AS 4564—2005

Australian Standard™

Specification for general purpose natural gas

AS

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This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee AG-010, Natural Gas Quality Specifications. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 19 August 2005. This Standard was published on 7 October 2005.

The following are represented on Committee AG-010:

Appliance and Component Testing

Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association

Australian Pipeline Industry Association

Energy Networks Association

Energy Retailers Association of Australia

Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association of Australia

Gas Technical Regulators Committee

Large Industrial User

Keeping Standards up-to-date

Standards are living documents which reflect progress in science, technology and systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued. Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments which may have been published since the Standard was purchased.

Detailed information about Standards can be found by visiting the Standards Web Shop at www.standards.com.au and looking up the relevant Standard in the on-line catalogue.

Alternatively, the printed Catalogue provides information current at 1 January each year, and the monthly magazine, The Global Standard, has a full listing of revisions and amendments published each month.

Australian StandardsTM and other products and services developed by Standards Australia are published and distributed under contract by SAI Global, which operates the Standards Web Shop.

We also welcome suggestions for improvement in our Standards, and especially encourage readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at mail@standards.org.au, or write to the Chief Executive, Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04151.

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AS 4564—2005

Australian Standard™

Specification for general purpose natural gas

Originated as AS 4564—2003 (AG 864—2003). Second edition 2005.

COPYRIGHT

© Standards Australia

All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by

any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written

permission of the publisher.

Published by Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia

ISBN 0 7337 6880 6

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AS 4564—2005 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Committee AG-010, Natural Gas Quality Specifications

to supersede AS 4564—2003 (AG 864-2003). It serves as a specification for general

purpose natural gas, with an emphasis on the safety of the gas for use in natural gas

appliances and equipment and for use as fuel in natural gas vehicles.

The quality specification provided by this Standard defines the requirements for providing a

natural gas suitable for transportation and for general purpose use and provides the range of

gas properties consistent with safe operation of the natural gas appliance population.

The Standard provides certainty for appliance manufacturers who supply appliances for use

in the Australian market.

Natural gas conforming to this Standard is suitable for transportation through pipelines,

however operational problems have been reported in transmission systems with sulfur

concentrations in natural gas below the 50 mg/m3 specified in this Standard. Research on

this issue is continuing. The outcome of the research will be taken into account in

subsequent review of the Standard.

Certain limits defined in the specification may be temporarily departed from under some

circumstances. The issue of such departures is not within the scope of this Standard and is

subject to and provided for under relevant gas sales contracts, legislation and/or

government guidelines.

The Standard is not intended to apply to gas supplies where no ‘general purpose’ users are

connected to the supply system, e.g., a dedicated supply to an industrial user.

Gas consumers who have specific needs that are not provided for by the specification would

need to nominate in appropriate commercial contracts with gas suppliers or retailers the gas

composition suitable for their particular use.

The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard and applies to appendices that are for

information and guidance only.

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3 AS 4564—2005

CONTENTS

Page

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS

1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 4

1.2 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 5

SECTION 2 REQUIREMENTS

2.1 SAFETY FOR USE ..................................................................................................... 6

2.2 CONTAMINANTS...................................................................................................... 6

SECTION 3 COMPLIANCE

3.1 DEMONSTRATION OF COMPLIANCE ................................................................... 7

3.2 TESTING .................................................................................................................... 8

APPENDICES

A DERIVATION OF SPECIFICATION ......................................................................... 9

B MATTERS THAT MAY BE CONSIDERED IN CONTRACTS............................... 12

C DEMONSTRATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH THIS SPECIFICATION............... 13

D LIST OF REFERENCED STANDARDS .................................................................. 15

E SUGGESTED READING ......................................................................................... 16

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AS 4564—2005 4

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard

Specification for general purpose natural gas

S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D D E F I N I T I O N S

1.1 SCOPE

1.1.1 General

This specification sets out requirements that ensure that general purpose natural gas that is

transported and supplied is safe for use in natural gas appliances and equipment and for use

as fuel in natural gas vehicles.

The specification applies to natural gas—

(a) from petroleum, landfill, biogas, coal seam and other sources where these sources

provide gas for direct or blended supply on a commercial basis through supply

systems serving general purpose customers;

(b) transported and supplied to users for use in natural gas appliances and equipment

complying with the relevant Standards. This includes natural gas powered vehicles,

natural gas compressors and refuelling facilities.

This specification is not intended to apply to natural gas for supply as a process feedstock,

but may provide a basis for such a specification.

