AMERICAN REVOLUTIONAMERICAN REVOLUTION

Unit IIAUnit IIA

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

The EnlightenmentThe EnlightenmentThe Age of ReasonThe Age of Reason

► 1650-18001650-1800► Laws of Nature applied to Laws of Nature applied to

societysociety► RationalismRationalism

““Dare to know! Have the Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own courage to use your own reason!” – Immanuel Kantreason!” – Immanuel Kant

► LiberalismLiberalism►DeismDeism

““The Clockmaker”The Clockmaker” Absent of human affairsAbsent of human affairs

The EnlightenmentThe EnlightenmentJohn LockeJohn Locke

► Second Treatise on GovernmentSecond Treatise on Government ““The state of nature has a law of nature to govern The state of nature has a law of nature to govern

it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind … that, being all that law, teaches all mankind … that, being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions”another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions”

““Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent.”another, without his own consent.”

““Whensoever therefore the legislative shall Whensoever therefore the legislative shall transgress this fundamental rule of society; and transgress this fundamental rule of society; and either by ambition, fear, folly or corruption, either by ambition, fear, folly or corruption, endeavour to grasp themselves, or put into the endeavour to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over the hands of any other, an absolute power over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people; by this lives, liberties, and estates of the people; by this breach of trust they forfeit the power the people breach of trust they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the people, who have a right to it devolves to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty, and, by the resume their original liberty, and, by the establishment of a new legislative, (such as they establishment of a new legislative, (such as they shall think fit) provide for their own safety and shall think fit) provide for their own safety and security, which is the end for which they are in security, which is the end for which they are in society.”society.”

The EnlightenmentThe EnlightenmentAdam SmithAdam Smith

► An Inquiry into the Nature An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the and Causes of the Wealth Wealth of Nationsof Nations

► Laissez-faireLaissez-faire Free tradeFree trade

► ““the invisible hand”the invisible hand”► Three LawsThree Laws

More production from self-More production from self-interestinterest

Economic competitionEconomic competition Supply and demandSupply and demand

The EnlightenmentThe EnlightenmentThe PhilosophesThe Philosophes

► VoltaireVoltaire CandideCandide

► Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu Spirit of the LawsSpirit of the Laws

►Separation of powersSeparation of powers►Checks and balancesChecks and balances

► Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau The Social ContractThe Social Contract

►““the general will”the general will”

►Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

Voltaire

Mary Wollstonecraft

Salutary Neglect/Benign Salutary Neglect/Benign NeglectNeglect

► British absenteeismBritish absenteeism Distance between England and AmericaDistance between England and America Political turmoil and relative peacePolitical turmoil and relative peace

►English Civil War (1642-1651)English Civil War (1642-1651)►Glorious Revolution (1688)Glorious Revolution (1688)

► Colonies virtually on their ownColonies virtually on their own Developed unique economies based on regionDeveloped unique economies based on region Economic growthEconomic growth

►Colonial GNP was 25 million pounds ($2.25 billion)Colonial GNP was 25 million pounds ($2.25 billion)►1/3 of the Great Britain’s GNP1/3 of the Great Britain’s GNP►GDP per capita was highest in the world by 1775GDP per capita was highest in the world by 1775

Self-governmentSelf-government Proud British loyalistsProud British loyalists High life expectancy and literacy ratesHigh life expectancy and literacy rates

Britain Exerts More ControlBritain Exerts More Control

►Navigation Acts strengthenedNavigation Acts strengthened Increased concept of mercantilismIncreased concept of mercantilism Vice-admiralty courtsVice-admiralty courts

►Merchant courts, juryless, “corrupt judges”Merchant courts, juryless, “corrupt judges”

Board of TradeBoard of Trade►Develop mercantilist policies over coloniesDevelop mercantilist policies over colonies

►Molasses Act (1733)Molasses Act (1733) Tax on non-British import of sugarTax on non-British import of sugar

French and Indian War (1754-French and Indian War (1754-1763)1763)

► England vs. FranceEngland vs. France Washington, Fort Duquense, Washington, Fort Duquense,

and Fort Necessityand Fort Necessity Most Natives allied with Most Natives allied with

