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Applied Linguistics

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a case of who said what
25
How Not to Strike it Rich: Semantics, Pragmatics, and Semiotics of a Massachusetts Lottery Game Card RONALD R. BUTTERS Duke University In 2001, the Massachusetts State Lottery Commission released for sale a new `instant lottery ticket' `scratch-and-play' game card named `Caesars [sic] Palace 1 ' played by scratching the surface of each card at designated spots to reveal hidden numbers or images). It oered ten grand prizes of $1,000,000 each and a number of lesser prizes. Very soon, a number of purchasers began to claim million-dollar prizes; most of these demands-for-payment were denied by the Commission on the grounds that the claims were based upon a misreading of the game-card instructions. The rejected claimants appealed, but their appeals were denied by a special hearing board appointed by the Commission. Further appeals to state courts in Massachusetts may still be pending. This paper analyses the semantic, pragmatic, and semiotic bases for the claimants' and Commission's con¯icting interpretations of the instructionsÐa somewhat new application of linguistics to the ®eld of language and law. The essay also raises theoretical questions concerning the relationship between linguistics and semiotic theory in the context of real-world data. 1. BACKGROUND One Sunday afternoon in 2001, a Bostonian named John O'Hara went to dinner at the home of his girlfriend's grandfather, Jimmy Tangney, together with numerous other members of the Tangney family. 1 In his pocket he had a `scratch-and-play' Massachusetts State Lottery Instant Lottery game card for `Caesars Palace 1 ', a just-released version of a kind of lottery ticket that the Massachusetts State Lottery Commission MSLC), has sold for years. 2 These gambling devices oer the winners various prizes mostly cash payments); each named game has slightly dierent rules, but all are played by scratching the surface of each card at designated places to reveal hidden numbers or images e.g. a roulette wheel). When, according to the rules printed on the face of each card, the numbers or images on designated spots meet speci®ed conditions, the card becomes a winner, and the owner may submit it for the payment of the prize indicated on the card. Most of these instant lottery tickets, of course, are not winners, and many of the winning cards pay only small amounts. A facsimile of the front of Mr O'Hara's game card is reproduced as Figure 1 below; it represents the card after he had `scratched and played' it. 3 Millions of such cards were purchased for ®ve dollars each from the MSLC's vendors. Applied Linguistics 25/4: 466±490 # Oxford University Press 2004
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Page 1: Applied Linguistics

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&-9; RJjjIT O'"F(6*2 01 *`,*KK*1% *`0/OK* "7 K(159(2%(, 010K;2(2 (1F"KF(15%-* "'6(10'; '*02"10SK* 92*' "7 0 O'"69,% (1 O'*2*1%(15 0 )(16 "7 O'05/0%(,%-"95-%N*`O*'(/*1% 0S"9% %-* 1"'/0K ,(',9/2%01,*2 "7 %-* 0F*'05* 92*' "7%0/O"12]O'*29/0SK;3 "1* #-" -02 1*F*' 92*6 %-(2 O0'%(,9K0' )(16 "7-;5(*1* O'"69,% S*7"'* S9% #-" L1**62 0 %0/O"1M 1"#.

&-* -02 S"95-% 0 O0,)05*A &-* "O*12 (% 9O %" 92* "1*A &-* ^162 01(12*'%A G7 2-* '*062 (%3 (% 011"91,*2 (/O"'%01% (17"'/0%("1 0S"9% D&&PD"`(, &-",) &;16'"/*QA G7 2-* '*062 79'%-*'3 2-* (2 %"K6 %" '*06 %-(2P(12*'%Q 016 20F* (%A $*`% 2-* (2 5(F*1 0 2*% "7 %-* #0'1(15 2(510K2 "7D&&A C1K*22 2-* (2 F*'; )1"#K*65*0SK* 0S"9% %-* #"'K6 "7 /*6(,(1*32-* -02 !-"&& 1"% S**1 5(F*1 01; (17"'/0%("1 02 %" V?A 2-* 2-"9K6 '*06%-(2 016 20F* (%A &-* 6"*2 1"% -0F* D&& 02 70' 02 2-* )1"#23 S9% 2-*6"*2 1**6 0 %0/O"1A $"%-(15 (2 -*'* %" ,"11*,% #(%- ?'8 #"'K6A R&-9;JjjI. HjoT

!#& &E8?$DG=&3 4+?<8?DG=&3 ?$@ &E8G>DG=& >[ ? <?8E =?+@

Page 6: Applied Linguistics

D-* K015905* "7 %-* #0'1(15 (12*'% F("K0%*2 "1* "7 <'(,*M2 RJjofT 7"9',"1F*'20%("10K O"2%9K0%*23 %-* 80`(/ "7 +*K*F01,*Al G1 0 O'05/0%(, ,"1%*`%29,- 02 %-* "1* &-9; 6*2,'(S*23 %-* "'6(10'; '*06*'3 1**6(15 %" /0)*(//*6(0%* 92* "7 %-* O'"69,%3 /0; #*KK 1"% /0)* %-* /*1%0K ,"11*,%("1S*%#**1 %-* O'"69,% 016 %-* #0'1(15Y /"'* K()*K;3 2-* #(KK 2(/OK; 6(2/(22 %-*#0'1(15 02 "88'&'N:*- %" -*' "#1 1**62 016 2(%90%("1A

<'(,*M2 RJjofT 7"9' ,"1F*'20%("10K O"2%9K0%*2 -0F* S**1 *2O*,(0KK; (/O"'%N01% (1 %-* K(159(2%(, 010K;2(2 "7 6",9/*1%2A G1 01 "S2*'F0%("1 %-0% 2%*/2 7'"/%-* 80`(/2 "7 i901%(%; 016 8011*'3 D(*'2/0 #'(%*2 %-0% 0 #0'1(15 L%-0%20;P2Q %"" /9,-3 A A A O"(1%(15 "9% %"" /01; 6015*'23 *2O*,(0KK; %-"2* %-0% 0'*K*22 2*'("92 "' PK*22Q K()*K; %" ",,9'3 -02 %-* *U*,% "7 6(K9%(15 "' %'(F(0K(2(15/"'* (/O"'%01% #0'1(152M RD(*'2/0 HIIH. foTA &-9; '*7*'*1,*2 %-'** "7 %-*7"9' 80`(/2 (1 -(2 %0/O"12 0'%(,K* R&-9; JjjI. HjenlY 2** 0K2" %-* 92* "7 %-*80`(/2 (1 &-9; JjjdT3 (1 066(%("1 %" 29,- 02O*,%2 "7 2*/01%(, 016 O'05/0%(,%-*"'; 02 %-* 'U%&"#"-0':!"&A "*='8'*#'( ,0%*5"'(V0%("1 "7 (17"'/0%("13 016 L%-*+"N'*W*'V #<*-8:#-M3 #-(,- 6*'(F*2 7'"/ %-* /"'* 5*1*'0K O'05/0%(, O'(1,(OK*%-0% L#'(%*'2 %'; %" /0)* 2%0%*/*1%2 ,"15'9*1% #(%- %-*(' )1"#K*65* "7 %-*'*06*'2M /*1%0K F(*#2 "' )1"#K*65* "7 %-* #"'K6M R&-9; JjjI. HjoTA

!":" $,2-/'-.1

E`,*O% 7"' O'05/0%(,2 016 6(2,"9'2* 010K;2(23 ?/*'(,01 K(159(2%2 -0F*%'06(%("10KK; 7",92*6 '*K0%(F*K; K(%%K* 0%%*1%("1 "1 %-* '"K* "7 1"1NF*'S0K2;2%*/2 (1 %-* 010K;2(2 "7 -9/01 ,"//91(,0%("1]%-0% (23 "1 70,%"'2 29,- 020'* 5*1*'0KK; F(*#*6 02 7"'/(15 0 O0'% "7 %-* 2,(*1,* "7 !';"<-"#! R2"/*%(/*2'*7*''*6 %" 02 !';"<&<+ATA EF*1 2"3 =';2%0K RJjjo. delT (2 70('K; %;O(,0K (1022(51(15 0 ,K"2* '*K0%("12-(O S*%#**1 2*/("%(,2 016 "%-*' K(159(2%(, ,"1,*'123S*5(11(15 -(2 T"#-"<*:8A <= )"*+,"!-"#! :*( D?<*'-"#! *1%'; 7"' !';"<-"#! 02 7"KK"#2.

D-* 2,(*1%(^, 2%96; "7 %-* O'"O*'%(*2 "7 2(510K(15 2;2%*/23 #-*%-*'10%9'0K "' 0'%(^,(0KA G1 (%2 "K6*2% 2*12*3 (% '*7*'2 %" %-* 2%96; #(%-(1O-(K"2"O-; "7 2(51 016 2;/S"K 2;2%*/2 (1 5*1*'0KA A A A G1 %-(2 0OO'"0,-3K(159(2%(,3 O2;,-"K"5(,0K3 O-(K"2"O-(,0K 016 2",("K"5(,0K ,-0'0,%*'(2%(,2 "7,"//91(,0%(F* 2;2%*/2 0'* 2%96(*6 %"5*%-*'A A A A G1 '*,*1% ;*0'23 %-*2%96; "7 2*/("%(,2 -02 ,"/* %" S* 0OOK(*6 %" %-* 010K;2(2 "7 O0%%*'1*6-9/01 #<;;,*"#:-"<* (1 0KK (%2 2*12"'; /"6*23 (A*A3 -*0'(153 2(5-%3 %02%*3%"9,- 016 2/*KKA &*/("%(, 2%96(*2 (1 %-(2 2*12* F0'; (1 %-* 6*5'** %"#-(,- %-*; -0F* O'"5'*22*6. %-(2 */O-02(2 -02 S**1 %0)*1 9O /0(1K;S; 01%-'"O"K"5(2%23 K(159(2%23 O2;,-"K"5(2%2 016 2",("K"5(2%2A

G1 5*1*'0K3 2*/("%(,2 ,01 %-92 S* F(*#*6 02 01 *`%*12("1 "7 O'05/0%(,2 0166(2,"9'2* 010K;2(23 #-(,-3 07%*' 0KK3 0'* 5'*0%K; ,"1,*'1*6 #(%- %-* (1%*'O'*%0N%("1 "7 9%%*'01,*2 (1 ,"1%*`%2 "7 F0'("92 )(162A &*/("%(, 2(51 2;2%*/2 7"'/ 01(1*F(%0SK* O0'% "7 %-* ,"1%*`% "7 9%%*'01,* "7 K015905*](1 O0'%(,9K0'3 #'(%%*1K015905*]016 %-*; 0'* (1 O'(1,(OK* 1" K*22 0/*10SK* %" 010K;2(2 92(15*2%0SK(2-*6 K(159(2%(, /*%-"6"K"5; %-01 0'* /"'* %'06(%("10KK; 2%96(*6 0'*02 "7,"1%*`% 9%(K(V*6 (1 O'05/0%(, 010K;2(2A ?2 a'*22 016 F01 :**9#*1 O9% (% RJjjk.

