A Magazine Exploring Indiana History Indiana Historianin.gov/history/files/girlscout.pdf · “The...

Indiana HistorianTheA Magazine Exploring Indiana History

“To inspire girls with the highest idealsof character, conduct, patriotism,

and service so that they may becomehappy and resourceful citizens.”

Girl Scouting in Indiana

Mission statement, GSUSA, adopted 1990

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The Indiana Historian, March 19972 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1997

Focus

The Indiana HistorianMarch 1997

ISSN 1071-3301

EditorPamela J. Bennett

Lead ResearcherPaula A. Bongen

DesignerDani B. Pfaff

Contributing EditorsCarole M. Allen, Janine Beckley,

Alan Conant, Dani B. Pfaff,Virginia Terpening

The Indiana Historian provides re-sources and models for the study of localhistory to encourage Indiana’s citizens ofall ages to become engaged with the his-tory of their communities and the state ofIndiana.

The Indiana Historian (formerly TheIndiana Junior Historian) is issued quar-terly from September through June.

It is a membership benefit of the Indi-ana Junior Historical Society. One compli-mentary subscription is provided to Indi-ana libraries, school media centers, andcultural and historical organizations.

Annual subscriptions are available for$5.00 plus tax. Back issues are availableat individual and bulk pricing.

This material is available to visuallyimpaired patrons in audio format, cour-tesy of the Indiana History Project of theIndiana Historical Society. Tapes are avail-able through the Talking Books Program ofthe Indiana State Library; contact the Talk-ing Books Program, 317-232-3702.

The Indiana Historian is copyrighted.Educators may reproduce items for classuse, but no part of the publication may bereproduced in any way for profit withoutwritten permission of the Indiana Histori-cal Bureau.

Cover Illustration: The Crothersville,Jackson County, Indiana Girl Scout Troop ata homecoming picnic in Henryville, ClarkCounty in August, 1912. According to theidentification on the picture, “The Henryvilletrip was a little historic excursion andmissionary tour in Scout work. . . . The Dayclosed with a Scout Entertainment at the HighSchool by the Brownstown and CrothersvilleScouts.“ According to the BrownstownBanner, July 10, 1912, these two troops—called Red Cross Scouts—met in Crothersvilleon July 7 with the newly organized RedCross Crusaders, “for the young people notin Scout work.”Photograph from Indiana State Library,Indiana Division, Photographs.

March 12, 1997 is the eighty-fifth anniversary of the Girl Scoutsfounded by Juliette Gordon Lowon March 12, 1912 in Savannah,Georgia. This issue uses thatoccasion to call attention to theimportance of youth organizationsin studying and documenting thehistory of children and childhood.Our guest author, Noraleen A.Young is introduced below.

The front cover provides aphotograph of what may be thefirst Girl Scout troop in Indiana.The back cover photograph demon-strates the interest of Girl Scouts inan historical event in 1929.

On page 3, there is a verybrief overview of the historicalcontext in which the Girls Scoutswas founded. On pages 4 and 5,there is an introduction of JulietteLow and Girl Scouting.

Pages 6 and 7 are devoted toan examination of badges—therole they play and what historicalinformation we can learn from them.

Pages 8 and 9 contain infor-mation about camping throughthe years—perhaps the mostfamiliar image of Girls Scouts,besides the cookie sale, that manypeople have of Girl Scouting.

Service to community is animportant part of Girl Scouting,and some contributions girls havemade are surveyed on pages 10and 11. Included is a transcrip-tion of a letter from Juliette Low toan Indianapolis troop leader.

The role of Girl Scouting as atraining ground for girls andwomen is covered on page 12 inthe context of the early develop-ment of Girl Scouting in Indiana—including a map of councils andfirst known troops.

As an example of the commit-ment of Girl Scouts to diversity,the story of an African-Americantroop in Indianapolis in 1921 isprovided on page 13.

“Behind the Scenes” on page14 provides an opportunity for ourguest author Noraleen Young totalk about why historians shouldstudy the Girl Scouts and otheryouth organizations.

“Selected Resources” areprovided on page 15.

Sources: The basic source for theinformation in this issue is Young.The Girl Scouts of the United Statesof America (GSUSA) Archives and theGirl Scouts of Hoosier Capital CouncilArchives have provided both informa-tion and materials.

Noraleen A. Young has “alwaysloved history. I read many historicalnovels as a young person. I had agrandfather who loved history andloved to discuss it with his grand-daughter.”

From the University of Michi-gan, Ann Arbor, Young earned abachelor’s degree in American Historyand American Studies and a master’sdegree in Library Science, specializ-ing in archives and manuscripts, thesource materials of history. She cameto Indianapolis in 1984 to work at theIndiana State Library, Indiana Divi-sion, a collection of materials relatedto every aspect of Indiana—people,places, and events.

She completed her thesis titled“The Girl Scout of Today, the Womanof Tomorrow”: Girl Scouting in Cen-tral Indiana, 1917-1992 and earnedher master’s degree in history fromIndiana University, Indianapolis in1992.

After she completed her thesis,she became the volunteer council his-torian for the Hoosier Capital Coun-cil. When questions about the historyof Girl Scouting in central Indianaarise, Young answers them.

Young is now in business as aconsulting historian. Find out moreabout her on her Web page at http://www.trader.com/users/5010/5955/index.htm

Our guest author

© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1997 3+

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The Indiana Historian, March 1997

At the end of the nineteenth century, Americansociety was no longer based on an agriculturaleconomy. Increasing industrialization drew mothers,fathers, girls, and boys from small farms to factories,offices, and commercial ventures in cities.

Rapid growth of these cities caused problems ofovercrowding, poor health, unemployment, crime,and juvenile delinquency. Local governments werenot able to solve these problems. Many people be-came concerned about the loss of values and idealsof the American pioneers and forefathers.

Many American reformers, part of a nationalmovement called “progressivism,” tried to solve theproblems of change with such efforts as a renewedinterest in religion, governmental reform, “back-to-nature” movement, and educational reform.

New ideas about education grew out of the firstscientific studies about child development. TheYoung Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) had beendeveloping programs for boys since 1867. Educatorsorganized other groups for outdoor education forboys. In the U.S., Ernest Thompson Seton andDaniel Charles Beard were leaders in these efforts.

In Great Britain in 1908, Robert Baden-Powellbegan a program called Boy Scouts. Baden-Powell’sprogram was adopted by the YMCA in the U.S., andby October 1910, U.S. Boy Scouts had 2,500 scout-masters in forty-four states, Puerto Rico, and thePhillipines (Murray, 15).

