Army Aviation Digest - Aug 1961

8/12/2019 Army Aviation Digest - Aug 1961

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AUGUST 1 1 LIBRARY US T Rue ER L

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EDITORIAL STAFF

7AUGU ST 19 1

U. S. ARMY AVIATION SCHOOLMaj Gen Ernest F. EasterbrookCommandantCol Warren R. W illiams, Jr.Assistant CommandantCol Allen M Bur dett, Jr.

Deputy A sst CommandantCAPT JOSEPH H POOLEFR ED M MONTGOMERYRICHARD K TIERNEY

DIANA G WILL IAMSCA R OL R PARKERL INDA K FOLSOM

V OLU ME 7 SCHOOL STAFFNU MBER S

ARTICLESLET'S TAKE A LOOK AT SURVIVAL I , II, . III . . 1Lt John Wallace; Cap t Robert G. Elton, In f ; Lt .fuhn A . Hurley, USAFRESCUE . ON TIERRA DEL FUEGO .A NEW LOOK AT THE L-19 GROUNDLOOP, William R Gaines 10COMBAT INTELLIGENCE. 15TWX 18WHY LOW FREQUENCY NAVIGATIONAL AIDS,Maj Martin V. McInerney, USAR (Retired ) 20SEVENTH ARMY 24MACHINE ANALYSIS 26TO GO OR NOT TO GO , CWO J ohn H. Green , TC 28INFLIGHT WEATHER ADVISORY 30HOW' YOUR INSTRUMENT TRAINING PROGRAM?Sp-4 Robert M Grant 31CRASH SENSE. 32FALCON 'S NEST Inside Back

Let Us KnowHas information in the DIGEST ever helped YOU to

prevent on occident/incident?Has it prevented someone you know from having on occi

dent/incident?I f so, we'd like to know about it the full particulars

. signed or unsigned, in longhand or typewritten.LET US KNOW Address your info to: Editor-in -Chief,

U. S ARMY AVIATION DIGEST, USAAVNS, Ft Rucker, Ala.Your help in charting our editorial

direction to do a better job for YOU isneeded. Send your info in TODAY

Col Oliver J . He lmuthDirector of InstructionLt Col C. E . Lawr enceCO USAAVNS R egimentLt Col Morris G. RawlingsCom bat Deve pments OfficeLt Col Ju lius E . Clark, r .Secretary

DEPARTMENTSLt Col Raymond P. Campbell, J r.

TacticsLt Col Conway L. EllersA dvanced Fixed W ingLt Col Wayne N PhillipsR otary W ingLt Col Harry J. KernMaintenanceLt Col John R. RiddlePu blications and

NonResiden t InstructionMaj Roy V. Hu nterPrimary F ixed W ing

The U. S. ARMY AVIATION DIGEST i Ian official publication of the Depa r tment ofthe Army published monthly under thesupervision of the Commandant, U. S. ArmyAviation School.The mission of the U. S. AR MY AVIATION DIGEST is to provide information ofan operational or functional nature concerning safety and aircraft accident prevention,training, maintenance, operations, researchand development, aviation medicine andother related data.Manuscripts , photographs, and other illustrations pertaining to the above subjects ofinterest to personnel ('oncerned with ArmyAviation are invited. Direct communicationis authorized to: Editorin-Chief U. S.ARMY AVIATION DIGEST, U. S. ArmyAvi a tion School, Fort Rucker, Alabama.Unless otherwise indicated, material inthe U. S. ARMY AVIATION DIGEST maybe reprinted provided credit is given to theU. S. ARMY AVIATION DIGEST and tothe author.The printing of this publication has beenappreved by the Director of the Bureau ofthe Budget, 22 December ] 958.Views expressed in this magazine are notnecessarily those of the Department of theArmy or of the U. S. Army Aviation School.UnleRs specified otherwise, all photographsa re U. S. Army.Distribution:To be distributed in accordance withrequirements stated in DA Form 12.


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HE ARMY AVIATOR flying in the Southwest can atany time be minutes away fromgoing down in an unpopulatedsemiarid country. Until he findshelp or help finds him his successful survival depends on hisingenuity, training, and will tosurvive. This is true with any-one travelling in the desert whobecomes unexpectedly lost orisolated.