+>$?:@ +A BCDDE+& !#'

Page 7: Applied Linguistics

JklT3 Lc-*1 #* #'(%*3 "9' /*2205* (2 *`O'*22*6 1"% "1K; K(159(2%(,0KK;3 S9%0K2" %-'"95- 0 F(290K 0''015*/*1% "7 /0')2 "1 0 O05*A ?1; 7"'/ "7 %*`%010K;2(2 #-(,- (51"'*2 %-(2 #(KK 1"% S* 0SK* %" 0,,"91% 7"' 0KK %-* /*01(152*`O'*22*6 (1 %*`%2MA D-* 2(51(^,01,* "7 %-* L0''015*/*1% "7 /0')2 "1 0 O05*M(1,K96*23 0% /(1(/9/3 29,- 70,%"'2 02 OK0,*/*1% "7 #"'62 016 O-'02*23 %-*2(V*23 ,"K"9'23 016 )(162 "7 %;O* 92*63 %-* 92* "7 O(,%"5'0/23 F(290K 2;/S"K23016 O(,%9'*2 RD(*'2/0 HIIH. lIT3 016 %-* (1%*'0,%("1 "7 %;O* #(%- S0,)5'"916R,7A I,"('&"*'! =<8 T<#,;'*- T'!"+*'8! JjkJ3 a'*22 016 F01 :**9#*1 JjjlTA

c(%- '*2O*,% %" O'"69,% (12%'9,%("12 016 #0'1(152 016 %-* 5*1*'0K 010K;2(2"7 %-* ,K0'(%; "7 6",9/*1%23 "%-*' K(159(2%2 0K2" 1"%* %-0% F0'("92 2*/("%(,7*0%9'*2 (16**6 /0; S* (/O"'%01%A G1 -*' 010K;2(2 "7 %-* '*060S(K(%; "7 0 C&5"F*'1/*1% 6",9/*1% 7"' (//(5'01%23 &%;50KK RHIIH. eIT ,"1,K96*2 %-0%L6*2(51 *K*/*1%2 "7 %-* ,9''*1% GNekf F("K0%* /01; "7 %-*2* O'(1,(OK*2M3 %-0% (232*/("%(, 6*2(51 7*0%9'*2 29,- 02 L%;O*70,* 016 2(V*3 OK0,*/*1% "1 O05*3 #-(%*2O0,*N*2%0SK(2-(15 -(*'0',-;3 OK0,(15 '*K0%*6 (%*/2 (1 O'"`(/(%; %" "1*01"%-*'3 016 '*O*0%(15 6*2(51 *K*/*1%2 %" *2%0SK(2- 6",9/*1% ,"-*'*1,*MAD(*'2/0M2 %"O(, RHIIHT (2 (1 O0'% %-* 92* "7 2;1%0,%(, 016 K*`(,"N2*/01%(,7*0%9'*2 %" ,'(%(_9* #0'1(15 K0S*K2 #(%-(1 %-* K*50K ,"1%*`%3 S9% -* 0K2" 1"%*2%-* 1*,*22(%; "7 ,"12(6*'(15 1"1NK(159(2%(, 2*/("%(, *K*/*1%2. L%;O* 2(V*3 %-*K",0%("1 "7 %-* #0'1(153 P016Q %-* O'"SK*/ #(%- /(`*6 /*2205*2M RfkTY %-*92* "7 #*KKN)1"#1 L2;/S"K2M 29,- 02 L0 2)9KK 016 ,'"22S"1*2M %" (16(,0%*O"(2"1 RlITY LO(,%"5'0/2 A A A #-(,- F(290KK; '*O'*2*1% 01 0,%("1 "' "SZ*,%M3 7"'*`0/OK*3 L0 O(,%9'* "7 0 O*'2"1 2%016(15 "1 %-* %"O '915 P"7 0 K066*'Q S9% #-"(2 ,K*0'K; K"2(15 -(2 S0K01,*M RlITY 016 L,"K"9'M3 #-(,- L,01 0K2" S* 5(F*12(51(^,01,* (1 #0'1(15 2,-*/*2A A A A ?1;"1* #-" -02 *F*' 6'(F*1 0109%"/"S(K* )1"#2 %-* 2(51(^,01,* "7 '*63 ;*KK"# 016 5'**1 "1 0 %'0g,2(510KMA D(*'2/0 0K2" 1"%*2 %-0% 2*/("%(, 7*0%9'*2 0'*3 (1 70,%3 %-* "1*2 %-0%,"9'%2 -0F* %'06(%("10KK; OK0,*6 /"2% 2%",) (1A

<'**1 RJjjlT 0K2" %0)*2 2*/("%(, 70,%"'2 (1%" 0,,"91% (1 -(2 010K;2(2 "7(17*'*1,*2 %-0% ,"129/*'2 ,01 S* *`O*,%*6 %" 6'0# 7'"/ %-* (17"'/0%("1 %-0%/01970,%9'*'2 OK0,* "1 ,*'*0K S"`*2. L(/05*'; P(A*A O(,%9'*23 O(,%"5'0/23 "'F(290K 2;/S"K2Q /0; OK0; 01 (/O"'%01% '"K* (1 29OO"'%(15 %-* )(162 "7(17*'*1,*2 6'0#1M R<'**1 Jjjl. dJlTA <'**1 %*2%*6 %-(2 -;O"%-*2(2 */O('(N,0KK;3 O'*2*1%(15 "1* 5'"9O "7 29SZ*,%2 #(%- %-* F*'S0K 7"'/ "7 %-* ,*'*0KNS"`(17"'/0%("13 0 2*,"16 #(%- %-* (/05*'; "1K;3 016 0 %-('6 #(%- %-* %#","/S(1*6A <'**1 ,"1,K96*6 %-0% S"%- 0'* (/O"'%01% 7"' 79KK ,"/O'*-*12("1 "7%-* S"`*2 (1 _9*2%("1A

[9'%-*'/"'*3 %-* '*K0%("12-(O "7 2*/("%(,2 %" O'05/0%(,2 016 "%-*' 02O*,%2"7 K(159(2%(,2 -02 0 K0'5*N2,0K* K(%*'0%9'* 016 -(2%"';3 016 /01; -(5-K;'*2O*,%*6 K(159(2%2 -0F* #'(%%*1 "1 %-* 29SZ*,% R*A5A [0#,*%% '- :&A JjkeY&*S*") JjjJY D"S(1 JjjIT3 (1,K96(15 2,-"K0'2 #"')(15 (1 %-* ^*K6 "7 K015905*016 K0# R<(SS"12 HIId. jY b0,)2"1 JjkfY +92- JjjIY 2** 0K2" %-* F*-'8*:-"<*:&X<,8*:& =<8 -?' @';"<-"#! <= ):VTA

D-*'* %-92 2**/2 %" S* 5""6 ,092*]016 0/OK* O'*,*6*1%]7"' K(159(2%2 (15*1*'0K %" /0)* 92* "7 0 #(6* '015* "7 2*/("%(, 70,%"'2 (1 O'*O0'(15 K*50K

!#( &E8?$DG=&3 4+?<8?DG=&3 ?$@ &E8G>DG=& >[ ? <?8E =?+@

Page 8: Applied Linguistics

%*2%(/"1;A &%(KK3 ",,02("10K '*2*'F0%("12 -0F* S**1 *`O'*22*6 (1 %-* 7"'*12(,K(159(2%(, K(%*'0%9'*A 4*'-0O2 /"2% 1"%0SK;3 &-9; #'(%*2 RHIIH. HdT3 Lc-*%-*'"' 1"% A A A P%-* O'"O*' 6"/0(1 "7 K(159(2%(, 010K;2(2Q *`%*162 %" ,"1F*1%("10K0'*02 "7 2*/("%(,2 R%-* 2%96; "7 2(5123 K()* %'0g, K(5-%23 ,"K"'23 016 =-'(2%/02%'**2T3 (2 2%(KK 6*S0%*6AMo !* '*%9'12 %" %-(2 (229* K0%*' (1 %-* 20/* S"") RJeIneJT (1 6*2,'(S(15 0 %'06*/0') ,02* (1 #-(,- -* 016 G %*2%(^*6 R_9(%* 0/(,0SK;T"1 "OO"2(%* 2(6*2.

B9%%*'2 -06 92*6 0 /"'* 2*/("%(, 6*^1(%("1 "7 L,"1%*`%M %-01 G #02,"/7"'%0SK* #(%-A !* 6(2,922*6 %-* 92* "7 ,"K"' 016 "%-*' (229*2 7'"/#-(,- G %'(*6 %" 2%**' 0#0;A G 6*^1*6 %-* 6(2,"9'2* ,"1%*`% 02 %-0% "7 0,0' 2%"'* 016 %-* 92* "7 ?9%"80%("1 P"1* "7 %-* %'06*/0')2 0% (229* (1%-* K0#29(%Q 02 0 ,"/O9%*'(V*6 (1F*1%"'; 2;2%*/ %-0% #02 %-* ^'2%(/O"'%01% 2%*O (1 =0'80`M2 ,0' 2%"'* "O*'0%("1A G 1"%*6 %-0% G #02 1"% L0,"K"' *`O*'%M 016 ,"9K6 "1K; 012#*' _9*2%("12 0S"9% ,"K"' 02 0K0;O*'2"1 2(1,* %-(2 #*1% S*;"16 #-0% G ,"12(6*'*6 /; K(159(2%(,*`O*'%(2*A D-* *`%*1% %" #-(,- 2*/("%(, (229*2 0'* 0OO'"O'(0%* %"K(159(2%(, 010K;2(2 (2 01 "O*1 _9*2%("1A B9%%*'2 (2 ,"/7"'%0SK* #(%- (%Y G0/ K*22 2"A D-(2 (/OK(*2 "1K; "9' 6(U*'*1% "O(1("123 1"% #-0% (2 '(5-% "'#'"15A R&-9; HIIH. JeIneJT

G% (2 1"% ,K*0' #-; &-9;M2 ,"/7"'% K*F*K *`,K96*2 %-* 6(2,922("1 "7 L,"K"'M3 "'#-0% 0'* %-* L"%-*' P2*/("%(,Q (229*2M %-0% -* 7**K2 0 K(159(2% /92% S* ,09%("920S"9%A :(159(2%2 0'* S; %'0(1(15 1" K*22 K()*K; %" S* L,"K"' *`O*'%2M %-01 %-*;0'* %" S* /0')*%(15 *`O*'%23 2" (7 0 K(159(2% ,01 '(5-%K; ,"12(6*' 29,-,"/OK(,0%*6 02O*,%2 "7 %-* L,"1%*`%M 02 %-"2* (1F"KF(15 L,0' 2%"'* "O*'0%("1MO'",*69'*2 016 L,"/O9%*'(V*6 (1F*1%"'; 2;2%*/2M3 %-*'* #"9K6 2**/ 1"O'(1,(OK*6 '*02"1 #-; 0 K(159(2% #"9K6 1"% S* 0% K*02% 02 #*KK _90K(^*6 %","12(6*' 2" '*K0%(F*K; 2(/OK* 01 02O*,% "7 0 %'06*/0')M2 ,"1%*`% 02 %-* ,"K"9'2(1 #-(,- (% (2 9290KK; 6(2OK0;*6 (1 06F*'%(2(15A

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+>$?:@ +A BCDDE+& !#)

Page 9: Applied Linguistics

L(16(,0%*2 (1,"/OK*%*1*22MT3 016 RfT %-* #0'1(15 L,"1%0(12 %#*KF* ,"12*,9%(F*K(1*2 "7 0KK ,0O(%0K K*%%*'23 O'"69,(15 0 '*060S(K(%; O'"SK*/ "7 (%2 "#1 2(1,*'*06*'2 0'* 910,,92%"/*6 %" 2**(15 %*`%2 0KK (1 ,0O(%0K K*%%*'2M RdIJTA8"'*"F*'3 02 1"%*6 0S"F*3 &-9; 29OO"'%2 -(2 ,02* #(%- (/05(10%(F*2O*,9K0%("12 0S"9% #-0% #"9K6 S* (1 %-* /(16 "7 0 %;O(,0K 92*' "7 %0/O"12#-*1 ,"17'"1%*6 #(%- %-* K015905* "7 %-* #0'1(15 02 2-* "O*12 %-* O0,)05*A&9,- %-"95-% *`O*'(/*1%2 0'* 1"% 0% 0KK 919290K (1 O'05/0%(, 010K;2(23 S9%*F*1 2" %-*; 6" 1"% 0OO*0' %" S* 01; /"'* 5'"916*6 (1 2%'(,%K; K(159(2%(,*`O*'%(2* %-01 0'* %-"95-% *`O*'(/*1%2 0S"9% %-* *U*,%2 9O"1 01 "'6(10';,"129/*' "7 ,"K"9' "' O0,)05* 6*2(51A

