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Assessing the Status and Performance of Rural Drinking Water Supply Sector and Programs in Jharkhand A REPORT SUBMITTED BY INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT RANCHI RANCHI, JHARKHAND
Assessing the Status and Performance of Rural Drinking Water
Supply Sector and Programs in Jharkhand
A REPORT
SUBMITTED BY
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT RANCHI
RANCHI, JHARKHAND
ii
Assessing the Status and Performance of Rural Drinking Water
Supply Sector and Programs in Jharkhand
A REPORT
Submitted To
Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation
Government of Jharkhand
On
April 9, 2013
IIM Ranchi Study Team:
1. Prof. M.J Xavier (Director, IIM Ranchi)
2. Prof. Subir Verma (Professor, IIM Ranchi)
3. Prof. Amit Sachan (Assistant Professor, IIM Ranchi)
i
Acknowledgements
We owe this work to three entities. First and foremost is Mr. Sudhir Prasad, Additional Chief
Secretary and Principal Secretary, Drinking Water and Sanitation Department, Jharkhand. It
was because of his foresight, commitment and belief in our capability to deliver high quality
and authentic work within strict deadlines that we believe we were entrusted with the
responsibility by the World Bank for doing the State and Sector Assessment. His high degree
of involvement did not only ensure that the work went on the right direction from the very
outset but it got completed within the stipulated time frame. No words would be enough to
express our gratitude to him for being the inspirer and the beacon in our work.
The second entity to whom we owe our work is the World Bank and its team headed by Ms.
Smita Mishra, Chief Economist, Mr. Manu Prakash and Mr. Vaibhav Lodha for their inputs
and observations. We thank them for their support and assistance.
Finally, we owe our work to Mr. Shardendu Narayan, Engineer-in-Chief, Drinking Water
and Sanitation Department, Jharkhand who was instrumental in guiding us and enabling us
all through. He explained to us the technical intricacies of the water supply schemes to the
minutest detail and provided all help in ensuring that the assessment study happens in the
manner expected. Mr. Sanjay Jha, Executive Engineer, PMU and his team consisting of Mr.
Sharma and Ms. Asha provided us with significant understanding and insights. Mr. Tanvir
Akhtar, SE, Dumka, Mr. Raghu Nandan Sharma, EE, Jamshedpur, Mr. Pramod Kumar, EE,
Dhanbad -1, Mr. V.N. Singh, EE, Khunti provided us all the help and support in meeting the
functionaries of Gram Panchayats, VWSC members, Aganwadi and Schools as also local
households. This report is due to the interaction with the myriad stakeholders at the Gram
ii
Panchayat and Village level and had it not been the Junior Engineer and Assistant Engineers
of the area, the access to the data and information would not have been forthcoming. We
thank all of them and the scores of respondents of our study.
We acknowledge the assistance of our Research Assistance, Ms. Shovana Samantha, Ms.
Divya and Mr. Tushar in the conduct of this study.
Prof. (Dr.) M.J.Xavier
Prof.(Dr.) Subir Verma
Prof. (Dr.) Amit Sachan
iii
Executive Summary
The objective of the study was to generate information for the design of a rural drinking
water supply component of the RWSS– LIS Project with a vision to accelerate effective,
sustainable and improved services. The study assesses the sector and program status as well
as the performance of the rural drinking water supply schemes in the state. Information
provided here relates to the sector status, institutions and capacities, sector programs, key
actors, finances, scheme designs and technologies, service levels (quality and quality),
operation and maintenance, monitoring and governance. It then provides inputs for the
improvements in the design and implementation of the RWSS-LIS Project.
The assessment provides both quantitative and qualitative information organized around the
parameters of Technical and Service Delivery, Sector policies and programs, Institutional
Mechanism, Economic and Sector finances, Social and Environmental context. The
methodology of the study involved the use of both qualitative and quantitative research
methods as also both primary and secondary data. The study was confined to the 4 Districts
of Jharkhand viz. Dhanbad, Dumka, Khunti and Jamshedpur. These districts have been
selected with care and have appropriate diversity in terms of issues and their facets. From
within each sampled district, 5 schemes through random sampling method were selected.
Within the Gram Panchayats (GPs) that were served by the scheme, habitations, households,
schools, and other institutions such as aganwadi and community/primary health centres, were
randomly selected. The study involved field visits and interaction with stakeholders at
different levels including officials of State Departments (identified by the department),
District, Block, GPs, NGOs, PRIs, Experts and Policy Makers, along with other key
grassroots stakeholders and relevant persons. Interviews, using semi-structured
questionnaires, and Focused Group Discussions were conducted with various stakeholders.
The study unravelled the following as key issues and has suggested appropriate
recommendations for dealing with them.
The first and the foremost is the Low Sustainability of Water Sources/Schemes. The study
found that inadequate recharge of aquifers, check dams, rainwater harvesting, etc. has led to
rapid decline in the ground water table in Jharkhand. In several instances, the water source,
iv
largely in case of rivers and ponds, have dried up causing the habitation to slip back. The
study recommends that a multi pronged approach which is holistic and participatory at the
village level, involving afforestation, blanket ban on cutting of trees and groundwater
recharge needs to be followed to ensure sustainability. Strategies should include a water
budget with community monitoring of water tables to balance demand with available water as
well as local measures for rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge. DW&SD may also
consider giving GPs more power over local water sources, so that agricultural and industrial
use could be regulated so as not to jeopardize domestic water requirement. Besides, there is
an urgent need of enacting a comprehensive Ground and Surface Water Development
legislation and its effective enforcement especially in over exploited blocks.
The second major issue that has emerged is that of water quality which is affected by both
point and non-point sources of pollution, wherein the non-point sources like coal mining, iron
sources etc. was found to be more likely to impact the ground water quality, than point
sources (open defecation near the source of water). The study found that water quality testing
is yet to take off in most of the pipe water supply schemes. The water testing kits are in the
process of being supplied to the community. However some crucial areas which require
urgent interventions are adequate training to concerned persons in the DW&SD officials and
community members in using the testing kits and regular testing of water through these kits,
and a system of replenishment of components (reagents, litmus paper, etc.); a detailed plan
for handholding and supporting the trained persons in using the testing kits and follow up in
case of detection of quality issues; and training on waste water management to prevent
contamination and for reuse and recycling.
Then is the issue of inadequacy in the knowledge of the VWSC members and the resources
available to them for water management. The study found out that the VWSC participation is
very limited in the state. In water supply schemes, it is largely limited to jointly identifying
the water sources and selection/ possession of site for development of water supply scheme,
and planning for location of hand pumps. The involvement of women in planning for the
water supply schemes, and particularly in decision making for location of hand pump in the
villages, is further limited probably due to low education level and local customs and
mindset. The study recommends that VWSC members who are managing the PWSS should
be provided with strong technical support for Civil, Mechanical, Electrical and Financial
Skills. This is based on the belief that water security planning is posited at the village level
v
which in turn requires the knowledge of water resources management in the village, aquifer
or watershed. It was indeed commendable to find that DW&SD has started training of VWSC
and mukhiyas on software issues like raising awareness on need for recharge, avoiding water
wastage and the need to plan for balancing availability and consumption, as well as, hardware
issues which are focussed on building physical structures that can capture rainwater and
surface water runoff, and/or help recharge ground water like ooranis, check dams, subsurface
dykes etc. It is also important community members be trained on using and maintaining the
water testing kits on a priority basis. The lack of knowledge and skills amongst Jal Sahiyas in
certain places was appalling. The study recommends that the selection of community
members be done on certain well laid down criteria such as their interest levels, academic
qualifications, etc. It is also paramount that the DW&SD should not leave VWSC abandoned
once project infrastructure has been built. VWSC need continuous support, including
training, technical support, access to professional services and financing to supplement their
own resources.
Another issue that has emerged is inadequate Operation and Maintenance of WSS. In several
places the shortage of DW& SD staff at the lower level has led to a situation where one gang
is responsible for maintaining 1000 hand pumps or schemes across 5-10 villages, thereby
causing some of the hand pump/ schemes to get neglected. Places where fluoride were
detected last year, FTP has not been installed even till date; and wherever it has been installed
it is not being used. There are also other problems which are not related to the Department
but pose a challenge in terms of their task accomplishment. In some districts, there is acute
electricity problem, leading to non-functioning of the scheme for the period. At times even if
the power is available, low voltage has caused the scheme to be non-functional. Pipeline
distribution in these schemes was also found not only to be inadequate but instrumental in
creating a further divide between the rich and poor. Since most of the PWSS were found
unable to meet the service level throughout the year, the VWSC members lamented their
inability to generate money from the consumers thereby exacerbating their inability to
manage the scheme. The study recommends that the DW&SD speed up the process of
introducing standard operating procedures for O&M of hand pumps and piped water supplies
and make efforts to ensure that the local resource person is quickly identified and properly
trained.
vi
The study also found out an appalling lack of awareness with regard to water supply schemes
in the state. This was not only at the user level. Even the VWSC members, when queried,
were not aware about their roles and responsibilities. Around 30% of the Jal Sahiyas did not
know why they have been appointed! It is also important to make the community aware of
the need for regular water quality testing and required follow up. The study recommends that
DW&SD develop a comprehensive IEC strategy detailing out target groups, key messages,
media vehicles and monitoring plan. As this is a very specialized area, DW&SD could
consider using services of a specialized agency from public/ private sector for this.
The study also found out a lag between planning of new schemes, survey and execution
thereby leading to slippages and forcing a significant chunk of rural community to go out of
the net of the water supply network. Planning, decentralization, use of project management
technique and improved monitoring of the schemes is a way out. It is important the DW&SD
builds a strong reporting system based on service levels and community feedback. The
monitoring of the schemes must move beyond quantitative data to capture the qualitative
aspects of the schemes on monthly/quarterly basis in the reporting system. For example, in
case of hand pumps the current reporting system only tells the number of hand pump in a
particular district but how many are able to provide the drinking water is not clear. In case of
PWSS, the information is on the number of schemes. Now the next level of reporting should
be on the service levels of these PWSS. Reporting should be on the number of total house
hold, number of house hold having connection and revenue received by VWSC. The report
recommends that reporting system must also provide the information on the water table in
each block especially in terms of zones that have gone red (i.e. the withdrawal is more than
the recharge of ground water), going to be red (i.e. the withdrawal is at a pace and amount
that the ground water recharge would not be able to replenish over next 2-3 years) and green
(i.e a zone where the recharge is more than the withdrawal with no danger looming in the
near future). This will help the DW&SD to quickly and clearly identify the regions on which
it has to focus first and prioritize the necessary interventions.
Finally, the report suggests that sustainability plans should be prepared especially for over-
exploited, critical and semi-critical blocks in terms of ground water table for taking up
scientifically located recharge measures and water harvesting structures on a watershed or
aquifer basis. These would be prepared using Ground Water Prospects (HGM) maps, GIS and
GPS techniques to ensure maximum water conservation to benefit drinking water sources in a
vii
cost effective manner. These plans should be financed by convergence of NRDWP
Sustainability MNREGAS as well as Watershed Development Programmes.
All in all while this State Sector Assessment has shown that the commendable efforts being
made by the DW&SD to ensure that this most important resource of human civilization is
available on sufficient, sustainable and equitable basis to all, there are certain significant
challenges and issues which needs to be urgently addressed. A holistic, participatory,
communitarian strategy and solution with the support of the State is the need of the hour.
viii
Abbreviation and Acronym
APL Above Poverty Line
ARWSP Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program
BRC Block Resource Centres
CCDU Communication and Capacity Development Unit
CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation
CRSP Central Rural Sanitation Program me
DW&SD Drinking Water and Sanitation Department
DWSC District Water and Sanitation Committee
DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GP Gram Panchayat (village local self-government)
ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IHHL individual household latrine
IPC Interpersonal Communication
IDWSSD International Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation Decade
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MVS Multi village scheme
MIS Management Information System
NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme
NDWM National Drinking Water Mission
NFHS National Family Health Survey
NGP Normal Gram Puraskar (Clean Village Prize)
NGO Non-Government organization
NRHM National Rural Health Mission
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PC Production Centre
PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal
PRI Panchayati Raj Institution (Local Government system)
RGDWM Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission
SWSSO State Water and Sanitation Support Organizations
PHED Public Health Engineering Departments
SHG Self Help Group
SIRD State Institutes for Rural Development
SLWM Solid Liquid Waste Management
SSHE School Sanitation and Hygiene Education
SRP Sector Reform Project
SWSM State Water and Sanitation Mission
TSC Total Sanitation Campaign
VWSC Village Water and Sanitation Committees
WSP Water and Sanitation Program
ZP Zillah Panchayat/Paris had (district local government)
ix
Contents
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. i
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ iii
Abbreviation and Acronym .................................................................................................................. viii
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Evolution of Water Programs ............................................................................................................. 2
Jharkhand State .................................................................................................................................. 4
Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................................... 6
Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Tools Designed for the Study ............................................................................................................ 10
Sampling plan .................................................................................................................................... 11
Issue Matrix ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Current Situation ................................................................................................................................... 13
Technical and Service Delivery Aspects .......................................................................................... 13
Sector Polices and Programs ............................................................................................................. 22
Institutional ....................................................................................................................................... 30
Economic and Sector Finances.......................................................................................................... 32
Social ................................................................................................................................................. 36
Environmental ................................................................................................................................... 39
Key Issues and Recommendations ........................................................................................................ 42
Annexures ............................................................................................................................................. 51
Annexure 1: Roles and Responsibilities ............................................................................................ 51
Annexure 2: Various Phases of village work ..................................................................................... 54
Annexure – 3: Household Level Interview Schedule ........................................................................ 55
Annexure – 4: Issues for Focus Group Discussion............................................................................. 57
Annexure – 5 A: Scheme Level Questions for Hand Pump ............................................................... 59
Annexure – 5 B: Questions for Piped Water Supply Scheme............................................................ 61
Annexure – 6: Interview Schedule for Gram Panchayat ................................................................... 65
Annexure – 7: Questions for Assessment of Drinking Water Facilities in Village Level Institutions 67
Annexure – 8: Information to Be Collected From Districts ............................................................... 69
Annexure – 9: Information to Be Collected From State Offices ....................................................... 74
x
List of Tables
Table 1: Sampling Plan ......................................................................................................................... 11
Table 2: Issue Matrix ............................................................................................................................ 12
Table 3: Scheme Details as on 09/02/2013 ........................................................................................... 14
Table 4: Coverage of SC/ST/Minority Habitations (Coverage as on 09/02/2013) ............................... 14
Table 5: Physical Progress during 2012-13 as on 09/02/2013 .............................................................. 15
Table 6: Status of Pipe Water Schemes ................................................................................................ 18
Table 7: Key Strategy/ Policy Initiative as on July, 2012 ..................................................................... 24
Table 8: Financial Progress Program funds (Rs in Crore) as on 10/02/2013 ........................................ 33
Table 9: Financial Progress Support Activities (Rs. in Crore) as on 10/02/2013 ................................. 34
Table 10: RFD Targets and Achievements (up to 16/02/2013) 2012-2013 .......................................... 38
Table 11: Testing of Sources in Habitations (2012-2013) .................................................................... 39
Table 12: Quality Affected Habitations Contamination Wise as on 01/04/2012 .................................. 39
xi
List of Figures
Figure 1: Population Comparison for urban and rural areas from 2001 to 2011 .................................... 5
Figure 2: Availability of Water in various States.................................................................................. 13
Figure 3: Number of Hand Pumps District wise in Jharkhand ............................................................. 17
Figure 4: Children at Aganwadi ............................................................................................................ 20
Figure 5: Child Carrying Water ............................................................................................................ 21
Figure 6: Hand Pump with Soak Pit...................................................................................................... 24
Figure 7: Water Treatment Plant ........................................................................................................... 27
Figure 8: Single Village Scheme based on Solar Power in Dumka ...................................................... 29
Figure 9: Cemented Platform of Handpump (red colouring is because of iron in water) ..................... 35
Figure 10: Children remains unfit due to diseases (Anganwadi) .......................................................... 36
Figure 11: Reduction in medical expenses of family(HH) ................................................................... 36
Figure 12: Water Treatment Plant ......................................................................................................... 38
Figure 13: Drainage at Hand Pump....................................................................................................... 41
Figure 14: Fluoride Treatment Plant at Hand Pump ............................................................................. 46
1
Introduction
Water is the most essential requirement of human life. Clean and adequate supply of water is
crucial to livelihood opportunities, environmental stability, and maintenance of ecosystems as
well as public health. India being among the 191 countries, who have given their commitment
to Millennium Development Goals (MDG), the Government of India is supplementing the
efforts of the State Governments for providing all citizens with adequate water for drinking,
cooking and other domestic basic needs on a sustainable basis. A direct relationship exists
between water, sanitation, health, nutrition and human well-being. Consumption of
contaminated drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta, lack of personal and food
hygiene and improper disposal of solid and liquid waste have been the major causes of
diseases in our country.
