30 BioProcess International APRIL 2009 B IO P ROCES S TECHNICAL Assay Validation for Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma Contamination An Application of Fluorescent Probe Technology and Amplification of Specific Nucleic Acids DB Brown, JA Newman, JM Gutekunst, JB McManus, DLD Letham, TJ Weber, G Mamalat, N Bruk, LK Montgomery, S Thompson, and MJ Hantman PRODUCT FOCUS: ALL BIOLOGICS PROCESS FOCUS: PRODUCTION WHO SHOULD READ: QA/QC, PROCESS DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, AND ANALYTICAL PERSONNEL KEYWORDS: LYOPHILIZATION, LIQUID NITROGEN, PARENTERAL PRODUCTS, BIOPHARMACEUTICALS LEVEL: ADVANCED M ycoplasmas and related bacteria in the class Mollicutes are parasitic organisms found not only on the external surfaces of a wide range of eukaryotic host cells, but also intracellularly. They are characterized by small size and lack of a rigid cell wall, which gives them resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and the ability to pass through 0.2-μm filters ( 1, 2). Contamination by Mollicutes is a common problem for cell cultures that is not easily detected because it usually does not produce turbidity or cytopathic effects even though high densities are achievable (10 5 –10 8 organisms/mL) (3). A contaminated product-producing cell culture may not be apparent, but the contamination can affect cell growth and alter the metabolic and biochemical characteristics of contaminated cells — and it may lead to unsafe final products (2). Mycoplasma infection can originate from laboratory personnel, contaminated animal sera, and contaminated aerosols. It may be disseminated by the sharing of contaminated cells among different laboratories. The presence of mycoplasmas of swine origin in bovine serum may come from contamination in mixed slaughterhouses. Trypsin is a compound of swine origin often used in cell culture, and it can also contribute to the presence of mycoplasma DNA (4 ( ( ). Five species of Mollicutes — Mycoplasma arginini, M. fermentans, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, and Acholeplasma laidlawii — account for ~95% of identified cell culture contamination ( 1, 3). Testing is advised and/or regulated throughout the world for such contamination in master cell banks, working cell banks, virus seed lots, control cells, virus harvests, bulk vaccines, final batch lots, monoclonal antibodies, immunological modulators, interferon and other cytokines, growth factors, or any biological materials produced in cell substrates. In the United States, mycoplasma testing of cell lines and biological products derived from cells Mycoplasma species magnified DIAGNOSTIC MYCOPLASMA LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM WWW.MYCOPLASMA.UAB.EDU
Transcript
30 BioProcess International APRIL 2009
B I O P R O C E S S TECHNICAL
Assay Validation for Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma ContaminationAn Application of Fluorescent Probe Technologyand Amplification of Specific Nucleic Acids
DB Brown, JA Newman, JM Gutekunst, JB McManus, DLD Letham, TJ Weber, G Mamalat, N Bruk, LK Montgomery, S Thompson, and MJ Hantman
PRODUCT FOCUS: ALL BIOLOGICS
PROCESS FOCUS: PRODUCTION
WHO SHOULD READ: QA/QC, PROCESS DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, AND ANALYTICAL PERSONNEL
M ycoplasmas and related bacteria in the class Mollicutes are parasitic Mollicutes are parasitic Mollicutesorganisms found not only
on the external surfaces of a wide range of eukaryotic host cells, but also intracellularly. They are characterized by small size and lack of a rigid cell wall, which gives them resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and the ability to pass through 0.2-µm filters (1, 2). Contamination by Mollicutes is a Mollicutes is a Mollicutescommon problem for cell cultures that is not easily detected because it usually does not produce turbidity or cytopathic effects even though high densities are achievable (105–108
organisms/mL) (3). A contaminated product-producing cell culture may not be apparent, but the contamination can affect cell growth and alter the metabolic and
biochemical characteristics of contaminated cells — and it may lead to unsafe final products (2).
Mycoplasma infection can originate Mycoplasma infection can originate Mycoplasmafrom laboratory personnel, contaminated animal sera, and contaminated aerosols. It may be disseminated by the sharing of contaminated cells among different laboratories. The presence of mycoplasmas of swine origin in bovine serum may come from contamination in mixed slaughterhouses. Trypsin is a compound of swine origin often used in cell culture, and it can also contribute to the presence of mycoplasma DNA (4mycoplasma DNA (4mycoplasma DNA ( ).
