AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF ICE AGE: … · Rosalia Retno Widayati, my brother, Agustinus...

AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF ICE AGE: CONTINENTAL DRIFT MOVIE SUBTITLE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By Theodorus Adhicahya

Student Number: 111214039

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2015

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI


A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education



ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2015

i


A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on




Approved by

Advisor

Fidelis Chosa Kastuhandani, S.Pd., M.Hum. 20 November 2015


A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on


By THEODORUS ADHICAHYA Student Number: 111214039

Defended before the Board of Examiners on 11 December 2015

and Declared Acceptable

Board of Examiners

Chairperson : Paulus Kuswandono, Ph.D. ________________

Secretary : Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. ________________

Member : Fidelis Chosa Kastuhandani, S.Pd., M.Hum. _____________

Member : Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. _____________

Member : Dr. E. Sunarto, M.Hum _____________

Yogyakarta, 11 December 2015

Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University Dean

Rohandi, Ph.D.


I dedicated this thesis to:

My beloved parents,

All my family and friends

iv


STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 11 December 2015

The Writer

Theodorus Adhicahya

111214039

v


LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Theodorus Adhicahya

Nomor Mahasiswa : 111214039

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:


beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk meyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk perangkat

data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau

media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya

maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya

sebagai penulis.

Demikian Pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 11 December 2015

Yang menyatakan

(Theodorus Adhicahya)

vi


ABSTRACT

Adhicahya, Theodorus. 2015. An analysis of idiom translation of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie subtitle. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University

Translating a literary work is a challenging job. There may be several problems that occur during the translation. One of them is cultural differences between the source language (SL) and target language (TL), especially the idiomatic meaning which is brought by the SL idiom. This problem might be encountered by the translators in translating the literary work such as subtitle. In this case, the subtitle is subtitle in Ice Age: Continental Drift movie. Because the focus of the study is about idioms translation, the researcher used this movie as the subject. This research was conducted to find out the categories of the idioms in the subtitle and how the translator translated the idioms without reducing the idiomatic meaning from source language. The problem formulations for this research were formulated as: 1) Which categories of idiom are used in Ice Age Continental Drift? and 2) How does the translator translate the idioms in Ice Age Continental Drift? To answer the research problems, the researcher conducted a qualitative research by using document analysis. The data for this research were taken from the Indonesian and English subtitle script of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie. In answering the first question, the researcher categorized the idioms into pure idiom, semi idiom and literal idiom. Meanwhile, in answering the second question, the researcher identified the translation strategy of the idioms.

The researcher found 140 idioms in the subtitle. There were 81 categorized in pure idiom, 15 idioms categorized in semi idiom, and 44 categorized in literal idiom. However, there were only 137 idiom translated by means of Baker’s (1992) theory, 11 idioms used ‘similar meaning and form’, one idiom used ‘similar meaning, but dissimilar form’, three idioms used ‘omission’, and 121 idioms used ‘paraphrase’. The other three idioms were translated using literal translation, which includes other finding of the research.

Keywords: Idiom, translation, subtitle, Ice Age: Continental Drift

vii


ABSTRAK

Adhicahya, Theodorus. 2015. An analysis of idiom translation of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie subtitle. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University

Menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra merupakan pekerjaan yang

menantang. Terdapat berbagai masalah yang mungkin dihadapi saat menerjemahakan. Salah satunya adalah perbedaan budaya antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa target, terutama makna idiomatik yang dibawa oleh sebuah idiom bahasa sumber. Masalah ini mungkin akan dihadapi oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra seperti subtitle. Subtitle yang dimaksud dalam hal ini adalah subtitle dalam film Ice Age: Continental Drift. Karena penerjemahan idiom menjadi fokus utama dalam penelitian ini, maka dari itu peneliti menggunakan film ini sebagai subjek penelitian. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kategori-kategori dari idiom dalam subtitle dan bagaimana penerjemah menerjemahkan idiom tanpa mengurangi makna idiomatik dari bahasa sumber. Rumusan-rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini diformulasikan sebagai berikut: 1) Apa saja kategori idiom yang digunakan dalam Ice Age Continental Drift? dan 2) Bagaimana penerjemah menerjemahkan idiom-idiom dalam Ice Age Continental Drift? Untuk menjawab rumusan-rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti melakukan sebuah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan dokumen analisis. Data untuk penelitian ini didapatkan dari naskah subtitle Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris dari film Ice Age: Continental Drift. Untuk menjawab rumusan pertama, peneliti mengategorikan idiom kedalam pure idiom, semi idiom dan literal idiom. Sementara itu, untuk menjawab rumusan yang kedua, peneliti mengidentifikasi strategi-strategi penerjemahan idiom. Peneliti menemukan 140 idiom dalam subtitle. Terdapat 81 idiom dikategorikan dalam ‘pure idiom’, 15 idiom dalam ‘semi idiom’, dan 44 idiom dalam ‘literal idiom’. Namun, dari keseluruhan hanya terdapat 137 idiom yang diterjemahkan menggunakan teori dari Baker (1992). Diketahui, terdapat 11 idiom menggunakan ‘similar meaning and form’, satu idiom menggunakan ‘similar meaning, but dissimilar form’, tiga idiom menggunakan ‘omission’, dan 121 idiom menggunakan ‘paraphrase’. Sementara, ketiga sisanya diterjemahkan menggunakan ‘literal translation’, yang termasuk kedalam penemuan lain dalam penelitian.

Kata kunci: Idiom, translation, subtitle, Ice Age: Continental Drift

viii


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My gratitude goes to those who have given their time, advice, support, and

prayer to help me accomplishing this thesis. First of all, I would like to express

my deepest and greatest gratitude to The Almighty God and Lord Jesus Crist,

who always give me strength and blessing during my study.

I would express my other gratitude to my thesis advisor, Fidelis Chosa

Kastuhandani, S.Pd, M.Hum, for his time, patience, support, guidance, and

feedback during the process of finishing the thesis. I also would like to thank him

for not giving up on me so that I am able to finish this thesis.

My special thanks go to my academic advisor, Ch. Lhaksmita Anandari,

S.Pd., Ed.M., for guiding me since my first year in ELESP and also for being a

very great mother for us. My gratitude also goes to all of the staffs and lecturers of

the ELESP for their guidance and the knowledge that they have shared during my

study in ELESP Sanata Dharma University.

I would like to give my other special gratitude and thanks to my parents,

Agus Aris Munandar and Veronica Tuwanti, for their love, patience, supports,

and prayer. I would like to thank my sister, Rosalia Retno Widayati, my brother,

Agustinus Cahyo Ristiawan, for their support and prayer. I also thank my

relatives, and all of KETIB members for their support and prayer.

I express my thanks to all of my friends who have given their support and

prayer, especially, Ginong, Yanu, Albert, Agung, Dony, Malik, Gerrard,

ix


Surya, Hanung, Indri, Raras, Fanny, Tata, Ovi, Ervin, Tutik, Erlin, Yulius

Dony, Fian, Heni, Selma, Nini, Icho, Adi, Devina, and Puput. I would like to

thank them for reminding me to do my thesis and also their support and prayer.

Last but not least, my gratitude goes for those whose name I cannot mention one

by one. I am really grateful to have all those people in my life. There is no words

can describe my gratitude and thanks.

Sincerely,

Theodorus Adhicahya

x


TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGES .............................................................................................. ii

DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ....................................................... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ....................................................... vi

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vii

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... xi

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xiv

LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. xv

LIST OF DATA ................................................................................................... xvi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1

A. Research Background .......................................................................... 1

B. Research Problems .............................................................................. 4

C. Problem Limitation .............................................................................. 4

D. Research Objectives ............................................................................ 4

E. Research Benefits ................................................................................ 5

F. Definition of Terms ............................................................................. 5

1. Idiom ......................................................................................... 5

2. Subtitling ................................................................................... 6

3. Ice Age: Continental Drift......................................................... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................................... 7

A. Review on Related Study .................................................................... 7

xi


B. Theoretical Description ....................................................................... 9

1. Definition and Process of Translation ....................................... 9

2. Type of Translation ................................................................. 11

3. Good Translation .................................................................... 14

4. Idiom ....................................................................................... 15

C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 26

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................ 29

A. Research Method ............................................................................... 29

B. Research Setting ................................................................................ 30

C. Data Sources ...................................................................................... 30

D. Instruments and Data Gathering ........................................................ 30

E. Data Analysis Technique ................................................................... 31

F. Research Procedure ........................................................................... 33

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................ 35

A. Categories of Idioms.......................................................................... 35

1. Pure Idiom ............................................................................... 36

2. Semi Idiom .............................................................................. 37

3. Literal Idiom ........................................................................... 39

B. Translation Strategies of Idioms ........................................................ 40

1. Similar Meaning and Form ..................................................... 42

2. Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form .................................... 43

3. Paraphrase ............................................................................... 44

4. Omission ................................................................................. 46

C. Other Findings ................................................................................... 48

xii


CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................... 51

A. Conclusions ....................................................................................... 51

B. Recommendations ............................................................................. 52

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 54

APPENDIX ........................................................................................................... 57

xiii


LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Example of Word-for-word, Literal and Free Translation.................... 13

Table 2.2 Structures of Phrasal Verb .................................................................... 19

Table 3.1 The Applied Categories and Strategies for Idioms in the Subtitle of Ice

Age: Continental Drift .......................................................................... 32

Table 4.1 Frequencies of idioms Categorization .................................................. 35

Table 4.2 Frequencies of Translation Strategies ................................................... 41

xiv


LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Larson’s Translation Process ............................................................... 10

Figure 2.2 Baker’s Idiom Translation Strategies .................................................. 25

xv


LIST OF DATA

Data 1. Pure Idiom Excerpt 1 ................................................................................ 36

Data 2. Pure Idiom Excerpt 2 ................................................................................ 37

Data 3. Literal Idiom Excerpt 1 ............................................................................ 39

Data 4. Paraphrase Strategy Excerpt 1 .................................................................. 41

Data 5. Paraphrase Strategy Excerpt 2 .................................................................. 46

Data 6. Omission Strategy Excerpt 1 .................................................................... 46

Data 7. Omission Strategy Excerpt 1 .................................................................... 47

xvi


CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the introduction of the study. It consists of six parts.

They are research background, research problems, problem limitation, research

objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms.

A. Research Background

Language is a means of communication. It has both, literal and figurative

meanings. Literal meaning is the direct reference of words or sentences.

Meanwhile, the figurative meaning creates an image of the words or sentences

which cannot be easily understood. Besides, figurative meanings are often

culturally determined (Lazar, 2006). It makes figurative languages from one

culture cannot be understood by people from other cultures. Figurative languages

also take many forms, such as metaphors, similes, personifications, hyperboles,

alliterations, cliché, and idioms. For example, the word “buaya” in Bahasa

Indonesia has both literal and figurative meaning. Its literal meaning is a crocodile

as an animal, while its figurative meaning is playboy or womanizer.

Those figurative languages, especially idioms are usually taught to the

English learners. By using those figurative languages, they are not only learning

the language but also the culture of the language itself since it stems from the

underlying values and assumptions of culture or society (Lazar, 2006). Hence,

1


2 learning idiom or figurative language for English learners is important. Thus,

teachers use many methods in teaching the idiom to the students, starting from the

traditional one to the modern one. Besides, they are also able to use media such as

magazines, newspapers, movies, or songs to teach the idioms.

