Basic Anatomy and Physiology

8/4/2019 Basic Anatomy and Physiology

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Basic

Anatomy and Physiology

Prepared by:

J. Rundle NDip (EMC)

ACLS / PHTLS / PALS / BLS / EMT Instructor


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Learning Objectives

Identify the following terms: medial, lateralproximal, distal, superior, inferior, anterior,posterior, midline, right, left, bilateral, mid-

clavicular, mid-axillary

Describe the anatomy and function of thefollowing major body systems: respiratory,

circulatory, musculoskeletal, nervous, andendocrine.


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Introduction

As a medical practitioner you will be faced withpatients that complain of a wide variety ofillnesses and injuries.

To adequately asses and treat the sick orinjured patient, the medical practitioner musthave a basic knowledge of where the structuresof the body are (anatomy) and how they work(physiology).


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First things firstWe have to be able to speak the language


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Anatomical Terms

Normal anatomical position

The position that a patient is in when determiningterms.

Person standing, facing forward Palms facing forward

Looks something like this:


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Anatomical Planes Midline

Imaginary line drawn vertically through the middleof the body (Nose to umbilicus (belly button)) thatdivides the body into right and left

Mid-axillary Imaginary line drawn vertically from the middle of

the armpit to the ankle dividing the body into

anterior and posterior (front and back).


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Anatomical Planes-DescriptiveTerms

Superior

Is either your supervisor---or means somethinghigher (closer to the head)

Inferior

Lower, away from head

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back


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Right and Left Your patients right and left!

Mid-clavicular

Line that runs down the middle of the clavicle (thenipple of the breast usually is mid-clavicular)

Bilateral Both sides

Dorsal Back side, or top (dorsal fin of fish)

Ventral

Opposite of Dorsal, front side


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Having a bad day

Ventral

Dorsal


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Plantar NO, not one who plantsbut rather the bottom of the foot

Palmar

Gee, Mr. ObviousI never made the connection Supine

Lying down on back

Prone

Lying down on front

Fowlers Seated, head up- 45-60 degrees


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Trendelenburg

Supine, feet elevated, head down

Shock position

Modified Trendelenburg, supine with legs elevated20-30cm

Lateral recumbent

recovery position, laying on side


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Take 5 minutes, then wewill take a look at

Body Systems


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Musculoskeletal System

Function

Gives body shape

Protects vital organs

Provides for body movement

Components

Bones, joints, connective tissues and muscles


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Bones Skull-houses and protects the brain

Face

Orbit

Nasal bone

Maxilla Mandible

Zygomatic bones (cheeks)


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Spinal Column (33 vertebrae)

Cervical (neck) 7 vertebrae

Thoracic (upper back) 12 vertebrae

Lumbar (lower back) 5 vertebrae

Sacral (back wall of pelvis) 5 vertebrae Coccyx (tail bone) 4 vertebrae

Bones


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Bones

Thorax

Ribs

12 pairs

Attached posterior to the thoracic

vertebrae

Pairs 1-10 attached anterior to the

sternum

Pairs 11 and 12 are floating

Sternum (breast bone)

Manubrium (superior portion of sternum)

Body (middle part)

Xiphoid process (inferior portion of sternum)


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Bones

Pelvis Iliac crest (wings of pelvis)

Pubis (anterior portion of pelvis) Ischium (inferior portion of pelvis)


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Bones

Lower extremities Greater trochanter (ball) and

acetabulum (socket of hip bone)

make up hip joint

Femur (thigh)

Patella (kneecap) Tibia (shin, lower leg)

Fibula (lower leg)


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Bones

Medial and lateral malleolus are surfacelandmarks of ankle joint

Tarsals and metarsals

Calacneus Phalanges


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Bones

Upper extremities Clavicle (collar bone)

Scapula (shoulder blade)

Acromion (tip of shoulder) Humerus (superior portion

of upper extremity)

Olecranon (elbow)


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Bones

Radius (lateral bone of the forearm)

Ulna (medial bone of the forearm)

Carpals (wrist)

Metacarpals (hand)

Phalanges


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Joints

Where bones connect to other bones

Ball and socket


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Joints


Hinge


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Joints


Fixed


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Now itsyour turn!


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Take 5 minutes, then wewill take a look at

Tissue and Muscle


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Connective Tissue

Ligaments

Hold joints together

Tendons

Attach muscle to bone


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Muscle Types

Voluntary (skeletal)

May also attach muscles to bones

Form major muscle mass in the body

Under control of the nervous system and the brain;can be contracted and relaxed by the will of thepatient

Responsible for movement


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Muscle Types

Involuntary (smooth)

Found in the walls of the tubular structures of thegastrointestinal tract and the urinary system as well

as blood vessels and bronchi Control the flow of blood through these structures

Carry out automatic muscular functions of the body

Patients have no direct control over these muscles Respond to stimuli such as stretching, heat and

cold


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Types of muscle

Cardiac

Found only in the heart

Involuntary muscle

Has its own supply of blood through the coronaryartery system

Can tolerate interruption of blood supply for only

very short time periods Automaticity-has the ability to contract on its own


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Respiratory System

Nose and mouth

Pharynx

Oropharynx

Nasopharynx


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Respiratory System

Epiglottis-leaf shaped structure that preventsfood and liquid from entering trachea duringswallowing


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Respiratory System

Trachea (windpipe)

Cricoid cartilage-firm cartilage ring forming thelower portion of the larynx


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Respiratory System

Larynx (voice box)


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Respiratory System

Bronchi-two major branches of the trachea tothe lungs which subdivide into smallerpassages ending in the alveoli