Baden-Powell’s Boy Scouts led to the foundingin Great Britain in 1910 of the Girl Guides by hissister Agnes. In the U.S., YMCA and Boy Scoutsleaders responded to American girls’ requests byestablishing Campfire Girls in 1911. Luther Gulick,who along with others believed girls’ physical andmental abilities were very different from boys’, devel-oped the program.

Juliette Gordon Low had other ideas. Her GirlScouts, established in 1912, moved beyond contem-porary views of girls and women and responded totraining girls for the roles of women. The roles andstatus of women have changed—although many roleshave remained the same—over the years. Girl Scoutprogramming has evolved to continue the ideals of itsfounder to make girls into well-prepared citizenswhatever roles they assume.

In 1927:“. . . The interests of parents and children werenever more divergent. The nineteenth century, withthe development of the factory system, took thework of the family out of the home. The twentiethcentury is rapidly doing the same thing to its play,and breaking down the ties which have held thehome together. . . . The heaviest strain of ourunsettled modern life falls on the shoulders of theyoung, especially on girls because of the changingstatus of women today” (139-40). Girl Scouts andother youth organizations were cited as stabilizingfactors for “the modern girl” (143).From: Henriette R. Walter, Girl Life in America: A Study of Backgrounds (NewYork: The National Committee for the Study of Juvenile Reading, 1927).

In 1957:“What resources, ideally, should a girl have inorder to grow successfully into the subtle anddemanding role of adult womanhood? Theessentials would seem to be: a reasonable senseof self based on an accurate knowledge of herown talents and interests, a positive view of andidentification with the feminine role, and enoughsustaining values to permit her to adapt flexiblyto adult womanhood—whether . . . marriage anda family, or a career, or both” (2).From: Adolescent Girls: a nation-wide study of girls between eleven and eighteenyears of age ([Ann Arbor]: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research,University of Michigan, [1957]). The study was commissioned by the GSUSA.

You be the historian• Explore the history of youth organizations and agen-

cies.• Have there been Girl Scout troops or other youth

organizations in your community? What have theycontributed to the individuals involved and to thecommunity? Talk with people of various ages aboutthese topics.

• Investigate American society in the early twentiethcentury, especially the “progressive” movement.

• Explore changes in perceptions of the roles of girlsand women up to the present day. Have there alsobeen changes in perceptions about the roles of boysand men?

Answers to change

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1897

Indiana GeneralAssembly passescomprehensive lawprohibiting children underthe age of 14 fromworking in manufacturingestablishments.(Phillips, 332-33)

1902

c.1899

Typical housewifespends six hours aday on two tasks—cooking andcleaning.(Mintz and Kellogg, 90)

1905

Daniel C. Beard foundsSociety of the Sons ofDaniel Boone for boys,promoting sport, outdoorrecreation, woodcraft, andpreservation.(Murray, 18)

1906

New city of Garyis built by UnitedStates Steel Co.(Phillips, 364)

1911

Boy Scoutorganization isestablished in U.S.(Young, 9)

1910

1910

Indiana has a higherproportion of child labor thanany other northern stateexcept Ohio and Pennsylvania.(Phillips, 334)

Ernest Thompson Setonorganizes the Tribe ofWoodcraft Indians for

boys, promoting outdoorlife, preservation, and

fellowship. (Murray, 16)

Camp Fire Girlsis established

in U.S.(Young, 9)

Girl Scouting in history

Born in Savannah, Georgia in 1860, JulietteGordon had been reared to be a wife and mother.She married William Low in 1886 and moved to hishome in Great Britain. Her husband died in 1905;she had no children.

Among her friends were Lord Robert Baden-Powell and his sister, Agnes, founders of Boy Scoutsand Girl Guides in Great Britain. Low became inter-ested in Girl Guides and established troops whenshe lived in London, England and Scotland.

Low returned to Savannah and in March 1912established the first American Girl Guide troop,changing the name to Girl Scouts in 1913. To spreadthe word of Girl Scouting, she relied on correspon-dence and her circle of friends.

Low devoted her life and money to Girl Scoutsin the U.S. and the international Girl Guides. Shedied on January 17, 1927. Her family home inSavannah was restored and opened in 1956 as a GirlScouts national program center.

According to the caption for this photograph in the Indianapolis StarMagazine, June 20, 1948, “Mrs. Donald R. Berner explains navigationto Girl Scouts Barbara Bowman, Helen Eby and Elizabeth Haynes.” Thestory goes on to describe how veterans in Indiana of the Women’s AirForce Service Pilots (WASPS) had begun to establish Wing Scout groupsamong senior Girl Scouts—five groups in Indianapolis and one inRichmond. The Wing Scouts began as an official program of the GSUSAin 1942; the first manual was issued in 1945. Former members of theWomen’s Air Corps (WACS) also helped with Wing Scout troops.

Another special opportunity was the Mariner Scout program. It wasintroduced in 1924 as Sea Scouts and became an official program ofGSUSA in 1934.

The Raintree Council has documented Mariner Troops in Boonville(1950s) and Evansville (1960s) and Senior Wing Scout Troop 19, circa1949 in Evansville (Raintree Council, 234, 235, 237).

Both programs were integrated as special interest groups in the newsenior program in 1963 (1963 Senior Handbook, 148-59, 176-85).

A self-portrait by JulietteGordon Low, who wasan accomplished artist.

“If character training and learning citizenship arenecessary for boys, how much more important it is thatthese principles should be instilled into the minds of girlswho are destined to be the mothers and guides of thenext generation. An attractive and practical form ofactive educational pastime is needed and for thispurpose the Girl Scouts are organized.”

Ph

otog

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Juliette Gordon Low(Foreword, 1913 Handbook, Hoxie, vii)

1933 H

an

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, fr

onti

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Other E

vents in History

1911 1912

New Mexico andArizona becomethe 47th and 48thstates.(Carruth, 245)

February 10Girl Scouttrefoil designis patented.(Highlights, 5)

U.S. entersWorld War I.(Carruth, 254)

Indiana celebrates100th anniversary of

statehood with paradesand pageants.

(Phillips, 361)

1912 1912

1916 1917

GS

US

A

1914

March 10Indiana Universityinaugurates state highschool basketballtournament with 12public high schoolsparticipating.(Phillips, 436)

March 12Juliette Gordon Low

organizes first GirlScout troop in

Savannah, Georgiawith 18 members.