Groundwater is the basic source of drinking water for most of rural India, and certainly for
most rural habitations in Jharkhand. As needs expand and as groundwater faces competing
uses, it is fast becoming increasingly unreliable in providing for the basic needs of drinking
and domestic use. In fact, many regions now face systematic drinking water shortage.
Habitations in the State have ground water as source where water is drawn through deep tube
well. The single village scheme is that scheme where water is pumped from a local source
such as bore well or tube well to a single village; whereas Multi village schemes are those
schemes where water is pumped from remote sources such as river or canal into multiple
villages. When surplus surface water exists in neighbouring areas, a multi-village drinking
water scheme (MVS) may be the best option. In principle, this is technically the simplest with
the most quantifiable costs and benefits. It is also the workhorse for most rural habitations of
the world.
According to Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission (RGDWM) 2005 figures, about 96% of
rural population is considered as fully covered and 35% of the population has access to
sanitation facilities. The increase in coverage since last decade is an indicator of the
investment made by Government in this sector. To accelerate the pace of coverage of
problem villages with respect to provision of drinking water, the Government of India
2
introduced the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) in 1972–73, to support
States and UTs with financial and technical assistance in implementing drinking water supply
schemes in rural areas. In order to address the major issues like sustainability, water
availability and supply, water quality, etc., the Rural Drinking Water Supply Guidelines were
revised with effect from 1st April, 2009. The revised program is known as National Rural
Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP). NRDWP has the goal to provide every rural person
with adequate water for drinking, cooking and other domestic basic needs on a sustainable
basis. It is provided that this basic requirement would meet certain minimum water quality
standards and be readily and conveniently accessible at all times and in all situations.
Evolution of Water Programs
Rural drinking water supply is one of the important subjects entrusted to the States as per the
Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Therefore, the drinking water supply schemes
are planned and implemented by the respective State Governments. However, Government of
India has been providing assistance to the states for providing adequate and safe drinking
water in the villages. The first major step in rural water supply came with the Accelerated
Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP) in the 1970s that provided the State Government full
independence for implementing water supply schemes in problem villages. By March 1981,
the coverage of rural water supply was 30.8 per cent. Following the International Drinking
Water Supply & Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) [1981-91], the second major venture came in
the form of the National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM), later renamed as the Rajiv
Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM). The Mission issued comprehensive
guidelines for ARWSP (1986), helped formulate National Water Policies (1987 and 2002)
and introduced the Sector Reform Project (SRP) in 1999.The Guiding principles were to
increase community participation in place of centrally monitored and supply driven approach.
The SRP transformed into the Swajaldhara in 2003.
The Rural Water Supply (RWS) sector has now entered the fourth phase emphasizing
sustainability of water supply in terms of availability, adequacy, convenience, affordability
and equity while also adopting decentralized approach involving PRIs and community
organizations. It is based upon the paradigm of community ownership and management of
water resources in the region. For, it is the people living in rural habitations and villages who
are the best judge of how much water they need, how to use it, and what measures they to
3
take to ensure drinking water security. Accordingly, the Department of Drinking Water
Supply in 2012 issued guidelines to Gram Panchayats (GP) and Village Water and Sanitation
Committees (VWSC) on how to plan, implement, operate, maintain and manage water
supplies and to ensure their sustainability. All this will lead, it is hoped, to drinking water
security in rural India meaning thereby that every person in rural India will have enough
water for drinking, cooking and other domestic needs at all times and in all situations.
Enshrined in the new approach is the emphasis on the adoption of appropriate technology,
revival of traditional systems, conjunctive use of surface and ground water, conservation, rain
water harvesting and recharging of drinking water sources. The Gram Panchayats (GP), as
representatives of the community, is envisaged to spearhead these multipronged efforts
towards securing drinking water security in rural India. The Gram Panchayats, through
Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs), have to mobilize communities, educate
them and ensure they get training and technical support to achieve drinking water security.
The program is realistic enough in not expecting the rural communities to achieve all of the
above on their own. As such the Block Resource Centers (BRCs), District Water and
Sanitation Missions (DWSMs), State Water and Sanitation Support Organizations
(SWSSOs), Public Health Engineering Departments (PHEDs), Training institutions like the
State Institutes for Rural Development (SIRDs) and NGOs all have a critical role in providing
support.
Indeed the Rajiv Gandhi Rural Drinking Water Mission is in keeping with the Eleventh
Schedule of the Constitution which has laid down that a Panchayat will have jurisdiction
over as many as 29 areas like agriculture, land reforms, minor irrigation, animal husbandry,
fisheries, social forestry, rural housing, poverty alleviation programmes, public distribution
system and primary and secondary schools. According to the Constitution, the legislature in
the state has to provide powers and authority as may be necessary to enable the panchayats to
function as institutions of self-governance. Powers include preparation of plans for economic
development and social justice and implementation of such schemes for economic
development and social justice.
4
Jharkhand State
Jharkhand is a newly formed state and has 24 districts with 212 blocks. The total area is
79.70 lakh hectares and the total population is 2, 69, 09, 428. About 29% of the area of the
state is covered with forests. About 40% of the population belongs to SC and ST
communities and the level of literacy is very low compared to other states.
The vision of Jharkhand State Water policy is to ensure the sustainable development and
optimal use and management of state water resource to provide the greatest economic and
social benefit for the people of the state of Jharkhand in a manner that maintains ecological
values with rivers and adjoining lands. Since independence of India and till formation of the
State of Jharkhand in 2000, some investments were made in the water sector for the
development of water storage projects and other water supply related schemes. Water
resources is critical to the people of Jharkhand for their health and wellbeing: sustenance of
environmental values, rural and urban water supply, agricultural production on which the
rural income mostly depends, rural livelihood, hydropower generation, industrial, and
benefits for commerce and industry on which growth in employment is dependent and to
meet the needs of a growing population. The geographical area of the state is 79 lakh ha. And
cultivable area is 38 lakh ha. Out of this, 80% of the area is drought prone. About 7% areas is
flood prone. The highly variable rainfall in Jharkhand ranging from 1000 to 1400 mm mainly
occurs within four-month period between June to September with the number of rainy days
varying between 60 and 80. The estimated average annual availability of water resources
consists of 27.726 km3 of surface water and 5.251 km
3 of subsurface. Of the 16 river basin
systems, more than 50% of this average annual availability is found in the five major river
basins viz. Subarnarekha, Damodar Barakar, North Koel, Gumani and South Koel of the
State.
Rural drinking water supply is a State subject and has been included in the Eleventh Schedule
of the Constitution of India, among the subjects that may be entrusted to Panchayats by the
States. Jharkhand being a state with more than 53% of households and 75% of the districts
influenced by Left Wing Extremist menace, the major challenge is to find and engage
credible stakeholders. The last Panchayat elections took place in the state 32 years back
creating an absolute shortage of village institutions for program planning and delivery. Of the
5
total population of Jharkhand state, around 75.95 percent live in the villages of rural areas.
Total population of rural areas of Jharkhand state is 25,036,946. It was 2, 09, 52,088 in 2001.
Rural males and rural females were 1, 06, 79,596 and 1, 02, 72,492 respectively in 2001. This
figure has increased to 1, 27, 75,468 and 1, 22, 61,478.
Figure 1: Population Comparison for urban and rural areas from 2001 to 2011
The population growth rate recorded for this decade (2001-2011) was 19.50%. In rural
regions of Jharkhand state, female sex ratio per 1000 males is 960, while the same for the
child (0-6 age) was 952 girls per 1000 boys. In Jharkhand, 4,247,095 children (0-6) live in
rural areas. Child population forms 16.96 per cent of total rural population. In rural areas of
Jharkhand, literacy rate for males and female stands at 74.57 % and 49.75 % respectively.
Average literacy rate in Jharkhand for rural areas is 62.40 percent. Total literates in rural
areas are 12,973,765.
In India, as per the Census Report 2011, around 35.8% people have access of drinking water
near the premises. Rest 17.6% people have to travel far away to bring water. In Jharkhand
around 23.2% people have drinking water facility within the premises, 44.9% have near the
premises whereas 31.95 have to go miles to fetch water. In India about 50% household have
tap water facility. Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Goa Tamil Nadu are the states where more than
75% of household use tap water, though in states like Sikkim (56%), Jammu and Kashmir
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
30000000
35000000
Population size Population size (Rural) Population size (Urban)
2011 2001
6
(29%), and Gujarat (29%), households have high percentage of tap water from untreated
source as well. In Jharkhand 13% households have access to tap water with 10 % from
treated source and 3% from untreated sources. Hand pumps and tube wells are much in vogue
in states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Jharkhand. 33.55 % of
total population of India use hand pumps and 8.5% use tube wells. In Bihar, around 86% of
population use hand pumps (highest in all states) whereas this percentage is 43.8% in
Jharkhand. In Kerala, around 62% household have wells whereas Jharkhand has 37%, which
is second highest among all states. Though covered well is not much in practice in any state
except Kerala (15%). In Jharkhand only 2% have covered well. Sikkim (11%), Jammu &
Kashmir (6.2%), Andhra Pradesh (5.5%) people also use spring as drinking source. In
Jharkhand altogether less than 2% of households use spring, tank, pond and lake as sources
for drinking water.
Apart from access, the quality of drinking water is also a matter of concern. The DW&SD of
drinking water and sanitation Department points out existence of chemical contamination like
Fluoride and Iron in different parts of the state. Arsenic contamination is also noticed in some
parts of the state. Given this alarming situation, it is an urgent task for government and other
drinking water supply agencies to enhance the accessibility to and improve the quality of
drinking water. The proposed Rural Water and Sanitation Project with support from World
Bank would be an effective step to bridge the gaps in supply of drinking water in Jharkhand.
In this context, it is pertinent to assess the status of existing services of drinking water in
Jharkhand, the gaps therein and assess requirements to fill gaps. The objectives of this study
flows from the same as presented in the next section.
Objectives of the Study
The objective of the study is to generate information for the design of a rural drinking water
supply component of the RWSS– LIS Project with a vision to accelerate effective, sustainable
and improved services. The study will assess the sector and program status as well as the
performance of the rural drinking water supply schemes in the state, and provide inputs in the
design and implementation of the RWSS-LIS Project. Information required would relate to
the sector status, institutions and capacities, sector programs, key actors, finances, scheme
7
designs and technologies, service levels (quality and quality), operation and maintenance,
monitoring and governance.
The above objectives of the study will be realized through the evaluation of the current status
of the Rural Drinking Water Sector and Program. The study will cover the following
parameters of the Sector and Programs:
1. Technical and Service Delivery: embracing the assessment of (1) the coverage, the
geographic distribution of the coverage within the state and its trend over the last 10 years
of the Rural drinking water supply schemes; (2) the range of schemes and technologies in
operation , their functionalities and issues related to procurement, design and
implementation, operation and maintenance and other technical aspects and most
importantly the pace at which the schemes and technologies are coping with the emerging
demands; and (3) Standards of service delivery in terms of per capita access, hours of
supply, quality, quantity, household access and public stand posts, emergency supply,
etc., and issues that aid and constrain improvements in service levels in terms of quality,
quantity, accessibility and regularity.
2. Policies and Programs Implementation : This will involve assessment of (1) the sector
policies, plans, programs and strategies operating at state level especially those that were
initiated in the last 10 years with a focus on evaluating the performance in terms of
delivery of water, service standards and norms of implementation, subsidies, incentives
and cost sharing structures in the schemes, research and development initiatives; (2) the
legal and regulatory framework in water supply and water quality, and water resources;
(3) water security, water quality and water safety initiatives; and (4) integration and
convergence with other programs. Overall the assessment under this head will evaluate
the extent to which the sector policy and strategy is appropriate and conducive for
motivating stakeholders to change and improve and the extent to which the sector
policy/strategy is being followed in practice, and the reasons thereof for any lag or
shortfall.
