Abstract number: 025-0530 Economic Sociology on OM Field: An … · 2012. 5. 9. · method, this...

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Abstract number: 025-0530

Economic Sociology on OM Field: An Emerging Agenda

Authors:

Enise Aragão dos Santos

Faculdade Anhanguera

Rua Amazonas 2000, São Caetano do Sul – SP - Brazil

Phone: +55 11 71138377

E-mail: [email protected]

Cristiane Biazzin Villar

Fundação Getúlio Vargas / EAESP

Rua Itapeva, 474 – 8º andar – São Paulo – SP – Brazil

Phone: +55 11 8185 4407

E-mail: [email protected]

POMS 23rd Annual Conference

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

April 20 to April 23, 2012

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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of Economic Sociology (ES) and its

current usage in Operations and Supply Chain Management studies. Based on a

qualitative approach, we have examined articles and papers about sociology and

operations management. Although the findings of this paper are still preliminary, it

offers an initial understanding of the Economic Sociology field, its classical references,

as well as its key conclusions and contributions. Furthermore, it gives an overview of

empirical studies that used the economic sociology to study Operations and Supply

Chain Management.

1. Introduction

The most popular theoretical approach in studying operations management has been the

theories of Transaction Cost and of Competitive Advantage, either Porterian analysis or

resource-based approach (Pilkington and Fitzgerald, 2006, Burgess, Koroglu and Singh,

2006). As a consequence, there is a possible exhaustion of operations studies due to the

use of the same theories, what some authors call "doing more of the same type of

research will most likely produce more of the same order of results " (Burgess, Singh

and Koroglu, 2006 p.721). The aim of this study is to present an exploratory approach

to the concept of Economic Sociology, its current usage as well as possible

opportunities for research within the Operations and Supply Chain Management field.

Based on a qualitative approach, we have examined articles and papers about sociology

and operations management.

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This paper is relevant when studying “operations” not only because it provides a review

of the literature, but also once it presents a new theoretical approach, rarely used in OM

studies. In accordance with Kilduff’s (2007) concerns about the contribution of this

method, this study sums it up in pragmatic way, encouraging the production of new

integrative insights, important to provide the reader the possibility of having a broader

view of Economic Sociology (Lepine and King, 2010).

The main contributions of this paper are: (i) to provide an initial understanding of the

Economic Sociology field, its classical references, as well as its key conclusions ad

contributions; and (ii) to offer an overview of empirical studies that used the economic

sociology to study Operations and Supply Chain Management.

This paper is structured in seven sections. Firstly, it analyses the history and the concept

of economic sociology, as well as its current branches. Then, it details the

methodological procedures used in this study and presents the state of the art of this

theoretical approach in Operations and Supply Chain Management. We conclude

showing future research opportunities.

2. Economic Sociology – Theory History and Concept

According to Swedberg (1993), the idea of economic sociology was already present in

Max Weber’s studies since Weber focused on analyzing the polarization between the

historical and theoretical approaches in economic investigations, what was later called

as “a war of methods” (Methodenstreit). The findings of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx

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and Karl Polanyi were extremely important to a better understanding of the social

structure of exchanges; these authors demonstrated that the economic sphere is

independent from the social sphere, opposite to the classical economists’ beliefs

(Granovetter, 1985).

By definition, the economic sociology is understood as the usage of the structure of

references, variables and forms of sociological explanation in complex activities related

to production, distribution, exchange and consumption of scarce resources and services

(Smelser and Swedberg, 1994). Nowadays, the economic sociology significantly

contributes to organizational analysis, by offering an overview on how the economic

actors, despite their interests, are influenced by the interaction and the social structure.

Consequently, there are diverse issues on the agenda when one assumes that the

economic arena is made up of many social mechanisms, such as trust, cooperation and

competition (Swedberg, 1993).

The so called New Economic Sociology is not only the sociological treatment of

economic variables, but it also includes the construction of a systematic body of

knowledge formed by questions that create a debate and divide the actors in groups.

Based on Max Weber’s (1949) writings, Swedberg (2004, p. 7) states that: "the

economic sociology studies both the economic sector in society (economic phenomenon)

and how this phenomenon influences the rest of the society (economically conditioned

phenomenon) and the way the rest of society influences them (economically relevant

phenomenon). "

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Nevertheless, when economics and sociology are studied together, it is perceived a

greater scope of interests and methodological innovation. If, until the 1980s, economic

sociologists had focused on institutions and paid close attention to issues related to

control, sanctions and rules, in the last two decades, gender, social networks and culture

have become key elements in the analysis.