(Highlights, 5)

AugustCrothersville andBrownstown,Indiana have GirlScout troops.(see p. 2 of this issue)

OctoberThe Rally, monthly

magazine for GirlScouts, begins

publication. (Highlights, 6)

1917

The development of GirlScouting reflects many aspects ofthe history of society over the yearssince 1912.The levelsand activitieshavechanged tomeet theneeds of girlsas societyhas changed.

The uniformsmirror the changingfashions over thedecades. The clothused has includedcotton, Sanforizedcotton, rayon,gabardine, andpolyester blends asthey became avail-able. Adult uni-forms have beendesigned by highfashion designers,including Indiananative Bill Blass in1984.

Juliette Gor-don Low introduced the programfor girls ages 10-17, with threeranks. By 1925, girls over 18 orFirst Class Scouts over 16 becameknown as Senior Scouts.

English leaders in 1914developed a program for youngergirls who followed their sisters toGirl Guide meetings. In the U.S., a

changing times and the perceivedneeds of American girls from astudy it had commissioned, 1955-1957. The program was altered toserve four Girl Scout age groups—Brownie (7-9, currently 6-9), Junior(9-11), Cadette (12-14), and Senior(14-17).

In 1984, GSUSA extended itsprogramming to kindergarten, orage 5, with the Daisy Girl Scout.

Daisy GirlScout uniforms

(GSUSA).

Brownie,Intermediate, and

Senior Scoutuniforms

(1947 Handbook, 4).

Khaki uniform,circa 1914

(GSUSA).

Brownie uniform, 1927-1936 (GSUSA).

Senior, Cadette,Junior, and

Brownie uniforms(1963 Cadette Handbook,

frontispiece).

1926Handbook.

Brownie program for girls ages 7-10was officially recognized in the mid-1920s.

As a result of a U.S. Girl Scoutprogram study in 1935, a revisionof age groups was introduced in

1938—Brownies (7-9),Intermediates (10-13),and Seniors (14-17).

In 1963, the GSUSAresponded to rapidly

Green uniform(1933 Handbook, 78).

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Badges, badges, badges

1920

1920 1920

U.S. census showsIndiana urbanpopulation largerthan rural populationfor the first time.(Phillips, 363)

1920

Rally magazinebecomes TheAmerican Girl, amagazine for allgirls, not just GirlScouts.(Highlights, 6)

1921

Indiana General Assemblypasses law requiringchildren between the agesof 14 and 16 to complete8th grade.(Phillips, 389-90n)

1922

U.S. Bureau ofEducation reports175,031 one-roomschools across thecountry.(Walter, 32)

GSUSA reports26.1% of troops

are affiliatedwith churches.

(Walter, 79)

1926

Girl Scout badges are some-thing more than pieces of fabric toput on a uniform, vest, or sash.Badge work helps girls learn skillsthey can use in their lives. Eachbadge has requirements that haveto be met. When a girl completesthe requirements, she is tested byher leader or by someone withspecial knowledge about thebadge area.

Throughout the years,badges have reflected the expectedroles of women. Badges also havegiven girls an opportunity toexplore areas that may not havebeen considered part of women’straditional activities.

In the chart on the next pageare examples of badges offeredover the years and some samplebadge requirements.• Examine requirements given for

each time period, making sure youknow the meaning of all words.Can you meet the requirements?

• Over time, what elements aboutthe requirements for each badgeare alike and what are different?

• What do the badges and badgerequirements given tell us aboutthe changing role of women andchanges in technology?

• What might the numbers of top tenbadges earned in each time periodtell us about participation in theGirl Scouts?

Indiana surveyshows 4,800 one-room schools stillin use.(Phillips, 391)

November 5Indiana GovernorJames Goodrich

issues proclamationdesignating Girl

Scout week.(Indianapolis News,November 5, 1920)

October 5Martha Selma Beck starts

first African-Americantroop in Indianapolis

at School #17. (Young, 78)

1921

“Her Badge stands for one way in which a Girl Scouthas prepared herself to help others. The real badgetest is the use a Girl Scout makes of it whenopportunity comes”

Sources for p. 7: Therequirements are quotedfrom various versions ofGirl Scout handbooks asnoted; an elipsis (three orfour dots) indicates wordshave been omitted;numbers of badges arefrom Degenhardt andKirsch.

Gir

l S

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ts o

f H

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apit

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Cou

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l.Certain skills and knowledgehave always been required

for Girl Scouts. This card,circa 1930s, shows the

examination for a SecondClass Girl Scout.

GS

US

A

January 1921

GS

US

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Brownie pin,1921-1937

(Degenhardt and Kirsch, 258).


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Other E

vents in History

1927

1927

May 21Lindberg completes

first nonstop airplaneflight across the

Atlantic from NewYork to Paris. (Carruth, 272)

1929

Indianapolis survey ofchildren reveals that morethan 50% attend moviesat least once a week.Tom Mix and Clara Boware most popular stars.(Madison, Indiana, 367)

1930 1935

1935

Survey in Indiana shows thatinadequate roads and bridgeshinder school attendance andschool consolidation.(Madison, Indiana, 190)

U.S. Social Security Act marks federalgovernment’s recognition of public

responsibility for aged and dependentAmericans. Indiana General Assemblypasses most significant social welfare

reforms in state history in 1936. (Madison, Indiana, 118)

Bookbinding, Pottery, My Country,Public Health, World Knowledge,Cyclist, Beekeeper, Farm Safety,Storyteller (Total, 131)

My Camera, World Neighbor,Creative Writer, Graphic Arts,Radio & Television, Traveler,Player-Producer (Total, 112)

Individual Sports, Local Lore,Peoples of the U.S., BusinessWise, Computer Fun, Ecology,Horse Lover (Total, 76)

Aviation: “. . . Explain the fourmajor factors governing flight—lift,thrust, drag, gravity. . . . Know theuses of the ailerons, elevators, andrudder of an aircraft; the uses ofthe flaps of an airplane; and thespoilers of a glider. . . . (1947, pp.384-85).

Handywoman: “. . . Demonstratethe best and safest ways to useand care for electric and mechani-cal appliances in your home, suchas iron, toaster, clock, percolator,carpet sweeper, meat grinder. . . .Learn how to read a gas, electric,or water meter . . . (1947, p. 421).

Housekeeper: “. . . Describe labor-saving devices . . . preparationsand supplies found in stores . . . .Demonstrate cleaning of enam-eled, aluminium, or stainless steelware . . . . Clean your refrigeratoror ice box . . . . If the refrigerator isrun by electricity or gas, learn howto defrost it and regulate thetemperature. . . . (1947, pp. 424-25).