For this reason, members ofthe 416th Signal Aviation Company at Fort Huachuca have agreat interest in desert sur-vival. Members of this unitasked Mr. Lee Kelly of Phoenixone of Arizona s best desert

Let s Take A ook At urvival Isurvival experts, to instructthem in survival techniques.A group of volunteers at -tended his course which included a day of classes and asurvival trip to the BatamoteMountains near Ajo Ariz. Before departure, the made uptheir own personal tobacco cansized survival kits, designed byMr. Kelly. Easily carried by thepilot or crew member at alltimes, it is helpful if the air-man becomes separated fromthe aircraft. Each item in thekit has many purposes. Generally the items cover first aidfire starting, signalling waterpurification and storage, animaltrapping, and many other uses.Mr. Kelly pointed out the im-

Lt Wallace is with th e PublicInformation Office U S. rmyEl ec tronic Proving Ground. FortHuachuca riz.

Lieutenant John allace

Cactus supplies water top) and food bottom) for desert survivaltrainees


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O f the groups successfully sig-nalled the helicopter from upto 10 miles away, a factor thatis very important to any survivor.

During the 3-day period, allO f the men learned problemsthat are misunderstood or un-known to the average person.They learned their own needsand shortcomings, and gaineda greater respect for water,rough terrain, and distance.They learned that survival canbe very difficult, but not im-possible if you are prepared.

Shelter from the sun m de from shelter halves and blankets Mr. Kelly emphasized the im-pO rtance of planning your O wndisaster. If you plan for thewO rst, you have a better chanceto survive. If taking a tripO r flight into an isolated area,sO meone should know your in-tentions SO searchers can loO kfor you if you do not return.All aviatO rs should adhere totheir filed flight plans. Eventhen no pO tential survivorshould expect help immediately. He must be ready to adapthimself to his new environmentwith whatever means andknO wledge he has with him.

pO rtance of overcoming initialpanic, and guarding against de-hydration, the biggest concernin the desert. He explained theeffects of heat and exercise O nthe body's water requirements,and hO W to cO nserve body fluids.He indicated ways to find waterin the desert, and instructedon ways to travel, keeping ori-ented, and overall planning. Mr.Hubert Earle, director of theArizona Botanical Gardens,gave instruction on edibleplants and food. Both he andMr. Kelly emphasized that foodis more of a morale factor andshouldn't cO ncern the survivoruntil he finds sufficient water.Food without water leads tofurther dehydration.

The men were taken intO thedesert with one canteen O fwater, their survival kits, andother items they would likelyhave with them O n a flight.They were divided into groupsof four and taken to differentlocations in the area. The nextday Mr. Kelly flew from groupto group checking their prO g-ress. Late the second day thegroups were picked up.

Each grO up did some travelling in their search for water.

At the end of a day and ahalf several groups had foundwater, one grO up gO ing 12miles to a waterhole. The othergrO ups did not find water; butWO uld have found it shortlythereafter. All of the groupsrealized the extreme difficultyin finding water even thoughfree water existed in abundance in the area. The groupsrealized that lack of sufficientwater, fatigue, and walkinggreatly multiplied their ob-stacles in just one day. All He should remember that

lesson in stewing the fruit of barrel c ctus is given duringdesert survival course


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man survives, with few exceptiQns, in all areas o.f the world.No. matter where he is themeans fQr his livelihood arenearby, if he knQws ho.W to.reco.gnize them . The potentialsurvivo.r sho.uld plan to. havewhatever pro.visio.ns he thinks

i

MAYDAY MA YDA YMAYDAY This is Army2345 forty miles sQutheast o.fReno. engine quit bailing QutSTOP THINK HQW wellequipped are yQU to cope with asurvival situatio.n? Wo.uld yQUbe prQperly dressed and eq uipped for the climate and terrain?Is yo.u r parachute pro.perlyfitted?I knQw yo.u're thinking, " Idon't have the occasio.n to crossmo.untains. Even if I did, Iwo.uldn't have to. bail o.ut."CQuid be, my friend. But howWo.uld you react if you foundyourself in any of several survival situatinns? Actually, theContinental United States hasmany areas in which an aviato.rcan experience unusual survivalco.nditions. The snuthwesterndesert area, the mo.untainousareas which co.ver a go.od Po.rtiQn Qf the East and West, theswamp area of the southeastall are Po.tential survival areas.How well you have planned andtrained fo.r survival will determine the outcome of ynur sur-

necessary with him, and heshQuld have adequate kno.wledge of survival to. make upfo.r provisions, he doesn't have.In unusual cases, the "willto. survive" has been an o.verriding factor for lack of preparatinn o.r kno.wledge. But the