FrenchFrench William PittWilliam Pitt Increased British troop Increased British troop

activity in Americaactivity in America Colonists contributed to effortColonists contributed to effort

► Albany Plan of Union (1754)Albany Plan of Union (1754) Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

► Results/ConsequencesResults/Consequences British victoryBritish victory

► Acquisition of French Canada Acquisition of French Canada and land east of Mississippiand land east of Mississippi

► War debtWar debt 72M pounds (1755)72M pounds (1755) 129M pounds (1764)129M pounds (1764)

► British believed more control British believed more control necessarynecessary

Colonial prideColonial pride

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763► Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion

(1763)(1763) Extensive Native Extensive Native

alliance to deter alliance to deter colonistscolonists

► PurposePurpose Avoid conflictsAvoid conflicts

► Colonial ReactionColonial Reaction Denial of landDenial of land

Preliminary Rebellions

►Paxton Boys (1764) Pennsylvania Scots-

Irish upset with Quaker government and toleration of natives

Massacred Susquehannock

►Regulators (1764-1771) NC frontiersmen

upset with eastern corruption

British Prime MinistersBritish Prime Ministers

Robert Walpole1721-1742

George Grenville1763-1765

William Pitt1766-1768

Frederick North1770-1782

Encouraged unrestricteddevelopment of colonies

Believed coloniesshould foot thebill for wars anddefense

Enforced Parliament’s power but defended colonies and desire for representation

Supported taxationof the colonies andran Parliamentduring Revolution

Charles TownshendChancellor of Exchequer1766-1767

Timeline of Parliamentary ActsTimeline of Parliamentary Acts► Sugar Act of 1764Sugar Act of 1764

Revenue taxRevenue tax

► Quartering Act of 1765Quartering Act of 1765► Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765

First direct taxFirst direct tax

► Declaratory Act of 1766Declaratory Act of 1766 Parliament’s right to tax Parliament’s right to tax

whatsoeverwhatsoever

► Townshend Acts of Townshend Acts of 17671767 Pay royal colonial Pay royal colonial

officialsofficials Writs of assistanceWrits of assistance

► Tea Act of 1773Tea Act of 1773 Support British East India Support British East India

CompanyCompany► ““Intolerable Acts”Intolerable Acts”

Coercive Acts of 1774Coercive Acts of 1774► Massachusetts Government Massachusetts Government

Act (royal appointments)Act (royal appointments)► Port Act (Boston closed)Port Act (Boston closed)► Administration of Justice Act Administration of Justice Act

(trial of royal officials moved)(trial of royal officials moved) Quebec Act of 1774Quebec Act of 1774

► Appointed government; Appointed government; Catholicism recognizedCatholicism recognized

► Prohibitory Act of 1775Prohibitory Act of 1775 Colonies in open rebellionColonies in open rebellion

Parliamentary ActsThe Sugar Act (1764)

►Purpose Increased regulation of

colonial trade Raise revenue for war

debt►Lowered tax rate

Sugar, spices, lumber Vice-admiralty courts

►Colonial Reaction Colonial merchants and

shippers Boycotts

►Repealed in 1766

Parliamentary ActsStamp Act (1765)

►Purpose First direct tax Generate revenue for

troops in America

►Colonial Reaction “No taxation without

representation.” - James Otis

Stamp Act Congress Sons and Daughters of

Liberty Committees of

Correspondence

Parliamentary ActsTownshend Acts (1767)

► Purpose Raise revenue for

administration of colonies Glass, tea, paper, lead,

paint

► Colonial Reaction Letters from a Farmer in

Pennsylvania - John Dickinson► “If they may be legally

deprived… of the privilege of legislation, why may they not, with equal reason, be deprived of every other privilege? Or why may not every colony be treated in the same manner, when any of them shall dare to deny their assent to any impositions that shall be directed?”

