American Foreign Policy:

1920-1941

American Foreign Policy:

1920-1941

American IsolationismAmerican Isolationism5 Isolationists like Isolationists like

Senator Lodge, Senator Lodge, refused to allow the refused to allow the US to sign the US to sign the Versailles Treaty.Versailles Treaty.

5 Security treaty with Security treaty with France also rejected France also rejected by the Senate.by the Senate.

5 July, 1921 July, 1921 Congress Congress passed a resolution passed a resolution declaring WW I declaring WW I officially over!officially over!

Sen. Henry Cabot Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]

Washington Disarmament Washington Disarmament ConferenceConference(1921-1922)(1921-1922)

5 Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States.the United States.

5 Goals? - Goals? -

Five-Power Treaty Five-Power Treaty (1922)(1922)5 A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:

US Britain Japan France US Britain Japan France ItalyItaly 5 5 3 1.67 5 5 3 1.67 1.671.67

5 Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines].[including the Philippines].

5 LoopholeLoophole no restrictions on small warships no restrictions on small warships

European Debts to the European Debts to the USUS

1. What nation owed the most to US? –

2. What nation owed the least? -

Hyper-Inflation in Hyper-Inflation in Germany:Germany: 19231923

Dawes PlanDawes Plan (1924)(1924)

Young PlanYoung Plan (1930)(1930)

5 For three generations, you’ll have to slave away!For three generations, you’ll have to slave away!

5 $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.

5 By 1931, Hoover declared a debt moratorium.By 1931, Hoover declared a debt moratorium.

5 What was the goal of the Young Plan? - What was the goal of the Young Plan? -

Locarno PactLocarno Pact (1925)(1925)

5 Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. Versailles of 1919.

5 Germany signed treaties with Poland and Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration onlyof Germany by arbitration only.

Clark Memorandum Clark Memorandum (1928)(1928)

5 Clark pledged that the Clark pledged that the US would not intervene US would not intervene in Latin American in Latin American affairs in order to affairs in order to protect US property protect US property rights.rights.

5 How did this contrast How did this contrast with the Roosevelt with the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? - Doctrine? - Secretary of StateSecretary of State

J. Reuben ClarkJ. Reuben Clark

Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)(1928)

5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy.war as tools of foreign policy.

5 62 nations signed.62 nations signed.

5 ProblemsProblems? ?

Japanese Attack Japanese Attack Manchuria Manchuria (1931)(1931)

5 League of Nations condemned the League of Nations condemned the action.action.

5 Japan leaves the League.Japan leaves the League.

5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.in the Far East.

Hoover-Stimson Hoover-Stimson DoctrineDoctrine

(1932)(1932)5 It stated that the US - It stated that the US -

5 Japan was infuriated because the US hadJapan was infuriated because the US hadconquered new conquered new territories a few territories a few decades earlier.decades earlier.

5 Japan bombed Japan bombed Shanghai in Shanghai in 1932 1932 massive massive casualties.casualties.

FDR’s “Good FDR’s “Good Neighbor” PolicyNeighbor” Policy5 FDR FDR The good The good

neighbor respects neighbor respects himself and the rights himself and the rights of othersof others..

5 Policy of non-Policy of non-intervention and intervention and cooperation.cooperation.

5 Why was it important Why was it important for the US to continue for the US to continue the Good Neighbor the Good Neighbor policy in this time policy in this time period? - period? -

FDR Recognizes the FDR Recognizes the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

(late 1933)(late 1933)5 For what reasons did For what reasons did

the US decide to finally the US decide to finally recognize the Soviet recognize the Soviet Union? - Union? -

Nye Committee HearingsNye Committee Hearings(1934-1936)(1934-1936)

5 What did the Nye Committee What did the Nye Committee investigate? - investigate? -

5 The Committee did charge The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make manufacturers to make money.money.

5 Claimed that Wilson had Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters.in to warring nations’ waters.

5 Resulted in Congress passing Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts.several Neutrality Acts.

Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

Ludlow Amendment Ludlow Amendment (1938)(1938)

5 A proposed A proposed amendment to the amendment to the Constitution that Constitution that called for a national called for a national referendum on any referendum on any declaration of war by declaration of war by Congress.Congress.