Captain Robert G Elton Inf

vival experience.If you bailed out in mountainous terrain Wo.uld yo.U becaught wearing low quartersho.es? Lo.W quarters" are no.tdesigned fo.r walking in ro.ckyterrain; no.r are they designedfo.r jumping o.ut o.f aircraft.Frequently, "low quarters" areIo.osely tied and are lost o.no.pening shock of the parachute,causing much disco.mfort ifwalking is attempted and do.wnright Co.ld feet in sno.w-co.veredareas.

n improperly a d j u s teparachute is conducive to. injury. Loose straps have causedbro.ken bones, a decided deterrent to survival. Are yo.U familiar with bail-out pro.ceduresin each type aircraft? Do youhave any type Qf survivale qui p men t - knife, fo.od,matches, etc? 'The rapid growth o.f ArmyAviation during the past fewyears has been di rected to.wardstraining aviatOors, procuring additional aircraft and equipment,and creating doctrine and co.ncepts for their use. Many pro.b-

SURVIVALrisk is to.o great for anyoneto. depend on this alone. If aperson is.prepared mentally andphysically to. cope with thissituation, his morale will behigher and then his "will tosurvive" will bring himthrough. 0

lems asso.ciated with flying hadto be relegated to a seco.ndarypositio.n during this phase. Survival equipment and survivaltraining have nnt been stressedin the past, partly because o.fthe hereto.fo.re limited range o.fArmy aircraft.WHAT HAS BEEN DONE?Even tho.ugh a lack o.f standard survival equipment existed,many Army Aviation unitslocally fabricated survival kits.These kits. ranged frOom a fewcans of water f or desert flyingto. elaborate aircraft kits fo.rArctic flying. Unfortunately,most Army A viato.rs had littleQr no survival training o.requipment and co.nsequentlywere no.t prepared fo.r survival

enco.unters. With sOome exceptio.ns , this situation exists to.-Capt Elton was assigned to theU. S. Army Aviat1 on Board, F ort

Rucker Ala., when this articlewas wri tt en. H e is now attendinghelicopter schoo l at Camp W ol-teTs T exas. H has over 1,200flight hottrs in wing aiT-craft.


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Individual 25 lb overwater survival kitIndividual 30 lb hot climate survival kit

day. However, in Alaska, notonly is equipment provided, butsurvival training is given toeach newly assigned aviator.The USA Aviation Board hasrecently tested Individual HotClimate Survival Kits and Individual Overwater SurvivalKits which were developed bythe Quartermaster Researchand Engineering Com m n d(QMR&EC). During testing,modifications w e r e a c co mplished by this Board in con unction with QMR&EC. However, for various reasons, the .kits were not suitable for allArmy aircraft. The maj orcause of this dilemma is theoff-the-shelf procurement ofArmy aircraft, which results innonstandard seats. Since thekits are designed t fit the seatwell of the aircraft and attachto the aviator, it can be easilyseen why one kit design will notsuffice for all Army aircraft.

WHAT IS BEING DONEUSCON ARC has initiated are-evaluation of the problemand new Military Characteristics are being prepared in anattempt to resolve the presentdilemma. Meanwhile, the USAAviat ion School has included a3-hour general course of instruction on survival. Of necessity, the scope of the course islimited. SURVIVAL can hardlybe covered in 3 hours. However, the importance of thecourse lies in the fact that wein Army Aviation are awakening to the realization that wecan no longer completely ignorethe disastrous effects of a nonsurvival conscious Army Aviator.