Engraving by Paul Revere, 1768

Boston Massacre (1770)

Parliamentary ActsTea Act (1773)

►Purpose Support British

East India Company

►Reaction Boston Tea

Party

Parliamentary Acts“Intolerable” Acts (1774)

►Purpose Boston Port Act Quartering Act Administration of Justice

Act Massachusetts

Government Act Quebec Act

►Colonial Reaction Suffolk Resolves First Continental Congress

Tar and FeatheringBostonians paying the exciseman

Which Side Are You On?

► Fought and died in wars Fought and died in wars with Natives and with Natives and European enemiesEuropean enemies

► Risk life and health in a Risk life and health in a new environmentnew environment

► Proud and loyal English Proud and loyal English subjects entitled to rightssubjects entitled to rights

► Developed economies Developed economies which benefit the Empirewhich benefit the Empire

► Familiar with life in Familiar with life in colonies more so than in colonies more so than in EnglandEngland

► God-given libertyGod-given liberty

► Provide protection from Provide protection from Natives and EuropeansNatives and Europeans

► Benefit exceptionally Benefit exceptionally well from success of well from success of British Empire with British Empire with little contributionlittle contribution

► Abide by the rule of lawAbide by the rule of law► Colonists as second-Colonists as second-

class citizensclass citizens► ““virtual representation”virtual representation”► Britons pay 2-3 times Britons pay 2-3 times

taxes than coloniststaxes than colonists

Colonies British Empire/Parliament

Lexington and Concord Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775)(April 19, 1775)

► Organization of Organization of militia (Minutemen) militia (Minutemen) compels Governor compels Governor Gage to send 700 Gage to send 700 British soldiers to British soldiers to arrest rebel leaders arrest rebel leaders and confiscate armsand confiscate arms

► William Dawes and William Dawes and Paul ReverePaul Revere

► 8 Minutemen die and 8 Minutemen die and 1 Redcoat wounded 1 Redcoat wounded at Lexingtonat Lexington

► ““Shot heard ‘round Shot heard ‘round the world” at the world” at ConcordConcord

(about from FIU to South Beach)

Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress► Delegates from 13 colonies Delegates from 13 colonies

begin meeting in May of 1775begin meeting in May of 1775► Battles of Breed’s Hill and Battles of Breed’s Hill and

Bunker Hill (June 1775)Bunker Hill (June 1775)► Olive Branch Petition (July Olive Branch Petition (July

1775)1775)► Proclamation of Rebellion Proclamation of Rebellion

(August 1775)(August 1775)► Prohibitory Act (December Prohibitory Act (December

1775)1775)► Continental Army and George Continental Army and George

WashingtonWashington► State ConstitutionsState Constitutions► Virginia Declaration of Rights Virginia Declaration of Rights

(May 1776)(May 1776)► Declaration of Independence (

July 1776)

Thomas Paine’s Thomas Paine’s Common Sense Common Sense (January (January 1776)1776)

► ““But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families; wherefore the brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families; wherefore the assertion, if true, turns to her reproach; but it happens not to be true, or only partly so and the assertion, if true, turns to her reproach; but it happens not to be true, or only partly so and the phrase PARENT or MOTHER COUNTRY hath been jesuitically adopted by the king and his phrase PARENT or MOTHER COUNTRY hath been jesuitically adopted by the king and his parasites, with a low papistical design of gaining an unfair bias on the credulous weakness of parasites, with a low papistical design of gaining an unfair bias on the credulous weakness of our minds. Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath our minds. Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from EVERY PART of been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from EVERY PART of Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still.”first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still.”