Nowadays, movie has become something that cannot be separated from

human life. Many movies with various genres have been released each year,

starting from drama, comedy, action or animation. People are interested in it,

because it is entertaining. It can be put into consideration for the teacher to use

movie in teaching the students. It is because by watching movie, they are able to

see the context where the idiom is used. According to Bello (1999), movie is a

form of communication, which enables the students to see body and speech

rhythm in second language discourses through observing the use of authentic

language and intonation in various situations. In addition, a translated subtitle is

also provided in the movie which helps the students to understand the meaning of

the idioms.

In translating subtitle, translators need to understand the source language

of the movie, especially when it is about figurative language such idiom. Lazar

(2006) points out that figurative language may have the literal and metaphorical

meaning. Thus, it can have different meaning from its basic meaning. Duff (1981)

also adds that an idiom expression involves the figurative word of language and it

has a meaning that cannot be directly translated. For example is Dia dibawa ke

meja hijau, karena kejahatannya. The meaning of the phrase meja hijau is not a

table with green color but it means the court. Hence, the translators should always


3 consider the language before translating the subtitle, since the language is seen as

a medium for expressing universals and personally as well (Newmark, 1988).

Nida as quoted by Hatim and Mason (1990) also states four basic requirements of

translation, they are (1) making sense, (2) convey spirit manner of the original, (3)

having natural and easy form of expression, and (4) reproducing a similar

response.

Translating English idioms become the researcher’s interest. It is because

translating idiom is not only transferring the meaning but also understanding the

source language culture. It also related to the researcher’s experienced when the

researcher took translation classes. The researcher found that translating idiom is

an interesting subject to be analized. The researcher uses Ice Age: Continental

Drift movie as the subject of the research. This movie is the fourth movie in Ice

Age saga. It is an animation comedy movie which was released in 2012. It tells

about the journey of Manny the mammoth, Sid the sloth and his grandma, and

Diego the saber tooth. In this movie, they are trying to get back to the herd and

have to fight with the pirates in their way back. This movie also has many idioms

in its conversations. Therefore, the researcher chooses this movie as the subject of

the research. This research aims to analyze the category of the idiom used in this

movie and also find out the strategies to translate those idioms.


4 B. Research Problems

In order to achieve the objectives, there are two questions which are

formulated in this study related to the topic, which is an analysis of idioms

translation in the subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift.

1. Which categories of the idiom are used in Ice Age Continental Drift?

2. How does the translator translate the idioms in Ice Age Continental Drift?

C. Problem Limitation

This research is limited to the idioms of the movie. The limitation is

conducted since the concern of the study is to analyze its idioms, especially the

categories of idioms and the idioms translation strategies which are used in the

movie. The categories of idioms used in this research are pure idiom, semi idiom,

and literal idiom. Those categories were proposed by Fernando (1996). The

idioms translation strategies are using four strategies proposed by Baker (1992)

which are: (1) using idiom of similar meaning and form, (2) using idiom with

similar meaning but dissimilar form, (3) translation by paraphrase, (4) translation

by omission. The researcher decides to limit into those strategies since those are

mostly used in translating idiom.

D. Research Objectives

There are two objectives that are going to be achieved in this study. First,

it aims to find out the categories of the idioms in the movie. Second, it aims to


5 find out and describe the idiom translation strategies which were applied by the

translator.

E. Research Benefits

The result of this research will give the benefits for the following group of

language users. They are English learner and future researcher. For English

learner, the research findings would give more knowledge to the English learners

about the categories of idiom. In addition, it also gives them knowledge about the

idiomatic translation strategy. Thus, it enables them to make a better translation of

idiom.

For future researcher, the research findings can be used as the reference

for other researchers in the future who are going to conduct the same research or

study about the translation and idiom.

F. Definition of Terms

In this section, definition for some terms is given in order to give the

similar understanding between the researcher and the reader of this study.

1. Idiom

Idioms are type of informal English that have different meaning from the

original meaning. Chaer (1986) also adds it is an expression which carries a

metaphorical sense and its meaning is difficult be predicted either lexically or

grammatically. Idiom in this research also includes figure of speech, and slang

(Hockett, 1958).


6 2. Subtitling

Subtitling is one of types in screen translation. It is a text which is usually

found in the bottom of the movie, television or DVD. According to Gottlieb

(2004), it is a diasemiotic translation in polysemiotic media, including films, TV

and DVD in a form of one or more lines of written text presented on the screen in

sync with the original dialogue. Similar to Gottlieb, O’Connell (2007) also defines

subtitling as supplementing the original voice soundtrack by adding written text

on screen.

3. Ice Age: Continental Drift

Ice Age: Continental Drift is a 2012 animation movie directed by Steve

Martino and Mike Thurmeire and written by Michael Berg, Jason Fuchs, and Lori

Forte. It was produced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by Twentieth Century

Fox Animaton. This movie is the fourth sequel of Ice Age movie. Ice Age (2002),

Ice Age: Meltdown (2006), Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) were the other

three movies before it was released.


CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents some theories which are going to be used to achieve

the objectives. It consists of three parts. They are review on related study,

theoretical description, and theoretical framework.

A. Review on Related Study

In this part, the researcher discusses the related study to the research which

was conducted by the researcher. It is done in order to show the position of the

researcher’s research. The researcher includes the related study so that the readers

are able to know the focus of this study compared to other studies which used Ice

Age movies series. There are two related studies which used the serial of Ice Age

movie as the subject of the research.

The first is an undergraduate thesis which was written by Kurniadi (2012)

entitled The Equivalence and the Acceptability of irritation expression translation

in the subtitle of the film Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur. In her thesis, Kurniadi

focused on the equivalence and acceptability of Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur,

especially the irritation expressions in the movie. In her research, she had three

objectives. First objective was to examine the equivalence of TL subtitle to the SL

text. Second, she analyzed the acceptability of the translation of the irritation

expression in the subtitle. Third, she analyzed the relation between equivalence

and the acceptability of the translation. This study used empirical research7


8 method. This method is done by collecting the data and giving some

questionnaires to some respondents.

Compared to the study conducted by Kurniadi (2012), this research has

some similarities related to Kurniadi’s research. Both researches are dealing with

the translation and its equivalence between the SL text and the TL text. However,

the focus of this research is from Kurniadi’s. In Kurniadi’s (2012), the focus of

the study is one the translation of irritation expressions. Meanwhile, this research

is more focus on the idioms translation in the movie. Furthermore, the researcher

used the fourth sequel of Ice Age series, which is Ice Age: Continental Drift.

The second related study is an undergraduate thesis which was written by

Baskara (2013) entitled An Analysis on the Verbal Humor and the Consistency of

the Indonesian Subtitle in Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaurs. In his thesis,

Baskara analyzed the translation of the verbal humor and the consistency of the

TL subtitle. He had two objectives in his research. The first one was to find out

the types of verbal humor the subtitle of Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur and

second was to determine whether the verbal humor is consistently translated into

Bahasa Indonesia. Baskara used qualitative research method in a form of content

analysis to do his research.

The difference between those researches and this research is that in

Baskara’s research, he analyzed the type and the translation consistency of verbal

humor in the third sequel of Ice Age series, which is Ice Age: Dawn of the

Dinosaur. However in this research, the researcher has different concern. The

researcher’s concern is the idioms in the fourth sequel of the Ice Age series.


9 Finally, in this part, the researcher showed that there is no other studies which

conduct the research on idiom translation in the subtitle of Ice Age: Continental

Drift.

B. Theoretical Description

In this part, the researcher discusses the theories which are going to be

used in the research. Generally, there are two theories that would be discussed in

this chapter. Those theories are theory of translation and theory of idiom. Theory

of translation consists of the definition of translation and type of translation.

Meanwhile the theory of idiom consists of the definitions, types and categories,

and the translation strategies of idioms.

1. Definition and Process of Translation

According to Catford (1974), translation is the replacement of textual

material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language

(TL). Larson (1984) also states that translation consists transferring the meaning

of the source language into the target language. However, translation has gone

beyond the text itself, culture also plays a role in it. Accordingly, translators

should be aware during the translation process. Larson (1984), states that the goal

of a translator is to communicate the meaning of idiomatic translation from source

language into the natural form of the receptor language. Thus, understanding the

meaning of the source language text becomes the priority for a translator in

idiomatic translation. The process of translation from Larson is represented in

Figure 2.1. From the Figure 2.1, it shows that the goal of the translation is the


10 meaning. It shows the stages which have to be done. Thus, it is necessary to

maintain the meaning from the source language in the target language.

Duff (1981) proposes the principles of translation. Those principles are the basic

principles which are relevant to the translation. They are meaning, form, register,

source language influence, style and clarity, and idioms. First, the translation

should reflect on the meaning of the original text accurately. Nothing should be

arbitrarily added or removed, though some part of the meaning can be ‘transpose’.

Second, the ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match to the

original as closely as possible. However, the difference in language structure often

requires changes in the form and the order of words. Third, languages often differ

greatly in their levels of formality in a given context. Translator should

distinguish between formal or fixed expression and personal expression, in which

the writer or speaker sets the tone. In this case translator might consider the

SOURCE

RECEPTOR

Discover the meaning

Text to be translated

Meaning

Re-express the meaning

Translation

Figure 2.1 Larson’s Translation Process (1984, p. 4)


11 intension of the writer or speaker and whether the expressions are

formal/informal, cold/warm, or personal/impersonal.

Fourth, many translations do not sound natural in the target language. It is

because the translator’s thought and choice of words are influenced by the source

language. A good way to overcome this problem is to set the text aside and

translate a few sentences from memory to get the natural pattern of thought in the

first language. Fifth, the translator should not change the style of original text,

except the text is sloppy written or full of tedious repetitions. The last principle is

about idiom. Duff (1981) also states that the idiom such as similes, metaphors,

proverbs and sayings, jargon, slangs, colloquialisms and phrasal verbs cannot be

translated directly.

2. Type of Translation

Catford (1965) classifies the types of translation in terms of extent, levels

and ranks. In term of the extent of the source language, Catford distinguishes the

type into full translation and partial translation. This distinction relates to the

extent of SL text which is submitted to the translation process. In full translation,

the SL text is entirely translated into TL text material. Therefore, each part of the

SL text would be replaced with the TL text. On the other hand, partial translation

only translates some parts from the SL text and left the rest of the parts

untranslated. In some cases, such in literal translation, this kind of situation is

considered as a common thing. It is either because they are regarded as

“untranslatable” or for the deliberate purpose of introducing “local color”.


12

The second type is classified based on the level of the source language

text. He devides it into total and restricted translation. This distinction relates to

the levels of language involved in translation. Total translation may be defined as

the replacement of the SL grammar and lexis by the equivalent TL grammar and

lexis with consequential replacement of the SL phonology/graphology by the non-

equivalent TL phonology/graphology. In restricted translation, the SL text

material is replaced by the equivalent TL text material, at only one level. It means

that the translation happens only at the phonological or at the graphological, or

only at one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.

The last distinction in translation related to the rank in a grammatical or

phonological hierarchy at which translation equivalence is established. In the

normal total translation, the translation equivalence may be set up at any rank and

it constantly changes; at one point, it is sentence-to-sentence, at another, group-to-

group, at another, can be word-to-word. However, it is still possible for the

equivalence to happen in only one rank which is called by rank-bound translation.

The popular terms, such as free, literal, and word-for-word translation

partly correlates with the distinction. Free translation is always unbounded. This

translation tends to be at the higher ranks. It is sometimes larger than the sentence.

