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AP Biology Unit 1 Cell / Biochemistry PowerpointThis powerpoint presentation is a collection of
pictures that connect to our unit of study and are organized by each day’s topic as seen at the top
of your outlines/notes. I suggest viewing these as you study your notes, but do not feel as though
you have need to print this collection.
LE 26-2
Water vaporCH4
NH3 H 2
Electrode
Condenser
Coldwater
Cooled watercontainingorganicmolecules
Sample forchemical analysis
H2O
Energy and Atoms
Third energy level (shell)
Second energy level (shell)
First energy level (shell)
Atomicnucleus
Energyabsorbed
Energylost
Water Cycle
Transportover land
Precipitationover landEvaporation
from oceanPrecipitationover ocean
Net movement ofwater vapor by wind
Solar energy
Evapotranspirationfrom land
Runoff andgroundwater
Percolationthroughsoil
LE 26-2
Water vaporCH4
NH3 H 2
Electrode
Condenser
Coldwater
Cooled watercontainingorganicmolecules
Sample forchemical analysis
H2O
Carbon Bonding
MolecularFormula
StructuralFormula
Ball-and-StickModel
Space-FillingModel
Methane
Ethane
Ethene (ethylene)
Hydrocarbon Tails of a Phospholipid
Structural formula Space-filling model Phospholipid symbol
Hydrophilichead
Hydrophobictails
Fatty acids
Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol
Hyd
roph
obic
t ails
Hyd
roph
ilic
head
Functional groups serve important purposes in molecules
Estradiol
Testosterone
Male lion
Female lion
LE 4-10aa
STRUCTURE
(may be written HO—)
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Alcohols (their specific namesusually end in -ol)
Ethanol, the alcohol present inalcoholic beverages
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Is polar as a result of theelectronegative oxygen atomdrawing electrons toward itself.
Attracts water molecules, helpingdissolve organic compounds suchas sugars (see Figure 5.3).
LE 4-10ab
STRUCTURE
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Ketones if the carbonyl group iswithin a carbon skeleton
EXAMPLE
Acetone, the simplest ketone
A ketone and an aldehyde maybe structural isomers withdifferent properties, as is the casefor acetone and propanal.
Aldehydes if the carbonyl group isat the end of the carbon skeleton
Acetone, the simplest ketone
Propanal, an aldehyde
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
LE 4-10ac
STRUCTURE
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Carboxylic acids, or organic acids
EXAMPLE
Has acidic properties because it isa source of hydrogen ions.
Acetic acid, which gives vinegarits sour taste
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
The covalent bond betweenoxygen and hydrogen is so polarthat hydrogen ions (H+) tend todissociate reversibly; for example,
Acetic acid Acetate ion
In cells, found in the ionic form,which is called a carboxylate group.
LE 4-10ba
STRUCTURE
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Amine
EXAMPLE
Because it also has a carboxylgroup, glycine is both an amine anda carboxylic acid; compounds withboth groups are called amino acids.
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Acts as a base; can pick up aproton from the surroundingsolution:
(nonionized)
Ionized, with a charge of 1+,under cellular conditions
Glycine
(ionized)
LE 4-10bb
STRUCTURE
(may be written HS—)
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Thiols
EXAMPLE
Ethanethiol
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Two sulfhydryl groups caninteract to help stabilize proteinstructure (see Figure 5.20).
LE 4-10bc
STRUCTURE
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Organic phosphates
EXAMPLE
Glycerol phosphate
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Makes the molecule of which itis a part an anion (negativelycharged ion).
Can transfer energy between organic molecules.
Dehydration and HydrolysisReactions
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Longer polymer
Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond
Hydrolysis of a polymer
Dehydration reactions in Carbohydrates
Glucose
Maltose
Fructose Sucrose
Glucose Glucose
Dehydrationreaction in thesynthesis of maltose
Dehydrationreaction in thesynthesis of sucrose
1–4glycosidic
linkage
1–2glycosidic
linkage
Cellulose in Plant Cell Walls
Cellulosemolecules
Cellulose microfibrilsin a plant cell wall
Cell walls Microfibril
Plant cells
0.5 µm
Glucosemonomer
Ester Linkage and Lipids
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Glycerol
Fatty acid(palmitic acid)
Dehydration and Hydrolysis
Reactions again Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Longer polymer
Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond
Hydrolysis of a polymer
Sickle Cell and Oxygen transport
Primarystructure
Secondaryand tertiarystructures
1 2 3
Normal hemoglobin
Val His Leu
4Thr
5Pro
6Glu Glu
7Primarystructure
Secondaryand tertiarystructures
1 2 3
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Val His Leu
4Thr
5Pro
6Val Glu
7
Quaternarystructure
Normalhemoglobin(top view)
Function Molecules donot associatewith oneanother; eachcarries oxygen.