3. Institutional: involving the assessment of (1) institutional goals and vision, set up, roles
and responsibilities for rural water supply in the state amongst the myriad agencies –
public sector, private sector and civil society actors all levels (State, district, block, GP
8
levels); (2) sector capacities, staffing, and skills at State, district, block, GP levels to
plan, design, manage, and operate and maintain program and schemes (3) status of
decentralization in the context of drinking water supply and in particular the transfer of
schemes to PRIs; (4) major institutional issues affecting improved rural water supply
delivery and performance; and (5) M&E systems and information on existing water
supply services. The overall assessment of the institutional aspect of Drinking Water
Sector and Status will be focused on four aspects: (1) identification of dysfunctional
practices and reasons for their continuation especially the absence of self- correction in
the sector; (2) appropriateness of the institutional arrangements of the sector for meeting
sector goals (3) the incentives/disincentives driving decision making in the sector; and
(4) measures that have tended to improve coordination and break down the barriers to
cooperating between institutions.
4. Economic and Sector Finances: Assessment will be carried out of (1) the level and role
of investments in rural drinking water supply delivery by public, private, community
entities; (2) estimation of the average unit cost of different types of and cost per person;
(3) water tariff policy and implementation and measures for cost recovery for water
supply facilities; and (4) accountabilities and audit arrangements. In sum the analysis will
assess (1) the extent to which the sector is financially sustainable in the short and long
term; (2) current capital and operating financing effective in creating improved
performance; (3) the criteria used for investment prioritization; and (4) estimated funding
requirements.
5. Social: covering the evaluation of (1) the adequacy of the participatory practices and
level of participation and ownership of the rural drinking water supply system amongst
different population groups and in particular the marginalized and disadvantaged section
of the rural community; (2) issues that aid/ constrain inclusion and equity. Overall the
social assessment would focus on the extent to which the sector is amenable to inclusion,
equity and accountability and changes that have happened over time.
6. Environmental: The assessment of the environmental aspect of the Sector will go into
the information available on the status of water supply services at household, institutions,
community and village level especially from quantity and quality perspectives as also on
the pollution of water sources (ground and surface water).
9
In sum the study will assess the performance of all types of schemes (hand pumps, piped
water, multi-village and single village schemes, etc.) and related issues of service levels
(quantity and quality), systems and source sustainability; and scheme planning, designing,
management, procurement and contracting, operation and maintenance. Assessment will
provide quantitative and qualitative information and cover infrastructural coverage and
community satisfaction as well as community ownership and participation levels.
Methodology
The methodology of the study will involve the use of both qualitative and quantitative
research methods as also both primary and secondary data. It is necessary that study uses the
language, concepts, terms and approaches steeped in the local context. Thus a comprehensive
assessment of rural drinking water supply sector schemes and strategies will also not only
assess, but also, benchmark service level, performance, achievements, shortcomings, issues
and challenges of the sector both in local and national context. The study will therefore
involve the following:
Collection of Secondary data on the existing schemes and the social aspects of the
project. The data and information will be sourced from Drinking water and sanitation
department of Jharkhand, National and State Census report, Sector Plan and
Evaluation Reports, NRDWP Guidelines, 11th and 12th Plan Report, JMP Report etc.
The existing material, records, reporting standards and accountability norms will also
be studied and reviewed.
Primary data collection at the State level involving triangular participatory approach.
The study will involve field visits and interaction with stakeholders at different levels
including officials of State Departments (identified by the department), District,
Block, GPs, NGOs, PRIs, Experts and Policy Makers, along with other key grassroots
stakeholders and relevant persons. Interview using a semi-structured questionnaire
will also be conducted.
10
In order to triangulate the findings of the secondary data and observations, focus
group discussions will be conducted with the PRI representatives, community, village
level government functionaries and other stakeholders. At least one group discussion
per sample GP will be conducted using a structured discussion guideline.
Open ended interactions will also be used to gain insights of the ground situation of
family/community status, access and use of water supply facilities, management,
quality and sustainability of the water supply facilities, participation in programs and
in operation and maintenance, level of awareness, etc. Observation technique will also
be employed to assess the performance of the schemes.
Tools Designed for the Study
Based upon the key issues identified in the study, we have formulated and designed the
following tools, questionnaire and format for carrying out the study:
1. Household interview Questionnaire
2. Scheme-level Questionnaire
a. For hand pump
b. Pipe water supply
3. Discussion Cues for Focus Group Meetings
4. Gram-Panchayat level Questionnaire
5. Questionnaires for other Institutions
6. Format for collecting data from State / District level Offices
The above tools are enclosed in Annexure section of this report.
11
Sampling plan
This study is confined to the 4 Districts of Jharkhand viz. Dhanbad, Dumka, Khunti and Purvi Singbhum. These districts have been selected with
care and have appropriate diversity in terms of the issues in all their facets. From within the sampled district, 20 Gram Panchayats (GPs) and 20-
25 schemes through random sampling method was selected. Within GPs, habitations (minimum 2-3 from each GP), households (minimum 20
from each GP), schools (minimum 1 from each GP), and other institutions (minimum 1 from each GP), were selected randomly, but in such a
manner that the objective of the study is subserved.
Table 1: Sampling Plan
Districts No. of
GPs to
be
covered
No of schemes to be covered
Hand Pump Piped Water Schemes Total
Schemes Multi-village
in single GP
Multi-village in
more than one
GP
Single Village
Schemes
Mini Water
supply
schemes
Quality
affected GPs/
schemes
20 6 3 3 6 3 4 25
Purvi
Singhbhum
1.Chota
govindpur
2.Bagbera 3. Bharagora 1
4. Ghatsila
scheme
5 Chota
Govindpur
Ghora bandha
6. Kitadi
Gariban patti
7. Bahalia
Dhanbad 8. Patlawadi
9.Nirsa Block 10.Baliapur 11.Chandkua
Panchayat
Khunti 12.Lafrus
Bhingra
13. Tapkara 14. Torpa 15.Anigra
16. Okra
Dumka 17.Kaharwill
18.Nonihat 19.Nonigram
20.Mayurnach
21.Ghasipur
12
Issue Matrix
The issue matrix has been developed capturing of information for all the concerned issues. The issue matrix is given below.
Table 2: Issue Matrix
S.N. Issues House Hold
Interview Schedule
(Refer Annexure 3)
Focus Group
Discussion
( Refer
Annexure 4)
Other
Institutions
Interview
Schedule
(Refer
Annexure 7)
Gram
Panchayat
Interview
Schedule
(Refer
Annexure 6)
Scheme level
information
from District
Offices
refer Annexure
5A & 5B & 8)
Other Secondary sources of
information
1 Technical and
Service
Delivery
Aspects
Q.nos. 1.1 to 1.8,
2,3,5
Q.nos.1,4,5,6,7,
15
Q.nos. A(5-
7,12,15),
Q. nos. 1, 2,13 Q. nos. A,L,N Census 2001 & Census 2011
Data
Meeting with Executive
Engineers in PHED HQ &
District Offices
2 Sector Policies
and Programs
. Q.nos 6.1-6.7, 7.1-
7.4,8.1-8.4
Q.nos
2,17,20,21
Q.nos A(14,16,
17)
Q.nos 3,6,7, 17 State Water Policy Paper,
Discussion with PHED state
level officials
3 Institutional
Aspects
Q.nos 6.1-6.7,
3.1-3.6,
7.1-7.4
Q.nos
2,17,20,21,
22,24, 26
Q.nos A(1-
4,9,10,11,13)
Q.nos 4,5,
7,8,11,
12,15
Discussion with PHED state
level officials.
Assessment of reports and
policy documents
4 Economic and
Sector
Finances
Q.nos 5.1-5.6 Q.nos 10,11,
2,18,
19,23
Q.nos 4, 9, 10,
5 Social Aspects Q.nos 9, 10, Q.nos
8,9,13,14,16
Q.nos A(18),
B(1,2,3,4,,5,6,7,
8)
Q.nos 15, 20,
21
Discussion with PHED district
& GP level officials
6 Environmental
Aspects
Q.nos 6.5-6.7, 9 Q.nos 14,16,
24, 25
Q.nos 6, 18, 19 Discussion with PHED district
& GP level officials
13
Current Situation
In the present study, the survey was done in Dhanbad, Dumka, Khunti and Purvi Singbhum
through structured interview technique and focused group discussions. Data was collected
from the officers of the DW&SD, members of Gram Panchayat, Jal Shaiyas, Mukhiyas,
village household and other relevant respondents. Secondary data was collected by accessing
the documents existing with the DW&SD, Jharkhand, the website of DW&SD India and
2011 Census Survey Report. The study has assessed the sector and program status as well as
the performance of the rural drinking water supply schemes in the state to provide inputs in
the design and implementation of the RWSS-LIS Project.
Technical and Service Delivery Aspects
As per the census 2011 (Figure 2) data, in Jharkhand around 23.2% people have drinking
water facility within the premises, 44.9% have near the premises whereas 31.95% have water
facility away from the premises. This availability of drinking water source data can be
validated with the scheme data that piped water is only available to 13% of the household and
well and hand pump water is available to 35.5 and 43.8% of the population respectively.
Figure 2: Availability of Water in various States
0102030405060708090
100
Availibility of water Within The Premises Near The Premises Away
14
Table 3 compares the scheme details of Jharkhand state with India. The Habitations covered
by PWSS are 7.6% while in India this percentage is about 29.94%. However, the percentage
of habitation covered by hand pump/borewell is more in Jharkhand as compared to India.
Table 3: Scheme Details as on 09/02/2013
S.N. Particulars State No State
Percentage India No
India
Percentage
1 Habitations covered by PWSS 9058 7.6 498906 29.94
2 Habitations covered by
Handpumps/ Bore wells 64786 54.35 742101 44.54
3 Habitations covered by Others 2144 1.8 42889 2.57
4 Habitations where scheme detail
Not entered in IMIS 43203 36.25 382179 22.94
5 Total 119191 100 1666075 100
Source: http://indiawater.gov.in
The coverage data of the SC, ST, minority and LWE concentrated habitations is presented in
the table 4. This data shows that the coverage in all these habitations is above 95%.
Table 4: Coverage of SC/ST/Minority Habitations (Coverage as on 09/02/2013)
Particulars Total
Habitations Coverage % Coverage
SC Concentrated Habitations 16588 16509 99.52
ST Concentrated Habitations 64322 63482 98.69
Habitations in Minority Concentrated Districts 17055 16530 96.92
LWE Concentrated Habitations 82006 79579 97.04
Source: http://indiawater.gov.in
As per the data available on the website of Government of India, the target marked was of 41,
793 habitations and the achievement are of 11, 822 habitations, which is about 28% of the
target marked.
15
Table 5: Physical Progress during 2012-13 as on 09/02/2013
S.N. Particulars Target Marked Achievement
1 Partially Covered 16244 4954
2 Quality Affected 339 57
3 Minority Districts 2778 578
4 Minority Blocks 2526 661
5 LWE Districts 10881 3194
6 SC Dominated 1589 398
7 ST Dominated 7436 1980
Source: http://indiawater.gov.in
Initiatives have been taken by the DW&SD in terms of both pipe water supply and hand
pumps. Table 10 presents the data of the pipe water supply schemes and the Figure 3 about
the hand pump installed in the state. When villagers were asked to compare the current
situation with the situation 5-10 years ago on various service levels such as coverage, time
taken to get water, health problems, quality of water etc. every villager said that the
improvement has taken place on all the aspects.
Some of the service level issues associated with the hand pump are as follows:
1. Based upon to our interaction with the rural households in the sampled GPs and
subsequent field survey, it was discovered that the actual range of non-functioning hand
pumps, including those which have recently suffered breakdowns because of pumps or
pipes or mishandling issues is to the tune of around 7-10%. This number goes up during
summers to around 14% because of drop in water table or because of disuse due to
increased turbidity of the water ejected. While all hand pumps are used for drinking
water, some hand pumps are more preferred than the others for drinking purposes due to
the better quality and taste of water. The figure quoted by the households is normally on
the higher side. On the other hand, the reports of the Department at the field level do not
have to be readily accepted, for their data is based upon the complaints received and thus
there maybe a gap between actual and reported.
2. In most of the places, Water Table has gone down by almost 2 feet while in other places it
is even more. In one village, in Dhanbad, for instance, water table which was at the depth
of 32 meters in 2009 has receded to 39 meters today. Problems related to receding of
16
Water Table was also observed in other places in Dhanbad and in Purbi Singhbhum.
Incidentally, these are also the places where hand pumps are the most prolific (refer
Figure 3). In Nirsa Block in Dhanbad, 60 to 62 villages are situated around the coal
mines of Eastern Coal Fields and the moment the drilling starts it hits the coal seam. As a
result, most of the hand pumps go dry within one month. Those that do function after
rainy season go completely dry during summers. Indeed in this coal belt, ground water is
a huge problem and surface water seems to be the only sustainable option.
3. In summers, when water sources dry up or plummet to new depths, people have to get
water from just any source where water is available. In some places, children also help by
carrying water for long distance on cycle. A lot many village households, especially those
who are poor, make temporary and Kutcha (mud) well during the summer season.
4. There are places which have high iron content in the water. In such places, water that
comes out of the hand pumps are red in colour. Also the GI pipe in hand pumps get
quickly rusted, within 4 to 5 years thereby contaminating the water. Households in such
iron affected water areas lamented that when they boil rice, it turns yellow in colour.
Again, hand pump throws out muddy water when it is, and this is a common occurrence,
not handled properly by villagers. In areas where water is affected by fluoride, fluoride
treatment units were installed on the hand pump. But in one such a village, after one
month, the fluoride treatment unit collapsed. In other areas, Fluoride was detected in
February last year, but till date the FTP has not been attached to the hand pump.
5. According to the officials of the DW&SD, the responsibility for repairing the hand pump
is with the Gram Panchayat. Gram Panchayats were given money for operation and
maintenance of the handpumps in their region about two years back. As of now a sum of
Rs. 300 to 400 per hand pump for operation and maintenance has been given to Jal
Sahiya of the Gram Panchayat. In some Aganwadis and school buildings, Force lift hand
pump has been installed. But most of them have failed and now are in disuse. In any case,
even now the O &M of handpumps in GPs is being done by the local DW&SD officials.