Word-for-word translation usually means what it says. In other word, it is at

word-rank which may include some morphemes equivalence. Literal translation is

just like word-for-word translation, but it is more grammatical in the TL than the

word-for-word translation. Newmark (1988) adds that it means the SL

grammatical constructions are converted to the nearest TL equivalents but the


13 lexical words are again translated one by one, out of context. In order to make a

clear understanding about the distinction between word-for-word translation,

literal translation, and free translation an example from Catford (1965, p. 26) is

provided in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Example of Word-for-word, Literal and Free Translation (Catford,

1965 p. 26) SL text TL text

Tuhan bersama mereka God with them! (Word-for-word) God is with them! (Literal) Never mind about them! (Free)

From Table 2.1 can be seen that word-for-word translation performed only

in the word rank. Literal translation performed a higher level from word-for-word

translation and more grammatical. Then, free translation performed

interchangeable with the SL text in situation where the addressee is being advised

to dismiss or disregard a triviality.

Different from Catford (1965), Larson (1984) only classifies translation

into two types, form-based and meaning-based translation. Form-based translation

attempts to follow the form of source language and it is knows as literal

translation. On the other hand, meaning-based translation tries to communicate the

meaning of source language in the natural form of the target language. This kind

of translation is known as idiomatic translation. Idiomatic translations use the

natural form of the receptor language, both in grammatical construction and in the

choice of lexical items. Therefore, the idiomatic translation sounds more like it is

originally written in the receptor language rather than a result of translation.


14 3. Good Translation

According to Newmark (1988), there is no such a thing like perfect, ideal

or correct in translation, but a satisfactory translation is always possible. Larson

(1984) argues that an ideal translation is also possible to be achieved. He states

that a translation is considered as ideal translation if it is accurate to both the

meaning and naturalness to language form used. Therefore, a translator is

concerned that his work should be a good quality translation. In order to achieve a

good or acceptable translation, Larson (1984) proposed three characteristics of it.

First, a good translation transfers the meaning of the source language

accurately. It means that the translator should translate the meaning as closely as

possible to the original message. In other word, there is no need to add any

information which was not really in the source language. If a translator

unconsciously adds or omits information, the meaning result would be different

from the source language, which makes it into inaccurate translation. Second, a

good translation should be clear. It means that the meaning of the translation itself

should be easy to understand by the target reader. Thus, it can communicate the

same meaning or idea to the target language speakers as same as what the source

language speakers have. Third, a good translation should sound natural to the

target language. It means that the translation should be translated the way the

target language speakers speak or write. Therefore, the target readers will read the

translation as if it was not a translation. In conclusion, translation is considered as

good if it is accurate, clear and natural.


15 4. Idiom

This part discusses several theories related to idiom. It includes the

definitions, types, categories and the translation strategies of idioms. The

discussions are as follows.

a. Definition of idiom

According to Saussure (1989), an idiom is a reflection of the individual

characteristics of a community. It means that idiom is also related to the culture of

the community. It is because every language has different characteristic of idioms,

since it is bounded to each culture.

Moon (1998) states that idiom is an ambiguous term. It is because idiom

has two main meaning. First, idiom is a particular manner of expressing

something in language, and second, it is a particular lexical collocation or phrasal

lexeme. Cooper (1999) also states that idiom is an expression which cannot be

translated from the usual meaning of its constituent elements. McCarthy and

O’Dell (2010) also share the similar definition of it. They state that idioms are

fixed combination of words whose meaning is often difficult to guess from its

individual words. Take a look at the idioms “raining cats and dogs” if it is

analyzed from its individual words, raining means ‘water falls from the sky in

small drops’ and cats and dogs are kinds of an animal. Therefore, when it is

translated literally, it becomes ‘animals which falls from the sky’. However, the

meaning which wants to be conveyed is that ‘it is heavy rain’. Therefore, it can be

concluded that idioms are words or phrases which have different meaning from its

literal meaning. However, some of the types and categories of idiom have both


16 literal and figurative meaning. Those types and categories will be discussed in the

following section.

b. Type of Idiom

Based on Hockett (1958) as cited in Strassler (1982), idiom consists of six

classifications or types. They are substitute, proper name, abbreviation/clipping,

English phrasal compound, figure of speech and slang. Those types are presented

as follows.

1) Substitute

Hockett (1958), states that a substitute includes personal pronouns and

numbers. In this type, the word “I”, “you”, and “he/she” can happen to be the

same idiom if they denote the same person. For example, if a speaker says he is

almost there without any context, other speakers will not know what the word he

refers to. The word he is commonly known as a specific male human or perhaps

pet. Hence, the other speakers will not know it until the further notice.

It also happens for the numeral. According to Hockett (1958), numbers,

which are probably classed as substitute, show a similar variation of specific

reference. For example, the answer four can be given to variety of questions, i.e.

How old are you?, What time is it?, What page is that on?, or How many children

do you have?. At last, the substitute would have to be modified as to its domain-

tie or its type, or both in order to create the grammatical pattern of the language

which is altered.


17 2) Proper Name

A proper name is a symbol which designs an entity of which there is only

one (Hockett, 1958). The use of proper name in one language can be different

from others because it does not have a similar connotation to the proper name

meaning in another language. In all human communities, there are certain

recurrent idiom-creating events called naming. Naming is not only for human, but

also places, animals, spirits or vehicle. This phenomenon sometimes can lead to

misunderstanding. For example, I have Sally to accompany me. The word Sally is

usually used as a name of a female person. However, it can probably be used as a

name of a doll or an animal.

The grammatical properties of proper name might also deviate from those

of the most similar ‘ordinary’ words. For a language which has noun as one of the

part of speeches, then names are almost invariably nouns. However, it does not

apply to the name of place. It is because sometimes the name of place appears to

be locative particle. In English, the name of cities, rivers, and lakes are never

preceded by an article, such as New York, or Lake Michigan. However, some

might have article the preceding the name permanently, such as in The

Mississippi, which is the name of a river.

3) Abbreviation/Clipping

Third is abbreviation or clipping. Abbreviation or clipping is the use of a

part for a whole. It can also be in a form of letters which stand for a name. Thus, it

only mentions a part of a word for the whole word. Hockett mentions that in

English, abbreviation is usually used to replace a long word or phrasal compound


18 by its first or stressed, syllable, whether or not that syllable has previously been a

morpheme. The example of this type is ‘plane’ for ‘airplane’ or ‘aeroplane’, ‘cam’

for ‘camera’ or ‘gents’ for ‘gentleman’or ‘gentlemen’.

Another abbreviation can also be formed from the initial of the full name.

This kind of abbreviation is usually used for organizational name. It happens

because the organization has long name. For example, ‘UNESCO’ stands for

‘United Nation Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization’, or in

Indonesia there is DPRD, which stands for ‘Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah’.

4) English Phrasal Compound

According to Dobrovolsky and O’Grady (1997), English phrasal

compound is a way to form new words by combining two existing words.

Katamba (1993) states that based on its components, English phrasal compound

consists of compound noun, compound adjective, and compound verb.

First is compound noun. Compound noun is a phrase which contains a

combination of lexical categories which make a noun as the head of the phrase.

Katamba, (1993) states that it may contain a noun followed by another noun as in

‘daylight’, an adjective followed by a noun as in ‘hothead’ or a preposition

followed by a noun as in ‘afterword’. Besides, Dobrovolsky and O’Grady (1997)

add another compound noun which consists of a verb followed by a noun as in

‘crybaby’.

Second is compound adjective. This compound makes an adjective as its

head. A compound adjective consists of an adjective followed by another

adjective (can be a past participle of a verb) as in ‘redheaded’, a noun followed by


19 an adjective as in ‘daylong’, or a preposition followed by an adjective as in

‘overripe’.

Third is compound verb. Compound verbs in English are usually known as

phrasal verbs. According to McCarthy and O’Dell (2010), there are four structures

of phrasal verbs. Those structures are shown in a Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Structures of Phrasal Verb

No Structures Example 1. Verb + Preposition Come across 2. Verb + Adverb particle Give up 3. Verb + Object + Adverb particle

or Verb + Adverb particle + Object

Pick him up or Pick up it

4. Verb + Adverb particle + Preposition Run out of time

5) Figure of Speech

According to Bain (1967), figures of speech all conduce to the greater

effectiveness of style; they either present a thought more vividly to the intellect, or

operate more powerfully upon feelings. Wren and Martin (1981) state that figure

of speech is a departure from the ordinary form of expression in order to produce

a greater effect. That definition also shares the same idea as Perrine (1992), who

states that figure of speech is any way of saying something other than the ordinary

way. The language that uses figure of speech is called a figurative language. Little

(1985) classifies the figures of speech into three classifications. He divides those

classifications based on comparison, association, and other figures of speech.

a) Comparison

Comparison is divided into five types. They are simile, metaphor,

personification, analogy, and hyperbole. Simile and metaphor have similar


20 definition which is comparison between two things (Wren & Martin, 1981). They

also add, what makes simile different from metaphor is that simile is usually

indicated by the existence of comparative conjunction such as “like” or “as” to

compare two things, while metaphor is not. For example, ‘He is like a pig’ is

comparing two things, which is “he”, whose characteristic is like a “pig”. That

example is simile because it has a comparative conjunction, which is “like”. It

would be different if the sentence is ‘he is a pig’. That sentence is still comparing

two things but does not use any of the comparative conjunction. Thus, that is

called metaphor.

The next type is personification. According to Gill (1985), personification

is used to express the abstract idea of inanimate objects, or aspect of nature which

is described as it is human. The example of this figure of speech is “the flame of

the candle dance in the dark”. Analogy is a bit different from metaphor which

compares two different things. It is a comparison between things which have

similar features, and often used to help explain a principle or idea. Last one is

Hyperbole. Based on Bain (1967), hyperbole consists of magnifying objects

beyond the natural bounds. It is created by exaggerating the form of statement, the

thing is represented as either greater or smaller, better or worse than it really is.

b) Association

Association consists of metonymy and symbolism. Based on Tarigan

(1985), Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is not called

by its own name, but by the name of something which closely associates with that


21 thing or concept. The example is BMW, which is a name of a car. In this case

BMW is considered as metonymy because it is associated to the rich people.

Symbolism is usually existed in a literary work. It uses an object which

represents or symbolizes ideas or meaning other than its literal meaning. For

example is the word rose. In literary work, if a character gives rose to another

character, it may function or symbolize love.

c) Other Figures of Speech

Little (1985) mentions some other figures of speech which are not

included in the previous classification. Those figures of speech are apostrophe,

irony, paradox, synecdoche, allegory, euphemism, and exclamation. Apostrophe is

a figure of speech which is used when a person who did not exist is spoken. The

example of this figure of speech is “Oh God, please bless us”. The next figure of

speech is irony. Based on Tarigan (1985), it is used to mention the opposite

meaning of a word. People who are sarcastic are accustomed to use this figure of

speech. For example, He is genius, that he cannot recognize his own motorcycle.

Tarigan (1985) defines paradox as a figure of speech which always ends

with the opposite word. For example He feels lonely among the crowd. The words

lonely and crowd seem to be the opposite word. Thus, it is one of the paradoxes.

Synecdoche is a figure of speech which mentions a part for a whole or a whole for

a part (Tarigan, 1985). For example, let’s count how many head there are. The

word head is considered as synecdoche because it represents a person not only

ahead.