Five species of Mollicutes — Mollicutes — MollicutesMycoplasma arginini, M. fermentans, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, and Acholeplasma laidlawii — account for laidlawii — account for laidlawii~95% of identified cell culture contamination (1, 3). Testing is advised and/or regulated throughout the world for such contamination in master cell banks, working cell banks, virus seed lots, control cells, virus harvests, bulk vaccines, final batch lots, monoclonal antibodies, immunological modulators, interferon and other cytokines, growth factors, or any biological materials produced in cell substrates. In the United States, mycoplasma testing of cell lines and biological products derived from cells
Mycoplasma species magnified DIAGNOSTIC MYCOPLASMA LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM
WWW.MYCOPLASMA.UAB.EDU
32 BioProcess International APRIL 2009
is regulated by Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 610.30), the Points to Consider in the Characterization of Cell Lines Used to Produce Biologicals document of 1993, and a 2006 draft guidance titled Characterization and Qualification of Cell Substrates and Other Biological Starting Materials Used in the Production of Viral Vaccines for the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases.
The biopharmaceutical industry is pushing for development of rapid mycoplasma testing as an alternative to standard 28-day cell culture methods. Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NATs) may be used as an alternative to the traditional method, as can an indicator cell culture method, if it can be demonstrated to be comparable with culture-based methods by suitable validation (5, 6). In some cases, culture-based procedures cannot be used because of an inability to completely neutralize vaccine viruses, which necessitates the use of NAT-based assays to test for mycoplasma. Researchers began using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the late 1980s to detect mycoplasma contamination in biological samples. Those early assays were limited to specific species, but today numerous broad–target-range assays have been developed (7–10). In addition, commercially available mycoplasma tests include both enzyme and NAT-based assays. But to our knowledge, there are none approved by the FDA to replace traditional cell-culture and broth methods for detecting mycoplasma.
Development of a NAT-based assay involves optimization of both the nucleic-acid extraction method and the PCR amplification reaction(s) to maximize assay sensitivity and specificity. Challenges include
• targeting a large number of species within one class of bacteria without significant cross reaction with related bacteria or nucleic acids that may be present during biological product manufacture
• evaluating f luorescent signals in samples when positive amplification indicates the presence of nucleic acids
sequences but not necessarily the presence of viable mycoplasma.
Here we present an overview of a NAT-based detection assay that has been developed and validated for a wide range of Mollicutes including Mollicutes including MollicutesMycoplasma and Mycoplasma and Mycoplasma Acholeplasma based on Acholeplasma based on Acholeplasmaguidelines in the European Pharmacopoeia (5). Our assay uses reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) with sequence-specific primers for amplification of target sequences and dual-labeled f luorescent probes for additional specificity. They were developed specifically for this assay to target mycoplasma 16S rRNA. Because RNA is typically more labile than DNA, its extraction and targeting (with an included DNase step) should decrease detection of nonviable organisms as well as persistent residual DNA. In addition, we expected the target RNA to be present in more copies per cell than its corresponding DNA, thus increasing the assay sensitivity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This assay required a range that would include the Mollicutes but remain Mollicutes but remain Mollicutesspecific enough to discriminate
between them and other bacteria. To maximize the range, sensitivity, and specificity of the assay, we tested three primer–probe sets in three reaction mixes based on the phylogenetic relationships within the Mollicutesclass (Figure 1) using Lasergene software from DNASTAR, Inc. (www.dnastar.com). Master mix “Orale” (MMO) was used for the group of mycoplasma species that includes M. hominis, M. orale, M. arginini, M. fermentans, M. hyorhinis and M. hyorhinis and M. hyorhinis M. synoviae. Master mix “Pneumoniae” (MMP) was used for the group that includes M. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae M. gallisepticum. Master mix “Laidlawii” (MML) was used for the Acholeplasma species, Acholeplasma species, Acholeplasmanotably A. laidlawii. In addition, a β-actin primer–probe set was used as an alternative target to detect the control RNA used in each extraction.