The reason is that the villagers are not trained for the repair work. Indeed, the hand pump
repair kit that had been given to the mukhiya, has remained largely unused in their house.
17
6. In piped water supply schemes, in 60% of the places the quality of water supplied is
acceptable. In the rest, the quality is not good as a result of which households do not use
water supplied through pipes for drinking purposes. The water from Water Treatment
Plant is also not tested regularly. In some blocks, during rainy season the red colour
worms are observed in water. None of the villages surveyed have received the water
testing kit. In some villages, it was pointed out that the number of persons suffering from
kidney related ailments have noticeably gone up. Nonetheless, incidence of water borne
diseases have, according to the households surveyed, significantly gone down over the
last 3-4 years.
Source: http://indiawater.gov.in
Figure 3: Number of Hand Pumps District wise in Jharkhand
7. The DW&SD has fixed Rs. 62 per month as the amount to be collected from each
household that has opted for piped water supply connection. This amount is based on the
assumption that each household takes 10,000 litres of water per month at the rate of Rs.
6.2 for 1,000 litres. However, there is no way to know that this is the amount of water
being supplied to the households as there is no provision of water meter in houses even
till date.
8. In any case, the duration of water supply in households is determined by the elevation at
which houses are located. Those at higher elevation get the supply for less than half an
hour. For those houses situated on the low elevation level water is available for more
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
18
time. Even then, the pressure of water in piped water supply schemes is not adequate. As
a result the quantity of water supplied to each house turns to be meager.
9. Usually Pipe water supply connection is taken by APL families. Families that is BPL and
even poorer and socially disadvantaged who typically stay in farther areas of the village
do not get piped water. These households are dependent upon Stand Posts for their water
needs. According to officials from the DW&SD, these stand posts will be closed off
because no one is responsible and can be held accountable for it. Both the members of the
GP and the Department complained that Stand Posts needs to be repaired every 15 days.
The other issues associated with Stand post are theft of tap and wastage of water. One
really wonders what will happen to these families once the stand posts are dismantled.
10. Schemes where VWSC are responsible for the O&M of pipe water supply schemes, the
Department is only concerned with the Accounting process. It was also observed that very
few government institutions such as schools, Aganwadi, public health care units etc. have
piped water supply connection. Only 15% of the Aganwadis have piped water supply
connection in Dhanbad. The situation is worse in other districts and blocks.
11. Some of the constraint facing the PWSS are shortage of staff especially at Water
Treatment Plant, pipeline distribution, capacity of WTP and Tank, technical knowledge of
VWSC members, leakage in pipeline, leakage in tank, water source drying up and low
number of household opting for and paying for water supply connection.
Table 6: Status of Pipe Water Schemes
S No District
With on-
going PWS
With Completed
PWS With Total
1 Bokaro 227 651 818
2 Chatra 93 179 256
3 Deoghar 1 467 468
4 Dhanbad 48 261 297
5 Dumka 263 1101 1282
6 Garhwa 111 328 383
7 Giridih 66 507 542
8 Godda 117 392 436
9 Gumla 302 228 435
10 Hazaribag 88 236 315
11 Jamtara 110 14 118
12 Khuti 203 64 256
19
13 Koderma 82 26 105
14 Latehar 54 114 143
15 Lohardaga 52 187 202
16 Pakur 0 251 251
17 Palamu 296 141 420
18 Paschim Singhbhum 2 654 655
19 Purbi Singhbhum 93 186 262
20 Ramgarh 69 87 148
21 Ranchi 323 279 507
22 Sahibganj 142 211 322
23 Sareikela And
Kharsawan
44 192 208
24 Simdega 134 206 269
Total 2920 6962 9098 Source: http://indiawater.gov.in
12. Another set of problem is due to the consumers themselves. Some consumer have
connected motor to the water pipe for drawing more water thereby reducing the amount
of water available to the others. Since the water is supplied only for one hour, there are
numerous cases of some household subsisting on meagre amount of water. Some of the
GP have tried to go around the problem by ensuring that electricity supply gets switched
off during the time when the water is supplied.
13. In some regions and in Purbi Singhbhum especially, there is terrain related problem. As a
result the pipe line pressure is not uniform. In summers, normally the water source dries
up and for 2-3 months, there is no pipe water supply. During these dire times, people
depend on hand pumps and tanker. People wait for endless hours near the wells in the
morning so that they can take the water from the well which gets filled up through the
night.
14. Another set of problem related to terrain is the variation in the water bearing capacity of
the ground. Some areas especially in the riverine basin in Pakur, Sahebganj (Dumka
Division), Baragorha (Purbi Singhbhum) etc. have alluvial soil which tends to collapse
upon boring and therefore needs to be gravel packed thereby lead to escalation of costs by
one and a half time. On the other hand are the terrain in the coal belt of Dhanbad in which
the boring hits the wall of seam as soon as it begins. The water table becomes a
humungous issue over here. The same is also true in the Ghorabanda region of
Jamshedpur.
20
Figure 4: Children at Aganwadi
15. There were instances of water supply schemes being abandoned after a couple of years of
functioning due to drying up. Less recharge of aquifers, absence of check dams, rainwater
harvesting, and depleting ground water table has severely dogged water supply schemes
in Jharkhand. Indeed some of the piped water supply schemes are currently not
operational and have closed down.
16. One reason for the problem is that the VWSC has been unable to manage the high O&M
cost. In one of the scheme, the research team came across a situation where the
submersible pump which takes out water from the dam burns down every six months. The
cost of each repair is to the tune of Rs 20000. Since the revenue collected by this VWSC
is Rs 3000 per month, they have no financial wherewithal for the VWSC to do the O&M
of the scheme. Other reasons for defunct scheme are the electricity failure, old and brittle
pipeline and drying up of water source. Incidentally, the moment water supply gets
disrupted for 4-5 months in PWSS, the word of mouth is enough to turn away potential
customers and deter the existing customers from paying the monthly dues.
21
Figure 5: Child Carrying Water
22
Sector Polices and Programs
1. Many hand pumps and pipe water supply schemes have been designated as projects under
NRDWP program. Maintenance of Hand pump is a big issue. Government of Jharkhand
gave 2 lakh to the GPs after election for use in case of water emergency. Most of the GPs
used the money for repairing of hand pumps. Some have used it also for installing the
hand pump. At the time of distribution of the money to the GP, the process of expenditure
was not told to either to the GP or to the officials of the Department. In fact the grass root
level employees of the Department did not even know the purpose for which the money
was given. After one year, people from the Department were asked to do the audit of the
expenditure made from this money by the Mukhiya. These officials from the Department
admitted that at this stage they can only verify things that are visible from outside and
hence they are in no position to comment on the quality of the material used. They have
also no idea as to how many water tankers came in past one year. The Mukhiyas and
Panchayat members feel that they have been short changed by the Government because it
did not tell them the process of spending the money, the head on which it could be spent,
the requisition system which required the signature of 10 persons, the need to store the
materials that were found defective and the stipulation that the material replaced had to be
purchased only from authorized shops. The cemented platforms on which hand pump
have been placed was also found to broken at some places as both the DW&SD officials
and the GP feel that it has to be maintained by the other.
2. Within our sample GPs, 30 % of the Jal Sahiyas have received training. Only 30% of the
Jal Sahiyas knew that there is a provision of training. Others had simply no idea. In about
10% GP, Jal Sahiyas have not been elected and the Mukhiya did not know whom to
communicate the same. The Department currently is providing training to one Jal Sahiya
per GP with the idea that the trained Jal Sahiya will train remaining Jal Sahiyas in the GP.
On the issue of repairing of hand pumps, the DW&SD has stipulated that within each GP,
a team of 3 unemployed persons has to be trained for the job. The intention was that this
will reduce the labour cost and labour time for maintenance while providing employment
to the hitherto unemployed.
23
3. Currently government is in charge of the hand pumps and the pipe water supply schemes
funded by NRDWP, MNP etc. None of Pipe water schemes have been fully transferred to
VWSC. Till date the DW&SD has been supporting the VWSC by either bearing the
expenses of water treatment plant and electricity bills or by providing collateral amount to
that collected by the VWSC as an incentive. DW&SD have been reminding the VWSC
that it is they who will have to assume full ownership of the water supply schemes in their
Panchayat in the next 2 to 3 years. However, none of the VWSC whom we interviewed
were ready to fully own the schemes. The main reason is that O&M cost is more than the
revenue collection. The government has told the VWSC that they can increase the current
rate of 62 to 100 or 150 per house hold based on their costs. In case of HYDT PWS the
cost is about Rs 100 and in case of surface water supply scheme where WTP is there the
cost per household is Rs. 150. According to the field staff of DW&SD, the major
component of the cost in water supply, irrespective of whether it is HYDT or Surface
water schemes, are the expenses on electricity and O&M. The problem is that VWSC
feel that they cannot increase the revenue to be collected per household without driving
away potential customers. For instance, the Bagbera pipe water supply scheme, is
managed by the VWSC. This scheme when started was managed by a different
community and was then closed down for 2 years due to operational issues. After
Panchayati Raj elections, the scheme was revived by the Mukhiya and local people. They
invested their own money and started the scheme but now they have a problem in that
their variable cost is turning out to be more than their revenue collection. In last six
months the revenue collected by them is the Rs. 1.7 lakhs whereas just the electricity bill
is to the tune of Rs. 3.4 lakhs.
4. The development initiatives are in the direction of the solar powered pipe water supply
schemes. In villages, electricity is a major problem. There is frequent incidence of poles
falling down, wire theft, load shedding, voltage fluctuation and transformers burning out.
So any scheme that is not dependent upon an erratic power supply is potentially a good
scheme. Strategies are being developed to strengthen the functioning of the VWSC as an
institution to plan and implement water and sanitation sector interventions in the rural
area.
5. Key policy initiatives and their implementation in Governance and Woman
Empowerment domain during the last two years is as under::
24
Figure 6: Hand Pump with Soak Pit
Table 7: Key Strategy/ Policy Initiative as on July, 2012
S.NO Key Strategy/ Policy Initiative as on July,2012 Physical Progress (No)
1 Village Water and Sanitation Committee to
facilitate program planning and implementation
without any Government representative
16982 as on June,2012
2 Regular Meeting of Village Water & Sanitation
Committee shall be convened to ensure
participation (Minimum once in every Quarter)
Estimated that 32000
meetings convened
3 ‘JalSahiya’, exclusively a Village Women
facilitating program intervention in the village is
office bearer and signatory of VWSC
More than 17000 Jal Sahiyas
appointed
4 To be considered as a formal Meeting of VWSC at
least 33% of women participation is must
Average participation rate is
around 50%
5 Single village Schemes shall be planned and
implemented through VWSC
More than 20 schemes
developed
6 VWSC is mandated to have more than 50%
participant as Women members to discourage male
domination
More than 85000 Women
mobilized
25
While these were key steps in Governance and Women Empowerment domain by SWSM,
Jharkhand has taken up important process and policy reform to encourage innovation and
private sector participation as per the mandate of 11th&12th five year plan. Key policy
reforms by the mission in this dimension at the onset of 12th five year plan are;
1. Collaboration with National & international Organizations in water and sanitation
domain.
2. Engaging Private Sector to facilitate operation and maintenance in P-P-P (Public-
Private & Panchayat Partnership) Mode.
3. Bringing in new socio- technical innovations in program planning and implementation
SWSM, formed as per the guidelines for WSSO was initially working on ad-hoc basis
assisting the Department primarily in data management at state level. Regular visit and direct
interaction with field officials and PRI representative was considered as key to effective
social Mobilization. VWSC is result of appropriate mix of efforts from Engineers, IEC
Experts, and HR Professionals and other subject matter specialists who help VWSC through
continued guidance. Key incidents and policies that may be considered as display of
Leadership in participatory process are:
1. Regular guidance note to VWSC
2. Awarding performing PRI and individuals
3. Regularization of Program Review at state Level
4. Computerization of Grievance Management System
5. Regular Field Visit by SWSM Officials
6. There is no norm or law on private boring and private utilization of the ground water. At
places where pipe water scheme are operational, about 20% of the households have done
private boring and are lifting water by hand pump or jet pump. These Household are
economically better off and have the potential to pay for the water services. This rampant
private borings is also leading to the decrease in water table. In pipe water supply
schemes one of the problems that has emerged is that the every household do not get
adequate water supply. One reason for this is that some households have connected the
motor to their pipe water connection and suck out more water thus depriving others of
26
their share. Some of the household which take water from pipeline also supply water to
the nearby household.
7. In GPs, where PWS is currently operating, about 15% of the Government establishment
(schools, aganwadi and primary health centers) have piped water connection. A burning
issue for the VWSC is that who will bear their cost of connection and the electricity bill.
8. In pipe water supply scheme, water quality is acceptable in 50% of the locations. In the
rest, quality is an issue. Households do not use the pipe water supply for drinking
purposes. The water from WTP is also not tested regularly. None of the villages have
received the water testing kit. In case of Hand pump supply schemes, 50% of the hand
pumps provide water which can be used for drinking purposes. The typical complaints are
red water, sour taste, muddy water etc. The situation becomes worse in summers. Even in
quality affected GPs, till date water testing kit has not been given. The water quality
testing laboratory of the department is in Ranchi where test is free. While at other places
it costs Rs. 1000. This prohibitive cost and the inconveniences related to getting water
tested in Ranchi are the main reasons why none of the GPs, even if they want to test
water, have not done so. Given the number of water supply schemes and the geographical
spread of these, it is clear that the present capacity of Testing laboratory is insufficient for
undertaking regular testing and monitoring of water quality. Under central scheme, the
state has begun providing portable water testing kits at villages for regular testing of
water quality. These water testing kits are yet to reach most villages. The department has
also recently begun training of Jal Sahiyas, Mukhiya and VWSC members for water
testing through the testing kits.
27
9. The new hand pump being constructed by government have soak pits. The additional cost
of soak pit is about Rs. 9000 to 10000. But at some places it was observed that the drain
leading to the soak pit got blocked due to polythene resulting in overflowing of the drain
and the turning of the ground around the soak pit marshy. In places where the ground
water level were about 500 fts rendering tubewell driven supply impossible, pipe water
supply were not satisfactory. Educating the villagers about water harvesting and soak pits
is now a key challenge.