22

Allegory, based on Tarigan (1985), is an improved metaphor. It is usually

in a form of story which has value. For example is Cerita si Kancil. Next is

euphemism. Euphemism, according to McCarthy and O’Dell (2010), is a figure of

speech that avoids the use of words which may offend or be considered

unpleasant. For example, the phrase pass away is more polite than died to express

sympathy to the death of someone who is respected. The last is exclamation. It is

a figure of speech which is used exclamatory form to draw greater attention to a

point.

6) Slang

Another type of idioms is slang words. According to Dumas (1978), slang

words can be associated with a language, which uses the non-standard vocabulary.

Eble (1996) adds that slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and

phrases that the speakers used to establish and reinforce the social identity or

cohesiveness within a group in the society. Another definition is also given by

Kernerman (2006), who states that slangs are words and phrases (is often used

temporarily), which are used very informally. Because of its informality, slang

words only restricted to a certain group of people. Leech and Svartvik (1981) state

that slang is a language which is very familiar in style, and is usually restricted to

the members of a particular social group, such as teenage slang, army slang or

theatre slang. The example of slang is “wanna” which means “want to” or

“gonna” which means “going to”.

c. Categories of Idioms


23

Based on its closeness in structuring the meaning, Chaer (1986) divides

idioms into two categories. First is pure idiom (idiom penuh) and second is semi

idiom (idiom sebagian). Different from Chaer, Fernando (1996) categorizes

idioms into three. The two of the categories are similar to Chaer’s, namely, pure

idiom and semi idiom. However, in his theory, he adds one more category, which

is literal idiom.

Pure idioms are a sort of idioms in which the elements constructing the

idioms have lost their lexical meaning or become non-literal (Chaer, 1986). This

definition is agreed by Fernando (1996), who defines that pure idioms are always

non-literal, however, they may either invariable or may have little variation. It can

be said that each of the word in it is become one entity. Thus, the meaning of the

idioms cannot be translated literally. For example, “gulung tikar” means

“bankrupt”. From the example can be seen that the words gulung and tikar cannot

be translated into “roll” and “mat”. However, they are translated as an entity,

which means “bankrupt”.

Based on Chaer (1986), semi idioms are a sort of idioms in which there is

still the lexical meaning in a part of the elements constructing idioms. Fernando

(1996) also adds that it can be said to have one or more literal constituents and

one with non literal sub sense. In other words, semi idioms can be said to have

both, literal and non literal constituents in it. For example is “white lie”, which

means “saying something which is not true to deceive someone with good

intentions”. In this idiom, the word “lie” is still maintaining its lexical meaning


24 which is “saying something which is not true to deceive someone”. However, the

word “white” has lost its lexical meaning, which is “a color like that of snow”.

The third category is literal idiom. Fernando (1996) states that it allows

little variation. Thus, it can be considered to be transparent. Zarei and Nahid

(2012) also state that the transparent idioms are those idioms which are easy to

comprehend and translate. In addition, their meaning can be derived from the

meaning of their constituent parts, e.g. of course, for once, all right.

d. Strategies of Idioms Translation

Translating idioms might become a problem for a translator. It is because

the difficulty in interpreting the meaning of it in the source language. The

misunderstanding of the translator interpretation might emerge the ambiguous

meaning of it. That might be the major problem for the translator to face. As

Baker (1992) believes that the ability to recognize and interpret an idiom correctly

and difficulties in rendering various aspects of meaning into the target language

become the main problems that idiomatic and fixed expressions pose.

Furthermore, he also mentions some other problems which a translator may face.

First, some idioms may have no equivalence in the TL. Second, some idioms may

have a similar counterpart in the TL, but its context use may be different. Third,

sometimes an idiom in the SL refers to both literal and idiomatic sense. Fourth, in

a written discourse, the contexts in which idioms can be used and their frequency

of use may be different in the SL and TL.

As stated before, idiom cannot be translated directly from its constituent

elements. It makes the translators have difficulty in translating the idiom.


25 However, Baker (1992) had defined four strategies in translating idioms as shown

in Figure 2.2:

The first strategy uses the idiom in target language which conveys the

same meaning as the idiom in source language and consists of equivalent lexical

item. Thus, the translation should be translated as equivalent as possible to the

source idiom. The idiom half-hearted is one of the examples which is able to use

this strategy. This idiom means to do something lack efforts and enthusiasm. In

Bahasa Indonesia, this idiom can be translated into setengah hati. It has the

similar meaning as half-harted and it also has the similar form as half-harted.

The second strategy is to translate the source idiom by using idiom which

has the same meaning but uses different form or lexical items. It is used if the

translator cannot find the similar meaning and form in the target language. It is

often possible for translator to use the idiom with the similar meaning but

dissimilar form. For example is the English idiom even maestros make mistake,

which means nobody is perfect. This idiom is equivalent to Indonesian idiom

sepandai-pandainya tupai melompat pasti akan jatuh juga. Those idioms share

Idiom Translation Strategies

Similar meaning and

form

Similar meaning, but

dissimilar form Paraphrase Omission

Figure 2.2 Baker’s Idiom Translation Strategies (1992, pp. 72-77)


26 the similarities in words maestro and tupai. Both of them are used to describe the

something which seems to be perfect in its field. Maestro is person who is skillful

in playing or conducting music, while tupai is an animal which is skillful in

jumping from one tree to another.

The next strategy is to use paraphrase to translate the idioms. This strategy

is used if the translator cannot find the idioms in the target language which

conveys the same meaning. In this situation, paraphrasing or writing the meaning

of idiom is the way to translate the source idiom. For example, Indonesian

expression tikus kantor which means a corruptor. Translators should not translate

it into office rat because it will have different meaning. Therefore, the word

corruptor is better to translate the source idiom.

The last strategy is omission. It is the last strategy that a translator can do

in translating the idiom. For some reasons, a translator may omit the idiom in the

target text. It is because it has no similar or close meaning in the target text, its

meaning is difficult to be paraphrased, or for stylistic reasons.

C. Theoretical Framework

In this part, the researcher discusses the theories used in this study. This

study focuses on the translation of idioms in the subtitle of Ice Age: Continental

Drift movie. The researcher formulates two problems in order to achieve the

objective of this study. Those problems are related to the categorization of idioms

and the idiom translation strategy applied in translating the idioms.


27

In order to solve those problems, the first thing to do is to have the

knowledge about the translation and idiom itself. The researcher cited some

definitions and more explanation from Newmark (1988) and Catford (1965) about

the definition of translation and the literal translation. The researcher also cited a

theory about the classification of a good translation from Larson (1984). Those

theories helped the researcher to have the necessary knowledge of translation

which was needed in the research. In addition, those theories kept the analysis of

the study staying on the track. Besides, the researcher also used Duff’s (1981)

theory about the principles of translation. This theory was used to help the

researcher to see the basic requirements of translation. The researcher also

provided the criteria for a good translation from Larson (1984). Those theories

were used to analyze the translation result in this research. It was used in order to

analyze whether the translation result is acceptable or not.

Beside the knowledge about translation, the researcher also needs more

knowledge about the idioms. Thus, theories from (Cooper (1999); McCarthy and

O’Dell (2010); Moon (1998); Saussure (1989)) about idiom were provided. They

point out that idiom is bounded to the culture of a community or group of

individual. Another point which can be concluded from those experts is that idiom

is an expression an expression which cannot be translated from the usual meaning

of its constituent elements. Thus, those have created a clear image about the

definition of the idiom. Besides, the researcher also provided the type of idiom

from Hockett (1958). This theory supported the researcher in analyzing the data.


28

To answer the first problem, the researcher used Fernando’s (1996) and

Chaer’s (1986) theories about categories of idiom. Fernando (1996) defines that

there are three categories of idiom, namely, pure idiom, semi idiom and literal

idiom. Different from Fernando, Chaer (1986) only categorizes idom into two

categories, namely, pure idiom and semi idiom. The also He categorizes idioms

into two categories based on the closeness of their elements in structuring the

meaning. Those categories are pure idiom and semi idiom. Besides, the researcher

also included Fernando’s (1996) theory about the categories of idiom to complete

Chaer’s theory. In his theory, Fernando adds one more category which is literal

idiom. Thus, the researcher used the combination of both theories in order to get

the better analysis in categorizing the data.

The second problem is about the translation strategies. In this part, the

researcher used strategies proposed by Baker (1992). She proposes four strategies

in translating the idioms. Those strategies are (1) using idiom of similar meaning

and form, (2) using idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form, (3)

translation by paraphrase, and (4) translation by omission. They helped the

researcher to recognize the translation strategies in translating the idioms and it

will also become the answer for the second problem.


CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology used to answer the research

problems. There are six parts in this chapter. They are research method, research

setting, data sources, instruments and data gathering technique, data analysis

technique and research procedure.

A. Research Method

This research used qualitative research. It was chosen because the research

was going to deal with documents and description analysis, which did not need

any statistic formula. As Huda (1999) proposes, those which do not utilize

statistical analysis and are confirmed to description of concepts or phenomenon

categories are termed qualitative. Thus, this method was considered as suitable for

this study.

The researcher also used document analysis which also belongs to

qualitative research. It was supported by Ary, Jacobs and Sorensen (2002), who

stated that “it is a research method applied to written or visual material for the

purpose of identifying specific characteristic of the materials”. It was also added

that the materials could be textbooks, newspapers, web pages, speeches, television

programs, advertisements, musical compositions, or any of the host of other type

of documents. Related to the theory, the researcher’s documents were English and

29


30 Indonesian subtitle of the Ice Age: Continental Drift. The method was conducted

because the researcher wanted to analyze the idiom in the movie.

B. Research Setting

This research was conducted from August to November 2015. The

researcher collected the data from the English and Indonesian subtitle of Ice Age:

Continental Drift. There was no specific place in conducting the research. It is

because the subjects of this research were the English and Indonesian subtitle of

Ice Age: Continental Drift.

C. Data Sources

The data sources of this research were English and Indonesian subtitle of

Ice Age: Continental Drift. It is a 2012 animation movie directed by Steve

Martino and Mike Thurmeire and also written by Michael Berg, Jason Fuchs, and

Lori Forte. This movie is the forth sequel of Ice Age movies. Ice Age (2002), Ice

Age: Meltdown (2006) and Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) were the other

three movies before it was released.

D. Instruments and Data Gathering

In order to analyze the data, the researcher used the document analysis.

The documents that were used in this research as the data resource were the script

of English and Indonesian Subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift. Harvey (2012)

states that a document refers to any cultural products such as hard-written


31 documents including letters, printed documents, printings, photographs, charts,

maps, newspaper, video television programs and films. The Indonesian subtitle

was retrieved in August, 3 2015, from http:/subscene.com/u/596363 and it was

translated by Pein Akatsuki, the member of IDFL.us sub crew.

The main instruments for this research were Ice Age: Continental Drift

subtitle scripts and Ice Age: Continental Drift movie which was released in 2012.

In gathering the data, the researcher watched the movie and read the subtitle of the

movie. While doing them, the researcher listed down the idiom found in the

English subtitle. The next thing to do was, the researcher found the translation of

the idiom in the Indonesian subtitle and put them into the table. Afterward, the

researcher classified the idiom and analyzed the translation strategy.

The researcher also used some online dictionaries as the references. Those

dictionaries are used to help the researcher find the literal meaning or the meaning

of the idiomatic words and phrases. Thus, both, the main instrument and

dictionaries helped the researcher in finding and analyzing the data.

E. Data Analysis Technique

Since the research method was qualitative research, there were three

general steps in analyzing the data. Creswell (2007) proposes that those three

general steps are preparing and organizing the data, reducing the data through

process coding, and representing the data.