Validation included both quantitated nucleic acid targets and well-characterized Mycoplasma and Mycoplasma and MycoplasmaAcholeplasma organisms as reference Acholeplasma organisms as reference Acholeplasmastandards titered by determination of colony-forming units (CFU) on agar plates. To assess the assay at the 10-CFU/mL level, strains of
Figure 1: A phylogenetic tree displays the predicted relationships among 26 selected Mycoplasmaand other bacterial species based on their respective 16S rRNA sequences. Arrows identify the species used in this study and the specific PCR master mix used during fluorescent amplification.
M. arginini (ATCC #23243), M. arginini (ATCC #23243), M. arginini M. fermentans (ATCC M. fermentans (ATCC M. fermentans#19989), M. hyorhinis (ATCC #17981), M. hyorhinis (ATCC #17981), M. hyorhinis M. orale (ATCC M. orale (ATCC M. orale#23714), M. pneumoniae (ATCC #15531), and M. pneumoniae (ATCC #15531), and M. pneumoniae A. laidlawii(ATCC #23206) represented an optimal selection in terms of frequency of occurrence as contaminants in mammalian cell cultures and phylogenetic relationships. Growth studies involving seven-day broth cultures preceding RNA isolation used those strains as well as M. gallisepticum(ATCC #19610) and M. synoviae (ATCC #25204). M. synoviae (ATCC #25204). M. synoviae
Both the RT-PCR method and traditional culture methods are performed routinely at our company, where they’ve been demonstrated to be comparable by their ability to detect 10 CFU/mL using the same titered stocks. To assess the molecular limit of detection (LOD) — the minimum number of molecules that can be routinely measured (>95% probability of generating a positive result) but not necessarily quantitated — we used plasmid copy number standards containing a portion of the 16S rRNA coding region from the appropriate organism. Designated as pAlaidlawii, pMpneumoniae, pMorale, pMfermentans, pMhyorhinis, and pMarginini, the plasmids were purified and quantitated by spectrophotometry. We tested multiple independent fivefold dilution series from 156,250 to two copies per reaction with a minimum of 24 replicates at each dilution.
An exogenous RNA control (total genomic RNA from a human cell line, HEK 293) was added to all samples before nucleic acid isolation and used for routine verification of the absence of inhibition as well as an overall control for the extraction, RT, PCR, and detection steps. We used additional plasmid positive controls to spike sample replicates with a defined copy number standard from representative target species to demonstrate achievement of the expected sensitivity. Specificity was also addressed using DNA isolated from bacterial species that have a close phylogenetic relationship to the Mollicutes class. Mollicutes class. Mollicutes
Streptococcus mutans genomic DNA (ATCC #25175D), Lactobacillus acidophilus genomic DNA (ATCC #4357D), and Clostridium sporogenes genomic DNA (ATCC #3584D) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (www.atcc.org) and assayed at 250 pg/reaction (~100,000 genome equivalents).
We included five matrices in our validation: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), mycoplasma broth (which includes yeast extract and horse serum), fetal bovine serum (FBS), cell culture supernatant derived from a murine hybridoma cell line (designated ERV514), and cell culture lysates derived from 107-cells/mL cultures of either ERV514 or Sp2/0 cells. These matrices were tested either unspiked or spiked with 10 CFU/mL of our panel of titered strains of mycoplasma.
Extraction and purification of RNA from samples used a column purification system from Qiagen (www.qiagen.com). Samples were first lysed with a highly denaturing buffer containing guanidine thiocyanate. This buffer not only inactivated RNases, but also protected the isolated RNA from degradation. All samples included a control RNA, and we included an on-column DNase treatment to remove any contaminating DNA that may have been present, reducing the possibility of detecting free mycoplasma DNA or nonviable organisms (Figure 2). Only low-speed centrifugations were needed for debris removal from the cell lysates. All other samples were extracted following a high-speed centrifugation step to concentrate all organisms present.