Aviation: “. . . Name major parts ofan airplane. Define functions of:fuselage, aileron, elevator, rudder,trim tabs, flaps, vertical stabilizer.Identify a glider, helicopter, lightsingle-engine and twin-engineairplane, seaplane, a turbopropand turbojet two or four enginetransport. . . .” (1963 Cadette, 286).

Handywoman: “. . . Describe how,when, and under what circum-stances utilities should be turnedoff in your home. . . . Demonstratethe safe and correct way to useand care for four major appliances,such as stove, refrigerator, vacuumcleaner, washer, electric rotisserie,dishwasher, dryer. . . .” (1963Cadette, [305]).

Housekeeper: “. . . Check the planin your home for safe storage ofcleaning equipment and supplies. . . .Show how to use a broom, dustmop, vacuum cleaner. . . . Visitgrocery stores to compare labelson different food packages. Lookfor information on quantity, quality,and price. . . .” (1963 Junior, 335).

Aerospace: “. . . Talk to someolder people in your communityabout what it was like to fly in thefirst half of the 20th century. . . .Visit an airport, a control tower, aspace center, an aerospacemuseum, or a planetarium, or seean air show. . . .” (Girl ScoutBadges, 1980, pp. 78-79).

Ms. Fix-it: “. . . Find out what to do[in] . . . the following emergencies:water won’t stop running . . .something goes wrong with the hotwater heater . . . toilet gets clogged. . . thermostat won’t shut off/turnon furnace . . . smoke alarm orsecurity system won’t shut off . . .gas is leaking . . .” (Girl ScoutBadges, 1980, pp. 96-97).

Household Whiz : “ . . . Find outhow the changes in housekeepinghave changed family life. . . .Conduct a safety check of yourhome. . . . Choose a vegetable orfruit that is sold in fresh, frozen,and canned form. . . . Decide whichis the most economical. . . .Explore the ways energy is used inyour home. . . .” (Girl ScoutBadges, 1980, pp. 32-33).

1913-1938 1938-1963 1963-1980 1980-1985Top ten badges within each time frame (Notes: * Introduced 1922 / ** Introduced 1947 / *** Introduced 1953 )

Health Winner .......................... 178,712 Cook ..................................... 2,973,738 Troop Camper ...................... 5,069,531 First Aid ................................... 872,560Scholarship* ............................ 168,622 Hostess ................................. 1,703,537 Cook ...................................... 4,905,725 Troop Camper ........................ 854,349Cook ........................................ 156,256 Child Care ............................. 1,605,861 Health Aide ........................... 3,923,495 Child Care ............................... 597,935Housekeeper ........................... 146,253 First Aid ................................ 1,132,065 Hospitality ............................. 3,763,353 Outdoor Fun ........................... 566,012Hostess .................................... 145,629 Outdoor Cook ....................... 1,079,358 Housekeeper ........................ 3,577,577 Girl Scouting Everywhere ...... 491,104First Aide ................................. 144,610 Housekeeper ........................ 1,065,896 Collector ............................... 3,283,656 Outdoor Dabbler ..................... 463,169Needlewoman .......................... 124,131 Camp Craft ........................... 1,060,813 Backyard Fun ....................... 3,064,664 Well Being Dabbler ................. 461,898Home Nurse ............................ 111,450 Sewing** ............................... 1,013,444 Toymaker .............................. 3,021,313 Wildlife .................................... 450,435Observer ..................................... 95,003 Good Grooming** ................. 1,001,650 Water Fun ............................. 2,804,420 Math Whiz ............................... 428,001Citizen ......................................... 91,422 Adventurer*** ........................... 929,389 Gypsy .................................... 2,751,800 Tending Toddlers ................... 426,877

Some other badges (Total is the number of badges available.)

Some badge requirements through the yearsFlyer : “Pass tests in knowledge ofair currents, weather lore. Musthave made an aeroplane to fly 25yards (or have a certificate fordriving an aeroplane), and someknowledge of engines” (Hoxie,132).

Handy-Woman: “. . . Know how toturn off the water or gas supply . . . .Clean, trim and fill an oil lamp . . . .State how brooms, dry mops,dustpans, and brushes should beplaced when not in use . . . (1926,p. 515).

Matron Housekeeper: “Know howto use a vacuum cleaner. How tostain and polish hardwood floors . .. . How to clean wire windowscreens . . . . How to put away furand flannels . . . . Know threedifferent cuts of meat . . . . Knowseason for chief fruits andvegetables, fish and game. Knowhow flour, sugar, rice, cereals andvegetables are sold . . . (Hoxie, 134).

Dairy Maid, Electrician, Laun-dress, Automobiling, BusinessWoman, Milliner, Scout Neighbor,Minstrel, Rambler (Total, 89)

October 1First Lady, Lou Henry Hoover

gives greetings to GirlScouts at National Council

meeting in Indianapolis.(Indianapolis Star,

October 1, 1930)

January 17Juliette GordonLow dies inSavannah,Georgia.(Highlights, 8)

135th anniversary of theBattle of Fallen Timbers. 50th anniversary of the

American Red Cross.

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Around the campfire

1936

Indianapolis Girl Scoutsgreet First Lady EleanorRoosevelt during hervisit to the city.(Indianapolis Star,June 17, 1936)

1938

Camping has been from thebeginning a central part of the GirlScout experience.

In 1910, the idea of girlscamping was considered unusual.Women were just beginning tobreak out of the traditionalboundaries of the home. Womenwere not expected to participate inathletic or hard physical activities.Juliette Low, like others partici-pating in the development ofyouth organizations, believed thatoutdoor activities were good fordeveloping healthy citizens.

For troops, the first activitywas often a hike to a local parkand overnight camping. As thenumber of troops grew in a com-munity, the leaders’ association(later the council) developedcamping facilities. Councils bor-rowed land, used Boy Scoutcamps, or went to an IndianaState Park. Often a friend of thecouncil would donate land ormoney for a campground. InIndiana, Whiting, Fort Wayne,Terre Haute, Evansville, Rich-mond, Hammond, and Muncieopened campgrounds between1924 and 1935.

The camping experienceduring this period included classtopics, such as nature study, firstaid, knots and lashing, and other

outdoor skills. Often there was acook, but girls were required tohelp out in the kitchen.

During the 1930s, campingwas expanded to include wintercamping in heated buildings. Staffhired by the Works Progress Ad-ministration helped the girls withspecial skills such as folk dancing.