10. Almost all the pipe water supply scheme surveyed were found supplying to about 20% of
the household in that region. In some of the places, pipelines were old and had developed
blockages. In some schemes, sluice valve is a problem rendering water supply uneven.
Then is the issue of the time taken from initial survey for pipeline distribution network in
a multi village scheme to finally laying down the network and supplying water. It is about
5 to 6 years. Based on initial survey for pipeline distribution, the capacity of WTP and
tank get decided. By the time scheme starts, the region expands and the number of
households swell by atleast 20% or 30%. As a result, a good portion of the population
gets excluded from the piped water supply network.
Figure 7: Water Treatment Plant
28
11. The two solar based single village scheme surveyed by research team will be operational
by the mid of 2013. These schemes have been designed at the capacity of 40 and 55 lpcd.
The scheme is just sufficient to meet the needs for some years and will become grossly
inadequate after 10-15 years. Interestingly the goal of the DW&SD is to provide 70 lpcd
and one wonders as to how a scheme designed to supply 55 lpcd will be able to meet that
aspiration.
12. A convergence between water and sanitation scheme is also being created, though
implementation is yet to see the light of the day. For implementation a village household
will get Rs. 4,600 from MGREGA and 4,500 from NBA to construct toilet. The
households themselves have to contribute about Rs. 900. Villagers are quite excited by
this and in about 50% of the Panchayats visited, VWSC members have prepared the list
of household where it will be implemented.
29
Figure 8: Single Village Scheme based on Solar Power in Dumka
30
Institutional
1. Jharkhand had Panchayati Raj elections 2 years back only. This involved 1.43 crore
electorates in 24 districts, to elect 3,207 rural representatives. The Rural Development
and Panchayati Raj Department of Jharkhand has geared up its machinery to implement
power transfer in a phased manner to the elected bodies as laid down in the Constitution.
Till now there are still some GPs where Jal Sahiyas have not been appointed. Training of
Mukhiya, Jal Sahiya and Panchayats Samiti members is in progress in the state. Hand
pump repairing tool kit has been provided in about 70% of the Panchayats. The DW&SD
has to appoint 32,000 Jal Sahiyas. The idea behind Jal Sahiyas appointment was that since
the DW&SD did not have any officials at the village and Panchayat levels, a need was
felt to appoint some kind of staff at the grass root level. The first phase for Jal Sahiyas
was to get the training for hand pump repair and second phase to work on the
implementation of small scheme.
2. At the Panchayat level, the department has given mukhiya the responsibility of
maintaining toilets and addressing the issues of water, sanitation and hygiene. The current
survey of 4 districts and 20 GP revealed that Mukhiyas have exhausted the money given
to them to tide over the emergency arising from acute water shortage in their area. They
are now waiting for the new fund. Mukhiya, Jal sahiya and VWSC members are also not
clear about what to do. All these members are not fully aware of their roles. VWSC
members are also not clear about their roles and responsibilities. The officials of the
DW&SD repeatedly exhort them to take ownership of the water supply related
infrastructure, mobilize revenue by collecting tax from the users and then use them for
O&M. However, an approach seeking close user involvement in maintaining the schemes,
water quality and looking at other aspects like hygiene is yet to be adequately addressed.
3. In some of the villages where VWSC committees exist, the VWSC lacked the capacity to
manage the water resources and supply related issues. It also came out during interviews
and focus group discussions that these committees do not even meet regularly. The
31
participation of women in decision making for water supply areas, including site selection
for installing community hand pump/stand post in the villages, seemed negligible. The
tussle between MLA and Mukhiya over whose diktat will prevail in site selection for
installing handpumps is also creating the problem for the DW&SD on the ground. Grass
root officials of the DW&SD say that they have to keep all stakeholders happy, save their
job and keep a balance between all elected members.
4. As far as the department’s work force is concerned, the role of DW&SD is now changing
from project mode to program mode. However, the officers of the Department, especially
at the grass root level, need to change their outlook as well as get trained in the new
paradigm. There is also shortage of adequate staff on the ground. For about 250 hand
pump, a gang of 1 mechanic and 2 assistants is needed. The reality is that the position of
mechanic and assistants have not been filled for any years. In Jharkhand, hand pumps
have been installed in large number. Now in every GP, 3 unemployed persons will be
trained for repairing hand pump. Every GP will receive Rs. 300 to 400 per hand pump per
year for repairing. But when this was asked to the mukhiya that have they decided on the
names of 3 persons, about 80% of the mukhiya did not know about this development.
Money has also not been received by 80% of the Jal Sahiyas due to bouncing of the
cheques and the problems with the IFSC code required for transfer of money directly into
the account of Jal Sahiyas.
32
Economic and Sector Finances
1. Last Panchayat election took place in the state 32 years back which created an
absolute shortage of village institutions for program planning and delivery. Now the
Panchayati Raj institutions are being galvanized to shoulder key responsibilities for
program planning and delivery. VWSCs have been formed and they are being
entrusted with crucial responsibilities of water revenue collection. The DW&SD has
told the VWSCs that the standard rate is Rs. 62 per month for PWSS. This is based on
assumption that each household takes 10, 000 liters of water per month which works
out to Rs. 6.2 for 1,000 liters. As per the latest communication by the DW&SD to
VWSC, the latter can increase the current rate of 62 to 100 or 150 per house hold
based on their cost. The reason for giving this discretionary power to VWSC is to
make it financially independent. The only way to make this VWSC model sustainable
is to provide professional and technical support and financial independence.
2. In case of HYDT, PWS the cost is about Rs 100 and in case of surface water supply
scheme where WTP is there, the cost per household is 150. As per the estimate of the
DW&SD, major component of the cost in both the cases are the electricity and O&M
expenses. To promote community managed schemes, tariff of water were reduced
from Rs. 4.40 per unit to Rs.1.10 per unit as per the department. But this information
is still not available to VWSCs and the department officials who work at grass root
level.
3. Department officials are currently doing audit of the schemes which have been
transferred to communities. The research team came across only one scheme which
one can say is fully transferred to community. But that community also expressed that
they urgently need department’s support in terms of finances and technical
knowledge. And if this support is not provided in time, the scheme may become
defunct. Some VWSC are only collecting only Rs. 30 from the household which
barely covers the salary of the motor operator. The Mukhiya at one location have been
threatened by village members from collecting water dues and since the Mukhiya is
an elected member he does not want to pick up a quarrel as it will affect his vote
bank. In cases where there is no PWSS, the VWSC members when asked about the
willingness to the households to pay for the water, were optimistic about the same.
33
VWSC member said that the villagers first show resentment to any demand for
payment as historically they never had to pay for water; but after some persuasion and
attracted by the benefits they agree to pay. They cited the example of how households
now pay electricity dues. In GPs were the PWSS is working there are about 30%
people who do not pay because of low service levels. VWSC is also facing problem
in convincing those people who are working on the daily wages and are BPL to take
water supply connection.
4. Table 8 presents the central allocation, central release and state release for the year
2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13. Further year wise allocation is divided in to SC, ST
and General.
Table 8: Financial Progress Program funds (Rs in Crore) as on 10/02/2013
Year Opening
Balance
Central
Allocation
Central
Release
State
Release
Exp(Central) of
avl Central fund
% Exp(Central) of
avl Central fund
2010-2011 85.3 157.63 129.95 103.74 127.92 59.43
2011-12 Total 87.33 149.22 140.82 186.09 167.4 73.37
2011-12 SC 15.72 29.99 31.89 35.28 39.33 82.59
2011-12 ST 24.45 45.62 44.42 51.47 43.51 63.18
2011-12 GEN 47.16 73.61 64.51 99.34 84.56 75.73
2012-13 Total 65.11 168.83 148.63 96.73 129.42 60.55
2012-13 SC 11.72 32.53 28.66 17.43 32.47 80.42
2012-13 ST 18.23 51.08 44.98 27.02 32.62 51.6
2012-13 GEN 35.16 85.22 74.99 52.29 64.34 58.41
Source: http://indiawater.gov.in
5. DW&SD is giving a fixed amount of Rs 300-400 per hand pump for repair in a year
to VWSC. The issue came out during FGD and interviews that this amount is not
sufficient. Research team discussed the option of charging a fixed amount from
villagers for the repair of Hand pump. To this VWSC members expressed that it will
be very difficult because people will only pay for the hand pump from which they
take water. In past villagers have contributed money on case to case basis. Since Hand
Pump is located on the road side, not even the people residing nearby want to take the
responsibility. Table 9 presents the Allocation from central and state in the support
activities. Central allocation for support activities is 12.92 Crores in 2012-13 and 7.79
Crore in 2011-12.
34
Table 9: Financial Progress Support Activities (Rs. in Crore) as on 10/02/2013
Year Opening
Balance
Central
Allocation
Central
Release
State
Release
Exp(Central)
of avl Central
fund
% Exp(Central)
of avl Central
fund
2010-11 4.52 8.3 0 0 0.27 6.06
2011-12 4.3 7.79 4.32 0 2.44 28.34
2012-13 6.18 12.92 0.51 0 2.27 33.89
Source: http://indiawater.gov.in
6. The GP has directly received/receives funds from two sources. One was in the form of
water emergency allocation of Rs. 2 lakhs just after they had been elected. The other is in
the form of Rs. 300 per hand pump being given by the Department for their operation and
maintenance. Since the Department had no information with regard to the allocation of
Rs. 2 lakh they have neither collected nor are being given a proper account of the
expenditure made by the Mukhiya. On the other hand, most of the Mukhiya with whom
the research team interacted claimed that they have already exhausted the fund. As far as
the utilization of Rs. 300 per hand pump given by the Department is concerned, the
utilization also has been made and 50% of the GP are reporting the expenses made as per
the audit format issued by the Department. Even this is happening after follow up by the
Department officials and their persistent persuasion.
35
Figure 9: Cemented Platform of Handpump (red colouring is because of iron in water)
36
Social
1. The VWSC members are enthusiastic about the responsibility they have been entrusted with
by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation. However, at the same time they lack
technical skills as well as resources for water management. There is no doubt that the
situation has improved on all the service levels for past ten years. DW&SD is also promoting
VWSC by contributing amount equal to collected by them. There is a provision of online
complaint, call center and Pragya Kendra for communicating with the DW&SD. But only
about 30 to 40% of the VWSC members know about these developments. One reason is that
the training of the Jal Sahiyas started just 6 months ago.
2. Diseases related to water has reportedly gone down. Cases of Diarrhea and dysentery do
occur during rainy season. There is also a complaint with regard to aches in joints and yellow
coloring of teeth. Malaria is a problem; but this is more because of sanitation reasons. Caste
issues are not there. The situation of women has improved in last five years with regard to
water services. The following figure obtained through a survey of 480 anganwadi and 2500
households is revealing of progress made in this direction.
Figure 10: Children remains unfit due to
diseases (Anganwadi)
Figure 11: Reduction in medical expenses of
family(HH)
3. Panchayats are finding it very difficult to change the mentality with regard to protection of
government property. There are incidences of thefts of tank pipe and hand pump equipment.
Yes, 12%
No, 88% Yes , 82%
No, 18%
37
It is also observed that places where people are contributing, they are also taking the
ownership of the government assets. Once villagers contribute for hand pump repair, then
they take proper care in handling it also for future. The places where there is a water scarcity,
community was found talking about rain water harvesting, saving water, soak pits, better
O&M etc. This indicates that O&M and sustainability of assets can be improved when
community involvement is there. Table 10 presents the RDF targets and achievements by 16
Feb 2013.
4. Some of the social issues also relate to the fact that the it is either the Mukhiya or the MLA
which decides on the location and their consideration is largely political in nature. The
DW&SD has no role in deciding the location. So if there is a region where there is shortage,
DW&SD cannot go ahead and install the facility. The initiative has to come from the elected
representative. The tussle between MLA and Mukhiya over whose writ will run in terms of
selecting the site for installing hand pump is also creating the problem for the DW&SD
officials working at grass root level. DW&SD officials in field say that they have to keep all
stakeholders happy and also save their job and keep a balance between all elected members.
38
Figure 12: Water Treatment Plant
Table 10: RFD Targets and Achievements (up to 16/02/2013) 2012-2013
S.No Activity Target Ach % age
1 No. of Persons to be Trained for water quality testing
using FTKs 68460 4044 5.91
2 No. of water quality tests done in labs 518523 46472 8.96
3 No. of water quality tests done using FTKs 2052237 189 0.01
4 No. of Sub division Labs set up 60 0 0.00
5 Provision of Water Supply in Schools 0 368 0.00
6 No of Sustainability structures constructed 53868 4949 9.19
7 No PWSS handed over to Panchyat 12591 213 1.69
8 No. of VWSC members Trained 95802 206889 215.95 Source: http://indiawater.gov.in
39
Environmental
1. There is no question that Jharkhand has been successful in providing access to basic
water supply facilities for nearly everyone; the challenge now is how to provide
higher levels of service with sustainable sources and systems that provide good
quality water to a growing population. In 2012 -13 out of 120154 habitations only
301 habitations are 100% tested in labs and 1235 are partially tested in labs. And in
the state 98.7% of the habitations are not tested at all. Refer table 11.
Table 11: Testing of Sources in Habitations (2012-2013)
No of Total Habitations in Jharkhand 1,20,154
Habitations where 100% Sources Tested in Labs 301
Habitations where Partial Sources Tested in Labs 1,235
Habitations where No Sources Tested in Lab 1,18,618
Source: http://indiawater.gov.in
2. Out of the total, 1.2 lakhs habitations 412 (Refer table 12) are found to be having
quality affected water. Within quality affected, iron is present in about 90% of the
habitation and fluoride in about 10%. Nitrate and arsenic is found in one habitation
only.
Table 12: Quality Affected Habitations Contamination Wise as on 01/04/2012
Total Fluoride Arsenic Iron Salinity Nitrate
412 41 1 369 0 1
Source: http://indiawater.gov.in
3. Since 1947, with increasing growth of the population, the per capita water availability
has fallen from over 5,000 m3/year to about 1,700 m3/year. This is due to massive
over-exploitation of groundwater mostly to meet irrigation demand and increasing
scarcity in drinking water during summer months. Due to deeper drilling of aquifers,
drinking water sources are increasingly becoming contaminated with natural
contaminants like fluoride, arsenic and salinity. The new guidelines of NRDWP calls
for deeper involvement by the communities through the Panchayati Raj system and
has made improved norms in terms of quantity and quality of water to be supplied.