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Page 10: Applied Linguistics

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Page 11: Applied Linguistics

(1 01; 2O"%3 #(1 %-0% O'(V* 09%"/0%(,0KK;M 6(,%0%*2 %-0%3 2(1,* 01 LJJM ",,9''*6(1 "1* "7 %-* ,0'6M2 2O"%2 #(%- LWJ 8G:M 916*' (%3 %-* "#1*' "7 %-(2 ,0'6 -02L(12%01%K;M #"1 0 O'(V* "7 LWJ 8G:AM D-(2 #02 (1 70,% %-* S02(2 "7 8' >M!0'0M2,K0(/ %-0% -(2 ,0'6 -06 #"1 WJ3III3IIIAk

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Page 12: Applied Linguistics

eA D!E 8?&&?=!C&EDD& &D?DE :>DDE+h =>88G&&G>$M&G$DE+4+ED?DG>$ >[ D!E L=?E&?+& 4?:?=E!M<?8EN=?+@ G$&D+C=DG>$&

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D-* 80220,-92*%%2 &%0%* :"%%*'; ="//(22("1M2 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 "7 %-* '9K*2 7"'%-* L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/* 6"*2 1"% 6*1; %-* F0K(6(%; "7 %-* '*06(15 "7 %-*2;1%0` 016 K*`(,"N2*/01%(,2 "7 %-* (12%'9,%("12 /06* (1 2*,%("1 dAJ 0S"F*3 1"'6(6 %-* ="//(22("1 6(2O9%* %-* O'05/0%(, 0'59/*1%2 7"916 (1 dAHA +0%-*'3%-* ="//(22("1M2 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 '*K(*2 2"K*K; 9O"1 2*/("%(, 7*0%9'*2 016066(%("10K O'05/0%(, ,"12(6*'0%("12 %-0%3 (1 %-*(' F(*#3 /92% S* 2**1 02,"1%*`%90K(V(15 016 "F*''(6(15 %-* K(159(2%(, *F(6*1,* %-0% 7"'/2 %-* S02(2 "7%-* ,K0(/01%2M '*06(15A

G1 %-* 8&:=M2 F(*#3 %-* L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/* ,0'6 ,"1%0(12 -V< !'%:8:-'Y:&L'"- 8'&:-'(Y +:;'!. L+"9K*%%*M "1 %-* K*7% 016 L@(,*M "1 %-* '(5-%A D-*(12%'9,%("12 S*K"# *0,- -0K7 "7 %-* ,0'6 0'* %-92 2**1 02 0OOK;(15 <*&A -< -?:-?:&= <= -?' #:8(A D-*'*7"'*3 %-* O'*2*1,* "7 %-* O0('(15 LJJ m WJ 8G:M (1 %-*S"%%"/ 2O"% "7 ,"K9/1 H 6"*2 1"% /0)* 8' >M!0'0M2 ,0'6 0 #(11*'. ,"K9/1 H(2 O9%0%(F*K; 0 O0'% "7 %-* L+"9K*%%*M 50/*3 1"% %-* L@(,*M 50/*3 2(1,* %-*(12%'9,%("12 L<*% 0 o "' JJ (1 01; 2O"%3 #(1 %-0% O'(V* 09%"/0%(,0KK;M 0OO*0' "1%-* L@(,*M -0K7 "7 %-* ,0'63 S*1*0%- ,"K9/12 d 016 e3 016 1"% 916*' ,"K9/1 HAD-* 8&:= 6"*2 1"% 6*1; %-* 6(,%("10'; /*01(15 "7 :*A 02 (% (2 92*6 (1 %-*2*1%*1,*2 (1 %-* (12%'9,%("12A !"#*F*'3 %-* 8&:= /0(1%0(12 %-0% %-*'*7*'*1,* "7 L01;M 02 O'(1%*6 "1 %-* 50/* ,0'6 F0'(*2 0,,"'6(15 %" %-* O"'%("1"7 %-* ,0'6 (1 #-(,- %-* 2*1%*1,* ,"1%0(1(15 L01;M (2 O'(1%*6A >1 %-* K*7%3 L01;M0OOK(*2 "1K; %" %-* O0('(152 %-0% K(* 916*' %-* '"9K*%%*N#-**K O(,%"5'0/2 "1%-* 2O"%2 916*' %-* -*06(15 L+>C:EDDEMA >1 %-* '(5-%3 L01;M 0OOK(*2 "1K; %"%-* O0('2 "7 19/S*'2 016 O'(V*2 916*' %-* 6(,*NO0(' O(,%"5'0/2 "1 %-* 2O"%2916*' %-* -*06(15 L@G=EMA G1 %-* ,*1%'*3 L01;M 0OOK(*2 %" %-* 2O"%2 016 O0('2 "719/S*'2 016 O'(V*2 7"916 (1 S"%- L+"9K*%%*M 016 L@(,*MA

D-* :"%%*'; ="//(22("1M2 022*'%("1 %-0% %-* 50/* ,0'6 ,"12(2%2 "7 %#"50/*23 1"% "1*3 '*2%2 "1 %-* 7"KK"#(15 2*/("%(, 016 O'05/0%(, ,"12(6*'0%("12.

J &*/("%(,0KK;3 %-* K",0%("1 "7 %-* -*06(15 #"'62 L+>C:EDDEM 016 L@G=EM (12*O0'0%* -0KF*2 "7 %-* 50/* ,0'63 6('*,%K; 0S"F* %-* ,"K9/12 "72,'0%,-0SK* O(,%"5'0/23 6(F(6*2 %-* 50/* ,0'6 (1%" %#" F(290KK; 6(2%(1,%O"'%("12A

H &*/("%(,0KK;3 %-* O'*2*1,* "7 %-* 2(` 6(,* 016 2(` '"9K*%%*N#-**KO(,%"5'0/2 (1 %-* ,"''*2O"16(15 -0KF*2 "7 %-* 91OK0;*6 50/* ,0'63S*K"# %-* -*06(15 #"'62 L+>C:EDDEM 016 L@G=EM3 79'%-*' */O-02(V*2 %-*6(F(2("1 "7 %-* 50/* ,0'6 (1%" %-* %#" "SF("92K; 6(2%(1,% O"'%("12 %-0% 0'*2" 10/*6AJI

d G% (2 %'9* %-0%3 (1 %-* (12%'9,%("1 L<*% 0 =0*20'2 A A A 2;/S"K (1 01; 2O"% #(10KK %*1 O'(V*2M3 L01; 2O"%M /92% /*01 L01; "7 %-* %*1 2O"%2MA !"#*F*'3 %-(2(12%'9,%("1 (2 %-* "1K; "1* (1 %-* ,*1%'* "7 %-* ,0'63 #-*'* 0K/"2% 0KK "7

+>$?:@ +A BCDDE+& !##

Page 13: Applied Linguistics

%-* "%-*' /0%*'(0K '*K0%(15 %" S"%- 50/*2 (2 7"916 R*A5A LcG$ C4 D> DE$DG8E&qMTA &*/("%(,0KK;3 %-*13 %-(2 0,%90KK; ,"1%'(S9%*2 02 0 6*2(51 7*0%9'*%" %-* 6(F(2("1 "7 %-* ,0'6 (1%" %#" -0KF*2A

e $"%(,(15 %-* '*O*%(%("1 "7 1*0'K; (6*1%(,0K 2*%2 "7 (12%'9,%("12 6('*,%K;S*K"# *0,- 2*% "7 O(,%"5'0/2 "1 %-* %#" -0KF*2 "7 %-* 50/* ,0'63 '*06*'2#(KK (17*'3 (1 0,,"'601,* #(%- %-* 80`(/2 "7 8011*' 016 i901%(%;3 %-0%%-* '*O*%(%("1 (2 O9'O"2*79KA G1 %-* ="//(22("1M2 F(*#3 %-* "SF("92O9'O"2* (2 %-0% %-* '*O*%(%("1 2(510K2 %-* O'*2*1,* "7 %#" 6(2%(1,% 50/*2Y%-* 2K(5-% 6(U*'*1,*2 (1 %-* '9K*2 79'%-*' K(/(% %-*(' 0OOK(,0%("1 %" %-* 2(6*"7 %-* 50/* ,0'6 #-*'* %-*; 0'* 7"916A

f :()*#(2*3 %-* '*O*%(%("1 "7 %-* -*06(152 LcG$$G$< $C8BE+M 016 Lh>C+$C8BE+&M (1 (6*1%(,0K OK0,*2 R(A*A %-* %"O "7 %-* ^'2% 016 2*,"16 ,"K9/12'*2O*,%(F*K; (1 *0,- -0K7 "7 %-* ,0'6T O'05/0%(,0KK; 2(510K2 %-* O'*2*1,* "7%#" 6(2%(1,% 50/*2 #(%- O0('2 "7 19/S*'2 016 O'(V*2 %-0% 0'* '*2%'(,%*6 (10OOK(,0%("1 "1K; %" %-* '9K*2 7"' %-* 50/* (16(,0%*6 "1 %-0% -0K7 "7 %-*,0'6A

l 4'05/0%(,0KK;3 S*,092* 8' >M!0'0 RS; -(2 "#1 0,)1"#K*65*/*1%T "7%*1*1Z";*6 K*50K 50/SK(153 -* 2-"9K6 ,*'%0(1K; -0F* '*,"51(V*6 %-0% LoM 016LJJM 0'* %*'/2 "7 0'% (1 6(,*3 1"% '"9K*%%*3 016 -* 2-"9K6 %-*'*7"'* -0F*S**1 79'%-*' 0K*'%*6 %" %-* ="//(22("1M2 (1%*1%("1 %-0% LoM 016 LJJM ,"9K6S* #(11*'2 "1K; (1 %-* L@(,*M -0K7 "7 %-* 50/* ,0'63 1"% %-* L+"9K*%%*M -0K7A

D-* (1%*'O'*%0%("1 70F"9'*6 S; %-* 8&:= (2 %-92 S02*6 "1 *`0,%K; %-"2*O'05/0%(, 016 2*/("%(, ,"12(6*'0%("12 6(2,922*6 0S"F* (1 %-* #"') "7 &-9;RJjjIT3 <'**1 RJjjlT3 a'*22 016 F01 :**9#*1 RJjjlT3 D(*'2/0 RHIIHT3 016"%-*'2. %-* K",0%("1 "7 2(51(^,01% O"'%("12 "7 %-* %*`% "1 %-* O05*3 %-* 92* "7O(,%"5'0/23 %-* '*O*%(%("1 "7 O-'02*2 016 2*1%*1,*23 0163 (1 %-* #"'62 "7&%;50KK RHIIH. eIT3 LOK0,(15 '*K0%*6 (%*/2 (1 O'"`(/(%; %" "1* 01"%-*'3 016'*O*0%(15 6*2(51 *K*/*1%2 %" *2%0SK(2- 6",9/*1% ,"-*'*1,*MA ?K2"3 %-*="//(22("1M2 0'59/*1% (1 (%*/ RlT 6'0#2 9O"1 O'05/0%(, ,"1,*'12 (1F"KF(150 F0'(01% "7 %-* K*50K 6",%'(1* "7 %-* L"'6(10'; '*02"10SK* O*'2"1M R2** 2*,%("1HAH 0S"F*T]%-0% (23 0 #*KKN7"'/*6 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 "7 %-* 50/* ,0'6 6*O*1629O"1 %-* 92*'M2 )1"#K*65* "7 5*1*'0K 50/SK(15 K"'*A

