Age of JacksonAge of Jackson

Unit IVAUnit IVA

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy The “Common Man”The “Common Man” Universal male suffrageUniversal male suffrage Strict constructionismStrict constructionism Laissez-faire economicsLaissez-faire economics Democratization of Democratization of

nominations for elected nominations for elected officeoffice Party caucuses to national Party caucuses to national

conventionsconventions Increase in local and state Increase in local and state

elected officeselected offices Rise of third partiesRise of third parties Spoils systemSpoils system Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

“County Election”George Caleb Bingham1852

Election of 1824Election of 1824 Democratic-Republicans Democratic-Republicans

fracturingfracturing Election of 1824 has four Election of 1824 has four

candidatescandidates Sec. of State John Quincy Sec. of State John Quincy

Adams Adams General/Senator Andrew General/Senator Andrew

Jackson Jackson Sec. of Treasury William Sec. of Treasury William

CrawfordCrawford Speaker of the House Henry Speaker of the House Henry

ClayClay ““Corrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain””

House of Representatives House of Representatives chooses Adamschooses Adams

ImpactImpact Establishment of Democrats and Establishment of Democrats and

National RepublicansNational Republicans Second Party SystemSecond Party System

House Vote for Election of 1824House Vote for Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams (NR) (1825-1829)John Quincy Adams (NR) (1825-1829)

Son of Federalist John AdamsSon of Federalist John Adams National RepublicanNational Republican Corrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain

Most of his proposals rejected by a Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson Congresspro-Jackson Congress

Alienated the South and WestAlienated the South and West

Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828 Tariff of AbominationsTariff of Abominations

Second Party System (1828-1854)Second Party System (1828-1854) Democrats: Democrats:

States’ rights States’ rights Laissez-faireLaissez-faire ExpansionismExpansionism Pro-slaveryPro-slavery Equal opportunityEqual opportunity South and WestSouth and West Yeoman farmers, Yeoman farmers,

working class, working class, plantation ownersplantation owners

National National Republicans/Whigs: Republicans/Whigs: American SystemAmerican System Strong federal Strong federal

governmentgovernment Mixed on slaveryMixed on slavery Social conservativesSocial conservatives New EnglandNew England Upper and middle Upper and middle

class professionalsclass professionals

Anti-Masonic Party: Anti-Masonic Party: issue party concerned issue party concerned

about Freemasonsabout Freemasons promoted economic promoted economic

nationalism and social nationalism and social conservatismconservatism

Liberty Party: Liberty Party: abolitionist partyabolitionist party

Free Soil Party: Free Soil Party: Prevent expansion of Prevent expansion of

slaveryslavery

Andrew Jackson

Henry Clay

Election of 1828Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson (D)Andrew Jackson (D) John Q. Adams (NR)John Q. Adams (NR) Political campaigns on Political campaigns on

national levelsnational levels Coffin HandbillsCoffin Handbills Jackson’s wifeJackson’s wife

““Old Hickory”Old Hickory” Unlike the previous presidentsUnlike the previous presidents

Duelist, Gambler, Bar Fighter, Pipe-Duelist, Gambler, Bar Fighter, Pipe-Smoker, Tobacco ChewerSmoker, Tobacco Chewer

War heroWar hero Exemplified common man successExemplified common man success Practiced the spoils systemPracticed the spoils system

Hired loyalists and friendsHired loyalists and friends Took office promising a strong Took office promising a strong

executiveexecutive ““It was settled by the Constitution, the It was settled by the Constitution, the

laws, and the whole practice of the laws, and the whole practice of the government that the entire executive government that the entire executive power is vested in the President of the power is vested in the President of the United States.”United States.”