In preparing and organizing data, the researcher watched and read the

English and Indonesian subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift. Then, the


32 researcher listed the idioms found in it and searched the translation on the

Indonesian subtitle.

The second step was reducing the data through process coding. In this part,

the researcher categorized the English idioms into pure idiom, semi idiom, and

literal idiom as proposed by Fernando (1996). Then, the researcher also analyzed

the translation strategy of those idioms using Baker translation strategy. The final

step was presenting the data. The data were presented through table.

Table 3.1 The Applied Categories and Strategies for Idioms in the Subtitle of Ice

Age: Continental Drift No English Version Indonesian Version Categories Strategies … … … … … 70 00:38:57--> 00:39:00

They think we're screw-ups and we can't do anything right.

Mereka berpikir kita pengacau Dan tak bisa melakukan hal yang benar.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

… … … … …

Table 3.1 was used to present the data of this research. In this table, the

researcher put the idioms and the categorization of which the idiom belongs.

Through this table, the researcher analyzed the idioms and categorized them into

pure idiom, semi idiom or literal idiom. In addition, the researcher also put the

English and Indonesian idioms in this table, which later, those were compared and

analyzed which strategy that was used to translate the idiom. Through this table

the researcher was helped to make the data easier to be presented.


33 F. Research Procedure

This part explains the research procedures which were done by the

researcher in conducting the research. Those procedures were collecting the data,

categorizing the idioms, analyzing the translation strategy, and drawing

conclusion. Those procedures were presented as follows.

The first step which was done by the researcher was collecting the data. In

collecting data, the researcher searched the idioms in the English subtitle script.

The researcher also watched the movie in order to see the context of the idioms.

Afterward, the researcher listed all of the idioms that were found in the English

subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift. In addition, the researcher listed the

translation of the idioms found. It was done in order to make the analysis easier.

Furthermore, the researcher used the reference from dictionaries to make sure the

idioms.

The second step, the researcher categorized the English idioms into pure

idiom, semi idiom, and literal idiom. The researcher used the idiom dictionary to

find the meaning of those idioms. It was done to make sure that the researcher

categorized them correctly. This process became the answer of the first problem

formulation.

After the researcher had categorized each of the idioms, the researcher

analyzed the translation strategies which were used to translate the idioms. In

analyzing the data, the researcher put the listed idioms in both, SL and TL, in a

table. Afterward, the researcher compared them and matched them to the idiom


34 translation strategies which were proposed by Baker (1992). This process was

done in order to answer the second research problem.

The last step of the research was that the researcher drew a conclusion

from the analysis of the data and described the analysis. The conclusion showed

the research findings of this research. It discussed the answer of both problem

formulation, types of the idioms and the idiom strategies which were used in

translating them. This step also included the description of some of the idioms

meaning, which were considered to represent each of the category and strategy.


CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the findings of the research. There will be three parts

in this chapter, namely categories of idioms, translation strategies of idioms and

other findings. In the first part, the researcher presents the answer for the first

problem formulation, which is ‘What are the categories of idiom used in Ice Age

Continental Drift?’. In the second part, the researcher presents the strategies in

translating the idioms in the subtitle of the movie. It is also used to answer the

second problem formulation, which is ‘how does the translator translate the

idioms in Ice Age Continental Drift?’.

A. Categories of Idioms

This part presented the categorization of the idioms based on the

combination between Chaer’s (1986) and Fernando’s (1996) theory. Accordingly,

the idioms were categorized based on the closeness of their elements in

structuring the meaning, namely, pure idiom, semi idiom and literal idiom. The

researcher found 140 idioms in the movie. They consisted of 81 pure idioms, 15

semi idioms and 44 literal idioms.

Table 4.1 Frequencies of idioms Categorization

No. Categories Frequency Percentage 1. Pure Idiom 81 57.9% 2. Semi Idiom 15 10.7% 3. Literal Idiom 44 31.4%

Total 140 100%

35


36

1. Pure Idiom

Referring to Chaer’s (1986) and Fernando’s (1996) theory, pure idioms are

a sort of idioms in which the elements constructing the idioms has lost their

lexical meaning or become non literal. Thus, the meaning cannot be predicted

from each of the word or cannot be translated literally. In the findings, most of the

idioms belonged to pure idiom, which were 81 idioms. It can be said that this

category dominated the categorization of the data found in the subtitle.

Excerpt from 00:58:35 --> 00:58:44 Sid : Oh, yeah! Love. Diego : You mean with the pirate? No. Sid : Shira's gotten under your skin. Come on, admit it.

Data 1. Pure Idiom Found in Excerpt 1

The first example of pure idiom found in the subtitle was that gotten under

your skin. If it is translated literally it becomes Shira telah berada di bawah

kulitmu. However, the meaning of it will have the different meaning from its

intended meaning, which is to annoy or irritate someone. Actually, this meaning

has two different interpretations. The first interpretation of this idiom is to annoy

or irritate someone, which makes someone get provoked. The second

interpretation is to affect someone very strongly which makes him difficult to

forget. From Data 1, the second one is the most appropriate meaning. It is because

in the movie, Shira has affected Diego’s feeling that he cannot forget her. In the

TL subtitle, this idiom was paraphrased into Shira membuatmu jatuh cinta. This

paraphrase had represented the meaning of this idiom. If the literal meaning is

compared to those meanings, the meaning is far from the actual meaning. It is


37 because each element of this idiom has lost its lexical meaning. Thus, the

researcher categorized it into pure idiom.

The second example is also found in the phrase have each other’s back.

This phrase literally means to get the back part of someone’s body. In contrary,

this idiom means to protect each other so that there is no one who will attack. In

other word, this phrase can be interpreted as to help each other. From Data 2 it is

shown that the phrase have each other’s back is a pure idiom since it has lost its

lexical meaning. Therefore, this idiom was categorized into pure idiom.

The researcher categorized these idioms into pure idiom because both of

them had lost their lexical meaning. The meaning which was brought by those

idioms did not have any connection to the each element constructing them. In

addition, although some of them were translated literally, they are still considered

as a symbol and bring their idiomatic sense with them. Other pure idioms which

are not mentioned in this part also still have their idiomatic sense with them.

Therefore, they are still in the line with the definition of pure idiom mentioned

previously.

2. Semi Idiom

Semi idioms are sort of idioms in which there is still the lexical meaning in

a part of the elements constructing idioms (Chaer, 1986). In other word, semi

Excerpt from 00:45:09 00:45:12 Shira : A herd. What's the difference? Diego: We have each other's backs.

Data 2. Pure idiom found in Excerpt 2


38 idioms are constructed from one or more literal constituents and one non literal

sub sense (Fernando, 1996). In the findings, the researcher found 15 idioms which

included in this category. This category was the least idiom category which was

found in the subtitle.

The first example of this idiom is piracy doesn’t pay. Actually, this idiom

is adopted from crime doesn’t pay. It was done because in the movie, the one who

did a crime was a pirate. In addition, there is a similarity between crime and

piracy, which is both of them are doing an illegal activities. Meanwhile, the word

pay literally means ‘to give money to someone for something you want to buy or

for services provided’. The meaning of piracy doesn’t pay is not ‘an illegal action

which does not give money for something or services provided’. However, it

means ‘every illegal or bad action should be caught or punished’. In the TL

subtitle, it was translated into perompak tak tau aturan. This translation is

considered less accurate because the idiomatic meaning of the idiom was not

represented in TL subtitle. The target reader will not get the same understanding

or interpretation as the source language speakers. This idiom categorized in semi

idiom because one of the parts in this idiom still maintained its lexical meaning,

which is piracy.

The next example is drawing my bath. Drawing means ‘the act of making

a picture with a pencil or a pen’. However, in this idiom, it had lost its lexical

meaning. On the contrary, bath or bathtub (US) is maintaining its lexical meaning

as ‘a long plastic, metal or ceramic container which is filled with water’

(“Bathtub”). Thus, the meaning of this idiom is not ‘making a picture of a long


39 plastic, metal or ceramic container which is filled with water’. However, it means

‘to help someone to get the bath ready’. Because it is a comedy movie, the bath

which was meant was not a usual bath, but it was an ocean. Even though it was an

ocean, grandma thought that it was a bath filled with water. In TL subtitle, instead

of translating into mengisi bak mandiku, the translator paraphrases it into

membuatku mandi, which was more natural for the TL speaker. Nevertheless, this

idiom was still considered as semi idiom. It was because one of the elements in

this idiom had lost its lexical meaning. That also happened to the rest of the semi

idioms which had been analyzed in this study. They are still fit to the definition of

semi idioms.

3. Literal Idiom

Based on Fernando (1996), it is said that literal idioms can be considered

to be transparent. Hence, their meaning can be derived from the meaning of their

constituent parts. In addition, he also mentions that literal idioms are easy to

comprehend and translate. Based on the result findings, there were 44 idioms,

which were categorized into literal idiom. Most of the literal idioms found in this

research were also in a form of English phrasal compound. According to

Dobrovolsky and O’Grady (1997), it is a way to form new words by combining

two existing words.

Excerpt from 00:05:45 00:05:58 Uncle Fungus : Hey, paws up, everybody! Marshall : Paws down, Uncle, please! That is nasty.

Data 3. Literal Idiom Excerpt 1


40

The first example is paws up in Data 3. It was included in English phrasal

verb. ‘Paws up’ is adopted from idiom hands up. Actually, this idiom can be

categorized into either pure or literal idiom. It depends on the context where this

idiom is used. If it was considered as pure idiom, the meaning of this idiom is ‘to

surrender’. However, in this case, the idiom paws up is considered as literal

idiom. It is because they can be translated from its constituent parts. Thus, this

idiom is considered as literal idiom.

Another example of English phrasal compound is all right. It is a

compound adjective and also considered as literal idiom. It consists of words all

and right. All means ‘the whole’, while right means ‘correct’. However, those

words created a new meaning because it was one unity. ‘All right’ means ‘to

shows satisfactory, good, agreed, certainly, safe or harmless, and pleasant

feeling’. The idiom which was used in the sentence ‘Peaches, are you all right?’

meant ‘well or harmless’. In the TL subtitle, this idiom is translated into ‘Peaches

kau baik saja?’. It seems that the translator had correctly transferred the meaning

of the idiom. However, it was rare to hear the TL speaker to say kau baik saja,

rather, it would be better if it becomes ‘Kau baik-baik saja’. Moreover by using

the repetition of word baik into baik-baik, it would be more natural for the target

language speakers.

B. Translation Strategies of Idioms

This part answers the second problem formulation, which is ‘How does the

translator translate the idioms in Ice Age: Continental Drift?’. The data obtained


41 from the subtitle was analyzed by using Baker’s theory (1992) about idiom

translation strategies. Those strategies are: (1) Translating idioms using similar

meaning and form, (2) Translating idioms using similar meaning but dissimilar

form, (3) Translating idioms by paraphrasing, and (4) Translating idioms by

omission. However, some of the idioms found in the subtitle of the movie were

translated using another strategy of translation, which is literal translation. Table

4.2 shows the findings of idioms translation strategies used in the Ice Age:

Continental Drift movie.