Gas complying with this specification is safe for general purpose use but is not necessarily

fit for purpose in all applications.

General purpose natural gas is subject to contractual requirements between buyer and seller

and in some cases to National or State requirements as to quality, including allowable

excursions from the specification.

1.1.2 Inclusions and exclusions

The specification covers gas for general purpose use but is not intended to apply to gas

supplies where no ‘general purpose’ users are connected to the supply system, e.g., a

dedicated supply to an industrial user.

General purpose natural gas can be formed by blending gas from different supplies.

The hydrocarbon dewpoint limit in the specification may be more restrictive than need be

for some general purpose natural gas supply systems that are confined to only one State.

For these systems, the relevant State regulatory body may provide for a higher limit if local

conditions are favourable and it is possible to avoid excessive condensation with the higher

limit. Compliance with such higher limit will constitute compliance with the Standard

within that State only. In the absence of such provision the limit in the specification shall

apply.

Certain limits defined in the specification may be temporarily departed from under some

circumstances. The issue of such departures is not within the scope of this Standard and is

subject to and provided for under relevant gas sales contracts, legislation and/or

government guidelines.

NOTE: This specification is supported by informative Appendices that provide further

information and guidance on the derivation of the requirements, additional issues to be considered

in contracts and testing methods to verify compliance. See Appendices A, B and C.

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5 AS 4564—2005

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1.2 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Standard the following definitions apply:

1.2.1 General purpose natural gas

That natural gas that is suitable for transportation in transmission and distribution systems,

and which is safe for use in the general population of natural gas appliances and equipment

in Australia.

1.2.2 Higher heating value

The amount of energy in MJ/m3 released when one cubic metre of dry gas, at standard

conditions, is completely burnt in air with the products of combustion brought to standard

conditions, with the water produced by combustion condensed to the liquid state.

NOTE: Higher heating value is also known as gross heating value or superior heating value.

1.2.3 Inert gas

Means any material that exists predominantly in a gaseous state at standard conditions and

which does not contribute to energy release when the gas burns. Inert gas includes but is not

limited to carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen and noble gases.

1.2.4 Limit

The value beyond which the specified characteristic or concentration of the component shall

not be permitted to vary.

1.2.5 Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP)

The maximum pressure at which a pipeline may be operated.

1.2.6 Natural gas

A gaseous fuel consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons of the alkane series, primarily

methane but which may also include ethane, propane and higher hydrocarbons in much

smaller amounts. It may also include some inert gases, plus minor amounts of other

constituents including odorizing agents. Natural gas remains in the gaseous state under the

temperature and pressure conditions normally found in service.

1.2.7 Relative density

Often called specific gravity, it is the mass of dry natural gas divided by the mass of an

equal volume of dry air, both at the same specified pressure and temperature (see

ISO 6976).

1.2.8 Standard conditions

A temperature of 15°C and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa.

1.2.9 Total sulfur

Sulfur from all sources including odorization of the gas.

1.2.10 Wobbe Index

The number expressed in MJ/m3 produced when the higher heating value of the gas is

divided by the square root of the relative density of that same gas.

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AS 4564—2005 6

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

S E C T I O N 2 R E Q U I R E M E N T S

2.1 SAFETY FOR USE

The properties of general purpose natural gas shall, subject to authorized excursions, be

maintained at all times within the limits set out in Table 3.1.

2.2 CONTAMINANTS

The gas shall not contain—

(a) materials, dust, and other solid or liquid matter, waxes, gums, gum forming

constituents, and unsaturated or aromatic hydrocarbons to an extent which might

cause damage to, or interfere with the proper operation of, pipes, meters, regulators,

control systems, equipment or appliances;

(b) unsaturated or aromatic hydrocarbons to an extent which causes unacceptable sooting;

(c) other substances to the extent that they cause damage to, or problems in operation of,

pipelines or appliances or that cause the products of combustion to be toxic, or

hazardous to health, other than substances that are usually found in natural gas

combustion products.

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7 AS 4564—2005

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S E C T I O N 3 C O M P L I A N C E

3.1 DEMONSTRATION OF COMPLIANCE

Compliance with this Standard shall be demonstrated by showing, at the accepted levels of

precision of the test/calculation methods used, that the value of a characteristic or

concentration of a component does not lie beyond the limit listed in Table 3.1. Suggested

test/calculation methods are given in Appendix C. Most of the methods of test given in

Table C1 contain a statement of precision, i.e., the repeatability and reproducibility, to be

expected from them. In the case of dispute, the procedure described in ISO 4259, which

uses precision data in the interpretation of test results, should be used.