Camping during the years ofWorld War II often meant girls hadto find creative ways to get tocampgrounds. Gasoline wasrationed, so girls caught busses ortrains to the closest stops to thecampgrounds and then hiked therest of the way. During the 1930sand 1940s, Girl Scouts also

established day camps. DuringWorld War II, day camps helpedparents working in the war-timefactories by providing safe placesfor girls.

Beginning in the 1950s,GSUSA started national Round-Ups—special camps held onceevery three years at a spot in theU.S. Girls from all over the coun-try attended.

Throughout the years, GirlScouting has focused on theenvironment. In the 1970s and1980s, this emphasis was rein-forced with minimal impact camp-ing, in which girls disturbednature as little as possible.

1939

The most popular magazineselling in a Brookston, Indiana

drugstore is True Story. McCallsand Saturday Evening Post are

also popular magazines. (Madison, 351)

1938

Girl Scouts revise program tothree age levels—Brownies,Intermediates, and Seniors.(Highlights, 10)

1936

Disney’s Snow White and the SevenDwarfs is top money maker, but movie

attendance is down 40%. (Carruth, 293)

First nationally franchisedGirl Scout cookie sale.(Highlights, 10)

Members of Selma Beck’s Troop 6, School 17, Indianapolis, cookat a campfire on an outing, circa 1921 (see p. 13).

The Family of Selma Beck Harry and Girl Scouts of Hoosier Capital Council.

Teepee

150th anniversary in 1937 of theOrdinance of 1787 and the organization

of the Northwest Territory.


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Girl S

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Other E

vents in History

1943

1940

37% of Indianafarms have tractors,up from 4% in 1920and 22% in 1930.(Madison, Indiana, 155)

U.S. entersWorld War II.(Carruth, 299)

1941

1942 1942

1942

MayGirl Scouts of the U.S.A.publishes Senior GirlScouting in Wartime.(Highlights, 11)

The firstwoman iselected to

the IndianaState

Senate.(Madison,

Indiana, 37)

1943

“Topsy” Bayer (later Mrs. Joseph Butcher)donated this picture of herself and thisschedule for a typical camp day in the1920s, regulated by her as the bugler.

Ox Hollow nearCannelton, Indiana is now

a Girl Scout camp.(Indianapolis Star,

July 26, 1942)

DecemberPoll shows 44% of U.S.

high school students arecritical of, confused by, orindifferent toward the war.

(Indianapolis Star,December 8, 1942)

Mrs. Douglas MacArthurgives permission forHuntington, Indiana troopto be named for her.(Indianapolis Star,September 20, 1942).

Number of Hoosierwomen in the workforce

increases 22% fromJanuary to Octoberdue to war-related

labor shortage.(Madison, Indiana, 389)

1943

“I can’t get them up!”

7:00 a.m. Reveille, “I can’t get them up”7:25 First Call for Colors (flag ceremony)7:30 Assembly for Colors, Colors7:55 First Call for Breakfast8:00 Breakfast, “Soupee, Soupee, Soupee”9:00-10:00 Assembly outside each unit to

announce inspection10:30 Assembly for Classes11:00 Assembly for Classes11:55 First call for Dinner12:00 Dinner1:00 p.m. Assembly for Rest Hour2:00 Assembly for Classes3:00 Assembly for Classes4:00 Swimming5:25 First Call for Retreat (Closing Flag

Ceremony)5:30 Retreat6:00 Supper7:25 First Call for Campfire7:30 Campfire8:30 Tattoo9:00 Taps, “Day is Done”

Issued July 4, 1942.

Girl Scouts of Hoosier Capital Council.

You be the historian• Talk with senior citizens, par-

ents, and other students. Howhave camping gear and activitieschanged? Stayed the same? Com-pare the photographs here of GirlScouts camping.

• Explore the subject of campingand the environment. Why haveideas changed?

Girl Scouts of Hoosier Capital Council. Girl Scouts of Hoosier Capital Council.

Cooking over an open fire at Camp Gallahue, Brown County, 1989.Unit of Lebanon Girl Scouts in 1950 at McCormick’s Creek State Park.

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Service to community

1948 1949

1959

1952

1954

1956

work with the Red Cross, forexample, in the Medical Division,in the Radio Division, in theclothing section, and caring foryounger children.

World War II (1939-1945)provided Girl Scouts other oppor-tunities to volunteer. Before the U.S.entered the war in 1941, troops inIndianapolis raised funds to buymattresses for children inEngland. After 1941, older GirlScouts watched younger childrenwhile their mothers worked.Troops in Indianapolis pledged tosupply cookies to theServicemen’s Center each week—areal sacrifice because sugar andbutter were rationed.

Girl Scouts have continued to

help their communities in variousways. In 1952, Girl Scouts in theGary area participated in a voters’aid contest conducted by GSUSA.Gary Girl Scouts were creditedwith the largest number of servicehours given to their community ofany other council in the country.Girls went house-to-house toencourage people to register,baby-sat so parents could vote,and distributed sample ballots.

During the 1970s, with agreater emphasis on the environ-ment, many troops participated incleaning up their neighborhoods.Girl Scouts around the TerreHaute area raised funds to savethe Irishman Covered Bridge.

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l.A central theme of GirlScouting has always been service.Girls are encouraged to helpwithin their families and in theirschools and communities. Histori-cal events of the twentieth centuryhave had an impact on how GirlScouts served their communities.

Many Girl Scout troopsorganized during World War I(1914-1919). Before the U.S.entered the war in 1917, troopscollected clothes for children inwar-torn Europe. After the U.S.entered the war, Girl Scouts rolledbandages, knitted socks, and soldwar bonds.

During the Great Depression(1929-1941), Girl Scouts helpedneedy families by collecting itemsfor food baskets. Girls could alsoattend Saturday matinees at thelocal movie theater by bringingpotatoes, onions, or fruit, whichwere then given to soup kitchensand needy families.

Sometimes a disaster wouldspur local Girl Scouts into action.In January 1937, a combination ofheavy rains, snow, and ice on theOhio, Wabash, and White riverscaused severe flooding. In theEvansville area, thousands ofpeople were evacuated from theirhomes. At least 100 Girl Scoutvolunteers performed invaluable

Segregation is outlawedin Indiana schools.

Girl Scouts integrateIndianapolis day camp.