Table 4.2 Frequencies of Translation Strategies

No Strategies Frequencies Percentage 1 Similar Meaning and Form 11 7.9% 2 Similar Meaning Dissimilar Form 1 0.7% 3 Paraphrase 122 87.2% 4 Omission 3 2.1% 5 Literal Translation 3 2.1%

Total 140 100%

There were 140 idioms found in the subtitle. They were identified using

Baker’s idioms translation strategies. The finding of the research discovered that

most of the idioms were translated using “paraphrase” strategy. There were 122

idioms or 87.2% which were translated using this strategy. The second strategy is

“using an idiom of similar meaning and form”. There were 11 idioms or 7.9%

translated using this strategy. Based on the data analyzed, there were three idioms

or approximately about 2.9% which used ‘omission’ strategy. The next strategy is

“literal translation”. Actually, it is not the strategies which are proposed by Baker.

However, the researcher found that this strategy was used to translate three

idioms. The last strategy is “using idioms of similar meaning but dissimilar form”.


42 This strategy was rarely used in translating the idioms in the subtitle. There was

only one idiom or 0.7% using this strategy.

1. Similar Meaning and Form

Based on Baker (1992), this strategy uses idiom in target language which

conveys the same meaning and as the idiom in source language and consists of

equivalent lexical item. In other words, the source language idiom is translated

using target language idiom which has the similar meaning and form. Thus, it is

possible produce an equivalent idiom translation in target language.

From the data analysis, the researcher found 11 idioms which were

translated using this strategy. Those which were considered to use this strategy

used TL idiom which conveys the similar meaning to the source language idiom.

Therefore, the researcher provided some of the idioms which were translated

using this strategy. Those idioms will be explained as follows.

First idiom which used this strategy is ‘it’s not the end of the world’. This

idiom was translated into ‘bukanlah akhir dunia’. Both idioms conveyed the same

meaning which is ‘not the worst thing that could happen’. They also have similar

form of lexical item. ‘it’s not the end of the world’ literally means ‘bukanlah akhir

dunia’. In addition, this idiom is a kind of hyperbole. It is because this idiom

exaggerates a statement (Bain, 1967). In this movie, this idiom was exaggerating

the fighting between Manny and Peaches which would not make the world end.

Thus, this idiom was considered to use this strategy because both idioms have the

similar meaning and form. The translation of the idiom was also considered as

good or acceptable translation. It was because it had fulfilled the three


43 characteristic of an ideal translation which are proposed by Larson (1984). First, it

does not add or omit any information from the SL idiom. As a result, the meaning

from SL idiom is transferred accurately. Second, the meaning from ‘bukanlah

akhir dunia’ is also easy to understand by the TL speaker as same as the SL

speaker. Third, the translation sounds natural for the TL speaker because the TL

idiom exists in the TL. Thus, the TL speaker will consider it as their own

language.

Another example which was found in this research was ‘before you know

it’. It was translated into ‘sebelum kau menyadarinya’. Both idioms have similar

meaning which is ‘very quick or very soon’. In addition, they also have similar

lexical items. The words ‘before’ and ‘sebelum’, ‘you’ and ‘kau’, and ‘know it’

and ‘menyadarinya’, all of them are equal to each other and carrying the similar

idiomatic meaning. Hence, this idiom translation was considered as acceptable

and appropriate for the target language speaker. This conclusion was drawn from

Larson’s theory. Just like the previous idiom, this idiom also has those three

characteristics. The translation is accurate, clear and natural for the TL speaker.

2. Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form

Using similar meaning idiom with dissimilar form is a strategy which uses

an idiom from TL which conveys similar meaning but has dissimilar form or

lexical items. It is used if the translators cannot find a match idiom with similar

form in TL. In other words, the translators have a possibility to choose another

idiom which conveys similar meaning to the SL idiom even though the form or

the lexical item is different. From the data analyzed, the researcher only found one


44 idiom which used this strategy, which is ‘take up much space’. It was the least

strategy which was used to translate the idiom. This idiom used different lexical

items from the SL idiom, yet, it carries similar meaning to the SL idiom.

The only idiom which was translated using this strategy is ‘take up much

space’. The meaning of this idiom is ‘to fill or occupy space’. In Bahasa

Indonesia, ‘take up’ literally means ‘menggunakan’ and ‘space’ literally means

‘ruang atau tempat’. Thus, if it was translated using the first strategy it would

become ‘menggunakan terlalu banyak tempat’. This translation was less

appropriate to be used because it had lost its idiomatic sense. However, in this

case, the translator translated the SL idiom using TL idiom which has dissimilar

form or lexical items, which is ‘memakan tempat’. The meaning of ‘memakan

tempat’ is similar to ‘take up much space’. Hence, this translation is more

appropriate. It is because the translation still brings the idiomatic meaning of the

SL idiom even though it has dissimilar form from the SL idiom. In further

analysis, this translation was considered as an acceptable translation. The

accuracy, clarity, and the naturalness of the translation had been fulfilled.

3. Paraphrase

Translation by paraphrase was the most common strategy which was used

in translating SL idiom into TL. According to Baker (1992), this strategy is

translating the idiom by writing the meaning of the idiom directly. Thus, the result

of the translation is not considered as idiomatic because it directly refers to SL

idiom meaning. The translators usually employ this strategy when they are not

able to find the equivalent idiom in TL.


45

This strategy dominated the frequency of the strategies used in translating

idiom in subtitle Ice Age: Continental Drift. There were 122 idioms which were

translated using this strategy. In other words, it gained about 87.2% of all the

idioms found. The researcher provides some idioms which were translated using

this strategy.

The first idiom is so long which was found in Data 4. The meaning of this

idiom is actually ‘to say goodbye’. In this movie, it was paraphrase into usaha

yang bagus. In this case, the translator makes less accurate paraphrase because the

meaning of usaha yang bagus is ‘to do a good work’. Thus, his paraphrase was

not acceptable to the context. If it was translated into sampai jumpa it might be an

appropriate translation. It is because phrase sampai jumpa may have similar

meaning to so long, which means ‘goodbye’.

Another idiom which was translated using paraphrase strategy is genius.

This word was considered as idiom because of the context where it was used. It

can be seen in Data 5. The word genius is kind of irony. Based on Tarigan (1985),

it is a figure of speech which is used to mention the opposite meaning of the word

or in short, to be sarcastic. Hence, it is also considered as idiom. In this case, it

does not mean ‘very smart’, but it means ‘stupid or dumb’. The translator noticed

the meaning of this idiom, so that he translates it into bodoh. Based on Larson’s

Excerpt from 00:52:17,041 --> 00:52:20,043 Grandma: So long, banana breath. Thanks for the ship!

Data 4. Paraphrase Strategy Excerpt 1


46 theory this translation is considered acceptable. It is because it has fulfilled the

three categories which are proposed by Larson.

It is indeed that translating idioms by paraphrase is the easiest way to

translate idioms compared to the previous strategies. In addition, it will make the

TL speakers are easier to understand the meaning. However, it would be better if a

translator prioritizes the first two idioms. In other words, ‘idiom to idiom’

translation is recommended as long as there is an equivalence idiom in TL, so that

the idiomatic sense from the SL text can be reflected on the TL text.

4. Omission

Translating idioms by omission is the last strategy to translate the idioms.

It can be said that it is the last alternative to translate idioms. According to Baker

(1992), this strategy is employed because of three reasons. First, there is no

similar or close meaning in target language, second, the meaning of the idiom

cannot or difficult to be translated, and third, it is done for stylistic reasons.

Excerpt from 00:57:11 00:57:18 Katie : Yeah, well, your species

is going to be extinct first. The other mammoth: Burn! Ethan : We're the same species, genius.

Data 5. Paraphrase Strategy Excerpt 2

Excerpt from 00:09:08 00:09:13 Sid: Come on, what kind of sick family would ditch their Granny on someone?

Data 6. Omission Strategy Excerpt 1


47

On this research, the researcher only found three idioms translated using

this strategy. They are sick, for once, and deadweight. Those idioms are

considered as using this strategy because they are omitted in the TL text.

The first idiom which used this strategy is sick in phrase ‘sick family’.

This idiom does not mean ‘a family whose members are sick’. The word sick in

this idiom can be considered as slang word, which means ‘crazy or insane’

(urbandictionary.com). In TL subtitle, this idiom was translated into keluarga.

The decision of the translator to omit this word is the right choice. It is because if

the translator still wanted to maintain the idiomatic sense of this word, it would be

a waste. In Data 6, the omission of this idiom will not affect anything to the

translation result. In addition, it is more natural to be translated that way, since,

logically, there is no such of a normal family who will ditch their own member.

As a result, the translation is considered as acceptable.

The second idiom is for once, which means ‘only one time’. It is used

when something happens that does not usually happen. In bahasa Indonesia, it is

equivalent to ‘hanya sekali’ or ‘untuk satu kali’. However, rather than translating

the idiom into its meaning, the translator prefers to translate it into ‘harus

kukatakan’. This translation is not equivalent to for once, since for once refers to

something that does not usually happen. In this case, Diego said it because usually

Sid never said something right before. Hence, the idiom should not be omitted or

even the translator should not add another translation which does not exist in the

SL.


48

This case is also happened to the next idiom, which is deadweight.

Actually, this idiom does not need to be omitted or even replace. Deadweight

means ‘the heaviness of a person or object that cannot or does not move by itself’.

The deadweight which was meant in this case was Manny and his group.

However, the translator translated it into siapkan papannya, which was considered

as less accurate. Furthermore, there was a possibility for paraphrasing to make the

actual meaning of the idiom was still maintained in the TL. In Data 7, the

sentence where the idiom was used was not difficult to be translated or

paraphrased. The word jettison means ‘to throw something or someone that is not

wanted or needed from a ship or aircraft to make it lighter’. In other words, the

word jettison can be translated into membuang or melempar. Meanwhile, since the

idiom, deadweight, refers to a group of people, it can be paraphrased into mereka.

Therefore, instead of omitting the idiom, it would be better to paraphrase it into

lemparkan mereka or buang mereka. It was just as stated before that according to

Baker (1992) this strategy is employed if the SL idiom has no similar or close

meaning in TL, SL idiom’s meaning is difficult to be paraphrased, or for stylistic

reasons.

C. Other Findings

While analyzing the data, the researcher found other findings related to the

translation strategy. First, there are some idioms which were translated using

Excerpt from 00:32:57 00:33:01 Gutt: First mate, jettison the deadweight. Shira: Aye, aye, sir. Prepare the plank!

Data 7. Omission Strategy Excerpt 2


49 strategy which are not proposed by Baker (1992). This strategy is literal

translation. According to Newmark (1988), it means that the SL grammatical

constructions are converted to the nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are

again translated one by one, out of context. In addition, Larson (1984) also

proposes that it attempts to follow the form of source language. From the 140

idioms found, there were three idioms which were translated using literal

translation. One of them is let’s dance. It is a kind of slang words which means

‘an invitation to fight’. In this movie, this idiom was translated by literal

translation into mari berdansa. This translation was not considered as acceptable

translation because in the TL mari berdansa is rarely used as an invitation to

fight. Thus, this idiom lost its idiomatic meaning that is brought by the SL idiom.

Another alternative that can be used to translate this idiom was by paraphrase. It

can be paraphrased into mari bertarung. At least by paraphrasing the idiom, its

idiomatic meaning is still maintained and transferred correctly in TL.

Another finding is that some identical idioms were translated differently.