We performed a two-step RT-PCR on all samples and controls (Figure 3), with one reverse-transcription reaction per sample aliquotted into four PCR reactions. Those reactions were amplified using a sequence detection system from Applied Biosystems (www.appliedbiosytems.com), and the generated f luorescent signals analyzed by dedicated software. The results were expressed as CT (threshold T (threshold Tcycle), the PCR cycle number at which a signal exceeded a threshold f luorescence value. All PCR reactions were performed in triplicate.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Molecular Limit of Detection, Linearity, Sensitivity, and Robustness: We tested multiple independent fivefold
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of RNA isolation by column purification including control RNA and on-column DNase steps
Wash columnand add DNase
Sample Low-speed centrifugation (2,000g for �ve minutes)
High-speed centrifugation (10,000g for 10 minutes)
Removesupernatant
Add Control RNA
Wash column and elute RNA
Transfer andload column
Resuspend pelletin PBS and lysis bu�er
Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the reverse transcription of RNA into cDNA followed by PCR amplification with fluorescence detection
RT
Fluorescence detection
RNA
cDNA
FluorescentReal-Time PCR
6 - BHQ
MMO MMP MML MM-actin
+
6 - Dual-labeledoligo-
nucleotide
6-FAM
+
BHQ
dilution series of the six plasmid copy number standards from 156,250 to two copies per reaction with a minimum of 24 replicates at each dilution (Table 1). All reactions above 10 copies generated positive signals. The demonstration of both positive and negative reactions at the two-copy level suggests that each plasmid target in each master mix has a one-copy sensitivity. Although some M. pneumoniae and A. laidlawii 10-copy reactions generated no positive signals, at least 33% of replicates did generate signals in all triplicate reactions. For the assay as a whole, using the suggested 95% positivity cut-off point for all reactions (5), the molecular LOD would be set at 50 copies.
Standard curves were generated from the dilution series of the plasmid copy number standards and CT values: T values: T65 out of 67 had slopes between –3.37 and –3.88, representing PCR efficiencies of 98.03–81.02%. One dilution series of pMpneumonia had a slope of –4.15 (74.17% efficiency), and one dilution series of pMorale had a slope of –4.05 (76.57% efficiency). All curves demonstrated linearity and correlation coefficients ≥0.9800. Our assay was shown to be robust by introducing 10% volume variations in the primer–probe and total reaction mixes, generating five different variations for each master mix. Neither the 156,250-copy spike nor a 50-copy spike was significantly affected by those changes, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of 0.71–4.44% for the MMO, 0.43–6.64% for the MML, and 0.88–5.16% for the MMP (Table 2).
Specificity, Background Signals, and Cross-Reactivity: We evaluated specificity in several ways because a RT-PCR assay can detect any target nucleic acid in viable and nonviable organisms as well as residual nucleic acids from environmental sources. Reagent controls contained a minimal amount of biological materials, so we used them to assess the possible impact of residual mycoplasma nucleic acids. We included the PBS matrix for two reverse transcription control reactions: RT1 containing the control
293 RNA and RT2 without it. In the negative RT reactions and extraction controls, nine out of 372 (2.4%) reactions in MMO, 0/156 reactions in MMP, and 14/162 (8.6%) reactions in MML generated amplification signals equivalent to 2–11 copies, 0 copies, and 1–2 copies, respectively (Table 3).
In 25 ng of mammalian DNA derived from HEK 293 or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, 1/36 (2.8%) reactions in MMO, 1/36 (2.8%) reactions in MMP, and 0/36 reactions in MML generated amplification signals equivalent to two copies, two copies, and 0 copies, respectively (Table 3). In 250 pg of bacterial DNA, 7/54 (13%) reactions in MMO, 0/54 reactions in MMP, and 18/36 (50%) reactions in MML generated amplification signals equivalent to 1–10 copies, 0 copies, and 1–7 copies, respectively (Table 3). In all master mixes the mycoplasma broth (containing horse serum), FBS, cell culture supernatant, and cell lysate had sporadic amplification signals: 126/432 (29%) reactions in MMO, 10/114 (14%) reactions in MMP, and 20/114 (18%) reactions in MML
generated amplification signals equivalent to 1–220 copies, 1–22 copies, and 1–11 copies, respectively (Table 3).