(Young, 84-86)

Indiana Wing Scoutsto be taught by ex-WASPS.(Indianapolis StarMagazine, June 20, 1948)

March 18Lady Baden-Powell visitsEvansville.(Raintree Council, 55)

May 17Racial segregation inpublic schools is declaredunconstitutional by U.S.Supreme Court in Brownv. Board of Education.(Carruth, 331)

October 19Juliette GordonLow Birthplace isdedicated as anational Girl Scoutprogram center.(Highlights, 14)

Alaska and Hawaii become49th and 50th states.(Carruth, 343)

Issued October29, 1948 atSavannah,Georgia.

50th anniversary of thefounding of Boy Scouts

of America.

Continuing thetradition ofservice, theJunior Girl

Scout Troops357, 610, and

732 of the Pike-Zionsville

neighborhoodmade cookies

and candycirca 1960s for

the U.S.Marines in

Vietnam.


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Girl S

cout Timeline

Other E

vents in History

1962 1963

1969 1971

1972

New wording forGirl Scout Promise and Girl

Scout Law is approved. (Highlights, 18)

New Girl Scout program includesBrownies, Juniors,

Cadettes, and Seniors. (Highlights, 15)

1964 1967

Mrs. Merrill Deerestablishes aBrownie troop forchildren of migrantfarm workers.(Franklin Daily Journal,January 26, 1965)

Senior Scout National Conference on the innercity is held at Marian College in Indianapolis.(Indianapolis News, August 8, 1967)

Neil Armstrong walkson the moon.(Carruth, 391)

Indiana is one of firststates to pass environ-mental legislationlimiting the amount ofphosphorus indetergents.(Madison, IndianaWay, 283)

50th anniversaryof the founding ofGirl Scouts.

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l. Left: Reproduction of the top ofpage 1 of Juliette Low’s letterwhich is transcribed in full above.

You be the historian• What have Girl

Scouts—or otheryouth organizations—done to make yourcommunity a betterplace in which to live?

March 12Girl Scoutscelebrates 50thanniversary.(Highlights, 15)

A letter from Juliette Gordon LowIn the early years of Girl Scouting, local leaders often wrotethe national office for suggestions on activities for the troop.Anna Ridge, who established the first troop in Indianapolis

in 1917, wrote about getting pen pals for her girls. JulietteLow replied with some suggestions. The letter has beentranscribed line for line.

[end of page 1]

P.S. please address your reply to my homeaddress Lafayette Square Savannah Georgia

March 9th 1918.Dear Mrs Ridge

Enclosed letters will explain why therewill be a delay in giving each Girl Scout the addressof some Girl Guide with whom she can correspond.

During this war, As all English Girl Guides are veryhardworked & are leading sad lives, it will be ofgreat value if each Girl Scout should first writea letter instead of simply sending her name &address. the things she could tell an English girlare—: What she does at the Girl Scout meeting?

Where she goes when they are having a hike?describe the hike?Does she go to camp in Summer?Is she trying for a war badge?Have her troup done Red Cross or garden work?Has she helped entertain at a Soldiers Concert?

These things & indeed any of the activities ofGirl Scout life would interest the English [. . .]

and she could give the Girls Scout some veryinteresting information, if questions were asked theGuide, such as Have you ever been in a Zeppelin

raid?Have you a father or brothers in the

war or in a munition factory?Have you worked at a munifactory yrself?Did you know of any ones’s house or ofany friends house struck by anti aircraft guns or by a Zeppelin bomb?Have you helped at a Canteen, what isa Canteen, do you go right up to asoldier at a Canteen & speak to himwhether you have ever known him beforeor whether he is a stranger?

Of course these questions are only suggestions yourGirl Scouts may wish to know about other things“over there” but in any case a personal letterwill create more interest than if a Girl Scoutsimply sent her name & address.

If you will please read the letter aloudto your girls I will be much obliged & if you will alsosend the enclosed letters to girls who were absent whenyou read my letter to the whole troop Yrs Sincerely Juliette Low

President

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A training ground

1974

Columbus, Indiana Irwin-Sweeney-Miller Foundation fundspilot project linking Girl Scoutcouncils in 8 states to provideservices to girls in Mexicanmigrant worker families.(Williams, 33-34)

1978

OctoberRedesignedtrefoil isintroduced.(Highlights, 19)

1979 1980

1981

SeptemberSandra Day O’Connor,

confirmed by U.S. Senate,is 1st female U.S.

Supreme Court justice. (Carruth, 443)

1983

1983

1974

Richard Nixonresigns from office

as Presidentof the U.S.

(Carruth, 413)

JulyAmerican Girl

magazine ceasespublication.

(Highlights, 20)

Famous manage-ment consultantPeter F. Druckerconducts seminarsfor Girl Scout councilpresidents.(Highlights, 20)

DecemberGirl Scouts of theU.S.A. makes last

mortgage payment onheadquarters building in

New York City.(Highlights, 21)

June 18-24Sally Ride becomes firstU.S. woman in spaceaboard Challenger'ssecond mission.(Carruth, 453)

Girl Scouts is a large organization—2.5 milliongirls and over 700,000 adults in the U.S. Most of thework is done by volunteers, within an organizationalstructure established to help train those volunteersand provide worthwhile activities for girls.

Early troops organized as individual units.Often a mother or other interested woman wouldstart the troop out of the local school or church.When the leader left, Girl Scouting often disappeareduntil another troop started.

Troop leaders often formed an association toshare ideas. The leaders’ association then sought“council” designation. A council was officially char-tered by the national organization to represent GirlScouting in the community.

Whiting, Indiana received the first councilcharter in Indiana in 1920. Indianapolis followed in1921. By the 1930s, Fort Wayne, Evansville, Gary,Terre Haute, and Richmond had councils. By the1940s, there were many Girl Scout councils inIndiana.

In the late 1950s, councils were combined“Under the Green Umbrella.” These larger groupingswere to enable councils to offer better campingprograms and better training for leaders.

Volunteers have remained important to GirlScouting. Most councils have a small paid staff tomanage the camping facilities and provide training.Volunteers still lead the troops.

Women have generally led the organization.Women also have gained valuable experience inleadership and provided role models for girls. Manygirls and women have used the skills from GirlScouting in careers and work in other areas in theircommunities.

9 Hoosier Capital Council10 Covered Bridge Council11 Tulip Trace Council12 Treaty Line Council13 Raintree Council14 Kentuckiana Council15 Great Rivers Council16 Shagbark Council

Current councils1 Calumet Council

of Indiana and Illinois2 Drifting Dunes Council3 Singing Sands Council4 Indiana Lakeland Council5 Limberlost Council6 Sycamore Council7 Tribal Trails Council8 Wapehani Council

1935 indicatesfirst knowntroop

C1935 indicatesformationof council

EarlyGirl

Scoutsin

Indiana

Note: Thismap has beencompiled from

informationsupplied

by councilsto Young.


