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Pak J Med Sci 2013 Vol. 29 No. 1 www.pjms.com.pk 231 INTRODUCTION Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has been recognized closely related to considerable mortality rate. 1-3 When conservative measures fail to decrease intra- abdominal pressure (IAP) and control worsening organ dysfunction, surgical intervention is needed instantly. 4 Several surgical approaches reported recently have shown their effectiveness, however, each treatment has imperfections, so safer and more effective procedures are crying needed. CASE REPORTS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE Three patients with confirmed SAP, included a 27-year-old man with cholelithiasis (Case 1), a 60-year-old woman with hyperlipidemia (Case 2), a 45-year-old woman with hyperlipidemia (Case 3), were admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) because of severe abdominal distension, ongoing renal failure and respiratory failure at 29, 8, 6 days after onset, respectively. However, percutaneous drainage, pressure- control ventilation, hemodiafiltration, and other conservative treatments failed to decrease IAP and control worsening organ dysfunction. Two-five days later of SICU admission, Contrast- enhanced Computed tomography (CT) confirmed the collections of fluid, and necrotic tissue in the peripancreatic area of Case 1 (Fig.1) and 3, a mass of blood and necrotic tissue in the peripancreatic area of Case 2; drainage culture confirmed the existence of gram negative bacteria in Case one, sepsis was found in Case two and three; immature neutrophils showed a growing trend, body temperature rose above 38 degrees C of the three patients; IAP (meas- ured via Foley catheter) ranged from 22-26mmHg; Urine output less than 160ml; tidal volume ranged from 290-340 ml; PaO2/FiO2 ranged from 158-204; Peak airway pressure (PAP) maintained more than 1. Han-kui Hu, MD, 2. Xiao-jiong Du, MD, 3. Ang Li, MD, 4. Neng-wen Ke, MD, 5. Wei-ming Hu, MD, 1-5: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, 37 GuoXue Rd, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China. Correspondence: Wei-ming Hu, Professor, Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, 37 GuoXue Rd, Chengdu-610041, Sichuan Province, China. E-mail: [email protected] * Received for Publication: July 20, 2012 * Accepted for Publication: November 15, 2012 Case Report A minimally invasive management for abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis Han-kui Hu 1 , Xiao-jiong Du 2 , Ang Li 3 , Neng-wen Ke 4 , Wei-ming Hu 5 ABSTRACT Three patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) developed into overt abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) and confirmed or suspected infection of necrotic tissue. We successfully treated these patients by minimally invasive decompression with the assist of laparoscope after the failures of intensive care treatments. This technique we report here may be another safe and effective management for ACS in SAP. KEY WORDS: Severe acute pancreatitis, Abdominal compartment syndrome, Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, Decompression. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.291.2721 How to cite this: Hu HK, Du XJ, Li A, Ke NW, Hu WM. A minimally invasive management for abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis. Pak J Med Sci 2013;29(1):231-233. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.291.2721 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Open Access
Transcript

Pak J Med Sci 2013 Vol. 29 No. 1 www.pjms.com.pk 231

INTRODUCTION

Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has been recognized closely related to considerable mortality rate.1-3 When conservative measures fail to decrease intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and control worsening organ dysfunction, surgical intervention is needed instantly.4 Several surgical approaches reported recently have shown their effectiveness, however, each treatment has imperfections, so safer and more effective procedures are crying needed.

CASE REPORTS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

Three patients with confirmed SAP, included a 27-year-old man with cholelithiasis (Case 1), a 60-year-old woman with hyperlipidemia (Case 2), a 45-year-old woman with hyperlipidemia (Case 3), were admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) because of severe abdominal distension, ongoing renal failure and respiratory failure at 29, 8, 6 days after onset, respectively. However, percutaneous drainage, pressure-control ventilation, hemodiafiltration, and other conservative treatments failed to decrease IAP and control worsening organ dysfunction. Two-five days later of SICU admission, Contrast-enhanced Computed tomography (CT) confirmed the collections of fluid, and necrotic tissue in the peripancreatic area of Case 1 (Fig.1) and 3, a mass of blood and necrotic tissue in the peripancreatic area of Case 2; drainage culture confirmed the existence of gram negative bacteria in Case one, sepsis was found in Case two and three; immature neutrophils showed a growing trend, body temperature rose above 38 degrees C of the three patients; IAP (meas-ured via Foley catheter) ranged from 22-26mmHg; Urine output less than 160ml; tidal volume ranged from 290-340 ml; PaO2/FiO2 ranged from 158-204; Peak airway pressure (PAP) maintained more than

1. Han-kui Hu, MD,2. Xiao-jiong Du, MD,3. Ang Li, MD,4. Neng-wen Ke, MD,5. Wei-ming Hu, MD,1-5: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, 37 GuoXue Rd, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China.

