5 Types of migration

1. Forced migration

• Human migration that occurs when the movers are physically moved by another group

Examples...

• Slavery to fulfill European objectives when settling such areas as the Caribbean and coasts of America

• Late nineteenth-century labour movements from China and India to European-controlled plantations of Malaysia, Sri Lanka & Burma

• Ethnic cleansing such as occurred during the post-1938 movement of Jewish populations in areas controlled by Nazi Germany

1. Forced Migration…examples

Advertising a slave auction in Charleston, South Carolina in 1769

Trans-Atlantic Triangular Slave Trade that operated from the late 16th to early 19th

centuries

German Jews deported to

Poland’s Lodz Ghetto in 1941. By 1942, these Jews

were being deported again:

from the ghettos to Nazi death camps.

2. Economic Migration

• Migration based on the requirements of an employer

Examples…

• RIM/BlackBerry opens offices in the UK, providing an opportunity for local workers to re-locate overseas

Blackberry’s UK Head Office on Bath Road in

Slough, Berkshire County

3. Seasonal migration

• Movement of people from their home for a definite or temporary period of time, for employment or recreation

Examples…

• Retired Canadians relocating to Florida for the winter months

• Students studying abroad

• Migrant workers from the Caribbean working on Canadian farms during the summer and harvest periods

• Young workers working at ski resorts like Whistler in B.C.

3. Seasonal migration…examples

The ‘other’ Canadian Snowbirds…’nuf said

Studying abroad has become so popular that it is now heavily promoted and marketed. This particular ad comes from the Engineering Department at The University of Nebraska in the U.S.

Jamaican apple pickers in Meaford, Ontario during the fall apple harvest.

Whistler, B.C. is a popular seasonal job destination for young people around the

world.

4. Voluntary migration

• Movement of people who have made the choice to relocate based on a variety of reasons, some negative

Examples…

• European expansion to temperate areas such as the United States, Canada and Australia in times of prosperity and opportunity

• Ontario residents moving to British Columbia or Alberta for a perceived more relaxed way of life

• Refugees crossing the border, illegally, into the United States

4. Voluntary migration…examples

The Irish have a long history of immigration to America during

times of prosperity and for the promise of a

better life

British Columbia has long promoted themselves to other Canadians as ‘the best place on earth’ and a place where jobs are

plentiful

The southwestern U.S. has a long

history of dealing with illegal

immigrants coming from Mexico

5. Temporary migration

• A short-term movement of people reacting to a stressor or perceived stressor in their lives

Examples…

• Afghan refugees fleeing Kabul or Kandahar

• Hong Kong residents leaving in anticipation of political change in 1997

• Residents of New Orleans leaving their city after Hurricane Katrina in 2005

5. Temporary migration…examples

Years of political unrest have led to many refugees fleeing Afghanistan for neighboring countries such as Pakistan and Iran.

Rather than stay and celebrate the flags of both mainland China and Hong Kong (as this young girl is doing), many residents left in association with ‘The Handover’ in 1997.

Demographers tracked the return of Hurricane Katrina refugees after the storm ravaged New Orleans, LA in 2005.