;"!" E-1.711-/& /< '9, >$C= -&',484,'('-/&

>1* (/O"'%01% _9*2%("1 (2 %-* 20/* 7"' %-* K(159(2% 016 7"' %-* Z96(,(0K %'(*' "770,% (1 0 ,02* 29,- 02 %-(2 "1*. S"%- #01% %" 6*%*'/(1* #-(,- (1%*'O'*%0%("1 (2%-* "1* %-0% %-* L"'6(10'; '*02"10SK*M OK0;*' "7 50/SK(15 ,0'62 #(KK /"2%K()*K; 0''(F* 0% 7'"/ K"")(15 0% 016 '*06(15 %-* (12%'9,%("12 %-0% 0'* O'(1%*6 "1%-* L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/* ,0'62A i9(%* K()*K;3 (% 2**/2 %" /*3 (7 %-* 6",9/*1%0% (229* #*'* 0 O'"69,% #0'1(15 "' 0 2*% "7 (12%'9,%("123 0 ,"9'% #"9K6 '9K*%-0%3 02 #(%- ,"1%'0,%23 #-0% %-* %*`% K(%*'0KK; 20;2 #"9K6 1"'/0KK; S*O0'0/"91%3 "F*'N'(6(15 01; 0/S(59(%; %-0% /(5-% 70F"9' %-* 8&:=M2(1%*'O'*%0%("1. %-* "'6(10'; '*02"10SK* '*06*' #"9K6 -0F* %-* '(5-% %" 0

!#$ &E8?$DG=&3 4+?<8?DG=&3 ?$@ &E8G>DG=& >[ ? <?8E =?+@

Page 14: Applied Linguistics

6",9/*1% %-0% #02 ,K*0' 016 910/S(59"92 0% %-* K*F*K "7 2;1%0`3 K*`(,"13 0162*/01%(,2A G7 01 *K*,%'(,N6'(KK /01970,%9'*' -06 5(F*1 8' >M!0'0 (12%'9,%("12%-0%3 0% %-* F*'S0K K*F*K3 #*'* 02 9120%(270,%"'; 02 %-* 50/*N,0'6 (12%'9,%("123-* /(5-% #*KK -0F* 6'(KK*6 0 -"K* %-'"95- b(//; D0151*;M2 6(1(15N'""/%0SK*3 016 0 ,"9'% #"9K6 ,*'%0(1K; -0F* -*K6 %-* 6'(KK /01970,%9'*' %" 0,,"91%7"' (%2 70(K9'* %" *`OK0(1 (%2 (1%*16*6 /*01(152 #(%- F*'S0K ,K0'(%;A

B9% 0 50/SK(15 ,0'6 (2 1*(%-*' 0 1"'/0K ,"1%'0,%3 1"' 0 O'"69,% #0'1(1531"' 0 2*% "7 (12%'9,%("12 7"' 92(15 0 O"%*1%(0KK; 6015*'"92 %""KA D" S* 70(' %" %-*8&:=3 (% /0; #*KK S* %-0% %-* "'6(10'; '*02"10SK* 92*' "7 0 K"%%*'; 50/* ,0'62-"9K6 S* *`O*,%*6 %" F(*# %-* 2*/("%(, 016 O'05/0%(, (16(,0%"'2 #(%- 5'*0%*'F(5(K01,*3 0%%*1%("13 016 *F*1 2,*O%(,(2/ %-01 (2 %-* "'6(10'; '*02"10SK*O9',-02*' "7 01 (129'01,* O"K(,; "' 0 7*/(1(1* -;5(*1* O'"69,% "' 01 *K*,%'(,6'(KKA

D-* ="//(22("1M2 0'59/*1% RlT 6*O*162 9O"1 %-* K*50K 016 O'05/0%(,1"%("1 "7 %-* "'6(10'; '*02"10SK* 92*' (1 %-0% (% 0229/*2 %-0% %-* "'6(10';'*02"10SK* OK0;*' "7 %-* L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/* ,01 '*02"10SK; S* 6*^1*6 020 O*'2"1 #-" )1"#2 2"/*%-(15 0S"9% %-* '9K*2 "7 %-* 6(,* 50/* )1"#1 02L,'0O2M 016 %-* 50/SK(15 50/* )1"#1 02 '"9K*%%*]016 #(KK S* 2(51(^,01%K;(1\9*1,*6 S; %-0% )1"#K*65* (1 (1%*'O'*%(15 %-* '9K*2 7"' L=0*20'2 40K0,*!MAD-*2* 0'* */O('(,0K K(159(2%(, _9*2%("12 %-0% ,"9K6 S* 012#*'*6 S; 02",("K(159(2%(, 29'F*;A ?S2*1% 29,- 0 29'F*;3 -"#*F*' R#-(,- -02 1"% S**1,0''(*6 "9% (1 %-(2 ,02*T3 0 K(159(2% "' 0 -*0'(15 "g,*' R016 O*'-0O2 0 Z965* "'Z9';T /92% 6*,(6* -"# ,'*6(SK* %-* 0'59/*1% (23 S02*6 "1 %-* 2",(0K 016O2;,-"K"5(,0K 70,%2 %-0% 2**/ /"2% '*K*F01%A ["' *`0/OK*3 RJT 1" ,K022 "7O*'2"12 *`,*O% /(1"'2 0'* 7"'S(66*1 %" O9',-02* %-* 50/* ,0'62Y RHT %-*="//(22("1 916*'%0)*2 1" *69,0%("1 "7 O9',-02*'2 #(%- '*2O*,% %" %-*5*1*'0K '9K*2 "7 50/*2 "7 ,-01,*3 "%-*' %-01 %-* (12%'9,%("12 "1 %-* ,0'62%-*/2*KF*2Y RdT -916'*62 "7 /(KK("12 "7 50/* ,0'62 0'* 2"K6 (1 80220,-92*%%2*0,- ;*0'3 016 "1K; 0 2/0KK 19/S*' "7 %-*/ (1F"KF* L6(,*M "' L'"9K*%%*MY ReT 019/S*' "7 29,- 50/*2 6" (1F"KF* %-* 92* "7 Lo "' JJM 02 #(11(15 19/S*'2Y RfT%-* *1%'; Lo "' JJ #(12M (2 ,"//"1 *1"95- %-0% (% S'(152 7"'%- HJf *1%'(*2 "10 <""5K* 2*0',-Y RlT %-* ,"11*,%("1 S*%#**1 L6(,*M 016 LoM "' LJJM (2 1"% /06**`OK(,(%K; (1 %-* #'(%%*1 (12%'9,%("12 "7 %-* 50/* ,0'6]%-* ,"11*,%("1 (2 K*7%%" %-* '*06*'Y RoT %-*'* (2 1" 0OO0'*1% ,"11*,%("1 S*%#**1 %-* '9K*2 "7'"9K*%%* 016 %-* LWWM 2;/S"KA

B02*6 "1 29,- ,"12(6*'0%("123 %-* ,"1,K92("1 (2 S; 1" /*012 ,K*0' %-0% 01"'6(10'; '*02"10SK* O9',-02*' "7 8&:= K"%%*'; ,0'62 ,01 S* 0229/*6 %"O"22*22 )1"#K*65* "7 %-* '9K*2 "7 ,'0O2 R(1 #-(,- Lo "' JJM (2 /*01(1579K 016LWWM (2 1"% /*01(1579KT3 /9,- K*22 %-* '9K*2 "7 '"9K*%%* R(1 #-(,- Lo "' JJM (21"% /*01(1579KTY (% (2 *F*1 K*22 "SF("92 %-0% 29,- '*K0%(F*K; 29S%K* )1"#K*65*#"9K6 /0%*'(0KK; 0U*,% %-* 50/*NOK0;*'M2 O*',*O%("1 "7 #-*%-*' %-* 50/*,0'6 #02 "1* 50/* "' %#"A ?16 (% (2 1"% "SF("92 %-0% %-* "'6(10'; '*02"10SK*O*'2"13 #*(5-(15 29,- )1"#K*65*3 #"9K6 1"% S* (1\9*1,*6 0% %-* 20/* %(/*S; %-* K0,) "7 0 /*01(1579K '*K0%("12-(O S*%#**1 '"9K*%%* 016 %-* LWWM 2;/S"KY29,- (1\9*1,* #"9K6 %*16 %" 6(2,'*6(% %-* %#"N50/* %-*"';A 8"'*"F*'3 (% (2 0

+>$?:@ +A BCDDE+& !#%

Page 15: Applied Linguistics

'*02"10SK* 0229/O%("1 %-0% %-* "'6(10'; '*02"10SK* OK0;*' "7 L=0*20'240K0,*!M -02 OK0;*6 "%-*' (12%01%N#(1 50/*23 /"2% "7 #-(,- 0'* 1"% 6(F(6*6(1%" %#" 6(2,'*%* 50/*2]016 #-(,- #"9K6 %-*'*7"'* O'*6(2O"2* %-* OK0;*' %"F(*# L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 02 0 2(15K* 50/*3 1"% 0 S(79',0%*6 "1* R2** 50/*2"U*'*6 0% ?--%200VVVJ;:!!&<--'8AJ#<;TA G1 %-* *163 0'59/*1%2 0S"9% #-0% %-*"'6(10'; '*02"10SK* OK0;*' "7 50/* ,0'62 )1"#2 0S"9% 50/SK(15 2**/ 0% K*02%02 29OO"'%(F* "7 8' >M!0'0M2 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 "7 %-* '9K*2 "7 L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 02"7 %-* (1%*'O'*%0%("1 "7 %-* 8&:=A

:()*#(2*3 %-* ="//(22("1 0'59/*1% Re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o"' JJM (12%'9,%("1 -02 %" S* OK0,*6 2"/*#-*'*3 (% #"9K6 S* 0'S(%'0'; %" O9% %-*L=0*20'2 2;/S"KM (12%'9,%("1 "1 %-* K*7% 016 0 ,"/S(1*6 LWWM 016 Lo "' JJM "1%-* '(5-% R"' F(,* F*'20TA ="129/*'2 0'* 92*6 %" 2**(15 '*O*0%*6 *K*/*1%2 (1,"//*',(0K 6*2(5123 016 0'* K()*K; %" OK0,* K(%%K* O'05/0%(, 2%",) (1 %-*('O'*2*1,*A

G1 5*1*'0K3 /"'*"F*'3 %-* O'05/0%(, 016 2*/("%(, ,"12(6*'0%("12 %-0%916*'K(* %-* ="//(22("1M2 0'59/*1%2 0'* ,"91%*'S0K01,*6 S; "%-*'2 %-0%2955*2% %-0% %-* 50/* ,0'6 (2 0 91(^*6 #-"K*A G1 %-* 0S2*1,* "7 01; F*'S0K*F(6*1,* %" %-* ,"1%'0';3 %-* *22*1%(0K 0/S(59(%; "7 %-* ,"1%*`%90K *F(6*1,* (1%-* *16 0'59*2 050(12% %-* ="//(22("1M2 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 02 %-* /"2% K()*K; %"",,9' %" O9',-02*'2 "7 L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/* ,0'62 #-*1 %-*; 0'* 0,%90KK;OK0;(15 %-* 50/*2A

[('2%3 #-(K* %-* '*O*%(%("1 "7 2"/* 7*0%9'*2 "7 %-* 50/* ,0'6 /(5-% (16(,0%*R"1 %-* S02(2 "7 %-* 80`(/2 "7 i901%(%; 016 8011*'T %-0% (% (2 %" S* F(*#*6016 OK0;*6 02 %#" 50/*2 '0%-*' %-01 "1*3 "%-*' 7*0%9'*2 ",,9' "1K; "1,*]016 O'"/(1*1%K;3 %-92 (16(,0%(15 %-0% (% (23 (1 70,%3 "1* 50/* 1"% %#".

