1 st Conference On Engineering, Technology And Education 2016 (CETEd2016), Politeknik Merlimau Melaka 4-5 th October 2016 245 245 APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) FOR LANDSLIDES RISK MAPPING IN BATU PAHAT Suhaiza 1* S., Masiri 2 K., Ismail 3 S.N.S., Kamsir 4 S.J.M. 1, 3 Department of Civil Engineering Politeknik Merlimau Melaka, Karung Berkunci 1031, Pejabat Pos Merlimau, 77300 Merlimau Melaka, Malaysia. 2,4 Pusat Pengajian Diploma, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. *[email protected]ABSTRACT Landslide or slope failure occur when the particle of soils or rocks are not stable and also because of several factors; water, wind, weather or temperature changes and human activity. Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for capturing, storing, analyzing, managing and presenting data which is spatially referenced (linked to location). There are eight factors can be taken into account to predict landslide condition such as rainfall, drainage, types of soil, slope, groundwater, land use, soil erosion and mineral. This study used several types of maps such as contour, slope, rainfall distribution, type of soil, land use and height map in order to produce a risk map for landslides at Batu Pahat area. By using ArcView Ver 3.2 software, landslide’s risk map was produced to identify the critical area. Keywords: Geographical Information System (GIS), landslides 1.0 INTRODUCTION Landslide is one of the major hazards that cause losses of lives and properties which require com plex analyses involving multitude of factors. Landslide will occurred when the movement of soil from highland to flat area interact with the gravity force. Landslides phenomena involve two major factors which are human activities and natural process (Fatimah Shafinaz, 2005). Nowadays, the landslide rarely occurs, but it can be menace to the community especially to the residents who live down the hill. The characteristics and structure of soil are very important in development proposed area in order to avoid landslides occurrences. The objective of this study is to apply the GIS technique in producing a risk map of landslides area. The efficiency of GIS usage was confirmed by the yield of risk map. GIS has been used in this study to determine the potential of locations landslide in Batu Pahat. The advantages of GIS can be determined by presenting the location effectively, faster and inexpensive (George, N 1996). ArcView software was selected to produce GIS data into the excellent outcome . 2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Data Collection Batu Pahat in Johor (shown in Figure 1) was selected as the location of study because it consists of a combination of various landforms, hydrological and soil characteristics. The total area of study is about 196,041 hectares; the land is mainly generally flat and except at the western and northern part has an undulating terrain such as prominent hills. The spatial data on land use, contour, soil, and type of soil maps were provided by Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering (FKAAS) of Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia (UTHM), rainfall data gathered from Department of Irrigation and Drainage, and the data related to groundwater and soil erosion were gathered from previous researchers.
Transcript
1st Conference On Engineering, Technology And Education 2016 (CETEd2016), Politeknik Merlimau Melaka 4-5th October 2016
245245245
APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) FOR LANDSLIDES RISK MAPPING IN BATU PAHAT
Suhaiza1* S., Masiri2 K., Ismail3 S.N.S., Kamsir4 S.J.M.
ABSTRACT Landslide or slope failure occur when the particle of soils or rocks are not stable and also because of several factors; water, wind, weather or temperature changes and human activity. Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for capturing, storing, analyzing, managing and presenting data which is spatially referenced (linked to location). There are eight factors can be taken into account to predict landslide condition such as rainfall, drainage, types of soil, slope, groundwater, land use, soil erosion and mineral. This study used several types of maps such as contour, slope, rainfall distribution, type of soil, land use and height map in order to produce a risk map for landslides at Batu Pahat area. By using ArcView Ver 3.2 software, landslide’s risk map was produced to identify the critical area.
Keywords: Geographical Information System (GIS), landslides
1.0 INTRODUCTION Landslide is one of the major hazards that cause losses of lives and properties which require com plex
analyses involving multitude of factors. Landslide will occurred when the movement of soil from highland to flat area interact with the gravity force. Landslides phenomena involve two major factors which are human activities and natural process (Fatimah Shafinaz, 2005).