The calculated copy number values derived from reagents alone, (HEK 293 RNA, PBS, mammalian DNA, and bacterial DNA) suggested that these signals were not caused by cross-reactivity of primers and probes with the sample DNA, but rather indicated residual mycoplasma-derived nucleic acids. Even if the signals in bacterial DNA resulted from cross-reactivity, it would indicate a >10,000-fold differential in sensitivity between these species and the target Mycoplasma organisms. These Mycoplasma organisms. These Mycoplasmaexperiments were performed in an ongoing testing laboratory, so the FBS, supernatant, and lysate were processed in an environment that isolated those potential sources from materials and samples known or expected to be free of adventitious agents. That required some exposure to potential sources of Mycoplasma or Mycoplasma or Mycoplasmarelated nucleic acids.
To investigate whether the signals generated in the five matrices
Table 1: Molecular limit of detection (LOD) shows one-copy sensitivity for all copy-number standard plasmids. The LOD for the copy number plasmids is 10 copies/reaction using the MMO master mix and 50 copies/reaction for copy number plasmids using MML and MMP master mixes. All shaded boxes indicate a >95% LOD.
Table 2: Robustness of the master mixes were tested by introducing 10% volume variations in the primer/probe and total reaction mixes. The coefficient of variation did not exceed 5.2% and 6.7% for the 156,250-copy and 50-copy spikes, respectively.
indicated actual viable mycoplasma contamination, we subjected them to traditional detection methods including a cell culture broth method, an agar method, and an indicator cell/DNA staining method (Tables 4–6). All matrices used in this study (including two lots of mycoplasma broth) that may have generated amplification signals using the mycoplasma-specific RT-PCR were shown to have no viable Mycoplasmaby the three methods. This supports the conclusion that the positive signals indicated the presence of nucleic acid sequences and not viable Mycoplasma. These results highlight the fact that routine testing of biological materials may generate small mycoplasma-specific amplification signals.
CFU Limit of Detection: Our major goal in the development and validation of this assay was detection of 10 CFU/mL in multiple matrices with a broad range of Mollicutespecies. So before the initial centrifugation steps in RNA extraction, the five model matrices were spiked to a final concentration of 10 CFU/mL with M. arginini, M. fermentans, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, M. pneumoniae, and A. laidlawii. Following the RT-PCR reactions, we used the resulting f luorescent amplification signals to calculate a copy number value based on the plasmid copy number controls (Figure 4). This calculated value represents 25% of the total cDNA copies from the RT reactions. The 10 CFU/mL target of sensitivity for this assay was achieved in 100% of reactions in four matrices tested.
Nearly all of the RT-PCR reactions (714/720 or 99.2%) using the spiked samples were positive for amplification, with the limited number of failed reactions found only in the lysate matrix. The lysate had been subjected to a low-speed spin to remove cell debris before the high-speed spin that concentrates potential mycoplasma organisms. Although that low-speed spin helped process the dense lysate for RNA extraction, it may have removed a portion of the organisms present due to mycoplasma–cell-membrane binding.
Table 3: Target nucleic acid specificity is evaluated by analyzing the amplification observed in extraction and reverse-transcriptase reaction controls, typical mammalian and bacterial DNAs, and unspiked model matrices.
* One reaction had 422 copies. If the Grubb’s Test (ESD method) for detecting outliers were used, those 422 copies would be removed and the average number of copies for Lactobacillus acidophilus would be reduced to two copies.
Table 4: Confirmation of nonviability by broth method (two independent assays performed in duplicate); no viable Mycoplasma was detected in any matrix or negative control (shaded boxes).
SampleDay 7 Titers
Average (n = 4, each) Day 3 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21Positive/Total
SP2/0 lysate 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2Mycoplasma broth 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2PBS 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2FBS 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2ERV514 supernatant 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2ERV514 lysate 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2M. pneumoniae 16 and 15 CFU/0.2 mL 0/2 2/2 2/2 2/2M. orale 15 and 13 CFU/0.2 mL 0/2 2/2 2/2 2/2A. laidlawii 25 and 24 CFU/0.2 mL 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2Negative control 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2
Table 5: Confirmation of nonviability by agar method (two independent assays performed in quadruplicate); no viable Mycoplasma was detected in any matrix or negative control (shaded boxes).
