APEC Workshop on Distributed Generation, Distribution, and Efficiency

Expert Group on New and Renewable Energy Technologies (EGNRET)

APEC Workshop on Distributed Generation, Distribution, and Efficiency

Mexico City, Mexico8-10 April 2002

Cary BloydReview for Expert Group on New and Renewable

Energy TechnologiesSeoul, Korea

November 4-6, 2002


The workshop drew from experts across the APEC region

• There were 10 speakers from 5 APEC economies

• There were 60 participants from 8 APEC economies


Opening Comments

Welcome and Introductions by Mexican Hosts

Odón de Buen Rodríguez, Director General, CONAE, Mexico City, Mexico

Background and Objectives of the Workshop

Larry Hill, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA


Introduction

Issues in the Deployment of Distributed Energy Resources



Distributed Generation Technologies

Technology Status and Market Readiness of Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Jonathan Hurwitch, Sentech, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Solar PV and Wind Technologies for Rural Distributed Generation: Applications and Cost-effectiveness

Luis Vega, Pacific International Center for High Technology Research, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

Supplementing Renewable DG with Energy Storage, Demand-Management, Grid-Interconnection, and DG Hybrid Integration Strategies: A Risk Assessment

Iain Sanders, Industrial Research, Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand


Barriers to Deployment of Distributed Technologies

New Energy Technologies: Market Opportunities vs. Institutional Barriers

Brent Alderfer, Community Energy, Inc., Wayne, Pennsylvania

Development of DG in Texas: The Regulatory Perspective

Terri Eaton, Public Utility Commission of Texas, Austin, Texas

Barriers for Renewable Energy Projects in Distributed Generation

Francisco Marquez Mendoza, CONAE, Mexico City, Mexico


Applications of Distributed Technologies in APEC Economies

Adopting DG: The Case for New Zealand

Ian Bywater, Centre for Advanced Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand

The Canadian Experience with Distributed Generation

Bryan Halliday, CANMET Energy Technology Centre, Ottawa, Canada

Distributed Generation Technologies for Energizing Rural Areas of Peru

Alfredo Alcides Oliveros Donohue, EDEVI, Lima, Peru


Conclusion

Synthesis of the Workshop


Next Steps: A Proposed DG Collaborative


Iain Sanders, Industrial Research, Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand


DER technologies share common characteristics

• They are located at or close to the load

• They are small (1 kw-50 mw)

• They have short installation times


DER technologies are also diverse

• Renewable and fossil fuels

• Commercial and experimental

• Utility and private ownership

• On-grid and off-grid


DER Activities

1. Research and Development

2. DER Technologies

3. DER Applications

4. Evaluation Tools

5. Project Development

6. Financing DER Projects

7. Potential Barriers to Deployment


Research and Development

Develop a catalog of R&D programs that represents:– government facilities– private/corporate programs– private inventors


DER Supply Technologies

• Fuel cells

• Internal combustion engines

• Small combustion turbines (1-50 mw)

• Microturbines (~30 kw)

• Wind turbines

• Photovoltaics

• Solar thermal

• Geothermal heat pumps

• Mini (100 kw- 30 mw /micro (<100 kw) hydro

• Hybrid systems


DER Storage Technologies

• Batteries

• Capacitors

• Flywheels

• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

• Compressed air energy storage


DER Applications

Customer Applications– Emergency power– Continuous base-load operations– Peak shaving– Green power– Critical process power


DER Applications

Utility Applications

• Ancillary services (e.g., reactive supply)

• Transmission and distribution “investment”

• Peak Demand

Off-grid application

• Lessons from Fiji, Kahua Ranch


Evaluation Tools

• RETScreen International (Canada)

• VIPOR

• HOMER

• Hybrid2

• D-Gen Pro

• Industrial Research Limited DG Models (New Zealand)


Project Development

• Project evaluation, feasibility, and profitability• Project management and budgeting;• Equipment purchases, delivery and installation• Systems design, assembly, integration and

manufacturing• Systems operation and maintenance• Backup specialist technical and commercial support

services


Financing DER Projects

This activity represents private investment institutions, venture capitalists, and government funding sources. Services provided, include: (a) investor-linked project finance;

(b) project tenders-linked finance;

(c) project procurement-linked finance; and

(d) project finance services


Project Barriers to DeploymentTechnical barriers

• Interconnection standards (necessary if >300 kw)

Technical standards can help

• Texas pre-certifies DG technologies

Regulatory BarriersStandby charges

Exit fees

Net metering

Uplift charges

Environmental regulations

Information


Recommendations

• Develop the business case for DER

• Demonstrate DER technologies

• Exchange information supporting DER

• Study DER standards

• Explore innovative financing mechanisms for DER


Develop the business case for DER

Include all factors in defining “cost effectiveness”

Potential applications for DER

Appropriate technologies.

Financing opportunities.

Overcoming barriers.


Demonstrate DER technologies

Some Not all DER technologies are commercially mature, others need demonstration

• Example: A partnership between the State of Hawaii, U.S. Department of Energy, and the private sector will demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing hydrogen using renewable electric sources


Exchange information supporting DER

• Other suggested 2-3 day workshops on more focused topics related to DER such as:

– Specific distributed generation technologies such as the fuel cell;– Electricity storage technologies; and– Regulations for interconnection of DER on existing electric grids

• Examine virtual conferencing• Include DER information on APEC website


Study DER standards

Technology and interconnection standards would alleviate grid connection barriers

• Reliability;• Power quality;• Voltage regulation;• Safety; and• System efficiency


Explore innovative financing mechanisms

Applications of DER by electric utilities are typically financed by ratepayers of the utilities. Financing for customer and off-grid applications can be obtained from one or more sources:

Governments from tax revenues; Private firms; Commercial banks; Bilateral aid institutions; Multilateral aid institutions; and Private foundations.


Postscript: Why DER

• There has been a fundamental change in the relationship between electrical generation plant size and plant efficiency. One on longer has to build large facilities to obtain high generation efficiencies.


Postscript: Why DG

• When linked with combined heat and power (CHP), distributed generation can cost effectively reduce GHG emissions 50% or more on an application basis.


Linked DG/CHP cost effectively reduces GHG emissions

• Conventional: – Electric power: 60% loss at point of electric

power generation, 10% transmission lost– Thermal: 20% loss at production stage

• DG/CHP– Thermal load is provided by electric generation

waste heat, eliminating thermal circuit

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