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INTRODUCTION
A Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is commonly
raised poultry specie in the hilippines! It is considered
as a "ackyard acti#ity among $armers and gained remarka"le
importance in the past year as a #ital component in $ood
sustaina"ility and income to $armers in the hilippines! A
"roiler is a type o$ chicken that is speci$ically raised
$or meat production "ecause o$ their $ast gro%ing rate&
high $eed con#ersion ratio& and lo% le#el o$ acti#ity! 'uch
production e$$iciency is particularly "ene$icial to
de#eloping countries like hilippines& that leads the
declining poultry prices and increasing incomes ha#e "een
attri"uted to increases in per capita poultry consumption&
%hich is sensiti#e to "oth price and income changes! And
this signi$icant o$ "roiler production and consumption has
important implication to the glo"al trading o$ meat as %ell
as $eeds and related inputs! (en!%ikipedia!org%iki"roiler)
hilippine poultry is also a "ackyard enterprises $orm
into a large $arming operation! roiler and egg production
are progressi#e no%adays& although its gro%th is hampered
"y a lot o$ pro"lems! The increase costs o$ $eedstu$$s also
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cause rapid increase in cost o$ poultry products! *ence
there is an urgent need to look $or alternati#e $eedstu$$s
to caution the rising cost o$ poultry $eeding!
Acacia ('amanea saman +!)& is a"undant in hilippines
gro%ing tree as shade o$ animals! It is a lo$ty canopied
tree %ith a large symmetrical cro%n! Acacia lea$ contains
,,!-, cp content!
Ipil.ipil (+eucaena leucocephala) is $ound
throughout the hilippines in the settled areas at lo% and
medium altitudes! It/s locally gregarious an a"undant! It
%as introduced $rom tropical America and I no% pantropic in
distri"ution!
+eguminous $odder species are generally unsuita"le $or
silage making "ecause o$ their high "u$$ering capacity!
'ome ha#e lea#es that shatter #ery easily upon drying&
rendering them also unsuita"le $or hay making! ut a
considera"le amount o$ lea#es& particularly those $rom
hedgero%s in alley cropping and those le$t "ehind $rom
$ire%oodcharcoal production& can "e con#eniently prepared
into lea$ meals and ser#e as a high.protein $eed source! It
contains ,01 crude protein& 021 crude $i"er& 2!3 ash& and
-!4 ether e5tract!
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6alunggay& kno%n scienti$ically as 6oringa olei$era
+amk& is one o$ the %orld7s most use$ul plants! It is used
as $ood& e$$ecti#e $locculant or %ater treatment&
anti"iotic& source o$ oil& and coagulant $or tur"id %aters!
One hundred grams or 0 cup o$ cooked malunggay lea#es
contain 8!0 g! protein& 9!- g! $i"er& :- mg calcium& ,: mg
phosphorus& 0!; mg iron& ,&2,9 mg
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The study has "een conducted $rom No#em"er to Decem"er
at the poultry pro@ect o$ the College o$ Agriculture&
6indanao 'tate Uni#ersity& atima Campus& General 'antos
City!
R>BI> O R>+AT>D +IT>RATUR>
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The dominant meat chicken today is a cross "et%een the
$ast.gro%ing $emale hite lymouth Rock chicken& and the
deep."reasted male Cornish chicken! hile the predominant
egg type in the United 'tates today is the hite +eghorn
chicken! Turkeys ha#e "een similarly standardied! ecause
o$ their lo%er cost and lo%er $at content& chicken and
turkey are increasingly popular protein sources %ith
American consumers& ri#alling pork and e#en "ee$ in per
capita consumption!
(httpE%%%!encyclopedia!comtopicpoultry!asp5)
oultry diets are composed primarily o$ a mi5ture o$
se#eral $eedstu$$s such as cereal grains& soy"ean meal&
animal "y.product meals& $ats& and #itamin and mineral
premi5es! These $eedstu$$s& together %ith %ater& pro#ide
the energy and nutrients that are essential $or the "ird7s
gro%th& reproduction& and health& namely proteins and amino
acids& car"ohydrates& $ats& minerals& and #itamins! The
energy necessary $or maintaining the "ird7s general
meta"olism and $or producing meat and eggs is pro#ided "y
the energy.yielding dietary components& primarily
car"ohydrates and $ats& "ut also protein! oultry diets
also can include certain constituents not classi$ied as
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nutrients& such as 5anthophyll/s (that pigment and impart
desired color to poultry products)& the Funidenti$ied
gro%th $actorsF claimed to "e in some natural ingredients&
and antimicro"ial agents ("ene$its o$ %hich may include
impro#ement o$ gro%th and e$$iciency o$ $eed utiliation)!