The most important point is the stress on ensuring sustainability of water supply
system as a whole. There is an emphasis on rainwater harvesting and recharging to
40
ensure sustainability of groundwater resources as also to switch over to conjunctive
use surface and ground water. As part of the endeavor to set in motion the
implementation of these new guidelines, the Jharkhand State Water and Sanitation
Mission supported training workshops for PHED Engineers, PRIs and NGOs on
building sustainability into the water supply systems. These are significant pointers to
the way the government of Jharkhand is thinking in terms of institutional structures at
the village level for giving effect to participatory management. An important
component of these workshops was to create an understanding of the need to prepare
Village Water Security Plans.
4. The research team also found that in about 30% of GPs, VWSC members is aware
about water security issues and in about 15% are also working on it. People have
understood that ground water is like a bank and that rampant withdrawal will lead to
exhaustion of this most important source of human survival. In some Panchayats
people are converting dry well into rain water harvesting reservoir. Some mukhiyas
also are making efforts in telling those who are constructing new houses that they
should go for rainwater harvesting. Last year due to this initiative, 5 persons
constructed the rain water harvesting system in one particular village. Now the new
hand pump being constructed by DW&SD also have soak pits. The additional cost of
soak pit is about 9 to 10 thousand rupees. But at some places it was observed that the
drain which led to the soak pit was blocked by the polythene leading to the
overflowing of the drain. In places where the water level is about 500 fts and the
pipe water supply is not satisfactory, the VWSC member were found putting great
emphasis on educating the villagers on water harvesting and soak pits.
41
Figure 13: Drainage at Hand Pump
42
Key Issues and Recommendations
In view of the above going, the following are the key issues and challenges with regard to the
Drinking Water Supply in rural India. Accordingly, some recommendations have also been
made in this section.
1. Inadequate Community knowledge
The VWSC members lacked technical skills as well as resources for water management. The
VWSC participation is very limited in the state. In water supply schemes, it is largely limited
to jointly identifying the water sources and selection/ possession of site for development of
water supply scheme, and planning for location of hand pumps. The involvement of women
in planning for the water supply schemes, and particularly in decision making for location of
hand pump in the villages, is very limited probably due to low education level and local
customs and mindset.
The VWSC members who are managing the PWSS should be provided with a strong
technical support for Civil, Mechanical, Electrical and Financial Skills. VWSC members also
lack interpersonal skills which is making their job of convincing the villagers to take water
connection and pay for water services quite difficult. Annexure 1 presents the roles and
responsibilities of VWSC members and Annexure 2 presents the work to be done in various
phases by VWSC members. With the current level of knowledge and skills, this expectation
seems to be rather high and therefore unattainable in the short run.
At the village level, water security planning should start with the knowledge of water
resources management in the village, aquifer or watershed. According to the WSS experts,
the following should happen at the village level: (1) water budgeting exercise; (2) monitoring
of ground water levels and rainfall with rain gauges; (3) water conservation and recharge; (4)
demand management of water; and (5) a shared Village Water Vision.
DW&SD has started training of VWSC and mukhiyas on software as well as hardware issues.
Software inputs concentrate on raising awareness on need for recharge, avoiding water
wastage and the need to plan for balancing availability and consumption. Hardware issues are
43
focussed on building physical structures which can capture rainwater and surface water
runoff, and/or help recharge ground water like ooranis, check dams, subsurface dykes etc.
Water quality testing needs to be given adequate thrust. For this, the training of community
members in using and maintaining the water testing kits should be done on a priority basis.
The selection of community members should be done based on certain criteria such as their
interest levels, academic qualifications, etc. We are convinced that the DW&SD should not
leave VWSC abandoned once project infrastructure has been built. VWSC need continuous
support, including training, technical support, access to professional services and financing to
supplement their own resources.
2. Responsiveness to Water Quality Testing
Water quality in Jharkhand is affected by both point and non-point sources of pollution,
wherein the non-point sources like coal mining, iron sources etc. are more likely to impact
the ground water quality, than point sources (open defecation near the source of water).
Water quality testing is yet to take off in Jharkhand. The water quality testing is quite
negligible in most of the pipe water supply schemes. This is clearly an area of concern, as not
testing of the water quality of the schemes would render the consumers vulnerable to myriad
water borne diseases that may be caused due to poor quality of water. This problem may be
very severe in areas where rampant mining has been continuously leading to depletion of
resources, as well as pollution of water resources. A system of concurrent testing of water
quality is also urgently needed, for which under central assistance a beginning has been made
for providing water testing kits to community. The water testing kits are in the process of
being supplied to the community.
However, the critical areas that require urgent focus are: adequate training to concerned
persons in the DW&SD officials and community members in using the testing kits and
regular testing of water through these kits, and a system of replenishment of components
(reagents, litmus paper, etc.). Post training, a detailed plan for handholding and supporting
the trained persons in using the testing kits and follow up in case of detection of quality
issues, needs to be developed and rigorously followed. Training on waste water management
should be given to prevent contamination and for reuse and recycling.
44
3. Low Sustainability of Water Sources/Schemes
Less recharge of aquifers, check dams, rainwater harvesting, etc. is reported to be rapidly
depleting the ground water table in Jharkhand. The groundwater table has steadily declined in
the last decade by a few meters. For recharging the sources to ensure sustainability, various
practices like afforestation, prevention of cutting down trees and groundwater recharge needs
to be done. The survey conducted by the State’s groundwater directorate that monitors
groundwater resources every year before and after the monsoon, also presents a gloomy
picture. While the groundwater table in Bokaro has gone down to 31 feet compared to 29 feet
earlier, in Jamshedpur the water table has slipped to 41 feet as against 39 feet earlier. Again
in the State capital, the water lever had dwindled to 40 feet compared to 37 feet in the
previous year. Dhanbad recorded 47 feet compared to 45 feet in the previous year. The
situation has come to such a sorry pass that in some parts of Ranchi deep boring till even
1,000 feet has failed to yield water.
One of the water supply scheme is based upon water sourced from a pond and the local
chieftain of that place has prevented the DW&SD from excavation of the pond. So the
capacity cannot be increased. However, maintenance of the water sources, including the
protection of the catchment areas is very difficult. In several instances, the water has dried up
causing the habitation to slip back, largely in case of rivers.
A holistic and participatory approach in villages needs to be followed to ensure drinking
water. This should take into account availability of water through groundwater, surface water,
rainwater and sea water (where applicable) sources, allocation of water to irrigation, and for
domestic purposes; and reuse and recycling of wastewater. Strategies should include a water
budget with community monitoring of water tables to balance demand with available water as
well as local measures for rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge. DW&SD may also
consider giving GPs more power over local water sources, so that agricultural and industrial
use could be regulated so as not to jeopardize domestic water requirement. There is an urgent
need of enacting a comprehensive Ground and Surface Water Development legislation and its
effective enforcement especially in over exploited blocks. MIS reporting of over exploited
blocks is also needed.
45
4. Inadequate Operation and Maintenance of WSS
For many years, recruitment has not happened in the DW&SD leading to shortage of
manpower to maintain the schemes at grass root level. This has led to a situation where, one
gang is responsible for maintaining 1000 hand pumps or schemes across 5-10 villages,
thereby causing some of the hand pump/ schemes to get neglected. Places where fluoride
were detected last year, FTP has not been installed even till date; and wherever it has been
installed it is not being used.
46
Figure 14: Fluoride Treatment Plant at Hand Pump
River pumping schemes in the state are generally planned for areas/ habitations where gravity
schemes are not possible, as it provides soft surface water. However, there are various
problems related to operation and maintenance of these schemes. In some districts, there is
acute electricity problem, leading to non-functioning of the scheme for the period. At times
47
even if the power is available, low voltage causes the scheme to be non-functional. Pipeline
distribution in these schemes is also not adequate. The schemes are creating the further
divide between the rich and poor. Most of the PWSS are not meeting the service level
throughout the year and this is creating a problem for VWSC in that they do not get the
sufficient amount of money from consumers resulting in their inability to manage the scheme.
Some of the VWSC members expressed that since these schemes are not sustainable that is
why government is giving its management to them.
DW&SD should speed up the process of introducing standard operating procedures for O&M
of hand pumps and piped water supplies. Currently the Department has given hand pump
repairing kits to some GPs. However, training of the local user group is yet to take place.
VWSC has also been tardy in identifying the local resource persons. For piped water supply
systems with community standposts and/or household connections, the DW&SD/BRC and
VWSC needs to make sure that community based operators receive training to gain the
technical and financial skills to do the job.
5. Lack of IEC/ Awareness
IEC/ awareness is largely a neglected area with regard to water supply schemes in the state.
At the user level, in many villages there were instances of taps in the stand posts being
deliberately left open. This has led to a situation where water continuously flowed from the
stand posts, and accumulated around the stand post, making the entire areas around the stand
post muddy, a den for breeding of mosquitoes and a reason for the malaria around. In case of
ring wells, the wells were open type without any top cover. This in cases also led to
contamination of the ring wells. In case of hand pumps, the cemented platforms are broken
and the drain is also not being properly maintained. Around 15 to 20 of the soak pits are not
getting water from the drain-- either it is broken or blocked. VWSC members are not aware
about their roles and responsibilities. Around 30% of the Jal Sahiyas do not know why they
have been appointed.
Water quality testing is another area where, apart from training and required logistical
support for providing and replenishing consumables in the water testing kits, it would be a
considerable challenge to make the community aware of the need for regular water quality
testing and required follow up.
48
IEC is an important tool for addressing behavioural issues for judicious water uses, better
community participation in management of water supply schemes, water testing and follow
up, and conservation of water sources. The DW&SD should develop a comprehensive IEC
strategy, after a detailed formative research for identifying problem areas, and related
behavioural issues. The IEC strategy should detail out target groups, key messages, media
vehicles and monitoring plan, which should be implemented in right earnest. As this is a very
specialized area, DW&SD could consider using services of a specialized agency from public/
private sector for this.
6. Weak Planning and Monitoring
In most of the places visited by the research team , it was discovered that where the new
scheme is in process of being launched, survey has been done for pipeline and the documents
have gone for approval. In the schemes were construction is going on, the survey of pipeline
happened 4-5 years back. There is thus a huge time lag between survey and execution of
water supply project resulting into inevitable slippage. As a result a large number of rural
community tend to get out of the net of the water supply network. The approach in water
supply sector should move from a project mode which focuses on creating infrastructure, to a
programme mode which focuses on providing, improving and sustaining high standards of
drinking water supply services.
Decentralisation as against centralisation is expected to take care of the needs and preferences
of communities as powers and responsibilities get devolved to lower levels. It is also
expected to increase accountability of the government in the delivery of services. Therefore,
delivery of services is expected to be better through decentralised institutions than through
centralised institutions. Decentralization puts planning, implementation, operation and
maintenance in the hands of beneficiaries. Some of the VWSCs seem to be disinterested as
well as angry with the implementation time taken by the department. A work plan for
implementation of these schemes is lacking and it should be communicated to the VWSC.
It is recommended the whole implementation period should be made shorter from the present
period. The plan for a financial year should be formulated in the previous year so that it is
approved and sanction orders issued by the beginning of the financial year. Plan should have
49
a clear listing of proposed schemes during the plan year, each district/ block wise. This would
enable greater transparency in the plan and issuance of the water supply schemes as well as
improved monitoring of the schemes. The water supply schemes should be proposed based on
the gaps identified in the online reporting. The gap identification should also take into
consideration; the changes in existing situation (slipped back habitations, new habitations).
For this the DW&SD should build a strong reporting system based on service levels and
community feedback. The monitoring of the schemes is primarily quantitative. The
qualitative aspects of the schemes need to be captured on monthly/quarterly basis in the
reporting system. A system of regular visits and feedback from DW&SD staff, to ascertain
the regular use of the testing kits by the community members, and retraining them will be
required to enable the continuous use of water quality testing kits by all villages/ habitations.
7. Convergence with Other Program
Government of India has established many flagship development programmes to improve
rural health and livelihoods and provide sustainable infrastructure. These include MNREGAs,
Watershed Development Programmes, BRGF, NRHM, ICDS, TSC, SSA and NRLM.
NRDWP promotes conjunctive use of surface, groundwater and roof water rainwater
harvesting and actively supports convergence with other development programmes such as
the MNREGAs and Watershed Development Programmes.
It is recommended that sustainability plans should be prepared especially for over-exploited,
critical and semi-critical blocks in terms of ground water table for taking up scientifically
located recharge measures and water harvesting structures on a watershed or aquifer basis.
These would be prepared using Ground Water Prospects (HGM) maps, GIS and GPS
techniques to ensure maximum water conservation to benefit drinking water sources in a cost
effective manner. These plans should be financed by convergence of NRDWP Sustainability
MNREGAS as well as Watershed Development Programmes.
8. Online Reporting
There is no doubt that the online reporting system has improved in last five-ten years. These
online reports add to the intelligence, alertness, awareness of departments by providing them
50
information in the form of progress and other issues. These reports also help department
officials in decision- making. But the current reporting system is working on the project
mode which focuses on creating infrastructure. However now the Department has moved to a
programme mode which focuses on providing, improving and sustaining high standards of
drinking water supply services. Decentralization is happening. Planning, implementation;
operation and maintenance are now in the hands of beneficiaries. The idea behind this is that
it creates ownership and commitment to action. It is suggested that the new reporting system
should move ahead with the new goals of the department.
For example, in case of hand pumps the current reporting system only tells the number of
hand pump in a particular district but how many are able to provide the drinking water is not
clear.
The current reporting system should also provide the information on the water table in each
block especially in terms of zones that have gone red (i.e. the withdrawal is more than the
recharge of ground water), going to be red (i.e. the withdrawal is at a pace and amount that
the ground water recharge would not be able to replenish over next 2-3 years) and green (i.e a
zone where the recharge is more than the withdrawal with no danger looming in the near
future). This will help the DW&SD to quickly and clearly identify the regions on which it
has to focus first and prioritize the necessary interventions. In case of PWSS, the information
is on the number of schemes. Now the next level of reporting should be on the service levels
of these PWSS. Reporting should be on the number of total house hold, number of house hold
having connection and revenue received by VWSC.