► ““As to government matters, it is not in the power of Britain to do this continent justice: The As to government matters, it is not in the power of Britain to do this continent justice: The business of it will soon be too weighty, and intricate, to be managed with any tolerable degree business of it will soon be too weighty, and intricate, to be managed with any tolerable degree of convenience, by a power so distant from us, and so very ignorant of us; for if they cannot of convenience, by a power so distant from us, and so very ignorant of us; for if they cannot conquer us, they cannot govern us. To be always running three or four thousand miles with a conquer us, they cannot govern us. To be always running three or four thousand miles with a tale or a petition, waiting four or five months for an answer, which when obtained requires five tale or a petition, waiting four or five months for an answer, which when obtained requires five or six more to explain it in, will in a few years be looked upon as folly and childishness--There or six more to explain it in, will in a few years be looked upon as folly and childishness--There was a time when it was proper, and there is a proper time for it to cease. Small islands not was a time when it was proper, and there is a proper time for it to cease. Small islands not capable of protecting themselves, are the proper objects for kingdoms to take under their capable of protecting themselves, are the proper objects for kingdoms to take under their care; but there is something very absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed care; but there is something very absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island. In no instance hath nature made the satellite larger than its primary planet, and by an island. In no instance hath nature made the satellite larger than its primary planet, and as England and America, with respect to each other, reverses the common order of nature, it as England and America, with respect to each other, reverses the common order of nature, it is evident they belong to different systems; England to Europe, America to itself. “is evident they belong to different systems; England to Europe, America to itself. “

► ““Europe is too thickly planted with kingdoms to be long at peace, and whenever a war breaks Europe is too thickly planted with kingdoms to be long at peace, and whenever a war breaks out between England and any foreign power, the trade of America goes to ruin, BECAUSE OF out between England and any foreign power, the trade of America goes to ruin, BECAUSE OF HER CONNECTION WITH ENGLAND. The next war may not turn out like the last, and should it HER CONNECTION WITH ENGLAND. The next war may not turn out like the last, and should it not, the advocates for reconciliation now, will be wishing for separation then, because, not, the advocates for reconciliation now, will be wishing for separation then, because, neutrality in that case, would be a safer convoy than a man of war. Every thing that is right or neutrality in that case, would be a safer convoy than a man of war. Every thing that is right or natural pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'TIS natural pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'TIS TIME TO PART. Even the distance at which the Almighty hath placed England and America, is a TIME TO PART. Even the distance at which the Almighty hath placed England and America, is a strong and natural proof, that the authority of the one, over the other, was never the design of strong and natural proof, that the authority of the one, over the other, was never the design of Heaven. The time likewise at which the continent was discovered, adds weight to the Heaven. The time likewise at which the continent was discovered, adds weight to the argument, and the manner in which it was peopled increases the force of it. The reformation argument, and the manner in which it was peopled increases the force of it. The reformation was preceded by the discovery of America, as if the Almighty graciously meant to open a was preceded by the discovery of America, as if the Almighty graciously meant to open a sanctuary to the Persecuted in future years, when home should afford neither friendship nor sanctuary to the Persecuted in future years, when home should afford neither friendship nor safety. “safety. “

Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence (1776)(1776)

► Applies laws of NatureApplies laws of Nature► People’s right to People’s right to

revolutionrevolution ““self-evident”self-evident” ““all men are created equal”all men are created equal” Endowed…with certain Endowed…with certain

unalienable rights…life, unalienable rights…life, liberty, pursuit of liberty, pursuit of happiness”happiness”

► List of grievances against List of grievances against the British Empire, the British Empire, specifically toward George specifically toward George IIIIII

► WHAT’S WRONG WITH WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?

America vs. Great BritainAmerica vs. Great Britain► American American

Advantages/TacticsAdvantages/Tactics Militia’s guerilla tactics Familiar with the territory Familiar with the territory

and environmentand environment Prolong the warProlong the war Hope for support from Hope for support from

Britain’s enemies (France, Britain’s enemies (France, Spain)Spain)

► American DisadvantagesAmerican Disadvantages No well-trained regular No well-trained regular

army or officersarmy or officers Insufficient funds and Insufficient funds and

suppliessupplies Small support among Small support among

population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 neutral, slaves)neutral, slaves)

► British Advantages/TacticsBritish Advantages/Tactics 11 million Britons to 11 million Britons to

America’s 2.5 million (1/3 America’s 2.5 million (1/3 slaves or loyalists)slaves or loyalists)

World’s largest navyWorld’s largest navy Disciplined and experienced Disciplined and experienced

armyarmy Support from Loyalists, Support from Loyalists,

Natives, and slavesNatives, and slaves Entrenched forts and Entrenched forts and

garrisons in Americagarrisons in America► British DisadvantagesBritish Disadvantages

War debt and war fatigueWar debt and war fatigue American privateers (pirates) American privateers (pirates)

hounded British shipshounded British ships Unpopular home supportUnpopular home support Spread thin around the worldSpread thin around the world

Patriots, Loyalists, NeutralsPatriots, Loyalists, Neutrals► Patriots (aka Whigs) Patriots (aka Whigs)

Supported independence, but Supported independence, but may disagree on course of may disagree on course of action (war, petition, boycott, action (war, petition, boycott, etc.)etc.)