(httpE"ooks!nap!eduopen"ook!phprecordHid,003JpageR0)!
According to >nminger (0:;,) stated that nutrient&
chemical su"stances $ound in $eed materials are needed "y
the "irds in de$inite amount %ith ?ualities #arying
according to the kind o$ "irds and purpose $or %hich it is
"eing $eed!
The amount re?uired nutrient in poultry ration must "e
ad@usted in relation in order to ensure that the "irds
consume the right amount o$ the needed nutrients! The
concentration must "e increased in high K energy diet
"ecause the "irds %ill eat less o$ the ration per day! *igh
energy ration usually result in higher e$$iciency in
con#erting $eed into meat and egg as compared to lo% energy
ration (Gillepie 0::;)!
Acacia is a lo$ty canopied tree %ith a large
symmetrical cro%n! An ad#antageous shade tree as the
$ernlike lea$lets closes up at night& permitting rain to
$all through to the grass "eneath! Acacia +ea$ contains
6
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,,!01 o$ crude protein& 8:!01 o$ dry matter& ,:!31 crude
$i"er& -1 ash& ;1 ether e5tract& 0!3,1 Calcium& and !,01
hosphorus
(httpE%%%!$ao!orgagagaagap$rga$risData,29!*T6)!
Ipil.ipil is $ound throughout the hilippines in the
settled areas at lo% and medium altitudes! It is locally
gregarious an a"undant! It %as introduced $rom tropical
America and I no% pantropic in distri"ution!
This is a small tree& , to - meters high! The lea#es
are compound& 04 to ,4 centimeters long& %ith hairy
rachises! The pinnae are 2 to 0-& and 4 to 2 centimeters
long! The lea$lets are ,9 to 89& linear.o"long& and ; to 0,
millimeters in length! The heads are solitary& at the a5ils
o$ the lea#es& long.peduncled& glo"ose& and , to 4
centimeters in diameter& %ith many %hite $lo%ers! The pods
are thin& $lat& strap.shaped& 0, to 02 centimeters long&
and 0!3 to , centimeters %ide& each containing $rom 04 to
,4 elliptic& compressed& shining& "ro%n seeds!
Ipil.ipil is popularly kno%n in the hilippines $or
$ire%ood and is use$ul also in re$orestration %ork! It is
also much used as a co#er crop and is a good e5terminator
o$ LkogonM! The "ark produces "ro%n dye! In some pro#inces
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the seeds are used as a su"stitute $or co$$ee! The seeds
are also used in making "ags& etc!
The lea#es are in@urious to horses that eat them! They
are said to cause $alling o$ hair $rom their manes and
tails! Cattle and goats do not seem to "e a$$ected!
rill reports that the ra% seeds contain $at 2!-2
percent& crude $i"er ,,!4: percent& and nitrogen.$ree
material other than $i"er :!;2 percent& nitrogen -!3,
percent& and traces o$ sucrose& %ater 03!2 percent and ash
3!, percent!
In the hilippines the plant is utilied #ery little
as medicine! The roasted seeds are used as an emollient!
Guerrero reports that the roots in decoction are used as an
emmenagogue! 'tandley and Christy cite Grosourdy& %ho
states that a decoction o$ the "ark and roots is a po%er$ul
emmenagogue& and is used in the est Indies $or procuring
a"ortion!
(httpE%%%!"pi!da!go#!phu"licationsmphtmliipil.html)!
The F6oringaF tree is gro%n mainly in semi.arid&
tropical& and su"tropical areas& corresponding in the
United 'tates to U'DA hardiness ones: and 09! hile it
gro%s "est in dry sandy soil& it tolerates poor soil&
including coastal areas! It is a $ast.gro%ing& drought.
8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-aridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_hardiness_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-aridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_hardiness_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought7/25/2019 50270540 Comparative Study
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resistant tree that is nati#eto the southern $oothills o$
the *imalayasin north%estern India! Reports that it gro%s
%ild in the 6iddle >ast or A$rica are completely
unsu"stantiated! Today it is %idely culti#ated in A$rica&
Central and 'outh America& 'ri +anka& India& 6e5ico&
6alaysia& Indonesia and the hilippines! It is considered
one o$ the %orld/s most use$ul trees& as almost e#ery part
o$ the 6oringa tree can "e used $or $oodor has some other
"ene$icial property! In the tropics& it is used as $orage
$or li#estock& and in many countries& 6oringa micronutrient
li?uid& a natural anthelmintic (kills parasites) and
ad@u#ant (to aid or enhance another drug) is used as a
meta"olic conditioner to aid against endemic diseases in
de#eloping countries!