The limit values in the Table 3.1 do not include the allowance for excursions from the

limits, which are provided for under existing gas sales agreements or under government

regulations or guidelines.

TABLE 3.1

SPECIFICATION LIMITS

Characteristics and components Limit

Wobbe Index Minimum 46.0 MJ/m3

Maximum 52.0 MJ/m3

Oxygen Maximum 0.2 mol %

Hydrogen sulfide Maximum 5.7 mg/m3

Total sulfur Maximum 50 mg/m3

Water content Maximum Dewpoint 0°C at the highest MAOP in

the relevant transmission system (in any

case, no more than 112.0 mg/m3)

Hydrocarbon dewpoint Maximum 2.0°C at 3500 kPa gauge

Total inert gases Maximum 7.0 mol%

NOTES:

1 m3 means 1 cubic metre of dry gas at the standard conditions (see Clause 1.2.8).

2 The sulfur level upstream of the point(s) of addition of odorant needs to be such as to allow for

any increase due to the odorant.

3 The hydrocarbon dewpoint limit is intended to ensure that condensation, and in particular

retrograde condensation, does not occur to an excessive extent. For some general purpose natural

gas supply systems that are confined to only one State, the relevant government body in that

State may provide for localized departure from the specified limit (see Clause 1.1.2). This would

only apply where local conditions are favourable and it is possible to avoid excessive

condensation with a higher hydrocarbon dewpoint limit.

4 Higher heating value: It is expected that for all practical gases available, or likely to be available

commercially, higher heating values would be in the range of 37 to 42 MJ/m3.

5 Relative density: It is expected that for all practical gases available, or likely to be available

commercially, relative density values would be in the range of 0.55 to 0.70.

6 For applications such as natural gas vehicles requiring compression to higher pressure than the

maximum transmission pressure it may be necessary to use a gas dryer to remove moisture from

the gas to prevent liquid water or hydrate formation.

7 See Appendix A for explanatory information.

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AS 4564—2005 8

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

3.2 TESTING

Determination of the value of the properties of the gas shall be at a frequency that

reasonably confirms compliance at all times.

To meet this requirement, the measurement methods and equipment shall have acceptable

and sufficiently low uncertainty, traceable to certified Standards. However, this Standard

does not prescribe particular methods for any specific test.

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9 AS 4564—2005

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APPENDIX A

DERIVATION OF SPECIFICATION

(Informative)

A1 BACKGROUND

The specification encompasses the range of Australian natural gases in use at the time of

publication.

In order to retain the greatest flexibility of supply no attempt has been made to detail the

composition of the gas beyond those compounds normally regarded as gas contaminants and

which have a detrimental effect on the properties of the gas. Specification limits are

generally consistent with overseas practice. Australian gas appliance manufacturers and

most overseas manufacturers including those in Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the UK and

the USA, design appliances to operate safely with gases within the range of this

specification. In this respect the specification is intended to cover only those gases that are

primarily methane. This specification does not cover other gases such as LPG/air mixtures

and synthetic natural gas.

A2 LIMITS

In any natural gas specification a balance must be achieved between optimum performance,

which requires the narrowest possible combustion limits, and cost of supply that, if

possible, requires no limits at all so that any available gas can be used. In an endeavour to

resolve this issue the limits are set as wide as possible while still maintaining safe

combustion performance in gas burning appliances certified for use in Australia. If the

specification of gas deviates outside the limits both safety and performance may be

compromised. This is dependent on the duration, and extent of the excursion.

Although rate of change of variables within the limits is not addressed in this specification,

it is a matter that may be addressed in gas supply contracts. It is relevant to the performance

of combustion control systems particularly in lean burn and low NOx applications. In

addition, rapid changes in Wobbe Index, for example, may lead to customer complaints, as

there may be a noticeable change in performance with some appliances.

A3 CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPONENTS

A3.1 Wobbe Index

Wobbe Index is a measure of the energy input rate to a burner at constant supply pressure

and also relates to the combustion characteristics of the burner. A change in the

Wobbe Index of the gas will result in a proportional change in the energy output of all gas

appliances and equipment supplied, and in the energy carrying capacity of gas pipelines and

distribution networks.

The permissible range of Wobbe Index is the range over which the present Australian

population of gas appliances and equipment can be expected to operate safely.

Too low a Wobbe Index may cause flame abnormality. It can also cause increased carbon

monoxide formation in surface combustion burners.