! ?% %-* ,*1%'* "7 %-* ,0'63 (1 K0'5* %;O*3 (2 #'(%%*1 L>XE+ WJJe3oII3III G$4+GrE&3M #-0% 0OO*0'2 %" S* %-* (/05* "7 0 -*06 7'"/ 0 +"/01 ,"(13 016%-* #"'62 LcG$ C4 D> DE$ DG8E&MA D-*2* (%*/2 ",,9' "1K; "1,*A

! ?,'"22 %-* %"O "7 %-* ,0'63 0% %-* ,*1%'*3 (1 F*'; K0'5* %;O*3 0'* 1"% "1K; %-*10/* "7 %-* 50/* ,0'63 L=?E&?+& 4?:?=EM3 S9% 0K2" %-* #"'62 LDE$WJ3III3III G$&D?$D 4+GrE&qM 7"KK"#*6 (1 %-* 1*`% K(1* S; %-* #"'62Lj3loI 4+GrE& X?:CE@ ?D WJ3III D> WfI3IIIqM EF*1 (7 "1* 0'59*2 %-0%L=?E&?+& 4?:?=EM #02 (1%*16*6 %" S* F(*#*6 02 %-* LK",0%("1M "7 %-* %#"50/*2 L+>C:EDDEM 016 L@G=EM3 %-* K9/O(15 %"5*%-*' "7 %-* O'(V*2 2*162%-* "OO"2(%* /*2205*A

!$& &E8?$DG=&3 4+?<8?DG=&3 ?$@ &E8G>DG=& >[ ? <?8E =?+@

Page 16: Applied Linguistics

! D-* 50/* ,0'6 (16(,0%*23 "1K; "1,*3 (1 K0'5* %;O* (1 %-* K"#*' K*7%N-016,"'1*' %-0% 0 %"%0K "7 LH3dJI D+G4& [>+ Dc> D> &4E=D?=C:?+ =?E&?+&4?:?=E G$ :?& XE<?&M #(KK S* 0#0'6*6 %" #(11(15 OK0;*'2 "7 %-* 50/*,0'6A ?K%-"95- %-* ,'*0%"'2 "7 %-* ,0'6 /0; -0F* (1%*16*6 %" ,'*0%* 02*/("%(, "7 K*7%n'(5-% 6(F(2("1 "7 %-* ,0'6 (1%" %#" 6(2%(1,% 50/*2 R#(%- %-*,*1%'* "7 %-* ,0'6 S*(15 '*2*'F*6 7"' (17"'/0%("1 0OOK;(15 %" %-* %#" 50/*2%"5*%-*'T3 S9% %-* OK0,*/*1% "7 %-(2 /*2205* "1 %-* K*7% 2(6* 916*'/(1*2%-(2 2*/("%(, 5"0KA

! ?K%-"95-3 (1 %-* ="//(22("1M2 F(*#3 %-* #"'62 L<*% 0 =0*20'2 A A A 2;/S"K(1 01; 2O"% 016 #(1 0KK %*1 O'(V*2M3 OK0,*6 (1 %-* ,*1%'* "7 %-* ,0'63 ,"9K6 S*2**1 02 01 *`OK(,(% 016 6*^1(15 *`,*O%("1 %" %-* %#"N50/*2 '9K*3 01*_90KK; OK092(SK* '*06(15 #"9K6 S* %" 2** %-(2 02 0 ,"1^'/0%("1 "7 %-* "1*N50/* (1%*'O'*%0%("1]%-0% (23 0 '*02"10SK* OK0;*' ,"9K6 0% K*02% 02 '*06(K;2** %-(2 02 01 *`OK(,(% 016 6*^1(15 '*(^,0%("1 "7 %-* "1*N50/* '*06(15A

&*,"163 %-* %;O* 70,* 016 2(V* 92*6 7"' %-* %*'/2 L+>C:EDDEM 016 L@G=EM 0%%-* -*06 "7 *0,- 2*% "7 ,"K9/12 0'* F*'; 2(/(K0' %" %-* "%-*' /0%%*' "1 %-*,0'6 %-0% (2 /*'*K; 06F*'%(2(153 1"% 2O*,(^, (12%'9,%("12. LH3dJI D+G4& [>+Dc>M3 LcG$ C4 D> DE$ DG8E&M3 LDE$ WJ3III3III G$&D?$D 4+GrE&M3 016L>XE+ WJJe3oII3III G$ 4+GrE&MA D-(2 F('%90K (6*1%(%; "7 %;O* 70,* 016 2(V*#(KK %-92 K*06 '*06*'2 "7 %-* ,0'6 %" F(*# %-* O'(1%*6 #"'62 L+>C:EDDEM 016L@G=EM 02 0 O0'% "7 %-* 06F*'%(2(15 '0%-*' %-01 02 %-* 2*/("%(,0KK; (/OK(,(%(12%'9,%("12 %-0% %-* 8&:=M2 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 '*_9('*2A

D-('63 %-* 19/S*'2 0S"F* %-* (12%'9,%("12 %-0% 0'* 7"916 "1 %-* K*7% 2(6* "7%-* ,0'6 0'* (1 SK9* 016 %-* L#(11(15 19/S*'M (2 ;*KK"# (1 ,"K"9'A D-*19/S*'2 %-0% 0'* 7"916 0S"9% %-* (12%'9,%("12 "1 %-* '(5-% 2(6* "7 %-* ,0'6 0'*;*KK"#3 #-(K* %-* L#(11(15 19/S*'M (2 SK9*A D-(2 O0%%*'1 79'%-*' 91(^*2 %-*,0'63 2**/(15 %" (16(,0%* %-0% ;*KK"# '*7*'2 %" ;*KK"# 016 SK9* '*7*'2 %" SK9*3%-92 0,%(15 02 01 066(%("10K ,"91%*'#*(5-% %" %-* /*'* OK0,*/*1% "7 %-*-*06(152 L+>C:EDDEM 016 L@G=EM 9O"1 #-(,- %-* ="//(22("1M2 (1%*'O'*%0N%("1 2" 2(51(^,01%K; 6*O*162A

[(10KK; R050(1T3 1"#-*'* 6"*2 %-* 50/* ,0'6 (16(,0%* F*'S0KK; %-0% %-*'* 0'*%#" *1%('*K; 2*O0'0%* 50/*23 '0%-*' %-01 "1* 50/* *1%(%K*6 L=0*20'2 40K0,*!MAD-0% (2 %" 20;3 %-*'* 0'* 1" '*0KNK015905* (12%'9,%("12 %" (16(,0%* %-0% %-* ,0'6(2 1"% "1* 016 "1K; "1* 50/*A 4'05/0%(,0KK;3 %-(2 (2 0 2*'("92 F("K0%("1 "7 %-*<'(,*01 80`(/ "7 i901%(%;3 #-(,- (1 *U*,% 20;2 %" #'(%*'2 1"% "1K; %-0% %-*;/92% 1"% 5(F* 911*,*220'; (17"'/0%("1 S9%3 /"'* (/O"'%01%3 %-0% %-*; /92%+"N' *'#'!!:8A "*=<8;:-"<*A D-* ,'*0%"'2 "7 %-* 50/* ,0'6 ,"9K6 *02(K; -0F* 5(F*1%-* (17"'/0%("1 1*,*220'; %" ,K0'(7; %-*(' (1%*1%("12 %" O9',-02*'2 #(%- "1K; 02K(5-% 0/"91% "7 066(%("10K K015905*3 S9% %-*; 6(6 1"%A D-* (12%'9,%("12 "1*0,- 2(6* "7 %-* 50/* ,0'6 ,"9K6 -0F* '*063 7"' *`0/OK*3 L80%,- 01; "7 %-*^F* LLh"9' $9/S*'2MM 0S"F* %" %-* LL@(,* c(11(15 $9/S*'MM 0S"F*3 #(1 O'(V*2-"#1A <*% 0 LLoMM "' LLJJMM (1 01; "7 %-* ^F* LL@(,*MM 2O"%2 0S"F*3 #(1 %-0% O'(V*09%"/0%(,0KK;MA G12%*06 "7 L+>C:EDDEM 016 L@G=EM3 %-* -*06(152 ,"9K6 -0F*'*063 L<?8E J. +>C:EDDEM 016 L<?8E H. @G=EMA +*06*'2 -0F* 0 <'(,*01

+>$?:@ +A BCDDE+& !$'

Page 17: Applied Linguistics

K(159(2%(, '(5-% %" 0229/* %-0% 29,- (17"'/0%("1 #"9K6 S* 5(F*1 (7 %-0% (2(16**6 #-0% %-* #'(%*'2 (1%*16*6 %" ,"//91(,0%*A D-* 0S2*1,* "7 29,-2(/OK*3 2%'0(5-%7"'#0'6 K015905* "1 %-* L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/* ,0'6(1%'"69,*2 0 ,K*0' "OO"'%91(%; 7"' 8' >M!0'0M2 0K%*'10%(F*]70' /"'* OK092N(SK*](1%*'O'*%0%("1 "7 %-* '9K*2 "7 %-* 50/*AJJ

G1 29/3 0K%-"95- %-* O"2(%("1(15 016 '*O*%(%("1 "7 %-* (12%'9,%("12 016 "7%-* #"'62 L+>C:EDDEM 016 L@G=EM "1 %-* 50/* ,0'6 5(F* 2"/* 2*/("%(,29OO"'% %" %-* 8&:=M2 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 "7 %-* L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/*N,0'6(12%'9,%("123 %-* 79KK #*(5-% "7 %-* O'05/0%(, 016 2*/("%(, *F(6*1,* '912,"91%*' %" %-* 8&:=M2 '*06(15A >1 S0K01,*3 8' >M!0'0M2 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 (2K(159(2%(,0KK; /9,- /"'* ,"/O*KK(153 *2O*,(0KK; 5(F*1 %-0% %-* 2;1%0,%(, 016K*`(,"N2*/01%(, *F(6*1,* 916(2O9%*6K; 29OO"'%2 %-* '*06(15 (1 #-(,- %-*="//(22("1 "#*2 WJ /(KK("1 %" 8' >M!0'0 016 *0,- "7 -(2 7*KK"# ,K0(/01%2A

fA D!E [G$E 4+G$D

F"#" G 1,./&* 1,' /< -&1'47.'-/&1

>1 %-* S0,) "7 *0,- 50/* ,0'6 (2 0 K*15%-; 1"%(,* %-0% '*062 (1 O0'% 02 7"KK"#2.