51
Annexures
Annexure 1: Roles and Responsibilities
What are the roles and responsibilities of institutions/persons at the village level?
Gram Sabha (GS):
The Gram Sabha comprises of the larger community and is responsible for decisions like:
How much drinking water do we need?
What are the sources of drinking water available and what are the most appropriate
sources?
What kind of water supply scheme do we want?
How much can each household contribute to building the scheme?
How much should households pay in user fee charges?
What subsidies can be given to Schedule Casts (SCs), Schedule Tribes (STs) and
Below Poverty Line (BPL) households?
The Gram Sabha approves the village plans and reports from the GP/VWSC on financial
accounts, implementation progress and operational performance. It is also an institution for
social audit.
Gram Panchayat (GP):
The GP owns/manages the water supply scheme for the community and is responsible for:
1. Approving investment plans and getting financing Approving annual budgets and user
fee charges after discussion in the Gram Sabha
2. Approving MoU’s/contracts with operators
3. Co-ordinating with the block and district and Support Organizations like the Block
Resource Centre (BRC)
4. Hiring trained mechanics for regular preventive maintenance for handpumps and
trained operators for piped water supplies
Sarpanch/President of Gram Panchayat:
As the head of the village, the Sarpanch has toprovide overall leadership to the process of
ensuring drinking water security for the villages/households. The Sarpanch is responsible for
organizing Gram Sabha with active participation from all stakeholders, formation of a
capable VWSC, conflict resolution in a transparent and just manner, monitoring construction
to ensure quality, monitoring expenditure to ensure that the funds available are used in a cost-
effective manner, providing equitable water supply to all including SCs, STs and poorer
households, co-ordination with the block/district and Support Organizations
Panchayat/Ward members:
Panchayat/Ward members are responsible for providing leadership at the ward level, building
awareness of ward citizens, mobilizing active participation of ward citizens in Gram Sabha
meetings, ensuring that the needs of all the sections in their wards have been adequately
52
represented in the village plans and monitoring the process of planning,construction,
expenditure and day to day management of water supply
The Pani Samiti/Village Water and Sanitation Committee (VWSC):
The VWSC is a standing committee of the GP and is responsible for planning,
implementation, operation, maintenance and management of village drinking water security:
Collecting household contributions and user fees Opening and managing a bank account
Preparing annual budgets and recommendations for user fee charges Organizing people to be
vigilant about not wasting water and keeping water clean Ensuring professional support for
hand pump caretakers and piped water supply operators:
Ensuring access to spare parts for hand pumps and trained mechanics for regular preventive
maintenance Ensuring the operators handling piped water supply systems are provided with
adequate training to gain the technical and financial skills needed to do the job. The VWSC is
also responsible for procurement of goods and services, supervising contract sand works and
making payments.
The VWSC should comprise of about 6-12 members including:
1. Members of the GP
2. Fifty percent women
3. Representation of SCs, STs and poorer sections of the village
Operators and Handpump Caretakers:
The responsibility of operators and handpump care takers includes day to day operation and
maintenance of the handpump and piped water supply systems
The Gram Sabha meets at six stages:
1. Program introduction (understanding the goals of the NRDWP)
2. VWSC formation
3. Needs assessment (what do users want?) and Resource mapping (what are our
existing sources and systems?)
4. Discussion of the Village Water Security Plan and approving it
5. Discussion of the operating plan (for operation and maintenance), setting up tariffs
and mechanism for collection
6. Presentation of accounts and social audit
What is the role of the National Rural Health Mission and ASHA?
The Accredited Social Health Associate (ASHA) under the National Rural Health Mission
(NRHM) also has a role which complements the role of the VWSC.
What assistance can we get from the Government?
The Government of India provides technical and financial assistance to the State
Governments through the NRDWP for rural drinking water supply projects with the goal of
providing every rural person with enough safe water for drinking, cooking and other domestic
53
needs at all times and in all situations. GPs/VWSCs need to understand the norms and the
assistance available in terms of:
Service levels – Access and usage, quantity, quality and reliability, responsiveness of service
providers, and user’s satisfaction
Cost recovery – How much do households contribute for construction? What are the user fee
charges for water supply? How much money is available from the Government?
GPs/VWSCs need to understand how to achieve and sustain these objectives:
What are the service standards that they want?
How to set community contributions and user fee charges?
What is the support available under the NRDWP and other Government programs?
54
Annexure 2: Various Phases of village work
Preparatory Phase
This is about how to get started. 1. What assistance can we get from the Government?
2. How do we form a VWSC?
3. What training is available and from whom?
4. How do we get the community to participate?
Planning Phase
This is about how to prepare a Village Drinking Water Security Plan.
1. How do we get information on our source and system?
2. How do we use the information to plan?
3. What should our proposal to the district contain?
Implementation Phase
This is about how to implement the plan.
1. What is an annual action plan?
2. How do we do procurement?
3. How do we ensure good quality?
Operations and Maintenance Phase
This is about how to operate and maintain the system.
1. What are the key operating functions?
2. How do we manage our finances?
3. How do we manage our assets?
Monitoring Phase
This is about how do we monitor our progress and performance.
1. What is a social audit?
2. How do we report our progress and performance?
55
Annexure – 3: Household Level Interview Schedule
District Block GP Village
1. Drinking Water Services
i. What is the main drinking water source? how many years
ii. What is the distance of your main water source from your home
iii. For how many months in a year water is available from the source(s)?
iv. Do you get enough water for your daily requirements?
v. Do you get enough supply of drinking water during the summer season?
vi. How many numbers of buckets /pot of water per day do you bring from the source(s)?
(Express in liters)
vii. What is the average time takes to bring water from the source?
viii. For tap water
for how many hours /per day the water is being supplied? Do they feel the smell of bleaching
powder indicating that the water is disinfected?
ix. How many times in a day do you/your family member go to bring water?
x. Who does generally go to collect the water?
Other than drinking, what is/ are the source for other uses?
xi. What are the other requirements getting fulfilled by these above sources
2. Quality of Water
i. What is the quality of water drinking water in summer? And in other season?
ii. When the water is not good, it is 1: Hard water, 2: Salty, 3: Muddy, 4: Has bad smell, 5:
Contaminated
iii. If the water is not good, what it does contain? (1: Iron, 2: Fluoride, 3: Arsenic, 4: Any other
(specify), 5: None of these, 6- Do not know
iv. Do you take any measures to purify the water?
v. If yes, what do you do? (1: Filter, 2: Boil, 3: Both, 4: Other measures)
vi. Do you know govt is providing testing kit to Panchayats.
3. O&M
i. No. of time nearest water source got defunct in last one year and its reasons.
ii. Do you know who is responsible for repairing? (1: Engaged Individual 2: Govt/ GP, 3:
Agency, 4: People, 5: Other, 6: Do not know)
iii. Generally who repairs the water source? (1: Engaged Individual 2: Govt/ GP, 3: Agency, 4:
People, 5: Other, 6: Do not know)
iv. Approximate time it takes to repair any defunct water source
v. Is there any user/beneficiary /O&M committee for drinking water source?
vi. Does beneficiary /O&M committee play any role in repairing water source?
4. Water cleaning
i. Are there any arrangement/ initiative to de-germinate water sources?
56
ii. If yes, what is that (1: Spreading Bleaching, 2: Cleaning frequently, 3: Other)
iii. If yes, who does this work
iv. Who is doing that?
v. what practice you use to drink clean water (cover it, filter it, use phitkiri, boil , water use long
handed water mug, keep water above, nothing)
7. Payment for water
i. Do you have to pay for drinking water services?
ii. If yes, how much?
iii. Have you ever contributed for construction/repair of drinking water source? Eg HP repair,
iv. If yes, how much and for what reason?
v. Are you willing to pay for better quality of drinking water services?
vi. Are you willing to pay for 1. Pipe water, 2. De-germination, 3. Water testing 4. HP Repair
8. Sources of Drinking Water 10 years back
i. How far were the water sources 10 years back
ii. What was the type of your drinking water source?
iii. How far accessible were the water sources 10 years back?
iv. Water used to be available for how many months?
v. What was the quality of drinking water?
vi. Have you heard of rain water harvesting and water shedding?
vii. Why is government constructing soak pits along with hand pump?
9. Planning
i. Have you/your family/community members ever been consulted for providing drinking water
services?
ii. If yes in which way?
iii. Generally who take decisions for drinking water project implementation?
iv. During implementation of the drinking water project nearest to you
10. Grievance
i. Do you have any Complain regarding Drinking water? If yes, what?
ii. If yes have you ever raised it?
iii. If yes where? If No Why?
iv. If raised, was your point taken into consideration? (Fully/Partially/ No)
11. What are the diseases you/your family faced in last two year?
Name of the Diseases
12 Any other Suggestion
57
Annexure – 4: Issues for Focus Group Discussion
Name of Panchayat: ………………………………
Name of Block: ………………………..
Name of District: …………………………………
1. What type of water facility are available in your area.
2. Are there any Government schemes of water supply
3. What are the problems faced by the people of your area regarding water supply?
i. Well gets dried up.
ii. Hand pumps get damaged.
iii. Tube wells do not work – Non supply of electricity / Burning of transformer / Mechanical
defect etc.
iv. Pond and river water are polluted
v. Others
4. How much water in litre per day per person is required?
i. Drinking
ii. Cooking
iii. Bathing and washing the cloth
iv. Latrine / Sanitation
v. Animal
vi. Others
5. How much water per person per day you are getting? …………………………………
6. Position of water availability
in summer season - Good / Average / Poor
In other season – Good / Average / Poor
Overall - Good / Average / Poor
7. Availability of water source
I. In the premises - …………..%
II. In the nearby (up to 50 meters ……. %)
III. 50 to 200 meters ……………%
IV. 200 to 500 meters …………..%
V. More than 500 meters ………..%
8. Who normally fetches water from the source?
Man / Women / Children
9. How much time is spent daily to collect water from outside sources?
10. Do you pay for water supply?
11. If yes, how much per household?
58
12. Are you ready to pay for quality water if it is made available in your house?
13. Do the SC/ST in your area have different water supply sources?
14. Are you satisfied with the water quality?
15. What are the quality related problems in water? i. Water is muddy
ii. Contaminated with fluoride / iron
/ arsenic
iii. Water is hard
iv. ……………………..
16. In your area what is the situation of water borne disease?
17. Whether you people are consulted in selection of site of the water supply schemes
18. Are villagers ready to give land for construction of water supply schemes?
19. Is there any agency like NGO / others helping you for good water supply?
20. Is there any involvement of public with Govt. Agencies in planning and maintenance of drinking
water facilities?
21. Have any schemes been transferred to Panchayat / Village Committee?
22. Are you able to complain about break down in water supply services?
23. Is there any public movement demanding better water supply?
24. Have you heard of rain water harvesting and water shedding?
25. Why is government constructing soak pits along with hand pump?
26. Any other issues coming from the FGD.
59
Annexure – 5 A: Scheme Level Questions for Hand Pump
Date:
District
Block
GP
Village
Location
1. General Information
1.1 Location
1.2 Year of Installation
1.3 Functionality Working/Not Working
1.4 If not working, duration and reason
1.5 Implementing Agency
1.6 No. of household/Population served
1.7 Max. Distance of HH fetching water from the source
2. Technical Details
2.1 Depth
2.2 Strainer length
2.3 Diameter of Pipe
2.4 Material of Strainer
2.5 Material of Pipe
2.6 Any leakages in pipes as observed during water supply
timing
3. Financial Details
3.1 Total Expenditure / Expenditure per capita
3.2 Name of the fund
3.3 Sanctioning Authority GP/Block/District/PHED/Others
3.4 Recommending Authority GP/Block/District/PHED/Others
4. Maintenance
4.1 Maintaining Authority IA/GP/Beneficiary
4.2 Breakdown in last one year
4.3 Nature of breakdown
4.4 Average recovery time from breakdown
4.5 Average repairing cost of last one year
5. Environmental Issues
5.1 Availability of Platform (Y/N)
5.2 Provision for water drainage (Y/N)
5.3 If there is any problem with Hand pump to any one,
give reasons
5.4 Any other issues pertaining to this Handpump
60
6. Beneficiary Feedback
Beneficiary 1 Beneficiary 2 Beneficiary 3
6.1 Whether you get
water daily from
this scheme?
Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No
6.2 Whether you get
enough drinking
water for your
requirement?
Yes / No / Partially Yes / No / Partially Yes / No / Partially
6.3 Whether you get
odourless and
colourless water
for drinking?
Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No
61
Annexure – 5 B: Questions for Piped Water Supply Scheme
Date: District
Block
GP
Village
Location
1. General Details
1.1 Year of Installation
1.2 Name of the Funding Agencies of the
Scheme
1.3 Name of the Implementing Agency
1.4 Name of the Recommending Agency
1.5 Who selected the site for pump house and
overhead tank
1.6 How the land is acquired?
1.7 Name of the Agency employed during
Planning and Design
1.8 Name of the Agency Employed for
Supervision during Planning, Design and
Construction
1.9 Expenditure involved in Completion of
Scheme / Cost per capita
1.10 Whether land cost is included in the
expenditure
Yes/No
1.11 Agency Employed for Operation &
Maintenance
1.12 Public Participation Planning Yes/No
Site Selection
Construction Yes/No
1.13 Year wise expenditure on O&M (from
starting of the Scheme)
Year Amount (Rs.)
2012
2011
2010
1.14 Is there any provision to collect tariff from
beneficiary
Yes/No
1.15 If yes; give details Per Family/person
(fixed): Rs.
As per actual use (rate): Rs.
1.16 Year wise revenue collection (from
Starting of the Scheme)
Year Amount (Rs.)
2012
2011
2010
1.17 Functionality Working/Partially /Not Working
1.18 If partially working/not working provide details
GP Village Reason Duration Expenditure to
62
Restore
1.19 GP and Village wise number of household and population covered under the scheme
GP Village Household Population
SC ST Gen Total SC ST Gen Total
1.20 GP and Village wise number of household and population
GP Village Household Population
SC ST Gen Total SC ST Gen Total
1.21 GP and village wise no. of standposts and household and population taking water from the stand post
GP Village SP Household Population
SC ST Gen Total SC ST Gen Total
1.22 Institutions Covered, name and address (Village)
Name of the Institution Village and GP No. of
connection
Population served
Permanent Floating
1.23 Village wise Max. Distance of HH fetching water from the source
GP Village SC ST Gen
2.