SampleDay 7 Titers
Average (n = 4, each)Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28
Positive/TotalSP2/0 lysate 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8Mycoplasma broth 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8PBS 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8FBS 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8ERV514 supernatant 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8ERV514 lysate 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8M. pneumoniae 16 and 15 CFU/0.2 mL 8/8 8/8 8/8 8/8M. orale 15 and 13 CFU/0.2 mL 8/8 8/8 0/8* 0/8*A. laidlawii 25 and 24 CFU/0.2 mL 8/8 8/8 8/8 8/8Negative control 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8* The results of the M. orale positive control reflect the fact that rapidly growing isolates can exhaust the media components in the mycoplasma broth cultures beforeplating.
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Because mammalian cell banks are routinely tested for the presence of Mycoplasma, it is important that the concentration of cells in any lysate be optimized to improve the process efficiency. Future testing will determine the maximum number of cells that can be processed efficiently using this extraction method.
The lowest average mycoplasma cDNA copy number detected fromA. laidlawii 10-CFU/mL spikes in A. laidlawii 10-CFU/mL spikes in A. laidlawiiPBS, mycoplasma broth, FBS, and cell culture supernatant tested in MML was 253 ± 126, whereas the lowest average mycoplasma cDNA copy number detected from the
M. pneumoniae 10-CFU/mL spike in M. pneumoniae 10-CFU/mL spike in M. pneumoniaethe same matrices tested in MMP was 3,401 ± 767. For M. arginini, M. fermentans, M. hyorhinis, and M. orale, the average mycoplasma cDNA copies detected from a 10-CFU/mL spike ranged from 56 ± 4 (M. fermentans in mycoplasma broth) M. fermentans in mycoplasma broth) M. fermentansto 1,000,855 ± 95,180 (M. arginini in M. arginini in M. argininimycoplasma broth) (Figure 4). This roughly four-log range in cDNA copies for the 10-CFU/mL spikes from different species ref lects the highly variable nature of the number of mycoplasma genomes found in a CFU.
Alternate Target Reactions: All
alternate target reactions using a primer–probe set for β-actin produced positive amplification signals. The successful β-actin reactions included extractions with all five matrices and RT1 reactions. We evaluated the ∆CTmethod to determine whether extraction efficiency could be quantitated based on RNA amplification from each column extraction relative to that in the RT control (RT1). If extraction efficiency was 100% for samples spiked with HEK 293 RNA, the same amount would be assayed in each alternate target reaction. By evaluating the difference in the CT values from a T values from a Tsample and RT1 in the formula, we could express 2∆CT the amplification T the amplification T
from each sample as a fold difference. The larger was the number for a sample, the larger was the related fold difference compared with RT1, which suggests either a <100% extraction or some inhibitory effect of the matrix.
We observed trends for larger 2∆CT values in β-actin reactions associated with smaller copy numbers detected in CFU spikes in certain matrices, especially the lysate (data not shown). Unfortunately, there was no absolute correlation between the two values. Again, this supports the use of HEK 293 RNA as an extraction control but not as a quantitative indicator.
Intermediate Precision, Repeatability, and Ruggedness: Nearly
Table 6: Confirmation of nonviability by indicator cell culture and staining method (two independent assays performed in triplicate except for Sp2/0 lysate, for which only one triplicate assay was performed); no viable Mycoplasma was detected in any matrix or negative control (shaded boxes).
SampleObservation
(Positive/Total)Sp2/0 lysate 0/3Mycoplasma broth 0/9*PBS 0/6FBS 0/6ERV514 supernatant 0/6ERV514 lysate 0/6M. pneumoniae 6/6M. orale 6/6M. hyorhinis 6/6A. laidlawii 6/6Negative control 0/6* One lot of mycoplasma broth was assayed in triplicate, and the second lot was assayed twice (independently) in triplicate.
Figure 4: The average number of mycoplasma cDNA copies (log 10) detected from 10 CFUs/mL in various matrices is expressed as the average of eight independent assays (performed in triplicate) ± SEM.