Nowadays, the landslide rarely occurs, but it can be menace to the community especially to the residents who live down the hill. The characteristics and structure of soil are very important in development proposed area in order to avoid landslides occurrences. The objective of this study is to apply the GIS technique in producing a risk map of landslides area. The efficiency of GIS usage was confirmed by the yield of risk map.
GIS has been used in this study to determine the potential of locations landslide in Batu Pahat. The advantages of GIS can be determined by presenting the location effectively, faster and inexpensive (George, N
1996). ArcView software was selected to produce GIS data into the excellent outcome.
2.0 METHODOLOGY
2.1 Data Collection Batu Pahat in Johor (shown in Figure 1) was selected as the location of study because it consists of
a combination of various landforms, hydrological and soil characteristics. The total area of study is about 196,041 hectares; the land is mainly generally flat and except at the western and northern part has an undulating terrain such as prominent hills.
The spatial data on land use, contour, soil, and type of soil maps were provided by Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering (FKAAS) of Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia (UTHM), rainfall data gathered from Department of Irrigation and Drainage, and the data related to groundwater and soil erosion were gathered from previous researchers.
1st Conference On Engineering, Technology And Education 2016 (CETEd2016), Politeknik Merlimau Melaka 4-5th October 2016
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Figure 1: Study area
2.2 Analytical Methods This study was referred to Fatimah Shafinaz Ahmad (2005) research in producing risk mapping in
Penang. The methodology of research used the combination of USLE method, GIS application and landslide cases in Malaysia. As the result, landslide risk map for Penang show ed the high to low risk area. Bukit Saujana at Paya Terubung has been located as the high risk area and has been proven by the landslide case in 28 November 1998. The study also used eight factors in predicting landslide condition such as rainfall, drainage, types of soil, slope, groundwater, land use, soil erosion and mineral.
USLE Method
ULSE method was introduced by Wischmeier (1978). Research has been done to the Rocky Mountains began in the late 1950s. However, this method has been updated from time to time. USLE method is used to determine the soil erosion that inserted into GIS software to evaluate the potential area of landslide. There are six parameters involved in this equation;
Where;
A = R × K × L × S × C × P (1)
A = total of soil erosion of soil (tonne / ha / year) R = rainfall factor K = erosion factor namely texture, organic matter percentage, structure and impact for crop L = length slope S = gradient slope C = plant factor and management P = soil characteristic namely terrace, contour, etc
2.3 Determination of Weigh tage
A weight represents the relative importance of a parameter. Weightage index overlay method takes into consideration the relative importance of the parameters and the classes belonging to each parameter. There is no standard scale for a simple weightage overlay method, thus criteria for the analysis of each parameter should be defined and should be given priority. This weight is given by spatial data category by its stability which are stable, moderate and not stable as 0, 1 and 2 respectively. The finalized weights for respective thematic layers (shown in Table 1 to Table 8) were inserted into the GIS database accordingly at this stage before proceeding to the task of integration of layers.