?:: !>:@E+&3 DG=aED& ?$@ D+?$&?=DG>$& &CBbE=D D> :>DDE+h=>88G&&G>$ +C:E& ?& 4CB:G&!E@ G$ D!E 8?&&?=!C&EDD&+E<G&DE+?$@D!E?@8G$G&D+?DGXE+C:E& G&&CE@ D!E+EC$@E+A

D*,-1(,0KK;3 %-* 8&:= ,K0(/23 %-(2 ^1*NO'(1% 1"%(,* 0KK"#2 %-* 80220,-92*%%2&%0%* :"%%*'; ="//(22("1 K*50KK; %" 022*'% %-0% %-* "1K; F0K(6 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 "7%-* L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/* (2 %-0% #-(,- (2 2O*KK*6 "9% (1 %-* L06/(1(2%'0%(F*'9K*2MA

>7 ,"9'2*3 O*"OK* #"9K6 1"% S* F*'; K()*K; %" S9; 50/(15 ,0'62 (7 %-*;S*K(*F*6 %-0% %-*; -06 %" 0K2" 2*,9'* %-* L'*0KM (12%'9,%("12 S; 0OOK;(152*O0'0%*K; %" %-* ="//(22("13 1"' 6"*2 %-* ^1* O'(1% %*KK %-*/ %-0% %-*; /92%6" 2" 1"' *F*1 -"# %" 6" 2"AJH G% 7"KK"#2 7'"/ %-* <'(,*01 80`(/2 "7i901%(%; RL@"1M% 5(F* 911*,*220'; (17"'/0%("1Y 5(F* 1*,*220'; (17"'/0%("1MT016 8011*' RL?F"(6 "S2,9'(%; 016 0/S(59(%;MT %-0% "'6(10'; '*02"10SK*O9',-02*'2 "7 50/(15 ,0'62 #(KK (17*' %-0% 1*,*220'; 016 29g,(*1% (17"'/0%("10S"9% %-* '9K*2 "7 %-* 50/* (2 5(F*1 ,K*0'K; "1 %-* 7'"1% 2(6* "7 %-* 50/(15,0'6 (%2*K7A ? O9',-02*' /(5-% ,"1,K96* 07%*' O9',-02(15 0 50/* ,0'6 %-0% 29,-L911*,*220';M (17"'/0%("1 02 %-* ^1*NO'(1% K*50K 1"%(,* #02 %-*'* 7"' 2"/*%*,-1(,0K '*02"13 S9% %-* O9',-02*' ,"9K6 2,0',*K; -0F* 2**1 %-* K*50K 1"%(,*0-*06 "7 %(/*3 *2O*,(0KK; #-*1 O9',-02(15 7'"/ 0 F*16(15 /0,-(1*3 02 (2"7%*1 %-* ,02*A 8"'*"F*'3 %-* 1"%(,* "1 %-* S0,) "7 %-* ,0'6 6"*2 1"% *`OK(,(%K;2%0%* %-0% -?' 8,&'! =<8 -?' +:;' "-!'&= 0'* /"'* *`OK(,(%K; 6*^1*6 (1 2"/* OK0,*"%-*' %-01 %-* 7'"1% "7 %-* ,0'6. %-* O-'02*2 LK"%%*'; ,"//(22("1 '9K*2M 016L06/(1(2%'0%(F* '9K*2M 0'* 1"% %-* 2*/01%(, *_9(F0K*1% "7 L'9K*2 "7 %-* LL=0*20'240K0,*!MM 50/*MA c* ,01 %-92 (17*' K(159(2%(,0KK; %-0% ,"129/*'2 1"'/0KK;#"9K6 F(*# %-* ^1* O'(1% 02 01 (1,"12*_9*1%(0K K*50K 1"%(,*3 0% K*02% #(%-'*2O*,% %" %-*(' 916*'2%016(15 "7 %-* '9K*2 "7 %-* 50/*A D-(2 (17*'*1,* (2

!$( &E8?$DG=&3 4+?<8?DG=&3 ?$@ &E8G>DG=& >[ ? <?8E =?+@

Page 18: Applied Linguistics

,"1^'/*6 S; ,"129/*' S*-0F("9'. 50/* OK0;*'2 '0'*K; 02) %-* ="//(22("17"' ,"O(*2 "7 %-* LK"%%*'; ,"//(22("1 '9K*2M "' %-* L06/(1(2%'0%(F* '9K*2MA

['"/ 0 K(159(2%(, O*'2O*,%(F*3 %-*13 %-* 6",9/*1%2 '*7*''*6 %" "1 %-* S0,)"7 %-* ,0'6 -0F* 1" '*0K '*K*F01,* %" %-* (1%*'O'*%0%("1 "7 %-* '9K*2 "7 %-*50/* %-0% 0,%90K OK0;*'2 "7 %-* 50/* #"9K6 S* 70,*6 #(%-A EF*1 2"3 01*`0/(10%("1 "7 %-* '9K*2 %-0% %-* 8&:= /0(1%0(12 0'* S*(15 '*7*''*6 %" -*'* (2#"'%- 0% K*02% 0 ,9'2"'; 5K01,*3 7"' 0% K*02% %-'** '*02"12A

[('2%3 (12"70' 02 %-* '9K*2 7"' L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 0'* '*2%0%*6 (1 %-* "g,(0KO9SK(,0%("123 %-*; 0'* (1 70,% 1" /"'* (17"'/0%(F* "7 %-* 8&:=M2 (1%*'O'*%0N%("1 %-01 %-* '9K*2 7"916 "1 %-* 50/* ,0'6 (%2*K7A

&*,"163 7'"/ 0 K*50K O*'2O*,%(F*3 (% /0; S* %-0% %-* (/O"'% "7 %-* ^1* O'(1%"1 %-* S0,) "7 %-* ,0'6 (2 Z92% 02 (/O"'%01% 02 %-* ,0'6 (%2*K7A c-(K* (% (2 S*;"16%-* 2,"O* "7 %-(2 *220; %" ,"17'"1% %-* K*50K (229*2 79KK;3 %-* ,02* #(KK9K%(/0%*K; S* 6*,(6*6 "1 K*50K 5'"91623 "7 #-(,- %-* K(159(2%(, (2 "1K; 0 O0'%30KS*(% 0 -(5-K; 2(51(^,01% "1*A

D-('63 %-* 6",9/*1%2 '*7*''*6 %" (1 %-* ^1* O'(1% 2955*2% %-0% %-* 8&:= -020 2"/*#-0% /"'* *`O012(F* 1"%("1 "7 %-* "'6(10'; '*02"10SK* O9',-02*' "7 0K"%%*'; 50/* ,0'6 %-01 #-0% #* -0F* 2" 70' ,"12(6*'*6 -*'*A :*50KK;3 %-(2916*'K(*2 0 2(51(^,01% O0'% "7 %-* 8&:=M2 ,02*A

D-* 7"'/0K ?6/(1(2%'0%(F* +9K*2 7"' %-* L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/* 0'*O'*2*1%*6 (1 L?6/(1(2%'0%(F* B9KK*%(1 $"A Jjo3 =0*20'2 40K0,* HIIJ G12%01%<0/*M R-*'*07%*'3 ?BJjoT3 0 ^F*NO05*3 2(15K*N2O0,*63 /0192,'(O%N2%;K*6",9/*1%3 2(51*6 S; b"2*O- 4A 8(%,-*KK3 b'A3 E`*,9%(F* @('*,%"'3 #-(,- %-*8&:= /06* 0F0(K0SK* %" 01; ,(%(V*1 #-" 02)*6 7"' (%A

D-* '9K*2 7"' L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 02 2%0%*6 (1 ?BJjo *22*1%(0KK; '*O*0% %-*(/O'*,(2*1*22 "7 %-* 50/* ,0'6 (%2*K73 ,"/O*KK(15 F('%90KK; %-* 20/* 2;1%0,%(,016 K*`(,"N2*/01%(, (1%*'O'*%0%("1 "9%K(1*6 (1 2*,%("1 H 0S"F*A 8"'*"F*'3?BJjo K0,)2 /"2% "7 %-* 29OO"'% 7"' %-* 8&:=M2 "#1 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 5(F*1 S;%-* 2*/("%(, *F(6*1,* 2-"#1 "1 %-* 50/* ,0'6 (%2*K7 R*A5A (1 %-* O"2(%("1(15 "7%-* #"'62 L+>C:EDDEM 016 L@G=EMTA !*'* 0'* %-* %-'** S'(*7 O0'05'0O-2 7'"/?BJjo RdT %-0% 2%0%* %-* '9K*2 7"' L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M R%-*'* 0'* 1" O0'05'0O-(16*1%2 (1 %-* "'(5(10K3 016 1" 2O0,*2 S*%#**1 O0'05'0O-2T.

G1 +"9K*%%*3 (7 %-* %(,)*% S*0'*' /0%,-*2 01; "7 h"9' $9/S*'2 %" %-*c(11(15 $9/S*'3 %-* OK0;*' #(12 %-* O'(V* 2-"#1 7"' %-0% /0%,-*619/S*'A G7 %-* OK0;*' 5*%2 0 LWWM 2;/S"K3 %-* OK0;*' #(12 %-* O'(V*2-"#1 7"' %-0% 2;/S"K 09%"/0%(,0KK;AG1 @(,*3 (7 %-* %(,)*% S*0'*' /0%,-*2 01; "7 h"9' $9/S*'2 %" %-*c(11(15 $9/S*'3 %-* OK0;*' #(12 %-* O'(V* 2-"#1 7"' %-0% /0%,-*619/S*'A G7 %-* OK0;*' 5*%2 0 o "' JJ "1 01; 2O"%3 %-* OK0;*' #(12 %-*O'(V* 2-"#1 7"' %-0% o "' JJ 09%"/0%(,0KK;AG7 %-* OK0;*' 5*%2 0 L=0*20'2M 2;/S"K (1 01; 2O"%3 %-* OK0;*' #(12 0KK %*1O'(V*2A

D-* /"2% 2(51(^,01% 6(U*'*1,* S*%#**1 %-(2 F*'2("1 "7 %-* '9K*2 016 %-* '9K*202 O'(1%*6 "1 %-* 50/* ,0'6 (2 %-0% %-* O'*O"2(%("1 L(1M ",,9'2 S*7"'* %-* #"'6

+>$?:@ +A BCDDE+& !$)

Page 19: Applied Linguistics

L+"9K*%%*M 016 050(1 S*7"'* %-* #"'6 L@(,*MA :*`(,"N2*/01%(,0KK;3 %-(2 -02 %-*7"',* "7 2955*2%(15 %-0% L+"9K*%%*M 016 L@(,*M 0'* %#" 6(U*'*1% 50/*23 016 %-(2(/OK(,0%("1 (2 79'%-*' 2%'*15%-*1*6 S; %-* 6(2,"9'2* 6*F(,* "7 %'*0%(15L+"9K*%%*M 016 L@(,*M (1 %#" 2*O0'0%* O0'05'0O-2 R%-"95- %-* 0S2*1,* "7 %-*,92%"/0'; O0'05'0O- (16*1% 2(51(^,01%K; SK9'2 %-(2 6(,-"%"/(V(15 *U*,%TA

EF*1 2"3 %-* ,K*0' 6(F(2("1 "7 L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M (1%" %#" 50/*2 (2 1"%K(159(2%(,0KK; 910/S(59"92 -*'*3 *(%-*'3 016 (% (2 K0,)(15 0KK %-* O9%0%(F*K;6(,-"%"/(V(15 2*/("%(, 016 O'05/0%(, 7*0%9'*2 %-0% 0'* "O*'0%(F* (1 %-* 6*2(51"7 %-* 50/* ,0'6 (%2*K7A 8"'* (/O"'%01%3 Z92% 02 #02 %-* ,02* #(%- %-* 50/*,0'6 (%2*K73 %-(2 6",9/*1% ,"9K6 *02(K; -0F* /06* %-* 8&:=M2 (1%*'O'*%0%("1*`OK(,(% S; %-* 066(%("1 "7 "1K; 0 7*# #"'62.

! G7 %-* OK0;*' 5*%2 0 o "' JJ "1 01; P"7 %-* ^F*Q 2O"%P2 (1 %-* %#" ,"K9/12S*K"# %-* -*06(15 L@(,*MQ3 %-* OK0;*' #(12 %-* O'(V* 2-"#1 7"' %-0% o "' JJ09%"/0%(,0KK;A

c-0% (2 (1 *U*,% 8' >M!0'0M2 '*06(15 (2 /9,- ,K"2*' %" %-* %*`% 02 (% 2%0162.