Endorsed states’ rightsEndorsed states’ rights Considered himself a Jeffersonian Considered himself a Jeffersonian

DemocratDemocrat

Andrew Jackson (D) (1829-1837)Andrew Jackson (D) (1829-1837) Vetoed more bills by Vetoed more bills by

Congress than all Congress than all predecessorspredecessors Maysville Road (1830)Maysville Road (1830)

Peggy Eaton AffairPeggy Eaton Affair ““Kitchen CabinetKitchen Cabinet””

Private group of trusted Private group of trusted advisorsadvisors

Major IssuesMajor Issues Native RemovalNative Removal Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis Bank of the United StatesBank of the United States

Jackson and Native RemovalJackson and Native Removal Indian Removal Act (1830)Indian Removal Act (1830)

Negotiate with Native tribes for Negotiate with Native tribes for removal west to lands west of removal west to lands west of the Mississippithe Mississippi

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)(1831)

Determined Native tribes not to Determined Native tribes not to be “foreign states” but as be “foreign states” but as “domestic dependent nations” “domestic dependent nations”

Worcester v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia (1832)(1832) Determined sovereignty of Determined sovereignty of

Native tribes therefore not Native tribes therefore not subject to state lawssubject to state laws

Apocryphal: “John Marshall had Apocryphal: “John Marshall had made his decision. Now let him made his decision. Now let him enforce it!” - Andrew Jacksonenforce it!” - Andrew Jackson

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears Many died from exposure, Many died from exposure,

disease, starvationdisease, starvation 60,000 removed; 15,000 died60,000 removed; 15,000 died

Jackson and the Nullification CrisisJackson and the Nullification Crisis Tariff of Abominations (1828)Tariff of Abominations (1828) South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)

Inspired by Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsInspired by Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions State could nullify federal law or possibly secede if necessaryState could nullify federal law or possibly secede if necessary

Webster-Haynes Debates (1830)Webster-Haynes Debates (1830) Senator Robert Hayne (SC) promotes nullification and states’ Senator Robert Hayne (SC) promotes nullification and states’

rightsrights Daniel Webster argues supremacy of U.S. Constitution, Daniel Webster argues supremacy of U.S. Constitution,

nullification/secession is treason; nullification/secession is treason; ““Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”

Jefferson Day Dinner (1830)Jefferson Day Dinner (1830) Andrew Jackson: “Our federal Union: It must be preserved.”Andrew Jackson: “Our federal Union: It must be preserved.” John C. Calhoun: “The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most John C. Calhoun: “The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most

dear.”dear.” Tariff of 1832Tariff of 1832 South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification (1832)South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification (1832) Force Bill (1833)Force Bill (1833) Tariff of 1833Tariff of 1833

Jackson and the Bank WarJackson and the Bank War Nicholas BiddleNicholas Biddle

Bank supported by Henry Bank supported by Henry Clay and Daniel WebsterClay and Daniel Webster

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson ““You are a den of vipers and You are a den of vipers and

thieves. I have determined to thieves. I have determined to rout you out, and by the rout you out, and by the Eternal, I will rout you out!”Eternal, I will rout you out!”

““The bank, Mr. Van Buren, is The bank, Mr. Van Buren, is trying to kill me, but I will kill trying to kill me, but I will kill it.”it.”

Death of the National BankDeath of the National Bank Jackson vetoed the charterJackson vetoed the charter Transferred funds to state Transferred funds to state

banks aka “banks aka “pet bankspet banks””

Election of 1836Election of 1836 Martin van Buren (D)Martin van Buren (D)

Jackson’s VPJackson’s VP

Whig CandidatesWhig Candidates William Henry William Henry

Harrison (OH)Harrison (OH) Hugh White (TN)Hugh White (TN) Daniel Webster (MA)Daniel Webster (MA) Willie Mangum (NC)Willie Mangum (NC)

Panic of 1837Panic of 1837

National debt paid off in 1835National debt paid off in 1835 Specie Circular (1836)Specie Circular (1836)

Purchase of federal lands by Purchase of federal lands by gold and silvergold and silver

Panic of 1837Panic of 1837 Land speculation and crop Land speculation and crop

failuresfailures Hard currency led to devalue of Hard currency led to devalue of

paper money and inflationpaper money and inflation Denial of Bank charterDenial of Bank charter States overextended in States overextended in

infrastructure projectsinfrastructure projects Banks closed; unemployment Banks closed; unemployment

increased; depression for next increased; depression for next five yearsfive years