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MENTAL HEALTH AND HIVAn Overview
Karina K. Uldall, MD, MPH
Department of Psychiatry
University of Washington
An Overview
• Psychosocial Issues
• Psychiatric Illness
• Substance Abuse
• Medication Interactions
• Neurologic Illness
Psychosocial Issues
• Pre- versus Post-HAART– Acute to Chronic Illness
• Population Characteristics– Marginalized, Access/Engagement, Co-
morbidity
• Specific Cultural Issues– Meaning of Illness, Family/Community Role,
Communication Patterns, Trust/Mistrust of System, Value of Autonomy
Aspects of HIV/AIDS
• Increased services or support
• Renewed spirituality• Healthier
relationships• Priorities clarified• Conflicts resolved
• Stigma/discrimination• Social isolation• Fear of death or
contagion• Loss of independence• Guilt• Grief over multiple
losses
Interventions
• Accompaniment• Advocacy• Assessment• Care Coordination• Crisis Intervention• Engagement• Listening
• Patient/Family Education
• Problem Solving• Referrals• Skills Building• Support
Psychiatric Illness
• HIV Associated Dementia
• Delirium
• Psychotic Disorders
• Mood Disorders
• Anxiety Disorders
HIV Associated Dementia
• 15 – 20% of AIDS Patients
• Cognitive, Motor, Mood/Personality Symptoms
• CD4 count < 200 uL
• CSF Viral Load > 10,000/ml, Beta-2-microglobulin > 3.8 mg/dL
• ARV combinations: AZT, AZT + 3TC, d4T + 3TC, Indinavir
Delirium
• Disturbance of consciousness and attention
• New onset cognitive or perceptual disturbance
• Acute onset, fluctuating course
• Underlying etiology– Fever, infection, trauma, metabolic,
meds/drugs, other/multiple causes
Psychotic Disorders
• Substance induced – intoxication or withdrawal
• Medical illness/medication induced
• Distinguished from delirium
• Distinguished from late stage dementia
Mood Disorders
• Bipolar disorder – 8% of outpatients
• Major depressive episode – 20-35% lifetime
• Substance induced – intoxication or withdrawal
• Medical illness/medication induced
• Distinguish from delirium – hyper/hypo
• Distinguish from dementia
Anxiety Disorders
• Panic disorder, PTSD, Adjustment disorder with anxiety – 2-38% of patients, depending on stage of illness
• Substance induced – intoxication or withdrawal
• Medical illness/medication induced– Untreated pain
Suicide Assessment
• Gender, age, ethnicity
• Family history
• Psychiatric illness
• Medical illness
• Behavior
• Lethality
Suicide Assessment
• HIV/AIDS Risk Factors– Stage of disease– Number of losses– Social isolation– Disease progression/fear of progression– Uncontrolled pain– Experience with HIV-related suicide
Substance Abuse
• Abuse versus dependence
• Co-morbid hepatitis C
• Relationship to risk behaviors
• Relationship to adherence
• Risk of adverse medication/drug events
Treatment
• Psychotherapy– Supportive,
interpersonal, cognitive-behavioral, group
– Ongoing crises– Countertransference
issues
• Medications– Antidepressants– Stimulants– Antipsychotics– Antianxiety agents– Mood stabilizers
Medication Interactions
• Multiple medications
• Multiple medical illnesses
• Renal or hepatic disease
• Age
• Individual differences in liver metabolism
• Specific liver metabolism inhibitors/inducers
Choosing Medications
• Adverse effects
• Possible interactions
• Metabolism via liver
• Elimination via liver, kidney or both
• Onset of action
• Duration of action
• “Less is better”
AIDS-Defining Neurologic Illnesses
• CMV Encephalitis
• Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
• Toxoplasma Encephalitis
• Primary CNS Lymphoma
• Cryptococcal Meningitis
• Rarely TB Meningitis and Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Other CNS Disorders
• Viral/Bacterial Meningitis
• Neurosyphilis
• Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
• Varicella-Zoster Encephalitis
• Rarely Histoplasmosis and Coccidiodomycosis
SUMMARY
• Document HIV status
• Determine degree of immunocompromise
• Thorough history and physical exam
• Diagnostic tests– CT/MR - Urine toxicology – LP - Blood alcohol level– Routine blood work– Neuropsychological testing
SUMMARY
• HIV related illness
• Other physical illness
• Medication toxicity
• Substance use
• Primary psychiatric illness