Correspondence:

Wei-ming Hu, Professor, Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, 37 GuoXue Rd, Chengdu-610041, Sichuan Province, China. E-mail: [email protected]

* Received for Publication: July 20, 2012

* Accepted for Publication: November 15, 2012

Case Report

A minimally invasive management for abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis

Han-kui Hu1, Xiao-jiong Du2, Ang Li3, Neng-wen Ke4, Wei-ming Hu5

ABSTRACTThree patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) developed into overt abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) and confirmed or suspected infection of necrotic tissue. We successfully treated these patients by minimally invasive decompression with the assist of laparoscope after the failures of intensive care treatments. This technique we report here may be another safe and effective management for ACS in SAP.

KEY WORDS: Severe acute pancreatitis, Abdominal compartment syndrome, Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, Decompression.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.291.2721How to cite this:Hu HK, Du XJ, Li A, Ke NW, Hu WM. A minimally invasive management for abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis. Pak J Med Sci 2013;29(1):231-233. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.291.2721

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Open Access

Han-kui Hu et al.

232 Pak J Med Sci 2013 Vol. 29 No. 1 www.pjms.com.pk

38 cmH2O; APACHE II score more than 16. The pa-tients were brought to the operating room to un-dergo decompression for ACS. Comparing to the preoperative day, the IAP decreased markedly, the urine output increased to more than 3000ml on the 7th postoperative day, tidal volume, Peak airway pressure (PAP) and PaO2/FiO2 was improved sat-isfactorily (Table-I). Via 15, 11 and 10 days standard intensive care treatment, respectively, respiratory and renal function of the patients recovered com-pletely and were transferred to general ward. All the patients had postoperative lavage, drain-age pipes were pulled out gradually when effluent less than 5ml and no evidence of fluid and infection of necrotic tissues in peripancreatic area. For the formation of abscess in fossa iliaca, Case one expe-rienced repeated debridement via the wound at 8 postoperative days under local anesthesia. After 71, 54 and 31 days of postoperative hospitalization, re-spectively, the three patients were discharged and recovered completely without any complication within the next two months. The operation was performed into the following 5 steps : 1) Under general anesthesia, with lateral position about 30 degrees, a 6 cm long oblique inci-sion from the root of the 12th rib and lateral of the erector spinae was made in the left or both sides, the subcutaneous tissue was incised (Fig.2A). 2) A 12-mm and a 6-mm trocars were inserted into ret-roperitoneum, maintained the gas (CO2) pressure at 10 mmHg; inspected the retroperitoneum, aspi-rated necrotic tissue, blood clot and effluent under laparoscopic control (Fig.2B). 3) Opened the muscle layers, debrided necrotic tissue in retroperitoneum and omental sac gently with single hand (Fig.2C). 4) Lavaged retroperitoneum and omental sac and con-

trolled the bleeding with laparoscopy. 5) Four-six drainage tubes were placed in peripancreatic area and fossa iliaca via the wound which was laid open (Fig.2D).

DISCUSSION

ACS in SAP has been recognized closely related to considerable mortality rate. It is thought to be one specific group of candidates for surgery when

Fig.2: A: Location of the incision.B: Inspected the retroperitoneum, aspirated necrotic

tissue, blood clot and effluent under laparoscopic control.

C: Debrided necrotic tissue in retroperitoneum and omental sac gently with single hand.

D: Drainage tubes were placed in peripancreatic area and fossa iliaca via the open wound.

Fig.1: CT confirmed the collections of fluid, and necrotic tissue in the peripancreatic area of Case 1.

Table-I: Clinical data of the 3 patients. IAP Urine VT PaO2/ PAP APA- output FiO2 CHE II

Case 1 pre. 26 70 320 158 49 21 post. 1d 15 510 470 245 29 15 3d 13 1500 490 300 26 10 7d 10 3000 510 348 19 6Case 2 pre. 25 110 290 195 43 18 post. 1d 17 450 450 269 27 13 3d 15 2000 500 320 21 9 7d 9 3400 500 345 17 5Case 3 pre. 22 160 340 204 38 16 pos. 1d 14 540 440 317 21 11 3d 11 1800 510 360 18 7 7d 9 3100 520 382 16 5Pre.: Preoperation, Post.: Postoperation, IAP: Intra-abdominal pressure (mmHg),VT: Tidal Volume (ml), PAP: Peak airway pressure (cmH2O).