Technical Details
2.1 Capacity of the Scheme (MLD)
2.2 Design Population
Design Year
2.3 Length of pipe network
2.4 Design Water Supply (per capita per day)
in Litres
2.5 Whether Water Supply is Intermittent/Continuous
2.6 If Intermittent; please provide time and
duration of water supply
2.7 Source of water supplied Ground Water/Surface Water
63
2.8 Is any treatment provided to the water
before supply
Yes/No
2.9 If Yes give description
2.10 Type of disinfection employed Chlorine/Ozone/UV/Other/Not applied
2.11 Method of Control to various equipments Manual/Semi-manual/Automatic
2.12 Total number of tube wells in the scheme
2.13 Details of tube wells & pumps
N
o.
Location Depth
, m
Size, mm Strainer
depth
Pump
(HP)
Type Water Quality Remark
2.14 Total number of Overhead tanks in the
scheme
2.15 Details of Overhead tanks
No. Location Capacity Height Type Remark
Design Period of the various component of water supply scheme a.
2.16 Storage by dam
2.17 Infiltration works
2.18 Tube well
2.19 Engine and Pump
2.20 Water treatment unit
2.21 Overhead tank
2.22 Pumping main
2.23 Distribution network
3. Quality and Service
3.1 Water Quality Monitoring from service
area
Quarterly/half yearly/Yearly/More than a year/not done
3.2 Parameters monitored pH,Color,Taste,Turbidity,TDS,Microbiological
3.3 Average Number of samples taken
3.4 Name of the agency who monitor water
quality
3.5 Whether sufficient quantity of water is
available to the consumer ?
Yes/No
3.6 If no, how much? 80%/60%/40%/ less than 40%
3.7 Whether sufficient pressure of water is
available to the consumer
Yes/No
Are there any pit taps in piped water
supply which indicate poor pressures
3.8 Major Break Down
Nature of the Break
Down
Location Time to
restore
Expenditure Agency Remarks
Pipe failures
Pump failures
4. Beneficiary Feedback
Beneficiary 1 Beneficiary 2 Beneficiary 3
64
4.1 Whether you get
water daily from this
scheme?
Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No
4.2 Daily duration of
water supply (in
hours)
4.3 Whether you get
enough drinking
water for your
requirement?
Yes / No / Partially Yes / No / Partially Yes / No / Partially
4.4 Whether you get
odourless and
colourless water for
drinking?
Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No
65
Annexure – 6: Interview Schedule for Gram Panchayat
Date:
Name of the GP
Block
District
1. Drinking Water Sources
Working Defunct
No. of Wells in the GP
No. of hand pumps in the GP
No. of Tap Water Sources
No. of Other Water Sources
3. Drinking Water Services at Common Places
A) Is there proper drinking water facility (hand pump/tap/well) in school?
B) Is there proper drinking water facility (hand pump/tap/well) in aganwadi?
4. Is there improvement in water facility during last 5 years?
5. Do you get difficulty in getting fund? Are you consulted in scheme designing? How do you spend
the funds in improving, repairing and installing water sources?
6. What are steps GP takes to de-germinate water sources?
7. How the spots of Tube well/Well/Tap have been selected?
8. What is the average time GP usually takes to repair a defunct water source?
9. Role of User/Beneficiary Committee:
10. Is GP charging water tariff? If yes how much?
11. Is there any water tariff policy in the GP?
12. is there any Village Water and Sanitation Committee? What is their role?
13. How the water sources are being monitored: Are there any instances of failure of drinking water
sources; if so due to what reason? (Drought, over exploitation etc.) Have any ground water recharge
measures implemented which has ensured source sustainability.
14. Problems related to service of drinking water and suggestions
15. Issues and problems associated with transferring PHED/Other department schemes to Gram
Panchayat.
16. Do GP takes any specific scheme for SC/ST/ backward community? If yes, give details.
66
17. Are members of GP Committee getting training of Repairing and managing water resourses.
18 What is GP doing in Water harvesting and water shedding.
19. Is GP Maintaining the Soak pits constructed by govt.
20. Are women’s participating in the decision making.
21. Are women getting more time due to better water services.
67
Annexure – 7: Questions for Assessment of Drinking Water Facilities in
Village Level Institutions
District Block GP Village
A. Drinking Water Facilities
1) Name of the Institution
2) No. of employees in the institution
3) Average Number of people turning up daily in the Office/Institution
4) If School, number of students
5) Drinking water services available
6) If available, is it 1: Inside the campus, 2: outside the campus
7) If outside of the campus, how far is it?
8) Type of Service (Hand pump/Pipe water)
9) Who implemented it? (this office/GP/other agency)
10) Fund supported by which authority?
11) In last one year, how many times it got defunct?
12) At that time, what is alternative drinking water source? How far is it?
13) Who repair defunct water source?
14) 10 years back what was/were the sources of drinking water?
15) Type of Service (Hand pump/Pipe water)
16) Do you have quality testing kit in the institution?
17) Who takes care of O&M of these sources?
18) What is the percentage of girls and their age group? Has this percentage increased in past 5
years?
B .Additional Questions for Health Centres
1. What are the Common diseases people of this area suffer from?
2. Do people from this village report to your health facility for treatment of diarrhea, vomiting
and dysentery?
3. On Average how many such cases do you get in a month?
4. In which month(s) this incident increases?
5. Have there been any deaths in village covered by your health facility due to either
(a) Cancer (b) Respiratory disease
(c) Kidney disease (d) Diabetes
(e) Stroke (f) none of them (g) Info not available
6. Are the visible signs of arsenic sis such as color changes in skin and hard patches on palms
and soles evident in people/ malnourished people of your area?
7. Do the people/ malnourished people of your village in general suffer from hypertension and
diabetes?
68
8. Do the people served by your facility suffer from these diseases?
(a) Mottled teeth (b) Pain and tenderness in bones
(c) None of them (d) Info not available
69
Annexure – 8: Information to Be Collected From Districts
A. CURRENT STATUS OF EXISTING RURAL PIPED LINE WATER SUPPLY
SCHEMES
S.
N.
Na
me
of
Blo
ck
Nam
e of
Sche
me
Type
of
Sche
me
(SV/
MV/
Mini/
Qualit
y
affect
ed)
Name
of
progra
mme
Year of
complet
ion
Hor
se
Pow
er /
type
Whet
her
out of
order
Reas
on
for
fault
/ Out
of
Orde
r
Weathe
r OHT
has
been
constru
cted
Capac
ity of
the
OHT
Covere
d
populat
ion
A.1. Reason for poor progress of tap water supply scheme:
B. PLAN AND ACHIEVEMENT FOR LAST 10 YEARS IN DIFFERENT TYPE OF
DRINKING WATER SCHEMES
Year /
Type of
scheme
For tap water supply schemes For hand pump
Allocation
for work
Expenditure No. of
tube well
installed
Allocation
for work
Expenditure No. of
hand
pump
installed
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
70
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
B 1. Population Coverage under Drinking Water Service
Percentage of
Population
Fully Covered Partially Covered Not Covered
C. WATER QUALITY
C1. Block / village affected by quality problem viz. Arsenic, fluoride and Iron etc. and their
magnitude quantity present in the water.
Name of
Block in
District
Whether
affected by
quality
problem
(Yes / No)
Compound
found in
water
(Arsenic /
Iron /
Fluoride)
Magnitude of
the
contamination
(severe /
average)
Number
of
affected
villages in
the block
Type of
health
symptoms
seen the
population
due to use of
71
contaminated
water
C2. Action initiated to manage the problem of
1. Arsenic
2. Fluoride
3. Iron
C3. Arrangement for water testing in the district – Quality testing, manpower, infrastructure available
and constraint.
District No. of
quality
testing labs
No. of
personnel
Availability of
infrastructure
No. of
samples
tested during
2011-12
Specific
constraints
C4. One quality testing report for each block should be given.
D. INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABLE WITH THE DEPARTMENT IN DISTRICT TO
EXECUTE SCHEMES
D1. Infrastructure available.
D2. Infrastructure required
E. DETAILED COST (MODEL) OF A HAND PUMP AND TAP WATER SCHEMES
E1. Representative cost estimates and population served by the schemes
Name of schemes Cost Population served
Hand pump
Tube wells based tape water
supply schemes
72
E2. Representative cost estimates (model) of handpump and tap water schemes should be given.
F. AQUIFER / STRATA CHART OF SOME TUBEWELLS
Copy of strata map for 2-3 representative tubewells may please be supplied.
G. PRESENT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE INCLUDING MAN POWER AT
DISTRICT LEVEL AND BELOW AND GAPS THEREIN
H. SYSTEM OF AWARDING CONTRACT AND IMPROVEMENTS REQUIRED THEREIN
I. FUND FLOW FROM STATE TO DISTRICT (FREQUENCY)
J. MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER SCHEMES IN THE
DISTRICT
K. WATER TARIFF POLICY
i. Whether water tariff is in place for rural area – Yes / No
ii. If yes, what is the monthly charge?
iii. How has this charge been decided?
iv. What is the % of collection of water tariff?
L. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE POLICY
i. Who bears the cost of maintenance?
ii. Whether the fund allocation is as per requirement?
iii. Whether schemes after completion are being transferred to local committee / Panchayat?
73
M. AVAILABILITY OF SURFACE WATER IN THE DISTRICT
N. DESIGN ASPECTS OF THE PIPED SCHEMES
a. Water Supply Level :lpcd
b. Design years for Headwork
c. Design years for OHT
d. Design years for Distribution System
e. Depth of Tubewell
f. Norms for standpost: No. of household per standpost
g. Type of Pipes used for Distribution System (HDPE/Iron/Others)
h. Minimum distance between two tubewells:
O. HOW MANY SCHEMES HAVE BEEN TRANSFERRED TO PRIs?
P. REASONS FOR NOT TRANSFERRING THE SCHEMES TO PRIs?
Q. 1. How many village level water & sanitation committee formed?
Q 2. What is the composition of this committee?
Q 3. Problems in formation
74
Annexure – 9: Information to Be Collected From State Offices
A. CURRENT STATUS OF EXISTING RURAL PIPED LINE WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES
S.N. Name
of
District
Number of tap
water supply
schemes in district
How
many
schemes
are out of
order
Reason
for fault
/ being
out of
order
No. of
schemes
where
OHT has
been
constructed
Capacity
of the
OHT
Covered
population
A.1. Reason for poor progress of tap water supply schemes:
B. PLAN AND ACHIEVEMENT FOR LAST 10 YEARS
B1. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CENTRAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND
ACHIEVEMENT FOR LAST 10 YEARS
Year /
Type of
schemes
For tap water supply schemes For hand pump
Allocation
for work
Expenditure No. of
tube well
installed
Allocation
for work
Expenditure No. of
hand
pump
installed
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
75
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
B 1. Population Coverage under Drinking Water Service
Percentage of
Population
Fully Covered Partially Covered Not Covered
C. WATER QUALITY
C1. Block / village affected by quality problem viz. Arsenic, fluoride and Iron etc. and their
magnitude / quantity present in the water.
Name of
District
Whether
affected by
quality
problem
(Arsenic, Iron
and fluoride)
Magnitude of the
contamination
(Severe/ average)
Number of
affected
Blocks in
the District
Number of
affected
villages in
the District
Type of
Health
symptoms
seen in the
population
due to use of
contaminated
water
76
C2. Action initiated to manage the problem of
1. Arsenic
2. Fluoride
3. Iron
C3. Arrangement for water testing in the district – Quality testing, manpower, infrastructure available
and constraint.
District No. of
quality
testing labs
No. of
personnel
Availability of
infrastructure
No. of
samples
tested during
2011-12
Specific
constraints
C4. One quality testing report for each district should be given.
D. INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABLE WITH THE DEPARTMENT TO EXECUTE
SCHEMES
D1. Infrastructure available.
77
D2. Infrastructure required
E. DETAILED COST (MODEL) OF A HAND PUMP AND TAP WATER SCHEMES
E1. Representative cost estimates and population served by the schemes
Name of schemes Cost Population served
Hand pump
Tube wells based tape water
supply schemes of various size
E2. Representative cost estimates (model) of handpump and tap water schemes should be given.
F. AQUIFER / STRATA CHART OF SOME TUBEWELLS
Copy of strata map for 2-3 representative tubewells may please be supplied.
G. PRESENT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE INCLUDING MAN POWER AT STATE
TO BLOCK LEVEL AND BELOW AND GAPS THEREIN
H. SYSTEM OF AWARDING CONTRACT AND IMPROVEMENT REQUIRED THEREIN
I. FUND FLOW FROM STATE TO DISTRICT (FREQUENCY)
J. DRINKING WATER POLICY OF THE STATE
K. WATER TARIFF POLICY
i. Whether water tariff is in place for rural area – Yes / No
ii. If yes, what is the monthly charge?
iii. How has this charge been decided?
iv. What is the % of collection of water tariff?
78
L. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE POLICY
i. Who bears the cost of maintenance?
ii. Whether schemes after completion are being transferred to local committee / Panchayat?
M. SYSTEM OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER SCHEMES
IN THE STATE. YEAR-WISE NAME OF EVALUATION STUDIES DONE IN LAST 5
YEARS.
N 1. DESIGN ASPECTS OF THE PIPED SCHEMES
a. Water Supply Level :lpcd
b. Design years for Headwork
c. Design years for OHT
d. Design years for Distribution System
e. Depth of Tubewell
f. Norms for standpost: No. of household per standpost
g. Type of Pipes used for Distribution System (HDPE/Iron/Others)
h. Minimum distance between two tubewells:
N2. PLAN FOR UPGRADATION OF SCHEMES AND TECHNNOLOGIES TO KEEP PACE
WITH EMERGING DEMAND
O. HOW MANY SCHEMES HAVE BEEN TRANSFERRED TO PRIs?
P. REASONS FOR NOT TRANSFERRING THE SCHEMES TO PRIs?