The example of this case is the translation between kick a little pirate booty and

kick his monkey butt. The word booty and butt are actually have the same because

booty is the slang word for butt which means, they are identical idioms. Its

meaning was ‘to beat or defeat someone’. However, in this movie they were

translated differently. Kick a little pirate booty was translated by paraphrase and it

became menghajar para perompak itu. According to Larson’s theory about a good

translation, this was considered as acceptable. The reason for it was that the

meaning was transferred accurately and clear. Furthermore, by using paraphrase,


50 it sounds more natural in the target language. Meanwhile, kick his monkey butt

was translated into tendang pantat kera itu which means, it was not translated

using any strategies which had already proposed by Baker (1992). Thus, this kind

of translation was considered as less acceptable translation. It is because it was not

‘idiom to idiom’ translation. In addition, if it was a result of paraphrase, the

idiomatic meaning of the SL idiom was not transferred accurately. Because this

idiom was translated litrerally, this kind of translation is called literal translation.

Based on Newmark (1988), literal translation transfers the SL text into the nearest

TL equivalents separetely.


CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter is the last chapter of this research. It consists of two parts,

namely conclusion and recommendation. In the first part, the researcher concludes

the findings and the answers of the problem formulation. The second part consists

of the researcher’s recommendation for translators, English learners and lecturers,

and future researchers.

A. Conclusions

This part is dealing with the research findings of the research. The first

finding is dealt with the categorization of the idioms in the subtitle of Ice Age:

Continental Drift movie. The idioms were categorized based on the combination

between Chaer’s and Fernando’s theory, namely pure idiom, semi idiom, and

literal idiom. All of the idioms found can be categorized based on their theory.

The findings found that there are 140 idioms in the subtitle. There are 81 idioms

or 57.9% which were categorized into pure idiom. It dominates the categories of

all data. For the semi idiom, there are 15 idioms or 10.7%. It is the least compared

to the other two categories. Finally, the number of the last category is 44 idioms

or 31.4%.

The second finding is dealing with the strategies applied in translating the

idioms found in the subtitle. The strategies are referring to strategies which are

proposed by Baker (1992). Those strategies are (1) using idiom of similar

51


52 meaning and form, (2) using idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form, (3)

translation by paraphrase, (4) translation by omission. From the data analyzed,

there were 11 idioms or 7.9% employed the first strategy, one idiom or 0.7%

employed the second strategy, 122 idioms or 87.2% employed the third strategy,

and three idioms or 2.1% employed the fourth strategy. Thus, translation by

paraphrase is the strategy which is mostly employed and using idiom with similar

meaning but dissimilar form is the least strategy employed to translate the idioms.

However, there are three idioms or 2.1% which did not use one of those strategies.

Those idioms were translated using literal translation. As a result, the idiomatic

meaning which is brought by the SL idiom is missing from the target language.

Besides, from both findings the researcher pointed out three points. First,

paraphrase strategy was the most applied strategy since there was no equivalence

idiom in target language. Second, the idiom translation strategy proposed by

Baker should be used in order. It was done to create an equivalence idiom in

target language. Finally, the use of literal translation in translating idioms makes

the meaning of the idiom become unidiomatic. In other words, this strategy might

not be recommended in translating the idioms since it makes the idiom lose its

idiomatic meaning in the TL.

B. Recommendations

This part consists of recommendations from the researcher for translators,

English learners and future researchers. The first recommendation is for

translators, especially, those who translate literary works. The researcher


53 recommends that translators deepen and sharpen the translators’ knowledge of the

source and target language. Besides, they have to deepen their knowledge in either

source language or target language idioms. Therefore, they can create a better

idiom translation by maintaining the meaning of SL idiom in TL text. Of course

employing an appropriate strategy is needed to achieve a good translation.

The second recommendation is for English learners and lecturers. In order

to help mastering the language, English learners do not only need to broaden their

knowledge toward the English idioms but also their first language idioms. English

learners themselves are not enough. The English lecturers also need to take a part

in helping the English learners by providing necessary theories and practices

about idioms. Thus, the researcher hopes that the findings of this research are able

to be used as a reference.

The last recommendation is for future researchers, especially those who

are going to discuss similar topic. The researcher hopes that this research can be a

useful reference. Moreover, the researcher suggests that they develop more

research toward idioms or idioms translation in literary works.


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ed.). Dallas: Southern Methodist University. Saussure, F. (1989). Course in general linguistics. LaSalle, IL: Open Court. Strassler, J. (1982). Idioms in English-a pragmatic analysis. Tubingen: Gunter

Narr Verlag. Tarigan, H. G. (1985). Pengajaran gaya bahasa. Bandung: Angkasa. The free dictionary: Dictionary, encyclopedia and thesaurus, (2015). Retrieved,

September 2, 2015, from http://www.thefreedictionary.com. Urban dictionary. (2015). Retrieved September 2, 2015, from

http://www.urban.dictionary.com. Wren, P. C., & Martin, H. (1981). High school English grammar and

composition. New Delhi: S. Chand.

56


http://www.thefreedictionary.com/

http://www.urban.dictionary.com/

APPENDIX

57


58

APPENDIX. The Applied Categories and Strategies for Idioms in the Subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift No English Version Indonesian Version Categories Strategies 1 00:03:26 --> 00:03:28

I heard it, Manny. Whatever it is, it's miles away.

Aku mendengarnya, Manny. Apapun itu, jaraknya sangat jauh

Semi idiom

Paraphrase

2 00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 Peaches, are you all right?

Peaches, kau baik saja?


3 00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 Relax, it's just where the kids hang out.

Tenanglah, itu hanya tempat nongkrong anak - anak.


4 00:04:14--> 00:04:15 Come on!

Ayolah!


5 00:04:32--> 00:04:35 Ethan isn't cute. He's hot.

Ethan tidak lucu, dia seksi.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

6 00:04:49--> 00:04:50 You don't count, Weiner.

Kau tak dihitung, Weiner.

Pure idiom Similar meaning and form

7 00:04:50--> 00:04:53 Yes, there's my place, and you just put me in it, thank you.

Ya, itulah aku, Aku selalu tak dihitung, terima kasih.


8 00:04:54--> 00:04:56 We're going home where I can keep an eye on you.

Kita akan pulang supaya aku bisa mengawasimu


9 00:05:21--> 00:05:23 Yeah, you don't scare me, Mother Nature!

Ya, kau tak bisa menakutiku, Alam!

Semi idiom Paraphrase

10 00:05:31--> 00:05:32 I think we're almost there!

Kurasa kita hampir sampai!


11 00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 Hey, paws up,

Hei, angkat cakar kalian!



59 No English Version Indonesian Version Categories Strategies

everybody!

12 00:05:47 --> 00:05:50 Paws down, Uncle, please! That is nasty.

Turunkan cakarmu, paman! Itu menjijikan.


13 00:06:41 --> 00:06:45 Get off... my face!

Pergilah..,.. Dari wajahku !


14 00:07:19 --> 00:07:22 I knew it, I knew it! Deep down, I knew I wasn't abandoned!

Aku sudah tahu itu ! Dalam lubuk hatiku, Aku tahu kalau aku tidak dibuang !

Semi idiom Similar meaning and form

15 00:07:35 --> 00:07:38 before her time is up.

Sebelum dia tiada.


16 00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 We got rid of the crazy bat! Let's go!

Kita sudah menyingkirkan nenek gila itu ! Cepat kita pergi !


17 00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 Sid will be crushed.

Sid akan kecewa.


18 00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 Sorry, cookie, things are breaking apart back home.

Maaf, sayang, Rumah kami porak - poranda.


19 00:08:23 --> 00:08:26 So, we're headed inland. And Granny is just dead weight.

Jadi, kami menuju ke daratan Dan Nenek menjadi penghambat kami.


20 00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 Your family was wiped out by an asteroid.

Keluargamu dihantam asteroid.


21 00:09:05 --> 00:09:08 They only wanted to find you so you could take care of Granny.

Mereka hanya ingin menemukanmu Supaya kau menjaga Nenekmu.


22 00:09:08 --> 00:09:13 Come on, what kind of sick family

Ayolah, keluarga macam apa yang memberikan

Semi idiom Omission



would ditch their Granny on someone?

Neneknya ke orang lain ?

23 00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 Come out, come out wherever you are!

Keluarlah dimanapun kau berada.


24 00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 What if your dad finds out? I'm not as tough as I look!

Bagaimana jika Ayahmu tahu? Aku tak begitu tangguh!


25 00:10:10 --> 00:10:11 Go long!

Tangkaplah!


26 00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 You go. boy!

Kau hebat sekali!


27 00:10:33 --> 00:10:34 Check me out!

Lihatlah aku!


28 00:10:57 --> 00:11:00 "Perfect." it's such a strong word. Maybe "adequate."

"Sempurna. " Itu terlalu berlebihan Mungkin "Mencukupi".


29 00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 Is it Ethan? I bet it's Ethan.

Bukankah itu Ethan ? Kuyakin itu Ethan.


30 00:11:20 --> 00:11:23 "Okay" doesn't even begin to cover it.

"Oke" Bukan berarti kau tak cantik.


31 00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 You! Keep away from my daughter.

Kau! Menjauhlah dari puteriku!


32 00:13:04 --> 00:13:07 Peaches! it's not the end of the world.

Peaches! Ini bukanlah akhir dunia.


33 00:13:42 --> 00:13:44 - Dad! - Peaches, get back!

- Ayah! - Peaches, mundurlah!


34 00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 - Diego!

- Diego ! - Kau tak akan bisa




- You never would have made it!

berhasil!

35 00:14:39 --> 00:14:43 Ellie, you have to get out of here! Go! Go now!

Ellie, kau harus pergi dari sini! Pergilah! Pergilah sekarang!


36 00:18:41 --> 00:18:42 Holy crab!

Astaga!


37 00:19:14 --> 00:19:15 We made it!

Kita selamat!


38 00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 and we'll make it to the land bridge before you know it.

Dan sampai ke Jembatan Daratan sebelum kau menyadarinya.


39 00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 For once, he's actually right.

Harus kukatakan, dia benar.

Literal idiom Omission

40 00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 Trying to make me get up if I don't want to get up.

Mencoba membuatku bangun Walau aku tak ingin bangun.


41 00:21:20 --> 00:21:22 Hey, fats, you want to get me out of here?

Hei, gendut, bisa keluarkan aku dari sini ?


42 00:21:40 --> 00:21:41 Thanks for drawing my bath, Sidney.

Terima kasih sudah membuatku mandi, Sidney.


43 00:22:09 --> 00:22:12 A lady can't take a bath in peace?

Tak bisakah wanita mandi dengan tenang ?


44 00:22:09 --> 00:22:12 Eyeballing me like a rump roast.

melihatku seolah aku makanan.


45 00:25:36 --> 00:25:39 Four passengers. Ripe for the taking.

Empat penumpang. Mereka siap kita renggut.



62 No English Version Indonesian Version Categories Strategies 46 00:26:52 --> 00:26:55

Get ready to slice and dice, boys.

Bersiaplah untuk membelah mereka.


47 00:26:55 --> 00:26:56 - Knock it off, Squint. - Hey!

- Tenanglah, Squint. - Hei !


48 00:27:47 --> 00:27:50 You can sail to Switchback Cove and catch the current back from there.

Kau bisa berlayar ke Teluk Aliran Balik Dan menunggangi aliran air disana.


49 00:27:50 --> 00:27:53 It's like a steel trap, this noggin is.

Tempat itu seperti tak tertembus, tapi ada jalannya.


50 00:28:09 --> 00:28:10 Battle stations!

Bersiap bertempur!


51 00:28:16 --> 00:28:18 Fly the colors!

Kibarkan benderanya!