Pak J Med Sci 2013 Vol. 29 No. 1 www.pjms.com.pk 233

conservatively approach is non-effective for ACS in SAP4; if there are evidences of infected necrotic tissue, patients may undergo debridement.5,6 There have not been standard surgical management, nowadays, several surgical approaches reported recently have shown their effectiveness, however, each treatment has imperfections. Traditional laparotomy is associated with high rates of uncontrollable hemorrhage, intestinal fistula and infection in enterocoelia and considerable resource utilization7; Direct Retroperitoneal Open Drainage via a Long Posterior Oblique Incision reported by Zenichi Morise in Japan which could decrease IAP, but it was hard to control the bleeding from a blind area and would be difficult for postsurgical management8; Transverse laparostomy always leads to the loss of abdominal and back extensor muscle functions9; subcutaneous linea alba fasciotomy often results in ventral hernia requiring abdominal wall reconstruction.10

The approach we report here may cover the HYPERLINK “app:ds:imperfection”imperfections above:1. With the assistance of laparoscope, we can control hemorrhage from a blind area. 2. This is a minimally invasive approach, allowing repeated debridement via the wound after surgery, without loss of abdominal and back extensor muscle functions. 3. Compared with laparotomy, it reduces the risk of intestinal fistulas, intraabdominal infection and the difficulty of postsurgical nursing care. 4. The whole retroperitoneal area can be debrided by single hand within short time. 5. Drainage tubes placed in retroperitoneum and the open wound will be sufficient for drainage, avoiding recurrent ACS. 6. Postoperative lavage can remove necrotic tissue persistently and prevent infection. While, this method may not be applicable for all kinds of ACS in SAP, whether this procedure increase the risk of infection in patients with aseptic necrotic tissues is unknown, sufficient space between colon and kidney allowing to approach the whole retroperitoneal area is a necessary requirement.

In summary, we successfully treated the three patients with this approach; it may be another safe and effective management for ACS in SAP. Prospective studies are needed to compare this technique with others.

REFERENCES1. Rosas JM, Soto SN, Aracil JS, Cladera PR, Borlan RH,

Sanchez AV, et al. Intra-abdominal pressure as a marker of severity in acute pancreatitis. Surgery. 2007;141:173-178.

2. Ke L, Ni HB, Sun JK, Tong ZH, Li WQ, Li N, et al. Risk Factors and Outcome of Intra-abdominal Hypertension in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis. World J Surg. 2012;36:171-178.

3. Al-Bahrani AZ, Abid GH, Holt A, McCloy RF, Benson J, Eddleston J, et al. Clinical relevance of intra-abdominal hypertension in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2008;36(1):39-43.

4. Keskinen P, Leppaniemi A, Pettila V, Piilonen A, Kemppainen E, Hynninen M. Intra-abdominal pressure in severe acute pancreatitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2007;2:2.

5. De Waele JJ, Hesse UJ. Life Saving Abdominal Decompression in a Patient with Severe Acute Pancreatitis. Acta Chir Belg. 2005;105(1):96-98.

6. Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group: A Step-up Approach or Open Necrosectomy for Necrotizing Pancreatitis. Results of the multicenter study. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1491-1502.

7. Leppaniemi A. Open Abdomen after Severe Acute Pancreatitis. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2008;34(1):17–23.

8. Zenichi M, Kazuo Y, Atsunori A, Kaoru T, Noritaka H, Takashi E, et al. Direct Retroperitoneal Open Drainage via a Long Posterior Oblique Incision for Infected Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Report of Three Cases. Surg Today. 2003;33:315–318.

9. Toru M, Mitsuhiro M, Hitoshi I, Yasutoshi K, Yoshiki M, Tadashi K, et al. Successful Management of Severe Acute Pancreatitis With Multiple Organ Failure. Pancreas. 2004;28(2):211-213.

10. Leppaniemi AK, Hienonen PA, Siren JE, Kuitunen AH, Lindstrom OK, Kemppainen EA. Treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome with subcutaneous anterior abdominal fasciotomy in severe acute pancreatitis. World J Surg. 2006;30(10):1922–1924.

Authors Contributions:

Han-kui Hu: Acquisition, analysis of the data, drafting the manuscript; Xiao-jiong Du, Ang Li, Neng-wen Ke, Wei-ming Hu: Acquisition of the data, revising the manuscript critically; All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Management for abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis


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