(httpEen!%ikipedia!org%iki6oringaHolei$era)!
6AT>RIA+' AND 6>T*OD'
9
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food7/25/2019 50270540 Comparative Study
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6aterials to "e Used
The materials used in the study %ere as $ollo%s Ipil.
ipil +ea$& 6alunggay +ea$& Acacia +ea$& 8- day.old "roiler
chicks& "roiler houses used as "rooder and gro%er& meg
chick "ooster crum"le& $eeding and %atering troughs& empty
$eed sacks (used as curtain)& old ne%spaper matting& "ul"s
(49 %atts)& electric %ires& %eighing scale& %ater& record
note"ook& "all en!
>5perimental Design and Treatments
The e5periment is laid out in Completely Randomied
Design (CRD) %ith three treatments replicated three times!
The le#el o$ di$$erent lea$ meals is 41 in the $eed ration
is the treatments o$ the study!
T0 K 41 Acacia +ea$ 6eal
T, K 41 Ipil.ipil lea$ 6eal
T8 K 41 6alunggay +ea$ 6eal
reparation o$ Three +ea$ 6eals
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Acacia +ea$& Ipil.ipil lea$& and 6alunggay +ea#es %ere
collected and %ashed separately! Then dried thoroughly
prior to grinding! The ground lea#es %ere added to meg
crum"le ration at 41 le#el corresponding to the treatments!
reparation o$ >5perimental Rations
The three e5perimental rations prepared constituted
the treatments o$ the study! The $irst ration (T0) contains
!4 kg o$ Acacia +ea$ 6eal in a 09kg meg chick "ooster
crum"le! hile the second ration (T,) contains !4 kg o$
Ipil.ipil +ea$ 6eal in a 09 kg o$ meg chick "ooster
crum"le and the third ration (T8) contains !4 kg o$
6alunggay +ea$ 6eal in a 09 kg o$ meg chick "ooster
crum"le and %ere stored and la"elled in a separate
containers!
reparation o$ rooder *ouse
The "roiler house %ere - 5 2 s?! $oot and di#ided
according to design o$ the e5periment! >ach di#ision
representing a replication %ere pro#ided %ith separate
%aterer& and $eeder! A 49.%att "ul" %ere strategically
installed to allo% the uni$orm distri"ution o$ heat and
light! The oultry house and other e?uipment used in this
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e5periment %ere cleaned thoroughly and %ere disin$ected
using creoline solution!
'election o$ >5perimental irds
Thirty.si5 healthy and #igorous day old Co"" "roiler
chick %hich do not sho% any a"normalities selected $or this
study! They purchased $rom reputa"le agriculture supply
store in General 'antos City!
rooding 6anagement
The e5perimental "irds %ere "rooded $or ,0 days! The
"rooding house %ere pro#ided %ith curtains made o$ empty
sack to minimie the heat out$lo% and to maintain the
desired temperature at 8,C! The $loor %ere co#ered %ith
se#eral layers o$ old ne%spapers to help maintain
temperature and also ser#e as $eeders during the $irst 4
days o$ "rooding!
Gro%ing 6anagement
A$ter 8 %eeks o$ "rooding the e5perimental "irds %ere
assigned to their respecti#e e5perimental lots! A light
%ere pro#ided at night to allo% the "irds to continue
eating on adli"itum "asis!
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eeding 6anagement
The day.old chicks %ere gi#en a "ooster crum"le $eed
containing ,31 C! The $eeds %ere made a#aila"le in paper
mat during the $irst 4 days& and then the $eeds %ere made
a#aila"le in $eeders! The same rations %ere o$$ered to the
"irds at ;E99 A6& 0, 6& and 3E 6! resh and clean %ater
is a#aila"le at all time!
Immediately a$ter 8 %eeks o$ "rooding the rations %ere
gi#en to the "irds!
*ealth and 'anitation 6anagement
Cleanliness %ere strictly o"ser#ed all throughout the
e5perimental period! All $eeders and %aterers %ere cleaned
thoroughly "e$ore any ne% $eed and %ater rations %ere
gi#en! 6anure and %aste %ere gathered and disposed properly
and daily to a#oid odor and $lies in$estation!
Data to "e Gathered
0) eed Consumption (kg) K All the $eeds that has "een
gi#en to the e5perimental "irds %ere %eighed and recorded!
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The amount o$ $eed le$t on the $eeder %ere %eighed and
deducted $rom the amount o$$ered $rom the pre#ious day! The
di$$erence "et%een the t%o is the amount o$ $eed consumed!