1st Conference On Engineering, Technology And Education 2016 (CETEd2016), Politeknik Merlimau Melaka 4-5th October 2016
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Land Use Stability Weight
Forest Area Not Stable
Moderate
0
Agriculture Area 1
Shrub Area Moderate 1
Swamp Area Not Stable 2
Town Area Moderate 1
Commodious Area Not Stable 2
Catchments Area Not Stable 2
Mineral Stability Weight
Granite Stable 0
Alluvium (clay) Moderate 1
Sedimentary Moderate 1
Volcanic Stable
Moderate
Not Stable
0
Conglomerate 1
Alluvium (sand) 2
Value A Stability Weight (tone/ha/year)
0-0.05 Stable
Moderate
Not Stable
0
0.2-3.664 1
4-16 2
Buffering zone Stability Weight
No buffering Stable 0
Buffering zone at 100m Moderate
Not Stable
1
Buffering zone at 50m
2
Slope Steepness Stability Weight
< 12° Stable 0
13° - 35° Moderate 1
> 35° Not Stable 2
Table 1: Weights for Rainfall (Tew, 1999) Table 4: Weights for Land Use (Erny, 2008)
Annual Rainfall Stability Weight
1500-1867 mm Stable 0
1868-2235 mm Moderate 1
2236-2600 mm Not Stable 2
Table 2: Weights for Type of Soil (Tew, 1999)
Types of Soil
Air
Stability Weight
Stable 0
Table 5: Weights for Mineral (Fatimah, 2005) Batu Anam-Durian Stable 0
Table 8: Weights for Groundwater Content (Wong, 2006)
Groundwater Content
(gallon/hr) Stability Weight
191-241 Stable 0
242-292 Moderate 1
293-342 Not Stable 2
1st Conference On Engineering, Technology And Education 2016 (CETEd2016), Politeknik Merlimau Melaka 4-5th October 2016
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e
oil
ion
d t
e
Category High risk Moderate Moderate
High Risk Risk
Low Risk
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Rainfall 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0
Drainage 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 Types of
Soil 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0
Slope 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 Groundwater 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0
Land Use 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0
Erosion 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Mineral 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Total 16 14 13 8 7 4 3 0
3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
All thematic layers with properly assigned weights were combined with ArcView GIS 3.2 software. According Table 9, all base maps were combined in first and second processes to produce the landslide risk map. Data in Table 1 to Table 8 were contributed in the landslide attribute data. The total weightage were classified into four groups i.e. high risk (14-16), moderate high risk (8-13), moderate (4-7) and low risk (0-3) (Table 10).
Table 9: Flow of Integration Process
Name of Map Base map First
Process
Second
Process
Final
Rainfall
Slope
Land Us
Type Of
Soil Eros
Groun water Conten
Mineral
Drainag
Table 10: Total Weightage
From the result, the landslide risk condition was presented by red colour. The dark red colour shows the high risk area, while the lower risk area with a lighter red color. There is no high risks area in Batu Pahat but 33% and 57% of area are located at moderate high risk and moderate risk respectively. Almost of the moderate high risk area was located at the Nothern part of Batu Pahat. It is because topography of Batu Pahat is mainly plane or flat except at the western and northern parts which have an undulating terrain such as prominent hills.
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The risk area can be changing into another condition from time to time, i.e low to moderate risk area by another factors such as climate changes, land use of area etc. The monitoring of changes condition is very important for the future scenario.
One of the moderate high risk areas was located at Tanjung Semberong terri tory (Latitude 1o 56’ 29.31” – North, Longitude 103o 09’ 8.4” – East). It has been verified by GPS application where the coordinate of located is similar with the GIS result (Figure 2 to Figure 5).
Figure 2: Landslide Map
Figure 3: Identify landslide location
At Tanjung Semberong
At Tanjung Semberong
10 56’ 29.31” - North
10 56’ 42.9” - North
Figure 4: Moderate high risk location Figure 5: GPS record
4.0 CONCLUSION As conclusion, GIS application was successfully produced the landslides risk map for Batu Pahat area with
10% low risk, 57% moderate risk and 33% moderate high risk. The efficiency of GIS usage was verified by the located moderate high risk (show in Figure 6 and Figure 7).
The final result of this research, can help the engineers, city planners and local authorities to make plans and sound decisions. The use of GIS technology provides an alternative for users to make an analysis and observations of the landslide area in the future.
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REFERENCES
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Fatimah Shafinaz Ahmad (2005). “Penggunaan Sistem Maklumat Geografi Untuk Meramal Keruntuhan Cerun Di Pulau Pinang.” Publisher UTM, Thesis.
George, N. (1996). “Object Orientation GIS And Information Technology.” Cambridge, England :
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Morgan, R. P. C. (1986). “Soil Erosion And Conservation.” Longman Scientific And Technical.
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