! G7 %-* OK0;*' 5*%2 0 o "' JJ (1 01; "7 P%-* %*1Q 2O"%P2Q3 %-* OK0;*' #(12 %-*O'(V* 2-"#1 7"' %-0% 2;/S"K 09%"/0%(,0KK;A

["KK"#(15 %-* <'(,*01 80`(/ "7 i901%(%;3 %-* OK0;*' -02 0 O"#*'79KO'05/0%(, (16(,0%("1 %-0% %-* 8&:=M2 (1%*16*6 /*01(15 (2 1"% 0% 0KK #-0%%-* O02205* ,"//91(,0%*23 2(1,* %-* '9K*2 02 2%0%*6 (1 %-* LB9KK*%(1M 6" 1"%5(F* %-* (17"'/0%("1 1*,*220'; %" 0 ,K*0' '*06(15A 8"'*"F*'3 Z92% 02 "1 %-*50/* ,0'63 (7 L01; 2O"%M /*012 L%*1M (1 %-* ^10K 2*1%*1,* "7 %-* (12%'9,%("123 (%(2 0 '*02"10SK* 0229/O%("1 %-0% L01; 2O"%M /*012 L%*1M (1 %-* O'*F("92 7"9'2*1%*1,*2A ?% S*2%3 "1,* 050(1 %-* 0'59/*1% (2 2%'"15 7"' ,"1,K96(15 %-0%L?6/(1(2%'0%(F* B9KK*%(1 $"A JjoM K*22 ,K*0'K; ,"1F*;2 %-* 8&:=M2 (1%*'O'*%0N%("1 "7 %-* '9K*2 %-01 (% 6"*2 %-0% "7 8' >M!0'0 016 -(2 7*KK"# ,K0(/01%2A

F"!" $/2,'9-&5 ,+1, '9(' '9, /4*-&(4% 4,(1/&(H+,6 847*,&'874.9(1,4 2-59' H, ,)8,.',* '/ I&/J

D-(2 *220; -02 S**1 ,"1,*'1*6 *1%('*K; #(%- %-* (1%*'O'*%0%("1 "7 %-* L=0*20'240K0,*!M 50/* '9K*2 %-*/2*KF*2A D-0%3 07%*' 0KK3 (2 #-*'* %-* 0/S(59(%(*2 K(*AD-* ="//(22("1 2*KK2 /(KK("12 016 /(KK("12 "7 50/* ,0'62 *F*'; ;*0'3 016 7"'0K/"2% 0KK "7 %-*2* %-*'* 0'* 1" 6(2O9%*2 0% 0KK 0S"9% %-* '9K*2 7"' #(11(15 016K"2(153 1" 6(20OO"(1%*6 1"1N/(KK("10('*23 1" 1**6 7"' %-* 8&:= %" 6*7*16(%2*K7 (1 06/(1(2%'0%(F* -*0'(152 0163 O*'-0O23 (1 80220,-92*%%2 2%0%* ,"9'%2A

B9% %-*'* (2 0 K0'5*' K(159(2%(, R016 O*'-0O2 K*50KT (229* %-0% 2-"9K6 S**`0/(1*6 -*'*3 "1* #-(,- O'"F*2 %" S* %-* '*0K S02(2 7"' %-* 8&:=M2 29,,*22(1 %-(2 ,02*A G% (1F"KF*23 "1,* 050(13 %-* ,"1,*O% "7 %-* "'6(10'; '*02"10SK*016 O'96*1% ,"129/*' "7 %-* O'"69,% (1 _9*2%("1A

L?6/(1(2%'0%(F* B9KK*%(1 $"A JjoM 6"*2 /"'* %-01 /0)* 0 1"% F*';29,,*2279K 0%%*/O% 0% 6*^1(15 -?' '9K*2 7"' OK0;(15 L=0*20'2 40K0,*!MA ?BJjo0K2" 6*^1*2 /"'* 5*1*'0K '9K*2 7"' (12%01% K"%%*'; 50/*23 92(15 #-0% 0OO*0'2

!$! &E8?$DG=&3 4+?<8?DG=&3 ?$@ &E8G>DG=& >[ ? <?8E =?+@

Page 20: Applied Linguistics

%" S* 0 S"(K*'OK0%* 2*'(*2 "7 (%*/23 19/S*'*6 enJe3 #-(,- (1,K96* %-*7"KK"#(15.

! eNB. D-* :"%%*'; 2-0KK 1"% S* '*2O"12(SK* 7"' K"2% "' 2%"K*1 G12%01% :"%%*';%(,)*%2A

! f. ?KK (12%01% O'(V*2 /92% S* ,K0(/*6 #(%-(1 "1* RJT ;*0' "7 %-* 011"91,*6*16 "7 %-* 50/*A D-* '(5-% %" 01; O'(V* 1"% ,K0(/*6 #(%-(1 %-* ,K0(/ O*'("62O*,(^*6 #(KK S* 7"'7*(%*6A

! lN?e. D-* %(,)*% (2 F"(6 (7 %-* LX>G@ G[ +E8>XE@M 2O"% (2 '9SS*6A

["KK"#(15 %-* /*%-"6"K"5; "7 &-9;M2 RJjjI. HjoT O'05/0%(, %-"95-%N*`O*'(/*1% 0S"9% %-* 1"'/0K ,(',9/2%01,*2 "7 %-* 0F*'05* 92*' "7 %0/O"123#* ,01 (/05(1* 0 19/S*' "7 O"22(SK* 2,*10'("2 (1F"KF(15 0 O9',-02*' "7 050/* ,0'6 016 %-* F0'("92 '9K*2 2*% 7"'%- (1 %-* S"(K*'OK0%* O"'%("12 "7LB9KK*%(1 JjoMA

! c"9K6 0 ,K0(/01% 7**K %-0% 2-* -06 S**1 %'*0%*6 9170('K; (7 -*' ,0%(106F*'%*1%K; 2,'0%,-*6 "U %-* LX>G@ G[ +E8>XE@M 2O"% 7'"/ 0 #(11(15,0'6 016 %-* 8&:= 6*1(*6 -*' ,K0(/ 7"' 0 29S2%01%(0K O'(V*3 ,(%(15?6/(1(2%'0%(F* +9K* lN?ep

! c"9K6 0 ,K0(/01% 7**K ,-*0%*6 (7 -* /(2OK0,*6 0 #(11(15 ,0'6 016 %-*17"916 (% %"" K0%* %" ,K0(/ 0 29S2%01%(0K O'(V* 916*' ?6/(1(2%'0%(F* +9K* fp

:"%%*';N,0'6 O9',-02*'2 (1 29,- 2(%90%("12 02 %-*2* 0'* 29'*K; K*22 K()*K; %" -('*0%%"'1*;2 016 /0)* 7"'/0K 0OO*0K2 %" %-* 8&:= S*,092* "'6(10'; O'96*1%069K%2 #(KK )1"#3 %-'"95- %-*(' 5*1*'0K )1"#K*65* "7 %-* ,9K%9'* (1 #-(,-%-*; K(F*3 %-0% S"(K*'OK0%* /*50'9K*2 29,- 02 %-*2* 5*1*'0KK; *`(2% 016 %-0%%-*; -0F* 0 2O*,(0K 7"',* "7 K0# #-*1 '*7*'*1,* (2 /06* %" %-*/ (1 %-* L^1*O'(1%MA

D-* O'"SK*/ (1 %-* ,02* "7 L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M (2 %-0% (% (2 1"% %-* /*50'9K*2%-0% ,K0(/01%2 29,- 02 8' >M!0'0 0'* S02(15 %-*(' 0OO*0K2 "13 S9% '0%-*' "1%-* 2*% "7 K",0K '9K*2 7"' %-* O0'%(,9K0' 50/* (%2*K7]'9K*2 %-0% 2**/3 "1 %-*('70,*3 %" S* 0/S(59"92 0% S*2%A D-* "'6(10'; '*02"10SK* ,92%"/*' 6"*2 1"%*`O*,% %-0% %-*2* K",0K '9K*2 #(KK S* 01;%-(15 S9% ,K*0' 016 2O*,(^,AC17"'%910%*K; 7"' %-* ,K0(/01%23 0 7*# "7 %-* S"(K*'OK0%* '9K*2 6"3 -"#*F*'3,"/OK(,0%* %-* 2(%90%("1.

! HNG. ? LX0K(60%("1 $9/S*'M (2 %-* 91(_9* JlN6(5(% 19/S*' 7"'/0% 916*' %-*LX>G@ G[ +E8>XE@M 2O"%A D-* 19/S*' ,"12(2%2 "7 0 HN6(5(% 50/* (6*1%(^*'30 JHN6(5(% X0K(60%("1 $9/S*' 7"KK"#*6 S; 0 HN6(5(% ,-*,) 6(5(%A A A A

! lN?Jl. D-* X0K(60%("1 $9/S*'2 "7 0OO0'*1% #(11(15 %(,)*%2 "7 WeI 0160S"F* 2-0KK 0OO*0' "1 %-* :"%%*';M2 F0K(60%("1 '*,"'62 "7 #(11(15 %(,)*%2A A A A

! lN?Jo. D-* %(,)*% /92% O022 0KK 066(%("10K ,"1^6*1%(0K F0K(60%("1 %*2%2 "7 %-*:"%%*';A

! lNB. ?1; %(,)*% 1"% O022(15 0KK "7 %-* F0K(60%("1 ,-*,)2 (1 %-* D(,)*%X0K(60%("1 +*_9('*/*1%2 O0'% (2 F"(6 016 (1*K(5(SK* 7"' 01; O'(V* 016 2-0KK1"% S* O0(6A A A A G1 %-* *F*1% 0 6*7*,%(F* %(,)*% (2 O9',-02*63 %-* "1K;

+>$?:@ +A BCDDE+& !$*

Page 21: Applied Linguistics

'*2O"12(S(K(%; "' K(0S(K(%; "7 %-* :"%%*'; 2-0KK S* %-* '*OK0,*/*1% "7 %-*6*7*,%(F* %(,)*% #(%- 01"%-*' 91OK0;*6 %(,)*% R"' %(,)*%2 "7 *_9(F0K*1% 20K*2O'(,* 7'"/ 01; "%-*' ,9''*1% K"%%*'; 50/*TA

! o. A A A G1 %-* *F*1% 0 6(2O9%* S*%#**1 %-* :"%%*'; 016 %-* %(,)*% S*0'*'",,9'2 02 %" #-*%-*' %-* P!"#Q %(,)*% (2 0 #(11(15 %(,)*%3 016 (7 %-* %(,)*%O'(V* (2 1"% O0(63 %-* @('*,%"' /0;3 2"K*K; 0% -(2m-*' "O%("13 '*OK0,* %-*6(2O9%*6 %(,)*% #(%- 01 91OK0;*6 %(,)*%A A A A D-(2 2-0KK S* %-* 2"K* 016*`,K92(F* '*/*6; "7 %-* S*0'*' "7 %-* %(,)*%A

?229/(15 R02 #* /92%T %-0% %-* 8&:=M2 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 "7 %-* OK0;(15 '9K*2 7"'%-* L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/*3 -"#*F*' 709K%; 016 /(2K*06(15 %-*; /0; S*3 0'*1"1*%-*K*22 #-0% %-* 8&:= (1%*16*6 %-* (12%'9,%("12 "1 %-* 50/* ,0'6 %","1F*;3 %-*1 L%-* 91(_9* JlN6(5(% 19/S*' 7"'/0% 916*' %-* LX>G@ G[+E8>XE@M 2O"%M R'9K* HNGT "1 8' >M!0'0M2 ,0'6 #"9K6 1"% (1 70,% -0F*S**1 0/"15 %-"2* %-0% L0OO*0' "1 %-* :"%%*';M2 F0K(60%("1 '*,"'62 "7 #(11(15%(,)*%2M R'9K* lN?JlT 016 "1 %-(2 5'"9162 0K"1* -(2 ,0'6 #"9K6 S* LF"(6 016(1*K(5(SK* 7"' 01; O'(V* 016 2-0KK 1"% S* O0(6M R'9K* lNBTA ? 2(/(K0' 0'59/*1%,"9K6 ,"1,*(F0SK; S* /06* #(%- '*2O*,% %" '9K* lN?JoA