Lungs Bronchi

Trachea

Lung


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Respiratory System

Diaphragm Inhalation (active)

Diaphragm and intercostal

muscles contract increasing size of the thoracic cavity

Diaphragm moves slightly downward, ribs move upward/outward

Air flows into lungs

Exhalation

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax decreasing thesize of the thoracic cavity

Diaphragm moves upward, ribs move downward/inward

Air flows out of the lungs


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Respiratory Physiology

Alveolar/capillary exchange Oxygen rich air enters the alveoli during each

inspiration

Oxygen poor blood in the capillaries pass into thealveoli

Oxygen enters the capillaries as carbon dioxideenters the alveoli

Capillary cellular exchange

Cells give up carbon dioxide to the capillaries

Capillaries give up oxygen to the cells


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Infant and Child considerations

Mouth and nose are smaller and more easilyobstructed

Pharynx- tongues take up proportionally more

space than adults Trachea

Narrower, more easily blocked

Softer and more flexible Diaphragm-chest wall is softer, depend more on

diaphragm for breathing


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Take 5 minutes, then we

will take a look at

Circulatory and Nervous System


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Circulatory (Cardiovascular)

Heart

Structure/function

Atrium

Right-receives blood from the veins of the body and heart, pumpsoxygen poor blood into right ventricle

Left-receives blood from the pulmonary veins (lungs), pumpsoxygen right blood to left ventricle

Ventricle

Right-pumps blood to lungs

Left-pumps blood to body

Valves-prevent backflow of blood


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Cardiac Conduction System

Heart is more than a muscle

Specialized contractile and conductive tissue in theheart

Electrical impulses Automaticity


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Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart to rest of thebody

Major arteries

Coronary arteries-supply the heart with blood

Aorta-major artery supplies other vessels withblood, originates from the heart lying in front of the

spine in the thoracic and abdominal cavities anddivides at the level of the navel into the iliac arteries


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Arteries

Pulmonary-originates at right ventricle and carriesoxygen poor blood to the lungs

Carotid-major artery of the neck, supplies head with

blood, pulsations can be palpated on either side ofthe neck

Femoral-major artery of the thigh, supplies groinand lower extremities with blood, pulsations can be

palpated in groin area

Radial-major artery of the lower hand, pulsationscan be palpated at the wrist thumb side


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Arteries

Brachial-an artery of upper arm, pulsations oninside of the arm between elbow and shoulder,used with determining blood pressure

Posterior tibial-pulsations can be palpated on theposterior surface of the medial malleoulus

Dorsalis pedis-an artery in the foot, pulsations canbe palpated on the anterior surface of the foot

Arterioles are the smallest branch of an arteryleading to capillaries


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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles tovenules

Found in all parts of the body

Allows for the exchange of nutrients and wasteat the cellular level

Venules are the smallest branch of the veinsleading to the capillaries


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Veins

Carry blood back to the heart

Major veins:

*Pulmonary vein-carries oxygen rich blood from thelungs to the left atrium

Venae cavae

Superior

Inferior Carries oxygen poor blood back to right atrium


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Blood composition

Red blood cells Give blood their color

Carry oxygen to organs

Carry carbon dioxide away from organs White blood cells-part of the bodys defense

against infections

Plasma-fluid that carries blood cells andnutrients

Platelets-essential for the formation of bloodclots


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Physiology Pulse

L ventricle contracts, sendinga wave of blood througharteries Can be palpated anywhere anartery passes near the skinsurfaceand over a bone Peripheral pulses

Radial

Brachial Posterior tibial

Dorsailis pedis

Central Carotid

Femoral


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Blood Pressure

Systolic-the pressure exerted against the wallsof the artery when the L ventricle contracts

Diastolic-pressure exerted against the walls of

the artery when L ventricle is at rest


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Inadequate circulation/shock

Hypoperfusion resulting in profound depressionof vital processes of the boy

Characterized by these signs and symptoms:

Pale, cyanotic (blue colored), cool, clammy skin

Rapid, weak pulse

Rapid, shallow breathing

Restlessness, anxiety or mental dullness

Nausea and vomiting


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Shock

Reduction in total blood volume

Subnormal temperature


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Perfusion

Defined: circulation of blood through an organ

Perfusion is the delivery of oxygen and othernutrients to the cells of all organ systems and

the removal of waste products

Hypoperfusion is the inadequate circulation ofblood through an organ


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Nervous system

Controls the voluntary and involuntary activity ofthe body

Components

Central nervous system Brain-located within cranium

Spinal cord-located in spine from brain to lumbarvertebrae

Peripheral nervous system Sensory nerves carry info from body to brain and spinal

cord

Motor nerves carry info from the brain and spinal cord to

the body


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Take 5 minutes, then we

will take a look at

Endocrine, Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary & Skin


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Endocrine System

Secretes chemicals (hormones), responsible forregulating body activities such as reproductivechanges and regulation of metabolism

Organs include the hypothalamus in the brain,pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands,adrenal glands, and parts of the pancreas


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Genitourinary system

Organs include reproductive organs and thoseorgans responsible for the production andsecretion of urine

Located close together in abdomen and pelvisbecause of shared functions


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Skin

Biggest organ of the human body

Integumentary system

Protects body from environment, bacteria, andother organisms

Helps regulate body temperature

Senses heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain-transmits this information to brain and spinalcord


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Layers of the Skin

Epidermis-outermost layer of skin

Dermis-deeper layer of skin containing sweatand sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood

vessels, and nerve endings

Subcutaneous tissue


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Any Questions?

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Basic Anatomy and Physiology

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