52 00:29:05 --> 00:29:07 Lights out, big fella.

Tidurlah, makhluk besar.


53 00:29:33 --> 00:29:35 Dance your coconuts off!

Menarilah dengan semangat.


54 00:29:42 --> 00:29:44 Look at him.

Lihatlah dia.


55 00:29:58 --> 00:29:59 Morning, sunshine.

Selamat pagi, semuanya.


56 00:30:07 --> 00:30:08 Nothing gets by you, does it?

Tak ada yang bisa menipumu 'ya ?


57 00:31:02 --> 00:31:04 - He rescued us - He saved our butts

- Dia menyelamatkan kami. - Dia menyelamatkan nyawa kami.


58 00:31:19 --> 00:31:20 Hey, hands off.

Hei, lepaskan tanganmu.




Here we are on a ship Moving at quite a clip

Kita berada di atas kapal Bergerak maju perlahan..,..


60 00:31:50 --> 00:31:51 Oh, please.

Oh, sudahlah. Literal idiom Paraphrase

61 00:32:32 --> 00:32:33 I still don't get it.

Aku masih tak paham.


62 00:32:49 --> 00:32:50 Let me at him!

Lepaskan aku!


63 00:32:57 --> 00:32:59 First mate, jettison the deadweight.

Kelasi Pertama, persiapkan papannya.

Literal idiom Omission

64 00:34:02 --> 00:34:04 Come on, Manny, kick his monkey butt!

Ayolah, Manny, tendang pantat kera itu!

Pure idiom Literal translation

65 00:35:11 --> 00:35:12 Should I fly the white, captain?

Apa harus kukibarkan bendera putih, Kapten ?

Semi idiom Similar meaning and form

66 00:35:31 --> 00:35:32 Here, grab hold.

Kemarilah, Berpeganganlah.


67 00:35:56 --> 00:35:58 That makes you the punch line, kitty.

Itu membuatmu berhutang pada kami, kucing.


68 00:37:42 --> 00:37:43 Try and get our minds of fall this stuff.

Mencoba membuat pikiran kita tenang.


69 00:37:54 --> 00:37:57 It's totally no big deal, but you might want to lose the mole hog.

Ini bukan masalah besar, Tapi jangan ajak landak penggali itu.


70 00:38:57 --> 00:39:00 They think we're screw-ups and we can't do anything right.

Mereka berpikir kita pengacau Dan tak bisa melakukan hal yang benar.




We'll never make it home on this thing.

Kita tak akan bisa pulang dengan benda ini.


72 00:39:23 --> 00:39:24 - Crybaby!

- Pengecut! - Penakut !


73 00:40:01 --> 00:40:04 Look at me, I've wasted away.

Lihatlah aku, aku sangat kurus sekali.


74 00:40:11 --> 00:40:13 Okay, snack time is over.

Baik, waktu makan berakhir.


75 00:40:56 --> 00:40:57 Let go of me.

Lepaskan aku.


76 00:41:02 --> 00:41:04 Switchback Cove.

Teluk Aliran Balik.


77 00:41:11 --> 00:41:13 Yeah, you little runts. Get to work.

Ya, dasar tikus kecil, cepat bekerja!


78 00:41:53 --> 00:41:55 - our prisoner has a point.

- Tawanan kita ada benarnya juga


79 00:42:52 --> 00:42:53 Yeah, knock yourself out.

Ya, buktikan dirimu.


80 00:43:34 --> 00:43:35 Yup, they're in.

Yap, mereka ikut.


81 00:43:38 --> 00:43:40 to kick a little pirate booty.

Untuk menghajar para perompak itu.


82 00:44:14 --> 00:44:18 You have a way of saying "thank you" that makes it sound like "drop dead."

Kau punya cara bilang "terima kasih" Yang mengesankan seperti "putus asa."


83 00:44:50 --> 00:44:53 Oh, great, are we going to

Oh, bagus, apa kita saling Memahami satu




braid each other's fur now?

sama lain, sekarang ?

84 00:45:11--> 00:45:12 We have each other's backs.

Kami saling membantu.


85 00:45:25 --> 00:45:26 He has no idea what he's up against.

Dia tak tahu apa yang dia hadapi.


86 00:46:14 --> 00:46:15 Of course, Captain.

Tentu saja, Kapten. Literal idiom Paraphrase

87 00:46:15 --> 00:46:18 We're setting sail for vengeance, lads.

Kita akan berlayar Untuk balas dendam.


88 00:46:32 --> 00:46:36 Did you sink your fangs into him?

Apa kau menancapkan taringmu padanya ?


89 00:46:32 --> 00:46:36 Did he beg for his life?

Apa dia memohon untuk hidupnya?


90 00:46:36 --> 00:46:38 No, the saber took me down.

Tidak, si harimau itu melumpuhkanku.


91 00:47:06 --> 00:47:09 Out of my way, saber.

Minggirlah dari jalanku, Harimau.


92 00:48:02 --> 00:48:04 Let me at him! Yeah!

Berikan dia padaku! Yah!


93 00:49:28 --> 00:49:30 - It worked, he bought it!

- Itu berhasil, dia terpancing!


94 00:49:32 --> 00:49:35 I know, I'm having a blast.

Aku tahu, aku merasa akan meledak.


95 00:49:35 --> 00:49:38 No, pinhead, they're stealing my ship.

Bukan, bodoh, mereka mencuri kapalku.


96 00:49:59 --> 00:50:02 Come on, we've got to

Ayo, kita harus mengejarnya




catch it before it hits open water!

Sebelum berada diperairan terbuka!

97 00:51:29 --> 00:51:32 I can't hold on much longer.

Aku tak bisa menahannya lebih lama lagi.


98 00:51:50 --> 00:51:52 I've got your back.

Aku akan melindungimu.


99 00:52:17 --> 00:52:20 So long, banana breath.

Usaha yang bagus, nafas pisang.


100 00:55:22 --> 00:55:24 - This is so cool. - It's like we're upside down.

- Ini sangat keren. - Seolah kita terbalik.


101 00:55:22 --> 00:55:24 - This is so cool. - It's like we're upside down.

- Ini sangat keren. - Seolah kita terbalik.


102 00:55:38 --> 00:55:40 Yeah, come clean, Peaches.

Ya, jawab yang jujur, Peaches.


103 00:55:55 --> 00:55:56 Busted.

Ketahuan.


104 00:56:06 --> 00:56:08 He even runs away like a loser.

Dia bahkan lari seperti pecundang.


105 00:56:18 --> 00:56:22 I know, right? This humidity, I can't stand it.

Kau tahu 'kan ? Kelembaban ini, aku tak tahan lagi.


106 00:56:45 --> 00:56:48 Hey, Peach, loosen up! Have some fun.

Hei, Peach, tenanglah! Tadi menyenangkan.


107 00:57:16 --> 00:57:18 We're the same species, genius.

Kita spesies yang sama, bodoh.


108 00:57:58 --> 00:58:02 I'll push him

Aku akan mendorongnya ke




overboard. You guys say it was an accident.

laut. Kau anggap saja itu kecelakaan.

109 00:58:14 --> 00:58:17 I can't eat, can't sleep. Maybe I'm coming down with something.

Aku tak bisa makan, tak bisa tidur. Mungkin sesuatu sedang menimpaku.


110 00:58:41 --> 00:58:44 Shira's gotten under your skin.

Shira membuatmu jatuh cinta.


111 00:58:49 --> 00:58:52 No, no, no. You guys are dead wrong.

Tidak, tidak, tidak. Kalian salah mengiranya.


112 01:00:21 --> 01:00:24 Wait a minute. Ellie would never say that.

Tunggu dulu. Ellie Tak pernah mengatakan itu.


113 01:02:54 --> 01:02:56 We need to keep a lookout for home.

Kita harus terus mencari jalan pulang.


114 01:03:10 --> 01:03:12 You can't take your eyes off her for one minute.

Kau tak bisa mengalihkan matamu darinya.


115 01:01:21 --> 01:01:23 Five more seconds and we'd have been goners.

Lima detik saja Dan kita pasti sudah mati.


116 01:03:17--> 01:03:18 Hey, brain trust...

Hei, juru kemudi ..,..


117 01:03:18 --> 01:03:20 brace for impact.

Bersiaplah untuk tabrakan.


118 01:03:51 --> 01:03:54 You ever say something you knew you couldn't take back?

Kau pernah bilang sesuatu yang tak bisa kau tarik lagi?


119 01:03:55 --> 01:03:57 I messed up so bad,

Aku begitu sangat kacau, Ibu.




Mom.

120 01:03:59 --> 01:04:03 Cute boys can whiplash your brain. No doubt about that.

Seorang pemuda memang bisa mengacaukan otakmu. Tak perlu diragukan lagi.


121 01:04:05 --> 01:04:06 And you figured it out.

Dan kau sudah menyadarinya.


122 01:04:14 --> 01:04:16 What's going on?

Apa yang terjadi?


123 01:06:44 --> 01:06:46 I'm just returning the favor.

Aku hanya ingin semuanya impas.


124 01:07:02 --> 01:07:04 Who brought the muscle to the party?

Siapa yang membawa tukang pukul ke pesta ?


125 01:07:32 --> 01:07:34 Let's dance, hero.

Mari berdansa, pahlawan.


126 01:08:06 --> 01:08:07 Let me at him.

Biarkan kulawan mereka.


127 01:08:25 --> 01:08:28 Well, I guess we showed them, huh?

Kurasa mereka takut pada kita.


128 01:08:34 --> 01:08:36 Maybe that crazy old bat isn't that crazy after all.

Kurasa Nenek tua ini tak gila sama sekali.


129 01:08:39 --> 01:08:40 Nope, she's nuts.

Tidak, dia memang gila.


130 01:08:44 --> 01:08:45 Get in.

Masuklah.


131 01:09:14 --> 01:09:15 Back off.

Mundur.


132 01:09:29 --> 01:09:30 piracy doesn't pay.

Perompak tak tahu aturan.




Payback time.

Saatnya membalas dendam.


134 01:10:58 --> 01:11:00 My daughter's all grown up.

Puteriku sudah dewasa.


135 01:11:50 --> 01:11:53 you won't take up much space once I flatten you.

Kau tak akan memakan tempat Setelah aku menggencetmu.

Pure idiom Similar meaning but dissimilar form

136 01:13:37 --> 01:13:40 I told you your father would never give up on us.

Sudah kubilang, Ayahmu tak akan menyerah mencari kita.


137 01:14:18 --> 01:14:20 you never leave a friend behind.

Kau tak akan pernah meninggalkan temanmu.


138 01:15:40 --> 01:15:43 You heard me. You two should go out and explore.

Kalian mendengarku. Kalian boleh pergi dan menjelajah.


139 01:15:44 --> 01:15:45 Go where the day takes you.

Pergilah selama matahari bersinar.


140 01:16:01 --> 01:16:03 Okay if we hang with you guys?

Hei, boleh kami bergabung dengan kalian ?


Frequency of the use of idiom categories No. Categories Frequency Percentage 1. Pure Idiom 81 57.9% 2. Semi Idiom 15 10.7% 3. Literal Idiom 44 31.4%

Total 140 100%


70 Frequency of the use of idiom translation strategies

No Strategies Frequencies Percentage 1. Similar Meaning and Form 11 7.9% 2. Similar Meaning Dissimilar Form 1 0.7% 3. Paraphrase 122 87.2% 4. Omission 3 2.1% 5. Literal Translation 3 2.1%

Total 140 100%


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