Quaternarystructure
Sickle-cellhemoglobin
Function Molecules interact withone another tocrystallize intoa fiber; capacityto carry oxygenis greatly reduced.
Exposedhydrophobicregion subunit subunit
Nitrogen Cycle and Proteins
Assimilation
N2 in atmosphere
DecomposersNitrifyingbacteria
Nitrifyingbacteria
Nitrogen-fixingsoil bacteria
Denitrifyingbacteria
NitrificationAmmonification
Nitrogen-fixingbacteria in rootnodules of legumes
NO3–
NO2–NH4
+NH3
Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Longer polymer
Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond
Hydrolysis of a polymer
5th Carbon of the Sugar holds the phosphate.3rd Carbon is the open bond.
Phosphate of the next nucleotide bonds at the 3rd carbon.
Phosphodiester Bonds of Nucleic Acids
New strand
5 end
Phosphate Base
Sugar
3 end
Nucleosidetriphosphate
Blueprint vs. Protective Cap
• DNA Double Strand:• ____________________________________• ____________________________________
• ______ Important “Blueprint” sequence• ______ Protective “cap” sequence
The Phosphorus Cycle and Nucleic Acids and
ATP
Sedimentation
Plants
Rain
Runoff
Weatheringof rocks
Geologicuplift
SoilLeaching
Decomposition
Plant uptakeof PO4
3–
Consumption
Membrane Protein Functions
EnzymesSignal
ReceptorATP
Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction
Membrane Protein
Functions
Glyco-protein
Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to thecytoskeleton and extra-cellular matrix (ECM)
Fluid Mosaic Model and Phospholipids
Lateral movement(~107 times per second)
Flip-flop(~ once per month)
Movement of phospholipids
Villi and Microvilli on the interior of the small
intestine Key
Nutrientabsorption
Microvilli(brush border)
Epithelial cells
Lacteal
Lymphvessel
Villi
Largecircularfolds
Epithelialcells
Bloodcapillaries
Vein carrying bloodto hepatic portalvessel
Muscle layers
Villi
Intestinal wall
.
Animalcell
Lysed
H2O H2O H2O
Normal
Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution
H2O
Shriveled
H2OH2OH2OH2OPlantcell
Turgid (normal) Flaccid Plasmolyzed
Solute Potential
ΨS = -iCRT
-i (ionization constant) C (molar concentration) R (pressure constant) T (temperature in Kelvin)
Active Transport
Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds tothe sodium-potassium pump
CYTOPLASMNa+
[Na+] low[K+] high
Na+
Na+
EXTRACELLULARFLUID
[Na+] high[K+] low
Na+
Na+
Na+
ATP
ADP
P
Na+ binding stimulatesphosphorylation by ATP.
Na+
Na+
Na+
K+
Phosphorylation causesthe protein to change itsconformation, expelling Na+
to the outside.
P
Extracellular K+ bindsto the protein, triggeringrelease of the phosphategroup.
PP
Loss of the phosphaterestores the protein’soriginal conformation.
K+ is released and Na+
sites are receptive again;the cycle repeats.
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
.
Receptor
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
Ligand
Coatedpit
Coatedvesicle
Coat protein
Coat protein
Plasmamembrane
0.25 µm
A coated pitand a coatedvesicle formedduringreceptor-mediatedendocytosis(TEMs).
.
Close-up of nuclearenvelope
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:Inner membraneOuter membrane
Nuclear pore
Porecomplex
Ribosome
Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM)
1 µm
Rough ER
Nucleus
1 µm
0.25 µm
Surface of nuclear envelope
.
Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 µm
Plasmamembrane
Food vacuole
Lysosome
Nucleus
Digestiveenzymes
Digestion
Lysosome
Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes
Food vacuolefuses withlysosome
Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles
.
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane space
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Cristae
Matrix
100 nmMitochondrialDNA
Freeribosomes in themitochondrialmatrix
Extra Cellular Matrix(ECM)
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ProteoglycancomplexCollagen
fiber
Fibronectin
Integrin Micro-filaments
CYTOPLASM
Plasmamembrane
This is the conclusion of AP Bio Unit 1 Powerpoint Collection.
• Take time before our unit exam to scan this file for reoccurring themes within the content of our unit.
• Print pics as needed that would help you to study. For example slide 170 is a great illustration as to how plant and animal cells may respond to various solutions.