The first milestone of the American New Economic Sociology can be found in the

papers of Mark Granovetter, specifically with the development of the term of

embeddedness, originally used by Karl Polanyi (1980). Granovetter was also

responsible for making the networks analysis as an approach to economic sociology

more common. It has been seen as an influence of his teacher Harrison White, author of

Markets from Networks (2001).

According to the current stream of the new economic sociology (NES), organizations

and markets are social constructs that vary depending on the institutions and the context

and are placed in different production systems. The NES emphasizes the investigation

of actions and collective enterprises, social roles, norms, and sanctions. Furthermore, it

studies the modifications in institutional arrangements that shape historical and

economic ties as well as social networks that are established by social workers in a

given market sphere. According to Granovetter, the focus of the Economic Sociology is

neither on the curves of supply and demand nor on the price consideration as the only

source of information in a market, as in economics; it does not focus as well on the legal

framework that supports market transactions, as in economic law.

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Understanding the relationship between economic action and social structure is the key

to comprehend the work of Granovetter (1985), who uses the concept of embeddedness

to demonstrate how social relations affect economic behavior and institutions. From an

embeddedness point of view, the actors have an aim within the social relations system.

The author highlights that economic action and results are affected by the actors and the

structure of the network. The enmeshment of economic actions in social relations

(power, sociability, friendship, approval, trust) is a critical variable for economic agents

to make a decision, modifying the way preferences and rationality are discussed.

The studies of Granovetter have been the basis for further developments. On one hand,

some authors aimed at identifying possible types of embeddedness; whilst Hess (2004)

recognized three basic types (societal, network and territorial), Törnroos and Halinen

(1998) identified six different types (social, technological, market, political, temporal

and spatial). On the other hand, others authors, like Zukin and DiMaggio (1994),

planning on expanding the original concept, incorporated cognitive, cultural and

political dimensions.

Moreover, several authors use the idea of embeddedness as a possible approach to social

networks (Borgattti and Foster, 2003). Others, in turn, try to link truths about weak ties

with different conceptions of embeddedness and / or make use of the analysis method of

networks, whichwas heavily used by Granovetter to study the embeddedness in social

relations (Burt, 1992; Lin, 2001).

The European economic sociology, less known in Brazil, the papers of Laurent

Thévenot, Luc Boltanski, Michel Callon, and Pierre Bourdieu, who introduced key

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concepts for this approach, such as habbits, field, capital and interest. Whereas

Boltanski and Thévenot draw attention to the analysis of traditions that guide economic

actions (justification standard models), Callon and Bruno Latour focus on science and

technology, developing a theory of actors and networks (actor-networks-theory)

(Swedberg, 2004).

3. Current Stream

Since 1985, markets economic sociology has been studied in a different way and, in a

broad sense, it can be split in three streams:

a) Social networks or structuralism: Mark Granovetter and Harrison C. White are

the main exponents, but Ronald Burt - methods, competition; Wayne E. Baker -

stock exchange, advertising market; and Brian Uzzi - textiles sector - can also be

included.

b) Institutionalism: mainly the papers of Neil Fligstein. It focus on explaining how

cognition and action are defined by market rules, power and norms.

c) Performativity: key authors are Michel Callon, Fabian Muniesa and Donald

MacKenzie - financial models, social definition of price, credit. It assumes that

economic action is a result of calculation processes, technologies and tools

employed by social actors in markets, such as economic theories.

Two other streams can be identified: (1) the culture approach to business and market

organizations. Different authors can be included in this category, such as Viviana

Zelizer, Mitchell Abolafia (social aspects of a stock exchange daily life), Paul

DiMaggio & Walter Powell (organizations, culture, networks, Internet), and Lynette

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Spillman (business associations, culture); and (2) the approach developed at the Max

Planck Institute for the Study of Societies in Germany, which combines markets types

and aims at summing up the findings of the aforementioned branches.

In this approach, Jens Beckert and Wolfgang Streeck (2008) analyze how problems in

coordination can be solved in the market exchange process and how specific solutions

can affect the contours of economic transactions in terms of efficiency and distribution.