,) eight Gain (kg) K The %eight gained o$ the "irds
%ere determined "y deducting the initial %eight $rom the
$inal %eight o$ the "irds at the end o$ the e5perimental
period!
8) eed Con#ersion ratio (kg) K Is a measure o$ the
e$$iciency o$ the "irds in con#ert $eed mass to the "ody
%eight! This %ere determined "y di#iding the total $eed
consumption "y the total li#e %eight gain!
3) 6ortality (1) K The mortality rate o$ the "irds
%ere determined "y di#iding the recorded deaths all
throughout the e5perimental period "y the num"er o$ li#e
"irds at the start o$ the study!
4) Income O#er eed and Chick Cost () K This %ere
computed "y su"tracting the total cost o$ $eeds consumed
throughout the e5perimental period and the chick $rom the
#alue o$ the li#e "irds at the end o$ the study!
R>'U+T AND DI'CU''ION
eed Consumption
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The data on $eed consumption o$ Co"" roilers $ed %ith
rations partially su"stituted %ith ipil.ipil& malunggay&
and acacia lea$ meal is sho%n in ta"le 0! irds in T8 (41
acacia lea$ meal) had the highest $eed consumption o$ ,!-3&
$ollo%ed "y T0 (41 ipil.ipil lea$ meal) that o"tain an
a#erage total $eed consumption o$ ,!4-g& and T, (41
malunggay lea$ meal) %ith ,!4, kg!
(Gous ,99;)suggested that it is not possi"le to
optimie $eeding programs success$ully since the
composition o$ the $ood o$$ered has a #ery important e$$ect
on #oluntary $ood intake! (isher 0:2-)Appetite is
dependent on the nutrient re?uirements o$ the animal and
the contents o$ those nutrients in the $eed and hence&
responses in $eed intake!
It %as $ound out in the studies o$ (urnham et al!&
0:2,) that $eeds %ith higher in protein and energy content
had reduced the $eed intake&
*o%e#er analysis o$ #ariance among treatment means
sho%ed no signi$icant di$$erence statistically signi$icant!
Ta"le 0! eed consumption (kg"ird) o$ Co"" roilers asa$$ected "y su"stituting part o$ the meg chick"ooster crum"le%ith Three Di$$erent +ea$ 6eals!
Treatments (1) eed Consumptionns(kg)
15
http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ajava.2011.20.28&org=10#364773_jahttp://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ajava.2011.20.28&org=10#17645_bchttp://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ajava.2011.20.28&org=10#364773_jahttp://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ajava.2011.20.28&org=10#17645_bc7/25/2019 50270540 Comparative Study
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41 . I+6 ,!4-
41 . 6+6 ,!4,
41 . A+6 ,!-3
CB 3!3
ns not signi$icant
Total eight Gain
Ta"le ,! resents the a#erage %eight gains o$ Co""
roilers in response to the partial su"stitution o$ the meg
chick "ooster crum"le%ith "oth 41 o$ ipil.ipil lea$ meal&
malunggay lea$ meal& and acacia lea$ meal!
It appeared that 41 ipil.ipil lea$ meal in meg chick
"ooster crum"le impro#ed their %eight gain in "roiler
chickens& it attained the %eight %hich is the hea#iest o$
(0!;2kg)! On the other hand "irds $ed %ith acacia $ollo%s
ha#ing 0!;-kg and the lo%est %eight %ere those "ird $ed
%ith malunggay lea$ meal %ith 0!;,kg!
*o%e#er& the di$$erence in treatment means %as not
signi$icant statistically (Appendi5 Ta"le ,")!
Ta"le ,! Total %eight gain (kg"ird) o$ Co"" roilersa$$ected "y su"stituting part o$ the meg chick"ooster crum"le%ith Three Di$$erent +ea$ 6eals!
TR>AT6>NT' (1) +IB> >IG*TGAINns (kg)
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41 I+6 0!;2
41 6+6 0!;,
41 A+6 0!;-
CB 9!0-1ns not signi$icant
eed Con#ersion Ratio
The e$$iciency o$ the "irds in con#erting $eed into
"ody %eight gain using ration %ith either 41 ipil.ipil lea$
meal 6alunggay lea$ meal& and acacia lea$ meal is
represented in ta"le 8!
irds in T0 could "e considered as the most e$$icient
among treatments tested& these "irds re?uired the less
amount o$ $eed (0!33) per unit li#e %eight gain! On the
other hand those in T, needed more $eed (0!3-)& $or e#ery
unit o$ %eight gain %hile those in T8 re?uired the most
amount o$ $eed (0!4)& to produce one unit o$ %eight gain!