Too high a Wobbe Index may give rise to high levels of carbon monoxide in the combustion

products of conventional appliances. It can also give rise to overheating.

A3.2 Oxygen

A maximum oxygen concentration of 0.2 mol% is required by this specification. Lice

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AS 4564—2005 10

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Corrosion products from oxidation in steel pipelines have the effect of stripping the injected

odorant from gas.

A3.3 Hydrogen sulfide

The limitation on hydrogen sulfide in the gas is necessary because of its corrosive effects.

In the presence of water, hydrogen sulfide can cause hydrogen induced cracking and sulfide

stress cracking in high tensile steels at high pressure. This is of particular importance for

transportation of gas in steel pipes and for the use of natural gas in vehicles where natural

gas is typically stored at pressures up to 25 MPa.

Further information on the effects of hydrogen sulfide is contained in Appendix H of

AS 2885.1:1997.

A3.4 Total sulfur

A maximum permitted sulfur concentration of 50 mg/m3 includes sulfur from all sources

including odorization of the gas. Odorants commonly used in Australia contribute to the

sulfur level in the gas. In setting the sulfur limit, the use of flueless heating in Australia has

been taken into account.

Sulfur deposition is an operating issue in some transmission systems. This has occurred in

some systems with sulfur concentrations below 50 mg/m3 and further research is required.

A3.5 Water

This specification covers water content by nominating the dewpoint at maximum

transmission pressures. Additionally, an absolute limit (mg/m3) is stated. Figure A1 defines

the water content in mg/m3 producing a dewpoint of 0°C for a range of transmission

pressures.

Liquid phase water can cause corrosion and the formation of gas hydrates in transmission

systems. In combination with hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, water can also lead to

stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement.

The stated limits are designed to ensure that hydrate formation and excessive corrosion do

not occur in transmission systems.

For applications such as natural gas vehicles requiring compression to higher pressure than

the maximum transmission pressure it may be necessary to use a gas dryer to remove

moisture from the gas to prevent liquid water or hydrate formation.

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11 AS 4564—2005

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0 5 10 15 20 25

PRESSURE IN MPa ABSOLUTE

140

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

WA

TE

R C

ON

TE

NT

IN

mg

/m3

FIGURE A1 DEWPOINT AT ZERO DEGREES CELSIUS

(Derived from ASTM D1142)

A3.6 Hydrocarbon dewpoint

The hydrocarbon dewpoint limit controls the level of heavy hydrocarbons (propane and

heavier) in the gas. At high pressures, condensation of heavy hydrocarbons may occur at

low temperatures.

Additionally, retrograde condensation can occur in transmission systems at pressures lower

than the MAOP. It is this phenomenon that effectively determines the maximum allowable

limits of heavy hydrocarbons in natural gas. The pressure and temperature specified are

designed to limit retrograde condensation for typical Australian natural gases (refer to

ISO 13686).

A3.7 Total inert gases

The specification for total inert gases is intended, in conjunction with the Wobbe Index

limits, to limit the levels of higher hydrocarbons. High levels of CO2 in particular could

have significant implications for some gas consumers that have specific needs, however this

is a commercial issue and, where necessary, would be specified in contracts.

A3.8 Other combustion parameters

Other combustion parameters e.g., sooting index, flame speed, lift index were considered

but not deemed necessary for inclusion in the specification.

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AS 4564—2005 12

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APPENDIX B

MATTERS THAT MAY BE CONSIDERED IN CONTRACTS

(Informative)

The following gas quality matters that are outside the scope of this gas specification may be

considered, if relevant, in gas transportation and supply contracts.

(a) The rate of change of critical parameters.

(b) Frequency of agreed tests for verification of compliance.

(c) Exchange of results of all monitoring/testing undertaken.

(d) Retention period for records of the tests carried out to verify compliance.

(e) Excursions and their duration outside the absolute limits set out in Table 3.1.

(f) Response actions to be taken relating to excursions, emergencies, etc.

(g) Commissioning activities, such as hydrostatic testing and drying of pipelines and

initial odorant injection activities.

NOTE: This is not an exhaustive list.

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APPENDIX C

DEMONSTRATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH THIS SPECIFICATION

(Informative)

C1 TEST METHODS

Table C1 below sets out details of methods that meet the requirements for analysis of

methane based gases to identify characteristic and components and confirm compliance

with this specification.