For both authors, three markets coordination problems can be distinguished: goods

and/or services evaluation, competition structure and achievement of cooperation

between actors in a conflict of interests. According to them, companies and regulatory

bodies play a crucial role in shaping the market: as a result, studying these institutions is

extremely important for markets sociology.

In accordance with it, Guido Möllering (2007, 2005) points out that markets cannot

solely be defined as an interaction place between buyers and producers. Regulatory

organizations such as government agencies, trade unions, professional bodies and

business associations also play an important role in the constitution of the market social

structure.

Another important author within Max Planck is Patrik Aspers (2009, 2007, 2005, 2001),

who also focuses on the social constitution of markets and on the link between

economic sociology and other disciplines. Moreover, he reviews the papers of classical

authors such as Weber, Simmel, Veblen, Marshall, Pareto, Parsons, Schütz, and even

Nietzsche. Cornelia Woll, who studies lobbies, businessmen and business association in

France, must also be mentioned.

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Authors Thematic synthesis

Mark Granovetter Unemployment (1973), social networks, trust, social construction of

markets (electricity and high technology), business groups, ethnic

groups and businesses, associations, corruption (2007), finance

companies in Silicon Valley (2009), the notion of building social

(1992, cited in Berger and Luckmann)

Neil Fligstein "Architecture" of markets, state, military defense, the creation of the

Internet, corporations in the U.S., EU and market structure and the

dissemination of the SE, debates with Bourdieu and Boyer (2001)

Richard Swedberg Review of classics, markets, economic interest, banks, financial

scandals, social vision of entrepreneurship; Economic Sociology of

Law; dissemination of SE (2005)

Harrison White Reproduction of markets (1970, 1981, 1992, 2002, 2008), price and

quality; critical neoclassical

Viviana Zelizer Markets (1988); childhood, insurance, privacy, social meaning of

money, ethics and economics (2008)

Jens Beckert Ordering markets, uncertainty and economic action, lottery and

fiscal redistribution; classics, market regulation of wine; edition in

early 2000, International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology

(together with Milan Zafirovski)

Patrick Aspers Rescue classics, making of markets, fashion photography, standard

and status markets, revising Fligstein; approach with other

disciplines (2001, 2005, 2007, 2009)

Wolfgang Streeck Business associations and workers (1981), the dynamics of

capitalism and state in Germany, work and family, and political

economy approaches to the Sociology of Markets (2008)

Michel Callon Markets and economic theory (Economics as a discipline and

Economy as an activity); networks.

Table 1: Major authors of Contemporary Economic Sociology: a thematic synthesis

Source: Adapted from Fontella (2009)

As the table 2 illustrates, the papers of Uzzi (1997) and Granovetter (1973, 1985, 1992

and 2005) are the most important in the area.

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Title of paper Author Journal Year Total

citations

The Strength of weak ties Granovetter

American Journal of

Sociology

1973 4171

Economic-action and social-

structure: The problem of

embeddedness

Granovetter

American Journal of

Sociology

1985 4092

The sources and consequences of

embeddedness for the economic

performance of organizations: The

network effect

Uzzi B American Sociological

Review

1997 899

Economic institutions as social

constructions - a framework for

analysis

Granovetter

Acta Sociologica

1992 136

The impact of social structure on

economic outcomes

Granovetter

Journal of Economics

Perspective

2005 124

Table 2: Authors and main papers

Source: Compiled by the authors based on data from ISI Web of Knowledge

The interest for economic sociology has significantly grown in the last few years.

Figure 1 shows that quoting of the papers of Granovetter and Uzzi have

increasedconsiderably.

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Figure 1: Evolution of quotation from Granovetter and Uzzi papers


4. Research Methodology

The research methodology adopted in this study was a descriptive and explanatory

bibliometric analysis. To meet the aim of this study, it was developed a survey based on

the following keywords: "economic sociology" + "supply chain", "economic sociology"

+ "operations." The preliminary research was initiated by searching the top ten

“operations” journals listed by Meredith et al (2011) and other academic journals that

cover the topic of “research operations” in its editorial liner. The authors also included

other journals listed on EBSCO website, using the same keywords. The summary of the

journals searched is presented in Table 3 and the full list of papers can be found in

Appendix A.