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`O*,% %-0% 0 O0'% "7 %-* 5*1*'0K K"'* "7 (12%01%N#(11*' K"%%*';%(,)*% OK0;*'2 (2 %-* 916*'2%016(15 %-0%3 (1 %-* ,02* "7 01; 6(2O9%*3 %-*="//(22("1 (2 0K#0;2 '(5-% R02 '9K* o *`OK(,(%K; 2%0%*2TA G1 %-* 2",(0K 2,(*1,*23%-*2* 0'* _9*2%("12 %-0% ,"9K6 S* 012#*'*6 #(%- 29g,(*1% 60%0. 0 K(159(2%,"9K6 0OO'"0,- %-*/ S; 2,(*1%(^,0KK; 29'F*;(15 0 ,0'*79KK; 2*K*,%*6 20/OK* "780220,-92*%%2 (12%01% K"%%*'; 50/* OK0;*'2A G1 %-* K*50K 6"/0(13 %-*; 0'*L_9*2%("12 "7 70,%3 016 ,"//"1 K0#M3 %" S* 6*%*'/(1*6 S; 0 Z965* 016m"' Z9';3016 %-* 8&:= -*0'(152 "g,*'2 016 %-* 80220,-92*%%2 ,"9'%2 -0F* 5*1*'0KK;7"916 %-0%3 (1 *U*,%3 50/* OK0;*'2 *1%*' (1%" 0 ,"1%'0,% (1 #-(,- %-* 6*,(2("1"7 %-* 8&:= (2 ^10K]016 01; '*02"10SK* 016 O'96*1% O9',-02*' "7 (12%01%N#(1 K"%%*'; ,0'62 "95-% %" )1"# (%AJd

lA =>$=:C&G>$

D-*'* (2 *F*'; '*02"1 %" S*K(*F* %-0% ,'*0%"'2 "7 %-* L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/*,0'6 (1%*16*6 %" O'*2*1% %-* K*22 OK092(SK* (1%*'O'*%0%("1 "7 %-* 50/* ,0'6 %-0%%-*; 1"# ,K0(/ #02 %-*(' 910/S(59"92 (1%*1%A C17"'%910%*K;3 %-* ,'*0%"'2 "7%-* ,0'6 '*K(*6 0K/"2% *1%('*K; 9O"1 #*0) O'05/0%(, 016 2*/("%(, (16(,0%"'2 %""F*'N'(6* 0KK %-* "%-*' (16(,0%"'2 "7 /*01(153 S"%- "1 %-* 50/* ,0'6 016 *F*1(1 %-* 29OO"2*6K; /"'* 6*%0(K*6 (12%'9,%("12 7"916 (1 %-* ?6/(1(2%'0%(F*

!$" &E8?$DG=&3 4+?<8?DG=&3 ?$@ &E8G>DG=& >[ ? <?8E =?+@

Page 22: Applied Linguistics

B9KK*%(1A ? K(159(2% #-" 0%%*/O%2 %" 010K;2* %-* (1%*'O'*%0%("12 "7 %-* 50/*,0'6 #(KK S* 2*F*'*K; 016 911*,*220'(K; '*2%'(,%*6 (7 -* "' 2-* K(/(%2 %-*K(159(2%(, %*2%(/"1; %" *F(6*1,* %-0% 6"*2 1"% ,K*0'K; /0)* 92* "7 2*/("%(,2AB*,092* %-* ="//(22("1M2 (1%*'O'*%0%("1 '*K(*2 5'*0%K; "1 2*/("%(, 0'59/*1%23"1* /92% 0% %-* F*'; K*02% S* 0SK* %" 6(2,922 016 ,-0KK*15* %-*/ #(%-(1 02*/("%(, 7'0/*#"')A D-* ,0'6 0,%90KK; ,"1%0(12 0 5""6K; 19/S*' "7 2*/("%(,(16(,0%"'2 R29,- 02 ,"K"9'T %-0% (1 70,% "U*' 066(%("10K 29OO"'% 7"' %-*(1%*'O'*%0%("1 %-0% 8' >M!0'0 016 -(2 7*KK"# ,K0(/01%2 0''(F*6 0% 0163 (16**630OO0'*1%K; 20# 02 ,K*0' 016 910/S(59"92A

<(F*1 %-* -(2%"'; "7 %-* 0OO*0K2 O'",*22 7"' '9K(152 "7 %-* 80220,-92*%%2&%0%* :"%%*'; ="//(22("1 016 %-* 70,% %-0% %-*'* 0'* K*50K _9*2%("12 -*'* %-0%/0; 1"% S* 012#*'*6 S; K(159(2%(, 010K;2(2 0K"1* R*2O*,(0KK; #(%-"9% '*2"'% %"29'F*; /*%-"6"K"5;T3 (% (2 6"9S%79K %-0% 8' >M!0'0 016 "%-*'2 #(KK O'*F0(K (1%-*(' 0%%*/O%2 0% ,"KK*,%(15 WJ /(KK("1 7"' 01; "7 %-* ,0'62 %-0% %-*; -"1*2%K;S*K(*F*6 #*'* #(11(15 ,0'62 916*' %-* '9K*2 %-0% %-* 50/* ,0'62 2**/*6 %"*2%0SK(2-A D-* S*2% %-0% /"2% K()*K; ,01 S* -"O*6 7"' (2 %-0% %-* ="//(22("1#(KK 5(F* 70' /"'* ,"12(6*'0%("1 %" K(159(2%(, ,K0'(%; #-*1 6*2(51(15 79%9'*50/* ,0'62A EF*1 2"3 %-* ="//(22("1 (2 (1 %-(2 ,02* "1 %-* #*0)*2% "7K(159(2%(, 5'"9162 (1 6*1;(15 %-* 0OO*0K2 "7 %-"2* #-" -"1*2%K; %-"95-% %-*;-06 2%'9,) (% '(,-A

7"*:& N'8!"<* 8'#'"N'( X,*' .661

+>$?:@ +A BCDDE+& !$#

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H D-* 80220,-92*%%2 &%0%* :"%%*'; ="//(2N2("1 2O*KK2 L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M #(%- 1"0O"2%'"O-*A L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M (2 %-* 10/*"7 0 70/"92 :02 X*502 -"%*K 016 ,02(1"3 016%-* ="//(22("1 92*6 %-* 10/* 7"' (%2L(12%01%N#(1M 50/* S; 0''015*/*1% #(%-%-* "#1*'2 "7 %-* %'06*/0')A

d G -0F* (1 /; O"22*22("1 "1K; 0 SK0,)N016N#-(%* O-"%","O; "7 %-* 0,%90K ,0'6 %-0%2*'F*2 02 %-* S02(2 7"' 8' >M!0'0M2 ,K0(/3016 (% #02 1"% O"22(SK* %" '*O'"69,* 0,"K"9' ,"O; "7 01 91OK0;*6 ,0'6 (1 %-(2Z"9'10KA !"#*F*'3 0K%-"95- %-* 50/* -02"g,(0KK; *16*63 0 ,"K"9' ,"O; "7 01912O"(K*6 L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M (12%01% #(11*'50/* ,0'6 #02 0F0(K0SK* 7"' F(*#(15 02 K0%*02 J ?O'(K3 HIIe3 "1 %-* 80220,-92*%%2 &%0%*:"%%*'; ="//(22("1M2 ,9''*1% #*S 2(%* 0%-%%O.mm###A/022K"%%*';A,"/m(5"662m=0*20'240K0,*s"662A-%/A? ,"O; 0K2" 0OO*0'2 0% 2*F*'0K 0',-(F*68&:= #*S 2(%*23 S*5(11(15 #(%- %-* *0'KN(*2%3 J b91*3 HIIJ3 0%

-%%O.mm#*SA0',-(F*A"'5m#*SmHIIJIlJIJeIJdem###A/022K"%%*';A,"/m(5"662m=0*20'240K0,*s"662A-%/AD-* 8&:= 2%0%*2 "1 (%2 #*S 2(%*2 %-0% %*1 "7%-* /(KK("1N6"KK0' O'(V*2 #*'* %" S*0#0'6*6 7"' %-* L=0*20'2 40K0,*!M 50/*A!"#*F*'3 1"1* "7 %-* 8&:= #*S 2(%*23*(%-*' ,9''*1% "' R#-*'* 0F0(K0SK*T0',-(F*63 (16(,0%*2 %-0% 0KK %*1 /(KK("1N6"KK0' O'(V*2 #*'* 0,%90KK; 0#0'6*6A ?1 *N/0(K (1_9('; (1 80',-3 HIIe3 *K(,(%*6 %-(2'*2O"12* 7'"/ %-* ="//(22("1 R#*S/02N%*'t/022K"%%*';A,"/T. LD-* K02% =0*20'240K0,* WJ3III3III #(11*' #02 ,K0(/*6JmIomIH 016 %-* K02% 60; %" '*6**/ =0*20'240K0,* %(,)*%2 #02 JmHdmIeA D-*'* 0'* 1"=0*20'2 40K0,* O'(V*2 %" S* 0#0'6*6AM

e G1 0% K*02% %#" ,02*23 P,++"'8< N!J @-:-' )<--'8AB<;;"!!"<* 016 X:#<L! N!J @-:-' )<--'8A B<;W;"!!"<*3 %-* 80220,-92*%%2 ,"9'%2 -*0'60OO*0K2 "7 8&:= !*0'(15 6*,(2("12A G1S"%- ,02*23 %-* !*0'(15 6*,(2("12 #*'*9O-*K6A &** 1"%* JHA

f D-(2 (2 1"% %" 20; %-0% %-* ,K0(/2 "7 2"/*"1*#-" S"95-% 0 50/* ,0'6 07%*' K*0'1(15

Page 23: Applied Linguistics

!$$ &E8?$DG=&3 4+?<8?DG=&3 ?$@ &E8G>DG=& >[ ? <?8E =?+@

0S"9% %-* 919290K 19/S*' "7 2**/(15#(11*'2 /(5-% 1"% S* ,"12(6*'*6 2"/*#-0%%0(1%*6A :()*#(2*3 (% (2 ,K*0' %-0% 01; 8&:=*/OK";** 0OO"(1%*6 %" 6*,(6* %-* (229*]-"#*F*' 70('N/(16*6 016 ,"9'05*"92 -* "'2-* /(5-% S*]1"1*%-*K*22 /92% S* 70,*6#(%- 01 (1%'(12(,0KK; O'*Z96(,(0K ,"1\(,% "7(1%*'*2%A

l <'(,*M2 ="N"O*'0%(F* 4'(1,(OK* (1F"KF*2 %-*7"KK"#(15 7"9' /0`(/2A G7 "1* "7 %-*2* (2F("K0%*6 S; 0 2O*0)*' 016 %-* -*0'*''*,"51(V*2 %-0% 0 F("K0%("1 -02 ",,9''*63%-* -*0'*' #(KK 1"'/0KK; (17*'. R0T %-0% %-*2O*0)*' -02 /06* 0 /(2%0)*Y "' RST %-0% %-*2O*0)*' (1%*162 %" ,"//91(,0%* 2"/*%-(15(16('*,%K;A G1 0,,"'601,* #(%- %-* 80`(/ "7i901%(%;3 0 2O*0)*' #(KK 0229/* %-0% 0KK(17"'/0%("1 (2 1*,*220'; 016 %-0% 1" /"'*(2 '*_9('*6A G1 %-* ,02* "7 '*O*%(%("92/0%*'(0K R0'590SK; 01 (229* "7 8011*''0%-*' %-01 i901%(%;T3 %-* -*0'*' /0;,"1,K96* %-0% %-* 2O*0)*' (2 S*(15 */O-0%(,'0%-*' %-01 O'"K(` RL0 /(2%0)*MT "' (16('*,%K;,"//91(,0%(15 2"/*%-(15AJA Z,:*-"-AA @"1M% 5(F* 911*,*220'; (17"'N

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Page 24: Applied Linguistics

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