TABLE C1

TEST METHODS

Characteristics and

components Range

Reference to a

suggested

test/calculation

method

Wobbe Index — ISO 6974

ISO 6975

ISO 6976

Heating value — ISO 6974

ISO 6975

ISO 6976

Relative density — ISO 6974

ISO 6975

ISO 6976

ASTM D1070

Oxygen 0.001% to 0.5% ISO 6974

Hydrogen sulfide 0.1 to 100 mg/m3 ISO 6326

Total sulfur (as S) 0.5 to 1000 mg/m3 ISO 6326

ASTM D1072

Water 5 mg/m3 to 5000 mg/m3 if

concentration of sulfur compounds

in the gas is less than 20% of the

water content

ISO 10101

Calculation of water vapour

content based on dewpoint

measurement

ISO 6327

ASTM D1142

Hydrocarbon dewpoint −40°C to +10°C See C1.1(b)

C1.1

Further details of some of the test methods referenced in Table C1 are provided in the

following:

(a) FLYNN, N. and DE LAPPE, B. Trace constituents in landfill gas. Task Report on

sampling and analysis. GRI-87/0018, 1988.

(b) DODDS, D.E. Determination of water vapor content and hydrocarbon dewpoint in

gas. 71st Proceedings of the International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement,

pp 541-543, 1996.

(c) ISO 5725-1. Lice

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AS 4564—2005 14

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C1.2

As Standards are subject to revision from time to time the most recent editions of the

Standards listed should always be used.

C1.3

More appropriate methods for testing may become available and these should be used

provided that the results of the tests are of known accuracy and reproducibility.

C2 PRECISION OF MEASUREMENT

To demonstrate compliance with this Standard it is necessary to show, at the accepted levels

of precision of the test/calculation methods, that the value of a characteristic or

concentration of a component is not beyond the specified limit.

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15 AS 4564—2005

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APPENDIX D

LIST OF REFERENCED STANDARDS

(Informative)

AS

2885 Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum

2885.1:1997 Part 1: Design and construction

ISO

4259 Petroleum products—Determination and application of precision data in

relation to methods of test

5725 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results

5725-1 Part 1: General principles and definitions

6326 Natural gas— Determination of sulfur compounds

6327 Gas analysis—Determination of the water dew point of natural gas—Cooled

surface condensation hygrometers

6974 Natural gas— Determination of composition with defined uncertainty by gas

chromatography

6975 Natural gas—Extended analysis—Gas-chromatographic method

6976 Natural gas—Calculation of calorific values, density, relative density and

Wobbe Index from composition

10101 Natural gas—Determination of water by the Karl Fischer method

13686 Natural gas—Quality designation

ASTM

D1070 Test methods for relative density of gaseous fuels

D1072 Test method for total sulfur in fuel gases

D1142 Standard test method for water vapor content of gaseous fuels by

measurement of dew-point temperature

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AS 4564—2005 16

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APPENDIX E

SUGGESTED READING

(Informative)

Specialist text should be consulted for detailed discussion of natural gas characteristics in

this Standard. Some examples are given below.

DUTTON, B.C. A new dimension to gas interchangeability, Inst. Gas Eng communication

number 1246, 1984.

GILBERT, M.G. and PRIGG, J.A. The prediction of combustion characteristics of town

gas, Trans Inst. Gas Eng. 106, p 503, 1956.

HARRIS, J.A. and LOVELACE, D.E. Combustion characteristics of natural gas and

manufactured substitutes, Inst. Gas Eng. Journal, pp 169-185, 1968.

WU, H.L. and JASIEWICZ, J. The influence of higher hydrocarbons and inert gases on the

stability of natural gas flames, Journal of the Institute of Fuel, Vol. 45 (December 1972),

pp 609-614.

FRANCE, D.H. Combustion interchangeability of second-family gases, Journal of the

Institute of Energy, March 1979, pp 3-10.

TAS, I. and CLARK, C. Gas quality appliance testing (AGL Research Centre), 1999.

VENCorp Gas quality guidelines—Injection points.

Available at http://www.vencorp.com.au/docs/Gas_Market/Market_TechInfo/

AS

2649 Petroleum liquids and gases—Measurement—Standard reference conditions

AS/NZS

2739 Natural gas (CNG) fuel systems for vehicle engines

AG

901 Code of practice for NGV refuelling stations

NZS

5425 Code of practice for CNG compressor and refuelling stations

5442 Specification for reticulated natural gas

ISO

15403 Natural gas—Designation of the quality of natural gas as a compressed fuel for

vehicles

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