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Criteria for including

into the database Journal # Papers

Meredith et al (2011) Journal of Operations Management 7

Meredith et al (2011) International Journal of Production Research 0

Meredith et al (2011) Manufacturing and Service Operations Management 0

Meredith et al (2011)

International Journal of Operations and Production

Management 0

Meredith et al (2011) Journal of Business Logistics 0

Meredith et al (2011) Transportation Science 0

Meredith et al (2011) Journal of Supply Chain Management 7

Meredith et al (2011)

International Journal of Physical Distribution

and Logistics Management 0

Meredith et al (2011) International Journal of Logistics Management 0

Authors decision Decision Sciences 1

Authors decision Industrial Marketing Management 20

Authors decision Organization Science 6

Authors decision Management Science 1

Table 3: Evolution of quotation from Granovetter and Uzzi papers


Despite the clear possibility of using this approach in theoretical studies of operations

and supply chain management, it is clear that few writers have explored this in their

studies. In the next section, a detailed analysis of the results of this research is

presented, assessing the level of usage of this theoretical approach on operations and its

current contribution.

5. The Sociology of Economic Studies in Operations and Supply Chain

Management

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From the sample collected, it was noted that most studies that are grounded in economic

sociology explore issues concerning the relationship between the parties, the attempts to

develop the embeddedness achievement and the strength of links between actors in the

supply chain. It was noticed that some papers mix (and on several occasions confuse)

economic sociology with other theoretical approaches as social capital theory, exchange

theory, theory of networks, making the analysis of the current usage of ES fragile.

From the analysis of abstracts of “operations” papers that used economic sociology as a

theoretical approach, it was a structured "word cloud" using the tool Wordle

(www.wordle.com) with the most cited words in the papers (Figure 1 and 2). Tag clouds

have been widely used in the literature to represent virtually the most frequent words in

a context (Francisco, 2011).

Figure 1: Cloud created from abstracts from OM papers that use the theory of economic sociology.

Source: Compiled by the authors

It can be seen that there is an emphasis on words like "relationship" and "networks",

supporting the perception that this theoretical approach has been used in studies of

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relationships, particularly in the supply chain field. This insight is reinforced when the

keywords of the articles are analyzed.

Figure 2: Cloud created using the keywords from OM papers that use the Economic Sociology theory.

Source: Compiled by the authors

6. Examples of Studies in Operations and Supply Chain Management

Below it will be shown some examples of papers on operations and supply chain

management that make models constructions possible.

Slotegraaf and Grewal (2007) studied embeddedness capabilities as a factor of

competitive advantage, more precisely, they investigated the extent to which the

embeddedness of these capabilities can contribute and influence decision-making in

organizations. Figure 3 shows a flow chart of the model studied by the authors.

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Figure 3: Embeddedness and organizational capabilities

Source: Slotegraaf and Grewal (2007)

To assess the topic “embeddedness with suppliers", Koufteros et al. (2007) raised

questions from the literature review and validation with executives, reaching issues that

take into account the time of the relationship ("our firm has been building a long-term

relationship with its suppliers"); level of involvement ("our firm has been involved in

developing partnerships with its suppliers" and "our firm has been involved in

developing its suppliers"); and cooperation ("our firm has been creating a cooperative

relationship with its suppliers"). The flow chart developed by the authors is presented in

Figure 4.

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Figure 4: Model using embeddedness with suppliers as a pre-condition for innovation and quality

Source: Koufteros et al. (2007)

The paper of Oke and Walumbwa (2008) used the strength of ties as a mediator between

power and performance. For the achievement of the "strength of ties," the authors took

into account the following issues:

(a) Goals similarity: "I believe that the members of this network work towards

attaining similar goals";

(b) Interest in continuing the relationship: "I would be interested in continuing my

relationship with other members of this network, even after the project ends" and

"Even if we had other options, we would remain in this network";

(c) Conflict: "There is very little friction between the participants";

(d) Closeness level between the actors: "Our relationship with the other members is

best as close and personal" and "There is a good working relationship between

the members of this network".

The flowchart developed by Oke et al (2006) is shown in Figure 5.

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Figure 5: Model using the strength of ties as a mediator between power and performance

Source: Oke and Walumbwa (2008)

7. Conclusion

The use of different perspectives of organizational analysis provides new analytical and

methodological basis for understanding the dynamics of organizations and the

redirection of organizational studies (Sacoman Neto and Truzzi, 2002). Such approach

is relevant because of the ambiguity and contradictions found in “operations” studies.