5 Introduced several Introduced several times by times by Congressman Ludlow.Congressman Ludlow.

5 Did it pass? - Did it pass? -

Congressman Louis LudlowCongressman Louis Ludlow[D-IN][D-IN]

Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 193719375 When the President proclaimed the existence of a When the President proclaimed the existence of a

foreign war, certain restrictions would foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:automatically go into effect:

Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.

Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.

Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war.war.

Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis and-carry” basis pay when goods are picked up. pay when goods are picked up.

Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.

5 This limited the options of the President in a crisis.This limited the options of the President in a crisis.

5 Read the points of the Neutrality Acts closely. Why Read the points of the Neutrality Acts closely. Why do you think Congress would create these acts? - do you think Congress would create these acts? -

US NeutralityUS Neutrality

Panay Incident (1937)Panay Incident (1937)5 December 12, 1937.December 12, 1937.

5 Japan bombed Japan bombed USS USS PanayPanay gunboat & three gunboat & threeStandard Oil tankers onStandard Oil tankers onthe Yangtze River.the Yangtze River.

5 The river was an The river was an international waterway.international waterway.

5 Japan was testing US resolve!Japan was testing US resolve!

5 What did Japan do to better relations with the US What did Japan do to better relations with the US after the incident (apologize, money, etc)? – after the incident (apologize, money, etc)? –

5 ResultsResults Japanese interpreted US tone as a license Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for for further aggression against US interests. further aggression against US interests.

Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War (1936-(1936-1939)1939)

What was the Abraham Lincoln brigade? - What was the Abraham Lincoln brigade? -

Fascist AggressionFascist Aggression5 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty &1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty &

the League of Nations [re-arming!] the League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia. Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.

5 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland.1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain.

5 1938: Austrian 1938: Austrian AnschlussAnschluss.. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement – define Munich Agreement – define appeasementappeasement - -

5 1939: German troops march into the rest of1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia. What was the Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact - What was the Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact -

5 September 1, 1939: German troops march into September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland Poland define define blitzkriegblitzkrieg - -

5 WW II begins!!!WW II begins!!!

1939 Neutrality Act1939 Neutrality Act5 Passed in response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.Passed in response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.

5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited the US to aid European democracies in a limited way.way.

5 What were the main points of the 1939 Neutrality What were the main points of the 1939 Neutrality Act? – Act? –

- -

5 Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:

Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.

The US economy improved as European demands for The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession.1937-38 recession.

5 America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

What was the “America First” What was the “America First” Committee? - Committee? -

One of the leaders of the One of the leaders of the America First Committee is America First Committee is

pictured above. Who is it? - pictured above. Who is it? -

FDR’sFDR’s Actions Actions5 In the fall of 1939, the

Manhattan Project began. What was it? –

5 Early 1940 – FDR asked Congress to appropriate $4 billion for national defense.

5 Who did FDR appoint to be the secretary of war and secretary of navy in 1940? –

““Bases for destroyers” deal Bases for destroyers” deal (9/1940)(9/1940)5 1. What was the “bases for destroyers

deal”? – 5 Who did FDR make the deal with? – 5 Was it approved by Congress or was it an

executive order? -

Fall 1940Fall 19401). 9/1940 – FDR prohibits exports of steel and scrap iron to all except GB.2). 9/1940 – Congress passes a Selective Service Act. Why was this act different than previous draft acts? -

What was the “Lend-Lease” Act (3/1941)? - Great Britain.........................$31 Great Britain.........................$31

billionbillionSoviet Union...........................$11 Soviet Union...........................$11 billionbillionFrance......................................$ 3 France......................................$ 3 billionbillionChina.......................................$1.5 China.......................................$1.5 billionbillionOther European.................$500 Other European.................$500 millionmillionSouth America...................$400 South America...................$400 millionmillionThe amount totaled: The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000$48,601,365,000