PERIOD 2: 1607–1754Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.
I. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.
A) Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society.
B) French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.
C) English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused onagriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately.
II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regionaldifferences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.
A) The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans.
B) The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
C) The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance.
D) The colonies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growingseasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy.
E) Distance and Britain’s initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.
III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and
A) An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive
D) The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic.
E) British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to
F) American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to
trade and led to conflict in the Americas.
trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.B) Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts.
Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade.C) Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other Indian groups.
military confrontations, such as Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War) in New England.
Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in theSouthwest.
Checklist of Learning ObjectivesAfter mastering this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain why England was slow to enter the colonization race and what factors finally led it to launch colonies in the early seventeenth century.
2. Describe the development of the Jamestown colony from its disastrous beginnings to its later prosperity.
3. Describe the cultural and social interaction and exchange between English settlers and Indians in Virginia and the effects of the Virginians’ policy of warfare and forced removal on Indians and whites.
4. Compare the tobacco-based economic development of Virginia and Maryland with South Carolina’s reliance on large-plantation rice-growing and African slavery based on West Indian models.
5. Identify the major similarities and differences among the southern colonies of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
SHORT ANWSERIdentify and state the historical significance of the following:
1. Lord De La Warr
2. Pocahontas
3. Powhatan
4. Handsome Lake
5. John Rolfe
6. Lord Baltimore
7. Walter Raleigh
8. James Oglethorpe
9. Humphrey Gilbert
10. Oliver Cromwell
11. John Smith
12. Francis Drake
13. William Penn
14. Henry VIII
15. Elizabeth I
16. Philip II
17. James I
18. Charles II
19. Deganawidah and Hiawatha
20. George II
Describe and state the historical significance of the following:
20. nation-state
21. joint-stock company
22. slavery
23. enclosure
24. House of Burgesses
25. royal charter
26. slave codes
27. yeoman
28. proprietor
29. longhouse
30. squatter
31. law of primogeniture
32. indentured servitude
33. starving time
34. sea dogs
36. surplus population
Notes: Fill in Outline
Chapter 02 - The Planting of English America
I. England’s Imperial Stirrings
II. Elizabeth Energizes England
III. England on the Eve of the Empire
IV. England Plants the **Jamestown Seedling**
V. Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake
VI. Virginia: Child of Tobacco
VII. Maryland: Catholic Haven
VIII. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
IX. Colonizing the Carolinas
X. The Emergence of North Carolina
XI. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony
XII. The Plantation Colonies
XIII. Makers of America: The Iroquois
Applying What You Have Learned
1. What was the primary purpose of the English settlement of Jamestown, and how successful were the colonists in achieving that goal in the first twenty years?2. What features were common to all of England’s southern colonies, and what features were peculiar to each one?3. In what ways did the relationship between whites and Indians (Powhatans) in Virginia establish the pattern for later white-Indian relations across North America.4. How did the search for a viable labor force affect the development of the southern colonies? Why did African slavery almost immediately become the dominant labor system in South Carolina, while only slowly taking firm hold in England’s other southern colonies?5. Which was the most important factor shaping the development of England’s southern colonies in the seventeenth century: Indian relations, the one-crop plantation economy, or slavery? Explain and support your answer.
Compare and contrast the early colonial empires of Spain and England in terms of motives, economic foundations, and relations with Africans and Indians (see Chapter 1). What factors explain the similarities and differences in the two ventures?
SECTION 1 - Period Overview, p.23Consider the data in the chart below when completing this section.
1. Period 2 begins with 1607 and ends in 1754. As the colonies increasedin number, size, and power during this Colonial Era, the population ofthe eastern seaboard changed. Based on your knowledge of historyand the data in the graph at right, explain three reasons for thedemographic shift in the Chesapeake. (Chesapeake colonies includeVirginia and Maryland)
Food for Thought:Like the rest of us, you probably bought the ol’ Thirteen Colonies story, but it’s not an accurate depiction of colonial America for most of its history. In 1606 King James I chartered just two companies to settle North America, the Virginia Company of London and the Plymouth Company. As settlements were founded, each new city was recognized as its own colony: for example, Connecticut actually contained 500 distinct “colonies” (or “plantations”) before they were merged into a single colony in 1661. Sometimes colonies were mashed together into mega-colonies, like the short-liked, super-unpopular Dominion of New England, which incorporated Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine from 1686 to 1691, plus New York and New Jersey from 1688 to 1691 for good measure. Colonies also split, like Massachusetts, which spawned New Hampshire in 1679. And some colonies weren’t really colonies at all: while it’s often listed as one of the Thirteen Colonies that rebelled in 1775, Delaware wasn’t technically a colony or a province. Designated “the Lower Counties on the Delaware,” it had its own assembly but fell under the authority of the governor of Pennsylvania until it declared itself an independent state in August 1776. So technically, there were just 12 colonies in 1775 and 13 states in 1776. (Source: The Mental Floss History of the United States, Erik Sass, 2010)Reading Guide written by Rebecca Richardson, Allen High SchoolSources include but are not limited to: 2015 edition of AMSCO’s United States History Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination, Wikipedia.org, College Board Advanced PlacementUnited States History Framework, writing strategies developed by Mr. John P. Irish, Carroll High School, 12th edition of American Pageant, USHistory.org, Britannica.com,LatinAmericanHistory.about.com, and other sources as cited in document and collected/adapted over 20 years of teaching and collaborating..
Massachusetts New HampshireConnecticut Rhode IslandNew York New JerseyPennsylvania DelawareVirginia MarylandNorth Carolina South CarolinaGeorgia New SpainNew FranceMaine (part of Massachusetts – not a colony)Vermont (part of New York and disputed
Caption:
Key (color)NEW ENGLAND (Northern Colonies)MIDDLE COLONIESSOUTHERN COLONIES