The initial aim of this study was to explore the concept of economic sociology and its

widespread usage in operations and supply chain management. To this end, this

research initially explored the origins and theoretical conceptualization of said

approach, identifying its classical as well as its current references.

It has been perceived that when applying the theory in operations and supply chain

management studies, the papers examines the relationship between the parties,

developing ways to make the embeddedness and the strength of ties possible.

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This paper is relevant for “operations” studies since it provides more than a simple

review of the literature; it presents an organized view on a theoretical approach rarely

used when one is studying operations. In accordance with the concern raised by Kilduff

(2007) on the contribution of such methodological approach, this study synthesizes the

approach in a pragmatic theoretical fashion and encourages the production of new

integrative insights, which would provide the reader with the possibility of having a

broadened view of economic sociology (Lepine and King, 2010).

A worrying fact is the conflicted view of the economic sociology with other theoretical

approaches, such as social capital theory, exchange theory, theory of networks, thus

making the analysis of economic sociology superficial. However, this situation creates

the opportunity for a deep and detailed exploration of this theory. This paper’s main

contribution is a preliminary understanding of economic sociology, its classical

references, assumptions and main constructs, thus providing an overview and a source

of reference to the empirical studies of operations and supply chain management, which

had employed this theoretical approach.

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WESTERLUND, M., SVAHN, S, A relationship value perspective of social capital in

networks of software SMEs, Industrial Marketing Management , Volume 37,

Issue 5, 2008, 492-501

YANG, Z., ZHOU, C., JIANG, L., When do formal control and trust matter? A context-

based analysis of the effects on marketing channel relationships in China,


26

Apendice A:

Authors Year Journal Paper title Main discussion

Handfield e Nichols Jr. 2004 IMM Key issues in global supply base management

Analysis of buyer organization efforts to manage international suppliers base. Emphasis on human factor to stablish a positive relationship in order to reach superior performance

Ling-yee 2004 IMM

An examination of the foreign market knowledge of exporting firms based in the People's Republic of China: Its determinants and effect on export intensity

Conceptual framework of knowledge drivers of foreign markets - Social Capital perspective

Kjellberg and Helgesson 2006 IMM

Multiple versions of markets: Multiplicity and performativity in market practice

Framework to analyse multitheoretical influences of market analysis

Rinallo and Golfetto 2006 IMM Representing markets: The shaping of fashion trends by French and Italian fabric companies

Etnographic-descriptive paper - through different theoretical lens.

Bradley, Meyer and Gao 2006 IMM Use of supplier-customer relationships by SMEs to enter foreign markets SME and global suppliers development.

Brennan 2006 IMM Evolutionary economics and the markets-as-networks approach

Compare market as network vs industrial marketing and economic evolution

Azimont and Araujo 2007 IMM Category reviews as market-shaping events Qualitative-descriptive approach: evaluate meetings between makers, customers and distribution

Möller and Rajala 2007 IMM Rise of strategic nets — New modes of value creation

Qualitative descriptive approach - typology of business networks creation

Mouzas, Henneberg and Naudé 2008 IMM Developing network insight Explores cognitives networks

27


Lukkari and Parvinen 2008 IMM

Pharmaceutical marketing through the customer portfolio: Institutional influence and adaptation, Industrial Marketing Management

Sugests that institutional descontinuities balances entrepreunership and environment.

Westerlund and Svahn 2008 IMM A relationship value perspective of social capital in networks of software SMEs

Why some relationships are more important than others: Social Capital perspective

Mouzas and Ford 2009 IMM The constitution of networks Analysis of networks and public organizations relationships

Paswan and Wittmann 2009 IMM Knowledge management and franchise systems Franchising and its networks

Järvensivu and Möller 2009 IMM Metatheory of network management: A contingency perspective Networks categories upon interorganizational relationships.

Cova, Prévot and Spencer 2010 IMM Navigating between dyads and networks,

Explores the unit of analysis on networks studies: dyads or networks

Storbacka and Nenonen 2011 IMM Scripting markets: From value propositions to market propositions

Concept of perfect market should be innapropriated for several studies. Co-criation and capabilities perspectives

Yang, Zhou and Jiang 2011 IMM

When do formal control and trust matter? A context-based analysis of the effects on marketing channel relationships in China Analysis of the role of ties, formal controls and confidence.

