• Access to the Johnson Human Biology web site:

•  Log in at: http://www.coursecompass.com/ • search for Johnson Human Biology, and

select that course• Course Name: Human Biology-BIO 102•  log in with the general access code course

code •  use course code is keating64433

 

Lecture 1-Intro 1

Lecture 1-Intro 2

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology rev 1-12

• Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

• Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

Lecture 1-Intro 3

Levels of Structural Organization

• Atoms– protons, electrons and neutrons form molecules

• Molecules – 2 or more atoms bond together • Cell – smallest structure that shows all the

characteristics of life• Tissue – consists of similar types of cells• Organ – made up of different types of tissues• Organ system – consists of different organs that

work closely together• Organism – made up of the organ systems

Lecture 1-Intro 4

Organ Systems of the Body

• Integumentary system– Forms the external body covering– Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil

glands, hair, and nails• Skeletal system

– Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments– Provides the framework for muscles– Site of blood cell formation– Stores minerals

Lecture 1-Intro 5

Organ Systems of the Body

• Muscular system– Composed of muscles and tendons– Allows manipulation of the environment,

locomotion, and facial expression– Maintains posture– Produces heat

• Nervous system– Composed of the brain, spinal column, and

nerves– Fast-acting control system of the body– Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and

glands

• Endocrine System– Produces hormones that regulate many body

functions– Works with the nervous system to

communicate information throughout the body• Cardiovascular system

– Composed of the heart and blood vessels– The heart pumps blood– The blood vessels transport blood throughout the

body

Lecture 1-Intro 6

Lecture 1-Intro 7

Organ Systems of the Body• Lymphatic system

– Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

– Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

– Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream– Houses white blood cells involved with immunity

• Respiratory system– Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, – trachea, bronchi, and lungs– Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and

removes carbon dioxide

Lecture 1-Intro 8

• Digestive system– Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus,

stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver

– Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood

– Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces• Urinary system

– Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

– Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body– Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of

the blood

Lecture 1-Intro 9

Organ Systems of the Body

• Male reproductive system– Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes,

scrotum, and ductus deferens– Testes produce sperm and male sex

hormones– Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female

reproductive tract

Lecture 1-Intro 10

Organ Systems of the Body

• Female reproductive system– Composed of mammary glands, ovaries,

uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina– Ovaries produce eggs and female sex

hormones– Remaining structures serve as sites for

fertilization and development of the fetus– Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the

newborn

Lecture 1-Intro 11

Organ Systems Interrelationships

• Nutrients and oxygen distributed by the blood

• Metabolic wastes eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems

Figure 1.2

Lecture 1-Intro 12

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis: ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in changing outside world

• The body’s internal environment is in a dynamic state of equilibrium

• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

Lecture 1-Intro 13

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• A variable produces a change in the body

• Three interdependent components of control mechanisms:– Receptor (stimuli)– Control center– Effector (response)

Lecture 1-Intro 14

Negative Feedback

• The output shuts off the original stimulus– Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels

• In positive feedback systems, the output enhances the original stimulus– Example: Regulation of blood clotting

Lecture 1-Intro 15

Anatomical position: Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body

• Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively

• Anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal – toward the front and back of the body

• Medial and lateral– toward the midline, away from the midline

• Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the

origin of the body or from where the appendage joins the body

• http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15305

• Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

1. My ears are ________ to my shoulders.

2. My shoulders are _________ to my elbows.

3. My hand is _________ to my shoulder.

4. My knees are ________ to my hips.

5. My hips are ________ to my feet.

6. My hips are ________ to my knees.

7. My eyes are __________ to my ears.

8. My feet are ________ to my knees.

9. My elbows are _______ to my hands.

10.My nose is _________ to the ears.

11.My fingers are _________ to my wrist

BIO 102 Lecture 1-Intro 16

Lecture 1-Intro 17

Body Planes• Sagittal – divides the body into right and left

parts• Frontal– divides the body into anterior and

posterior parts• Transverse – divides the body into superior and

inferior parts

Lecture 1-Intro 18

Body Cavities• Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and

is divided into– Cranial cavity (within the skull and encases

the brain)– Vertebral cavity (within the vertebral column

and includes the spinal cord)• Ventral cavity houses the internal organs

(viscera), and is divided thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities– Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural

cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity--Pleural cavities --Mediastinum --Pericardial cavity

Lecture 1-Intro 19

Body Cavities

• The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm

– Is composed of• Abdominal cavity• Pelvic cavity

Lecture 1-Intro 20

Tissue Membranes: Line Body Cavities

Tissue membranes, consisting of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissue line each body cavity and form our skin.

4 major types of tissue membranes:• Serous membrane: lines and lubricates body

cavitiesreduces friction between organs• Mucous membrane: Goblet cells within the

epithelial layer secrete mucus lubricates surface, traps debris

• Synovial membrane: lines spaces in movable joints; secretes a watery fluid to lubricate our joints

• Cutaneous membrane: skin

Scientific Method

A systematic process for developing and testing predictions; process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions.

• use the scientific method to search for cause and effect relationships in nature.

• Step 1-Observe and question– Ask a question about what you observe– Do background research; has anyone researched this

before? • Step 2-Formulate a hypothesis

– An educated guess about how things work; must state hypothesis in a way that can be measured

• Step 3-Make a testable prediction (a working hypothesis)

• Step 4-Experiment or observe

– Experiment is a carefully planned and executed manipulation of variables to test your hypothesis

• Step 5-Analyze your data and draw a conclusion; is hypothesis true or false

– If false, construct a new hypothesis and start process again

• Step 6-Communicate your results

Lecture 1-Intro 23