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Teaching and learning. Basic conditions for teaching andlearning English according to:
Behaviorist, cognitive and constructivist perspectives.
Stephen Krashen’s hypothesis for second language acquisition: Distinction between acquisition and learning, input,monitor, affective filter and natural order hypotheses. Swain’s output hypothesis and Long’s interactionhypothesis.
Teaching and Learning
Prof.
Julio Reyes
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Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the dominant learning theory in the first half of the 20th Century.
It is an approach to psychology and learning that emphasizes observable
measurable behaviour.
It focuses only on objectively observable behaviours and discounts mental
activities.
It defines learning as a more or less permanent change in behaviour. The learner
is viewed as passively adapting to their environment.
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Behaviorism
Roleof
Teacher
Is active in providing stimuli andprompting the correct response,
reinforcement, drilling. Views errors
as not enough conditioning. Withoutrepetition and proper conditioning,
students will make mistakes.
Learner
Is viewed as a receiver;passively adapting to their
environment.
Memory
Is not specifically addressed,there is discussion on the
acquisition of habits. Practicinghabits maintains a learner'sreadiness to respond, disuse
results in "forgetting" over time.
Environment
It ishe most critical factor,meaning the arrangement of
stimuli and consequenceswithin the environment. The
instruction focuses on
conditioning the learner'sbehaviour.
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Cognitivism
Is a theory which attempts to answer how and why people learn by attributing the process to
cognitive activity. It followed the behaviorist school of thought. The cognitivists’ quarrel with
the behaviorists was that their focus on observable behavior did not account for what was
going on in the mind.
Learning is a change in individuals' mental structures enabling them to show
changes in behavior. It is based on the thought process behind the behavior.
It focuses on what is in the learner's head coupled with the behavior.
Knowledge is the organization of a set of mental structures and problem-solving
processes that the learner manipulates and restructures in response to new information
and experience.
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Cognitivism
Roleof
Teacher
Assists the learner's application of theproper learning strategies. View errors
as unsuccessful attempts to
understand, order and act upon theirenvironment in ways that make sense
to them.
Learner
Is viewed as an activemember in the learning
process.
Memory
Some concepts in first grade needto be memorized and practiced.
Environment
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Constructivism
Is a theory which
Learning is
It focuses on
Knowledge is
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Cognitivism
Roleof
Teacher
Learner
.
Memory
.
Environment
Prof. Julio Reyes
7/28/2019 Applied Linguistics Teaching - Learning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/applied-linguistics-teaching-learning 11/14Prof. Julio Reyes
Stephen Krashen’s hypothesis for second language
acquisition: Distinction between acquisition and learning,input, monitor, affective filter and natural order hypotheses. Swain’s output hypothesis and Long’s interaction hypothesis.
7/28/2019 Applied Linguistics Teaching - Learning
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