Leung, Chan, Lai and Ngai 2011 IMM

An examination of the influence of guanxi and xinyong (utilization of personal trust) on negotiation outcome in China: An old friend approach

Chinese negotiation, cultural issues, internationalization challenges.

Lin, Huang, Lin and Hsu 2011 IMM

How to manage strategic alliances in OEM-based industrial clusters: Network embeddedness and formal governance mechanisms

Formal mechanisms of governance and embeddedness of network.

28


Koufteros, Cheng and Lai 2007 JOM

“Black-box” and “gray-box” supplier integration in product development: Antecedents, consequences and the moderating role of firm size

Antecents of byer supplier relationship - exploration of suppliers embeddenesses.

Krause, Handfield and Tyler 2007 JOM

The relationships between supplier development, commitment, social capital accumulation and performance improvement Long term commitment - Social Capital perspective

Rabinovich, Knemeyer and Mayer 2007 JOM

Why do Internet commerce firms incorporate logistics service providers in their distribution channels?: The role of transaction costs and network strength

Buyer supplier relationshipt - ecommerce. TCT, Networks theory and Economic sociology

Oke, Idiagbon-Oke and Walumbwa 2008 JOM

The relationship between brokers’ influence, strength of ties and NPD project outcomes in innovation-driven horizontal networks Power issues.

Liu,Luo and Liu 2009 JOM

Governing buyer–supplier relationships through transactional and relational mechanisms: Evidence from China

Matched survey - 225 buyer-supplier pais - exploration of simultaneous use of TCT and socio-relational perspective - Competitive advantage

Autry and Golicic 2010 JOM Evaluating buyer–supplier relationship–performance spirals: A longitudinal study

Longitudinal study: 323 relationships - Focus: cycle link and dynamics of relationship power and performance (buyer-supplier)

Oke and Idiagbon-Oke 2010 JOM

Communication channels, innovation tasks and NPD project outcomes in innovation-driven horizontal networks

Evaluates innovation and communication by studying power of relationship ties.

29


Wagner, Coley and Lindemann 2011 JSCM

Effects of Suppliers’ reputation on the future of buyer-supplier relationships: the mediating roles of outcome fairness and trust

Confidence on colaborative projects has a strong influence over future buyer supplier relationships. Justice and reputation.

Choi and Kim 2008 JSCM Structural embeddedness and supplier management: a network perspective.

Structural embeddedness alligned to suppliers setup as a key to supply networks, should support new guidelines to manage vendor lists in a proper way.

Buddress and Dass 2007 JSCM Evaluating Prospective e-Providers: An Empirical Study

Economic Sociology and RBV to identify, priorize and stablish criteria to users satifaction. Cluster + ANOVA, sample of 103 organizations.

Li and Choi 2009 JSCM Triads in services outsourcing: bridge, brigde decay and bridge transfer

Manufacturing - buyer acts as a bridge between suppliers and customers. On service field, the relationship structures are different.

Hunt and Davis 2008 JSCM Grounding supply chain management in resource-advantage theory

Explores if purchasing should be a competitive advantage for a firm.

Ramalingam and Rauh 2011 Managemente

Science The Firm as a Socialization Device Framework to discuss market efficiency and comparisson of the model within SE

Maurer, Bansal and Crossan 2011

Organization Science

Creating Economic Value Through Social Values: Introducing a Culturally Informed Resource-Based View

Economic Sociology + RBV to explain cultural elements and its impacts of firm value

Hirsch 2000 Organization

Science Cultural Industries Revisited Economic sociology to explain cultural issues and business opportunities

Gulati, Sytch and Tatarynowicz 2010

Organization Science

The Rise and Fall of Small Worlds: Exploring the Dynamics of Social Structure

Exploration of social and economic issues on colaboration networks creation and its evolution

30


Shipilov, Li and Greve 2011 Organization

Science

The Prince and the Pauper: Search and Brokerage in the Initiation of Status-Heterophilous Ties

Economic Sociology and Feedback Theory to explain drivers to select network partners.

Bernades 2010 Decision Sciences

The effect of supply management on aspects of social capital and the impact on performance: a social network perspective

Based on social networks perspectives, this study explores relational embeddedness and investigates the role of management on process. Sample: 204 organizations

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