0
10
102
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105
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107
A. laidlawii M. pneumoniae M. orale M. hyorhinis M. fermentans M. argininiMycoplasma Species
Copi
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PBS Mycoplasma Broth FBS Supernatant Lysate
Figure 5: This time course depicts the average number of mycoplasma cDNA copies (log 10) detected at days 1 and 7 after a 1-CFU/mL spike on day 0. Data are expressed as the average of two or three independent assays (performed in triplicate) ± SEM.
1010
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A. laidlawii
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M. ferm
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inis
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M. pneumoniae
M. synoviae
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es
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all (99.8%) CVs of triplicate CT values T values T(intraassay) for copy-number standard values between 156,250 and 50 in the 67 assays performed (1,206 reactions) fell below 3%. And nearly all (99.6%) CVs of triplicate CT values in the 48 T values in the 48 Tassays performed with CFU spikes (720 reactions) fell below 4%. CVs of triplicate threshold cycle values for β-actin reactions predominantly fell below 2%.
Three analysts performed these experiments over several months using two sequence detection systems. The interassay precision was evaluated by CV of CT values and ranged 0.39–T values and ranged 0.39–T5.42% for all copy number standard values with all six target species between 156,250 and 50 copies in the 67 assays performed with the plasmid copy number standards.
Pre-extraction Growth Enrichment Analysis: Because a fraction of the samples tested in this validation generated small amplification signals, we wanted to explore addition of a pre-extraction growth step. We expected this extra step to provide an enrichment of low-level viable mycoplasmas and an initial dilution of the original sample, thus diluting any potential inhibitors to RT-PCR and delineating viable and nonviable sources of mycoplasma nucleic acids.
A. laidlawii, M. arginini, M. fermentans, M. gallisepticum, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, M. pneumoniae, and M. synoviae were each inoculated M. synoviae were each inoculated M. synoviaeinto mycoplasma broth at a concentration of 1 CFU/mL. Aliquots were removed at days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7, then the material was subjected to the same RNA extraction and RT-PCR as described above. This preliminary study was performed twice in triplicate and revealed a significant increase in the number of cDNA copies (minimum 3 logs) for all species tested except for M. arginini (Figure 5). That exception arginini (Figure 5). That exception argininimost likely comes from a ratio of high genome copy to CFU. Because the number of M. arginini organisms in a M. arginini organisms in a M. argininibroth culture is greater than expected based on the CFU titer, the potential for additional growth was limited. Future studies with M. argininishould include dilutions of the stocks
to <1 CFU/mL for better understanding of its growth potential.
A SUCCESSFUL ASSAY
We developed a NAT-based detection assay and validated it for a wide range of Mollicutes including Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma using RT-PCR with sequence-specific primers and f luorescent probes. The assay has been validated based on the 2.6.7 guidelines of the European Pharmacopoeia using several matrices spiked with A. laidlawii, M. fermentans, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, M. pneumoniae and pneumoniae and pneumoniae M. arginini. This panel provided an optimal selection in terms of cell culture contaminant frequency and phylogenetic relationships, and the assay achieved the suggested 10-CFU/mL sensitivity for comparability with culture-based methods. The negative control samples yielded detectable amplification f luorescence in 4–9% of sample reactions; however, the calculated copy number values of target sequence in these reactions were 1–2 copies per reaction. In addition, we subjected samples that tested positive to traditional culture methods (and time courses), and viable mycoplasmas were neither observed nor detected in any of those samples. The results of these studies indicated that this mycoplasma detection procedure is sensitive, specific, linear over appropriate ranges, and demonstrated acceptable precision, repeatability, ruggedness, and robustness.
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Douglas B. Brown, PhD, and Deborah DL Letham, PhD, are scientists in methods development; Jessica A. Newman is a research associate in methods development; Jill M. Gutekunst is a team leader in molecular biology; John B. McManus is a research technician in methods development; Tammy J. Weber is a supervisor in mycoplasma; Galina Mamalat is a senior technician in mycoplasma; Nataly Bruk is a technician in mycoplasma; Lori K. Montgomery is associate director of molecular biology; Stephanie Thompson is a QA auditor in regulatory affairs; and corresponding author Michael J. Hantman,PhD, is associate director of methods development in biopharmaceutical services at Charles River Laboratories, 358 Technology Drive, Malvern, PA 19355; 1-610-640-4550, fax 1-610-889-9028; [email protected].
