationship betweenthe national government and the states' governments.According to this theory, there are certain limits placed on thefederal government. These limits are:1. National government rules by rules only.2. National government has a limited set of constitutionalpurposes.3. Each governmental unitstate and federalis sovereignwithin its sphere of operations.4. Relationship between nation and states is best summed upas tension rather than cooperation

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Cooperative federalism emphasized anexpanded role for the national government,

and cooperation between the nationalgovernment and the states. This

relationship predominated between 1930and 1960.

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National government- give grants

Strings-Attached Federal Grants

Types of grants

Categorical Grants

Block Grants

Federal Mandates

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Creative federalism, also known as"picket fence federalism," predominatedduring the period of 1960 to 1980. This

relationship was characterized byoverloaded cooperation and crosscuttingregulations.

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New federalism, sometimesreferred to as "on your ownfederalism," is characterized byfurther devolution of power fromnational to state governments,deregulation, but also increased

difficulty of states to fulfill their newmandates. This period began in

1981 and continues to the present.

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Anti-Federalism is a political

philosophy which opposes the conceptof Federalism. In short, Anti-Federalistsdictate that the central governing authority of

a nation should be equal or inferior to, butnot having more power than, its sub-national

states (state government). A book

titled "The Anti-Federalist Papers"is adetailed explanation of American Anti-Federalist thought.

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THERE ARE TWO OR MORE LEVELS OF GOV.T

DIFFERENT TIERS OF GOV.T GOVERN THE SAME CITIZEN ,BUT EACH TIER

HAS ITS OWN JURISDICTION

THE JURISDICTION OF THE RESPECTIVE LEVELS OR TIERS OFGOVERNMENT ARE SPECIFIED IN THE CONSTITUTION

NO FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE CAN BE MADE IN THE CONSTITUTION WITHOUT

THE CONSENT OF ALL LEVELS OF GOV.T

AN INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY PREVENTS CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE CENTER

AND THE STATE AND AMONG THE STATE

EACH LEVEL OF GOV.T HAS CLEARLY SPECIFIED SOURCE OF REVENUE TO

AVOID CONFLICT

THE FEDERAL SYSTEM THUS HAS DUAL OBJECTIVES :

1)TO SAFE GUARD AND PROMOTE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY

2)TO ACCOMMODATE REGIONAL DIVERSITY

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COMING TOGETHER FEDERATION1)INDEPENDENT STATES VOLUNTARILY FORM A

BIGGER UNION2)STATE AND THE CENTER HAVE EQUAL POWERSe.g.- U.S.A ,SWITZERLAND ,AUSTRALIA

HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION1)A LARGE COUNTRY DECIDES TO DIVIDE ITS

POWER BETWEEN THE STATES AND

CENTRAL GOV.T2)THE CENTRAL GOV.T IS ALWAYS MOREPOWERFUL THAN THE REGIONAL STATES

e.g.- INDIA ,SPAIN ,BELGIUM

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POWERS ARE DIVIDED AS :

UNION LIST

STATE LIST

CONCURENT LIST

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1)has 47 subjects1)has 47 subjects2)education2)education

marriage,forestmarriage,forestare subjectsare subjects

3)laws are made3)laws are madebymembers ofbymembers ofstate as well asstate as well as

union listunion list

Union list

1)Has 99subjects

2)banking,

communication,currency

are the subjects3)Laws made by

Members ofunion

list

STATE LIST

1)has 66subjects

2)police,trade,

c ommerce aresubjects

3)laws are madeby members of

state list

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LINGUISTIC STATES*CREATION OF LINGUISTIC STATES WAS DONE ON TWO

BASES : 1)CULTURE ,ETHNICITYOR GEOGRAPHY

2)ON BAISIS OF LANGUAGE

e.g.-nagaland,uttarkhand,jharkhand

*LANGUAGE POLICY# HINDI IS THE OFFICIALLANGUAGE OF INDIA

#BESIDES HINDI THERE ARE 21 OTHER LANGUAGE

#C

ENTRAL

GO

V.T PROMO

TES HINDI BUTC

ANNO

TIMPOSE IT ON ANY STATE

*center state relations$THE WAYCONSTITUTION HAS MADE THE CENTER

AND THE STATES SHARE POWERS HAS ALSO

STREANGTHENED FEDERALISM IN INDIA

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DECENTRA

LISATI

ONM

EANS THAT SOM

EPOWER IS TAKEN AWAY FROM THE CENTRALAND STATE GOV.T AND GIVEN TOLOCALGOV.T

UNIONGOV.T

STATEGOV.T

LOCAL

GOV.T

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RURALLOCAL GOVERNMENT

COVERS ENTIRE RURAL DISTRICT

ZILLA PARISHAD

COVERS ALL GRAM PANCHAYATHSUNDER THEM

GRAM SAMITHIS

COVERS VILLAGES OR GROUP OF

VILLAGES

GRAM PANCHAYATHS

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URBAN LOCAL GOV.T

SMALLERURBANAREAS

MUNCILALCOUNCIL

LARGERURBANAREAS

MUNCIPALCORPORATION

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Who is sarpanch?

Name any two cities with muncipal corporations?

How many languageshave been sheduled in indian constituion?

On which amentment of india is the panchayathi raj system based on?

Who is mayor?

Which system of government is followed in india?

Which of the indian states enjoys some special powers ,like having its ownconstitution?

Out of 192 countries how many has federal political system ?

prime minister runs the country ,chief minister runs the state,then what dose chairperson of zilla parishad can do ?

how much elected representatives are there in the panchayaths and muncipalities

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