Basic guide to APA referencing (overview)
Academic Writing: Citing, Quoting and Referencing
The key purposes of referencing
Thepurposeofreferencingisthree‐fold:1. Togivecreditto(acknowledge)thosewhosewordsorideasyouareusing
2. Toavoidplagiarismandtomakeyourargumentmorecredibleandvalid
3. Allowsreaderstocross‐reference yoursources(toeasilyfindtheoriginal)
Cross‐referencing: allows readers to locate the publication information of source material (the original source). This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.
2
Plagiarismisaveryseriousviolationofacademicintegrity.
Ifyoudonotacknowledgethosewhoseworkyoucite,youareplagiarising
Avoiding plagiarism
Youavoidplagiarismbycitingandreferencing everysourceyouuse.
Paraphrasing Paraphrase(orsummarise)fromagivensource,usingyourownwords
Name|Year|Pageno. e.g. AccordingtoHartandSmith(2014,p.66),sometext…
Directquotations Originalpassagecopieddirectlyfromthesource
“…”+Name|Year|Pageno. e.g.“sometext”(Hart&Smith,2014,pp.72–73).
3
Sample citation (in-text):
4
Sample reference list (post-text):
5
in-text note the difference
According to Hart (2011), those who write with paper and pencil tend to be more creative. More text, more text…
Some text here, some text here… “the sample who preferred to edit using a word processing program were found to be less creative” (Hart, 2011, p. 167). More text, more text…
6
References (post-text)
Yourreferencelistmustalphabeticallylistevery sourcecitedinyourpaper.
Itprovidestheinformationnecessaryforreaderstolocateandretrieveanysourcescitedinyourpaper.
References
Hart, J. (2011). The semantic web. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Smith, T. (2005). The Five Rules of Setting up an Internet Giant. London: Routledge.
7
Eachandeveryretrievablesourcecitedinyourpapermustappearinyourreferencelistand,viceversa.
References need to be detailed
Howdoesyourlistofreferenceshelpthosewhoreadyourwork?
e.g.Youtakesourceinformationfromthisbook(eitherintermsofsomedirectquotesorparaphrasedpoints)
Whatarethepiecesofinformationyouwillneedtoprovide?
8
Obtaining details for reference lists
InformationRequired: Title
InternationalHumanResourceManagement:AMultinationalCompanyPerspective
AuthorNameMonir H.Tayeb Tayeb,M.
Published(year)27Jan2005 (2005)
Published(by)OxfordUniversityPress
Published(location)USA
9
Referencing: Books
Basic:
Author,A.(2012).Titleofbook.City:Publisher.
Twoauthors,secondedition:
Author,A.,&Author,B.(1972).Titleofbook(3rd ed.).City:Publisher.
Chapterinabook:
Author,C.(2004).Titleofchapter.InA.Editor(Ed.),Titleof
book (edition,pp.87‐124).City:Publisher.
10
Referencing: Newspapers & Websites
Newspaperarticle:
Author,A.(Year,MonthDay).Titleofarticle. TitleofNewspaper.
Retrieved,MonthDay,Yearfromhttp://www.site.com/full/url/
Websitearticle:
Author,A.(Year,MonthDay).Titleofarticle.Retrieved,MonthDay,
Yearfromhttp://www.site.com/full/url/
11
Referencing: Journal articles
Basic:
Author,A.(2008).Titleofarticle.NameofJournal,7(2),265–298.
Twoauthors,accesseddigitally:
Author,A.,&Author,D.(2004).Titleofarticle.NameofJournal,
32(4),875–922.doi:0000000/000000000000
12
DigitalObjectIdentifier(DOI)provideapermanentanddirectlinktothegivenarticle.
13
Practice: APA Citation and Referencing Workshop
General APA style guidelines
Fonts and document formatting
Document organisation
Title conventions
14
Reference: APA formatting & organisation guidelines
FontsandFormat Yourdoctoralthesisshouldbetyped,double‐spacedonA4paper
Itshouldhave1inch(2.54cm)marginsonallsides
Youshoulduseaclearfontthatishighlyreadable.
Asarule,Times New Roman font isusedin12ptsize.
Alltextinyourdocumentshouldbedoublespaced.
Title Typeyourtitleinupperandlowercaseletters
Itshouldnotcontainanyabbreviationsorwordsthatservenopurpose.
Beneaththetitle,typeyourfirstname,middleinitial(s),andlastname.
15
www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx
16
Reference: resources online
Interviews,Email,andOtherPersonalCommunication:
Sometexthere(Y.Lin,personalcommunication,May6,2010).
Y.Linalsoarguedthatbusinessisalwayspleasure(personalcommunication,May6,2010)
17
Reference: how to cite other types of source material
Nopersonalcommunicationisincludedinyourreferencelist
Onlycitetheirname,thephrase“personalcommunication,”andthedateofthecommunicationinyourtext
InadditiontoAPA,therearemanyotherreferencingstyles
APAusesHarvardreferencingwithinthetext,listingtheauthor'snameandyearofpublication,keyedtoanalphabeticallistofsourcesattheendofthepaper(Hart,2012).
Universitiesandacademicjournalswillstatewhichstyletheyexpectwrittensubmissionstofollow.
Seeaquascript’sChicagoStyledocumentation
http://aquascript.com/chicago-style/
18
Reference: other referencing styles
IfyouuseasoftwarepackagelikeEndNote™tomanageyourreferences,itcanautomaticallyconvertthemfromonereferencingformattoanother.