WHAT COULD E DONEIt would require a great dealof time and money (which isscarce, t say the least for theArmy t establish s u r v i v lschools and to train survival


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T 0445 ON THIS island offthe southernmost tip ofthe South American continent,two Army Aviators got up asusual, .breakfasted and weregoing about their normal day'swork, preflighting their H-13s.Let's hit it at 0600, onepilot shouted to the other inthe chill dawn, and soon theywere airborne over this bleakland of fire, heading for themountairitops over untrackedcountry. To lAGS teams (Inter-AmericanGeodetic Survey),

~ n ~ h r t e r e d lands ara theiri

daily traffic pattern. These twoaviators, their helicopters, twomechanics and one t f ~ h inspector were on loan for a periodof 90 daya to the Chilean government, which was mappingthe island of Tierra del Fuego.Winter appeared to be advancing early in this topsyturvy land. Already the Marchmornings were raw. The mission this a.m., flown from acampsite known simply asEvans, was to transport personnel and equipment to several . mountaintop surveying

stations located slightly northof the Admiralty Strait. Landing at a sheep ranch known asEstancia Vicuna, the pilotsloaded cement and 5-galloncans of water into the -cargobags and then off-loaded thiscargo at another mountaintop,Intra Lago.So far, so good; the missionwas going according t plan.Over steaming cups of coffee,a few minutes of good natured

Prepared by the United Statesrmy Board for A iatiom Acci.dent Research.


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A 16-POUND TAILWEIGHThas been credited with helping to reduce the L-19 groundloop accident rate by 61.5 percent for primary solo flightstudents.A recent study conducted bythe Safety Division of the U. S.Army Aviation Center, FortRucker, Ala., indicated that theL 19A's center of gravity (c.g.)is sufficiently forward to resultin a light-tail condition whichadds to directional control problems for a primary student dur-

William R Gainesing the first 250 feet of landingroll. The tailweight moves theaircraft center of gravity aft,thus facilitating directionalcontrol. The 2,100-pound grossweight limit of the L-19A insolo configuration is not exceeded.The L-19E model presents asimilar problem. The c.g. doesnot exceed the forward limitin solo configuration, but it istoo far forward to enable beginning students to achieve gooddirectional control in the early

Figure

10

L-19 A AND E MODEL GROUNDLOOP DATAON NONSTUDENT PILOTS AND INSTRUCTORS1959 1960A Model E Model A Model E ModelMajorMinorIncidentF / L (No damage)OtherTOTALSBy Nonstudent PilotsBy Instructors

TOTALS BY YEAR

25 24 15 173 12 2 14 6 9 17o 4 31

28 38 19 285 8 7 1033 46 26 38

79 64

phases of the landing roll. TheE model has excellent landingcharacteris t ics when flowndual. But when the secondperson leaves the aircraft, thec g. moves forward about 4inches to within approximately1 inch of the forward permissible limit. This creates a lighttail condition which the Schoolcompensates for with the tailweight.

Students experience the majority of L-19 groundloops inArmy Aviation. As they progress in training the directionalcontrol accident rate decreases.Upon graduation students havethe feel of the aircraft andonly a minimum of trouble withdirectional control problems.However, when the new pilotsleave the school, the groundloop threat tags along and increases if all individual allowshis proficiency in the L-19 toretrogress.Loss of directional control inthe L-19 is an Army-wide problem. USABAAR statistics showthat in calendar years 1959 and1960, 143 L-19A E 'model


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directional control accidentswere committed by nonstudentpilots (fig. 1). Note that 30of these mishaps were experienced by instructors, who generally are current in the aircraft.Many Army Aviators golengthy periods without flyingthe L-19. When they do theirtechnique is often a bit "rusty."With the center of gravity toofar forward, they have twostrikes against them. ArmyAviators in the field can compensate for this disadvantageby anticipating and preparingfor possible directional controldifficulties while landing theL-19 solo. A little extra diligence by the experienced pilotshould avert a groundloop accident and save a lot of time,money, and embarrassment.

In the spring of 1960 thecommandant, U. S. Army Aviation School, authorized the Cen-Mr. Gaines is afe ty Directorfor th e U. S. A rmy A viationCente;r F ort Rucker A la. H ehas over 15 y ears experience inaircraf t accident prevention.

ter Safety Division to undertake a detailed study of directional control problems encountered by solo students in theL-19. It was determined fromWeight and Balance Form F(DD Form 365F, fig. 2) thatthe forward c.g. exceeded thepermissible limit from V to 1inch on various L-19A s when

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Army Aviation Digest - Aug 1961

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