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Girl S

cout Timeline

Other E

vents in History

1984

Girl Scoutsintroduces DaisyGirl Scouts for 5year olds.(Highlights, 21)

1985

Minoritymembershipin Girl Scoutsraises to 14%.(Highlights, 21)

1985

September 1Wreck of the luxury liner Titanicwhich sank in 1912 is found by aU.S.-French team.(Carruth, 460)

1995

GSUSA introduces low-fatand no-fat cookiesfor the first time.(Highlights Update)

1987

March 12Girl Scoutscelebrates 75thanniversary.(Highlights, 22)

1993

March 12Good Housekeep-ing presents its firstSeal of CommunityService to GSUSA.(Highlights Update)

1996

Addressing diversity

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Selma Beck in hiking gear1921.The troop disbandedwhen Selma Beck married

George Harry in 1923. Theoriginal members of Troop 6

met many years later atseveral reunions. Selma Beck

Harry’s daughter,granddaughter, and great-

granddaughter alsobecame Girl Scouts.

Selma Beck demonstratesproper signaling, 1921.Signaling with two flags insemaphore code was arequirement to be a First ClassScout and one of the originalproficiency badges in the1913 handbook. Flagpositions were set to indicateletters of the alphabet.

school. Supportcame from bothPrincipal GeorgeL. Hayes, andhis wife. Thegirls providedfirst aid andassisted withfire drills in theschool. DuringGirl Scout Weekin 1921, theyparticipated incity-wide Scoutevents. To payfor registrationfees, activities,and uniforms,girls sold cook-ies made intheir DomesticScience class.

Troop 6worked oncommunityservice projects

Juliette Low included as oneof the ten Girl Scout Laws: “A GirlScout Is a Friend to All, and aSister to every Other Girl Scout noMatter to what Social Class sheMay Belong” (Hoxie, 5).

Girl Scouting was aimed atall girls, but existing social atti-tudes shaped the development ofscouting among girls of color. Itwas not until the early 1950s thatmany campgrounds and troopswere integrated.

An experience in Indiana canbe documented by items providedto Hoosier Capital Council bydescendants of an early African-American Girl Scout leader.

Mary Phinney, first executivedirector of the Marion Countycouncil, visited local schools toexplain the Girl Scout program.She spoke at School 17, an Afri-can-American school located onthe near-west-side of Indianapolis.

Martha Selma Beck, anAfrican-American math teacher atSchool 17, started Troop 6 onOctober 4, 1921. Members wenton their first hike on October 12,traveling from Riverside Park toFairview. Fifteen girls passedTenderfoot tests, conducted byPhinney, in December 1921.

Many of the activities ofTroop 6 revolved around the

within the neighborhood and forcity-wide agencies. The girlsvisited the Alpha Home for theAged Colored at Christmas. Theyput stickers advertising Red CrossChristmas seals on car wind-shields at a local filling station.The troop worked at a HealthExposition at the Indiana StateFair Grounds.

The girls went to movies at theIndiana Theater in the MadameWalker Building. In October 1923,Beck took the girls to hear JohnPhilip Sousa and his band. Theyattended Camp Ada-Boy-Holliday,the council’s camping facility atCollege Avenue and 75th Street.See also: Lillian S. Williams, A Bridge tothe Future: The History of Diversity in GirlScouting. New York: GSUSA, 1996.

GSUSA World WideWeb site appearson the Internet at

http://www.gsusa.org/index.html

(Highlights Update)

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Behind the scenesI was a Girl Scout and had

many great experiences. When Imoved to Indianapolis in 1984 formy first job as a special librarian,I wanted to help the organizationthat had given me so much. Ibecame a Girl Scout leader and letthe Hoosier Capital Council knowI was interested in helping duringthe 75th anniversary celebrationof Girl Scouting on March 12,1987.

Working with the local coun-cil during the 75th anniversaryallowed me to express my love ofhistory and my desire to makehistory interesting and fun. Iworked on a fashion show of oldGirl Scout uniforms and re-searched a script which includedhistorical facts about Girl Scout-ing in the Indianapolis area.

During this time I went backto school to earn a master’s degreein history and decided that theGirl Scouts seemed to be a perfectthesis project for me.

It is important for any organi-zation to know its past. Membersneed to know how their organiza-tion got to the current point intime. How did it get started? Howhas it changed? What has stayedthe same? Were there problems?What forces shaped the organiza-tion: the members, the commu-nity, society?

Historians have often ignoredorganizations like Girl Scouts, inpart because they are femaleorganizations. Only in recentyears have historians generallybegun to look at the history ofwomen in American society.

I was also intrigued with thehistory of children’s activities.This area has also been ignored.Children have rarely left thesource material for historians to

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Noraleen A. Young works on Girl Scouthistory in the Indiana State Library.

study. Youngpeople rarely leavedocuments orother recordsbehind. Studyingyouth organiza-tions like GirlScouts helps uslearn aboutchildren’s activi-ties.

My thesisresearch focusedon Girl Scoutingin the centralIndiana area. Iused the minutesand publicationsof the Girl Scoutsof Hoosier CapitalCouncil. I lookedat city newspa-pers for storiesabout the organization. I also readabout what children were doing inthe past. Because this was anorganization about girls andwomen, I also did research onwomen and their activities duringthe time period I studied.

This research helped me toanswer questions about how GirlScouts maintained traditional rolesof women in American society butalso expanded what was possiblefor women. Girl Scouts, for ex-ample, helped make it acceptablefor girls and women to go campingand hiking and do other physicalactivities.

My history of the council hasbeen used by new staff members tolearn about the council and by theboard of directors to plan for thefuture by looking at where thecouncil has been.

As the historian for the Hoo-sier Capital Council, I have orga-nized the council archives, photo-

graph collections, and collectionsof handbooks and uniforms. I havealso put together circulating kitscontaining old uniforms andhandbooks. Using these resources,I hope that Girl Scouts can get areal sense of what the past waslike—and learn the fun and valueof history.

“Behind the scenes”“Behind the scenes”“Behind the scenes”“Behind the scenes”“Behind the scenes” presents some aspect of how the Bureau staff produces each issue of themagazine. The focus may be, for example, the research process, an interpretation problem, etc. It alsoenables us to thank our partners and demonstrate that research is a collaboration with oftenunexpected twists and turns.