*o%e#er& no signi$icant di$$erence among treatment
(Appendi5 Ta"le 8")!
Ta"le 8! eed con#ersion ratio o$ Co"" roiler as a$$ected"y su"stituting part o$ the meg chick "oostercrum"le%ith Three Di$$erent +ea$ 6eals!
TR>AT6>NT'(1) >>D CONB>R'ION RATIOns (kg)
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41 I+6 0!33
41 6+6 0!3-
41 A+6 0!4
CB 9!,0,4
ns not signi$icant
6ortality
No mortality is recorded during the %hole duration o$ the
study! This has "een due to the proper selection o$
e5perimental chicks& and sanitation and disease control!
Income O#er eed Chick Cost
Income o#er $eed and chick cost o$ Co"" roilers as
a$$ect "y su"stituting part o$ themeg chick "ooster crum"les
%ith 41 Ipil.ipil& 41 6alunggay& and 41 Acacia +ea$ 6eals
is presented in ta"le 3!
The highest pro$it o$ (hp) 4-!3 %as o"ser#ed in
"irds $ed %ith 41 Ipil.ipil +ea$ meal $ollo%ed "y those
%ith 41 6alunggay +ea$ 6eal (hp) 3:!24! the lo%est IOCC&
%as o"tained $rom "irds %ith 41 Acacia +ea$ 6eal in the
ration %ith (hp) 33!4-!
Ta"le 3! Income o#er $eed and chick cost (hp) o$ Co""roilers as a$$ected "y su"stituting part o$ the
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meg chick "ooster crum"le%ith Three Di$$erent +ea$6eals!
TR>AT6>NT 'A+> BA+U> O +IB> IRD >>D J C*ICPCO'T IOCC
1 (hp) (hp) (hp)
41 I+6 0-8!2 09;!3 4-!3
41 6+6 042!3 092!44 3:!24
41 A+6 0-, 00;!33 33!4-
AssumptionE
'elling price o$ roilers . hp :9kg li#e %eight
Cost o$ roiler mash . hp ,2!4kg $eeds
Cost o$ Ipil.ipil . hp 80!,4kg
Cost o$ 6alunggay +ea$ . hp 80!,4kg
Cost o$ Acacia +ea$ . hp -,!4kg
Cost o$ 6ulti#itamins . hp 4!;4"ird
Cost o$ Chicks . hp ,8"ird
'U66ARQ& CONC+U'ION AND R>CO66>NDATION'
A study on LThe Gro%th er$ormance o$ Co"" roilers
ed %ith Three Di$$erent +ea$ 6eals (I+6& 6+6& A+6)&M %as
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conducted at the College o$ Agriculture oultry ro@ect K
6indanao 'tate Uni#ersity $rom No#em"er ,: to Decem"er 8&
,909 to e#aluate and ompare in terms o$ $ed consumption&
%eight gain& $eed con#ersion ratio and income o#er $eed and
chick cost o$ Co"" roilers!
The 'tudy is laid out in Completely Randomied Design
(CRD) %ith three treatment replicated three times! The
treatments used %ere 41 Ipil.ipil +ea$ 6eal :41 "ooster
crum"le (T0)& 41 6alunggay +ea$ 6eal :41 "ooster crum"le
(T,)& 41 Acacia +ea$ 6eal :41 "ooster crum"le(T8)! our
"irds %ere assigned at random to each replication!
The results o$ the study %ere as $ollo%sE
eed Consumption o$ Co"" roilers %ith 6alunggay +ea$
meal (T,) is the lo%est (,!4,kg) compared to those in Ipil.
ipil +ea$ 6eal (T0)& Acacia +ea$ 6eal (T8) %ith (,!48kg)
and (,!-3kg) respecti#ely!
The hea#iest %eight gain %as o"tained "y "irds in T0
(0!;2kg) treated %ith 41 o$ Ipil.ipil +ea$ 6eal& lo%er "ut
compara"le gains %ere o"ser#ed in 6alunggay +ea$ 6eal (T,)&
Acacia +ea$ 6eal (T8)& %ith 0!;,kg& and 0!;-kg o$ %eight
gain respecti#ely!
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The highest %eight gain %ere the most e$$icient
con#erters o$ $eed per unit o$ "ody %eight gain and %ere
also those ga#e the most economic return!
+IT>RATUR> CIT>D
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RONDA& !6 0:;,! oultry science and production!6anila! Agriculture and Industry! ;: pp
CARD& +!>! and 6!C! N>'*>I6! 0:;,! oultryproduction!00th+ea and e"iger&hiladelphia& 820 pp!
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