Advocated independence based Advocated independence based on rhetoric and education on on rhetoric and education on rights and libertiesrights and liberties

► Loyalists (aka Tories)Loyalists (aka Tories) Loyalty to the CrownLoyalty to the Crown Agreed about excess taxes, but Agreed about excess taxes, but

against separationagainst separation Fear of a possible American Fear of a possible American

victoryvictory Recent British immigrantsRecent British immigrants

► Some neutral due to Some neutral due to ignorance, apathy, or ignorance, apathy, or economic reasonseconomic reasons

The WarThe War► In the NorthIn the North

Boston and New York under Boston and New York under British control and conquestBritish control and conquest

Battles of Trenton (1776) and Battles of Trenton (1776) and Princeton (1777)Princeton (1777)

Battle of Saratoga (Oct Battle of Saratoga (Oct 1777)1777)

Valley Forge (Winter 1777-78)Valley Forge (Winter 1777-78)

► In the SouthIn the South Lord Cornwalis’s strategyLord Cornwalis’s strategy Battle of Camden (1780)Battle of Camden (1780) Battle of Cowpens (1781)Battle of Cowpens (1781) Battle of Yorktown (1781)Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783)► John Adams, Benjamin John Adams, Benjamin

Franklin, John JayFranklin, John Jay► British recognition of British recognition of

USAUSA► USA granted all lands USA granted all lands

east of the Mississippieast of the Mississippi► Natives left out of the Natives left out of the

treatytreaty► States applying own States applying own

interests led to British interests led to British remaining in remaining in Northwest fortsNorthwest forts

► Brand new and bigger Brand new and bigger nation… What now?nation… What now?

Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West

A “Revolutionary” SocietyA “Revolutionary” Society► Liberalism and egalitarianismLiberalism and egalitarianism

Civil rights and private propertyCivil rights and private property► Republicanism and the Republicanism and the

common goodcommon good Representative governmentRepresentative government

► Merits over Merits over Inheritance/HeredityInheritance/Heredity

► More and more self-More and more self-made men participate in made men participate in political leadershippolitical leadership

► Despite a new Despite a new perception, the small perception, the small upper class retained its upper class retained its status as owners of status as owners of most of America’s most of America’s wealthwealth

Women of the RevolutionWomen of the Revolution► Upper-class women Upper-class women

promoted cause promoted cause through through correspondencecorrespondence

► Participated against Participated against Stamp Act and Stamp Act and Townshend ActsTownshend Acts

► Spinning beesSpinning bees

► Ran households and Ran households and estates during estates during husband’s absencehusband’s absence

► Formed campaigns to Formed campaigns to promote war and fundspromote war and funds

► Abigail AdamsAbigail Adams “…“…Remember the Ladies.”Remember the Ladies.”

Blacks and Slaves During the Blacks and Slaves During the RevolutionRevolution

► Lord Dunmore’s Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation (1775)Proclamation (1775)

► Limited Limited participation in participation in Continental ArmyContinental Army

► Slavery as Slavery as “necessary evil”“necessary evil”

► Northern states and Northern states and abolitionabolition

► Limited civil rightsLimited civil rights

Natives of the RevolutionNatives of the Revolution

►Half of the population from 1754 to Half of the population from 1754 to 1783 wiped out1783 wiped out

►New land acquisitions led to increased New land acquisitions led to increased hostilitieshostilities

►Adapted lifestyle by incorporating Adapted lifestyle by incorporating European goodsEuropean goods

►Appealed to Congress on recognizing Appealed to Congress on recognizing territories; little to no supportterritories; little to no support