Thank youThe following councils provided materials forthis issue:Indiana Lakeland Council (Goshen)Covered Bridge Council (Terre Haute)Tulip Trace Council (Bloomington)Sycamore Girl Scout Council (Lafayette)Limberlost Girl Scout Council (Fort Wayne)Girl Scouts of Singing Sands Council (Granger)Tribal Trails Council (Logansport)Drifting Dunes Council (Valparaiso)

The archives of the Girl Scouts of HoosierCapital Council has been invaluable.

GSUSA has been most generous in ap-proving use of its material.


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Selected resourcesBibliography• Carruth, Gorton. What HappenedWhen. New York: Harper & Row,Publishers, 1989.• Degenhardt, Mary, and JudithKirsch. Girl Scout Collector’s Guide.Lombard, IL: Wallace-HomesteadBook Co., 1987.• Girl Scout handbooks, various,1920-1992.• Highlights in Girl Scouting, 1912-1991. New York: Girl Scouts of theU.S.A., [1992].• Hoxie, W. J. How Girls Can HelpTheir Country: The 1913 Handbookfor Girl Scouts. Reprint, New York:Girl Scouts of the U.S.A., 1972.• Madison, James H. Indianathrough Tradition and Change . . .1920-1945. Indianapolis: IndianaHistorical Society, 1982.• Madison, James H. The IndianaWay. Indianapolis: Indiana Univer-sity Press and Indiana HistoricalSociety, 1986.• Mintz, Steven, and SusanKellogg. Domestic Revolutions: ASocial History of American FamilyLife. New York: The Free Press, 1988.• Murray, William D. The History ofthe Boy Scouts of America. NewYork: Boy Scouts of America, 1937.• Phillips, Clifton J. Indiana inTransition . . . 1880-1920. India-napolis: Indiana Historical Bureauand Indiana Historical Society, 1968.• Raintree Council History Com-mittee. Yesterday and Today.Evansville: Raintree Girl ScoutCouncil, 1987.• Walter, Henriette R. Girl Life inAmerica: A Study of Backgrounds.New York: The National Committeefor the Study of Juvenile Reading,1927.• Young, Noraleen Ann. “The GirlScout of Today, the Woman ofTomorrow”: Girl Scouting in Central

Indiana, 1917-1992. M.A. thesis,Department of History, IndianaUniversity, 1992.

Other Girl Scout materialsSee also pages 13, 14.

• Breneman, Edie, and LeahStallings. Covered Bridge Girl ScoutHistory. [Terre Haute: CoveredBridge Girl Scout Council, 1987.]• Howard, Jane, “For JulietteGordon Low’s girls, a sparklingDiamond Jubilee,” Smithsonian,October 1987, pp. 46-55.• Low, Juliette. “Girl Scouts as anEducational Force,” Bulletin 33,Department of the Interior, Bureauof Education. Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office, 1919.• Rothschild, Mary Aiken. “ToScout or To Guide?: The Girl Scout-Boy Scout Controversy, 1912-1942,” Frontiers 6 (1982): 115-21.• Schultz, Gladys Denny, andLawrence Daisy Gordon. Lady fromSavannah: The Life of Juliette Low.New York: Girl Scouts of the U.S.A.,1958, reprint 1988.• 75 Years of Girl Scouting. NewYork: Girl Scouts of the U.S.A., 1986.• Strickland, Charles E. “JulietteLow, the Girl Scouts, and the Roleof American Women,” in Mary Kelly,ed., Woman’s Being, Woman’sPlace: Female Identity and Vocationin American History (Boston: G. K.Hall, 1979), 251-64.• Wright, Katherine O. Girl Scout-ing in the Great Lakes Region.Chicago, IL: Girl Scouts, Inc., 1938.

Other youth organizations• Buckler, Helen, Mary F. Fielder,and Martha F. Allen. WO-HE-LO:The Story of the Camp Fire Girls,1910-1960. New York: Holt,Rinehart and Winston, 1961.• Macleod, David. Building Charac-ter in the American Boy: The BoyScouts, YMCA, and Their Forerun-

ners, 1870-1920. Madison, WI:University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

Suggested reading• Cohen, Ronald D. “Child Savingand Progressivism, 1885-1915,” inJoseph M. Hawes and N. Ray Hiner,eds., American Childhood: A Re-search Guide and Historical Hand-book, 273-310. Westport, CT:Greenwood Press, 1985.• Hawes, Joseph M. “The StrangeHistory of Female Adolescence inthe United States,” The Journal ofPsychohistory (Summer 1985), 13:51-63.

Selected student resources• Behrens, June. Juliette Low:Founder of the Girl Scouts ofAmerica. Chicago: Childrens Press,1988.

An easy to read biography withinteresting photographs.• Brown, Fern G. Daisy and theGirl Scouts: The Story of JulietteGordon Low. Morton Grove, IL:Albert Whitman & Company, 1996.

A comprehensive biography forintermediate readers. Includeshistoric photographs and an index.• Kudlinski, Kathleen V. JulietteGordon Low: America’s First GirlScout. New York: Viking Kestrel,1988.

A brief biography.• Trefoil Round the World. London:World Association of Girl Guides andGirl Scouts, ninth edition 1992.

Excellent overview arranged inalphabetical order according tocountry. Text available in Englishand language of the country de-scribed.• World Games and Recipes.London: World Association of GirlGuides and Girl Scouts, 1979,reprint 1988.

A Girl Scout collection.

A note regarding resources:A note regarding resources:A note regarding resources:A note regarding resources:A note regarding resources: Items are listed on this page that enhance work withthe topic discussed. Some older items, especially, may include dated practices andideas that are no longer generally accepted. Resources reflecting current practicesare noted whenever possible. Bibliography includes items cited in the issue.

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Indiana Historical Bureau140 North Senate Avenue • Room 408 • Indianapolis, Indiana • 46204-2296 • 317-232-2535 • TDD 317-232-7763

India

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rary

, In

dia

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ion

, Ph

otog

raph

s.On June 21, 1929,Girl Scouts

participated in thededication of a

marker for the ClarkGrant in NewAlbany, Floyd

County. The eventwas part of the

1929 annualpilgrimage of the

Society of IndianaPioneers and the

Indiana HistoricalSociety. A group of149 people in four

busses (visible in thebackground) and

twenty-four privatecars then traveled

into Kentucky visitinghistoric sites (Indiana

History Bulletin, July1929, pp. 182,

199).

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