Behaviorism Educ202

8/10/2019 Behaviorism Educ202

1/31

EDUC 202FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

R E P O RT E R :M A R I A A N G E L A C . E R O L E S

Behaviorism


2/31

ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING

Behaviorism is derived fromthe English word behavior and the suffix ism.

Behavior- is an observable activity in a human oranimal

Behavior comes from the English word BehaveBehave comes from the Middle English behaven,

bihabben (to restrain, behave)


3/31

Theorists Associated With Behaviorism

Ivan PavlovJohn B. WatsonB.F. Skinner

Albert Bandura


4/31

Ivan Pavlov(1849 1936)

Created the process of classicconditioning by teaching dogs to

associate the ringing of a bell withfood. As a result, the dogs began tosalivate when they heard the bell,even if the food was not present.His experiments were intended tostudy digestion, but other behavioristsstudied his work as an example ofstimulus response.Won the Nobel Prize in Physiology in

1904These experiments made classicconditioning famous.


5/31

John B. Watson(1878 1958)

Extended Ivan Pavlovs work andapplied it to human beings.Is famous for his experiment with

Albert, an 11 month old infant,who he trained to become afraid

of a white rat by pairing it with avery loud, jarring noise.The implications of hisexperiment suggested that classic

conditioning could cause somephobias in humans.


6/31

B.F. Skinner

(1904 1990)

Described operant conditioning as learningthat is controlled and results in shaping

behavior through the reinforcement ofstimulus-response patterns.Conducted experiments with pigeons byrewarding them when he saw thembehaving in a desired manner. Using this

technique, he was able to teach pigeons todance and play bowling.Believed that people shape their behaviorbased on the rewards or positivereinforcement they receive.Many classroom management techniquesare based on Skinners principles of hisstimulus-response theory.


7/31

Albert Bandura(1925 Present)

Is famous for his ideas on social learning, whichhe renamed Social Cognitive Theory.Focuses on those motivational factors and self-regulatory mechanisms that contribute to apersons behavior, rather just environmentalmechanisms.Believes that people acquire behaviors, first,through the observation to imitate what theyhave observed. This concept is known asobservational modeling.His ideas on social learning have been appliedin the context of behavior modification, which iswidely used in training programs.Recently, his work focuses on the concept of

self-efficacy.Bandura analyzes a persons personalitythrough the interaction of three things: theenvironment, the behavior, and the personspsychological processes.


8/31

What is Behaviorism?

Behaviorism (or behaviourism ), is an approachto psychology that combines elements of philosophy,methodology, and theory.

Psychology should concern itself with the observablebehavior of people and animals, not withunobservable events that take place in their minds.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology


9/31

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

Classical conditioning is a form of learningin which people (or any organism) learns toassociate two stimuli that occur in

sequence.

Classical conditioning occurs when a personforms a mental association between twostimuli, so that encountering one stimulusmeans the person thinks of the other.


10/31

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

Pavlov presented food to dogs dogs mouths water

Pavlov rang bell the dogs mouths did not water

Pavlov presented food to dogs and rang bell dogs mouths waterPavlov rang bell without food present dogs mouths water

ConditionedResponse


11/31

Principles of Classical Conditioning

AcquisitionExtinction

Spontaneous RecoveryStimulus GeneralizationStimulus DiscriminationHigher Order Conditioning


12/31

WATSONS LITTLE ALBERT


13/31

MAIN POINTSClassical conditioning deals with reflexes,

or responses that are evoked from a specific stimulus

People can be trained to perform a certain task orresponse by providing some sort of trigger, which

may be a sound, picture, phrase, etc.

When you see this:

What do you think of?

Youve be conditioned to think of McDonalds afterseeing this picture! (Are you salivating?)


14/31

CLASSROOM IMPLICATIONSIf the teacher is consistent and repetitive with these stimuli,

eventually the students will come to learn to behave properlythrough classical conditioning.


15/31

What is OperantConditioning?

Operant Conditioning is based onThorndikes law of effect.

Operant conditioning is a method oflearning that occurs through rewards andpunishments for behavior.


16/31

THE SKINNERS BOX At first the mousewould have justwondered aroundin search for food

and would haveaccidentallypressed down onthe lever whilstexploring. Itwould thenpresent him withfood, and themouse wouldassociate thepressing of thelever with thepresentation offood.

Then it'll know whenever it's hungry to press thatlever because of that conditioning it went

through.


17/31

Three types of responses

Neutral operants: responses from the environmentthat neither increase nor decrease the probability ofa behavior being repeated.

Reinforcers: Responses from the environment thatincrease the probability of a behavior beingrepeated. Reinforcers can be either positive ornegative.

Punishers: Response from the environment thatdecrease the likelihood of a behavior beingrepeated. Punishment weakens behavior.


18/31

Components of Operant Conditioning

A. Reinforcement-A kind of stimulus that aims to

increase the strength in behavior due toits consequence.


19/31

Types of Reinforcement

Positive Reinforcements-are favorable events that are presented after

the behavior(Reward Learning).

Negative Reinforcement-a response or behavior is strengthened by

stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome oraversive stimulus(Escape-avoidance learning).


20/31

B. Punishment

-Any event that causes adecrease in the behaviour.


21/31

Kinds of Punishment

Positive punishmentIt involves presenting an unfavorable outcome

or event following an undesirable behavior

(punishment by application).

Negative punishment

It involves taking something good or desirableaway to reduce the occurrence of particular behavior(punishment by removal).


22/31

How operant conditioning differs fromClassical conditioning ?


23/31

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

Learning occurs bypairing of two stimuli, nomatter what the learnerdoes.

Responses learned inClassical Conditioningare stereotyped andreflexes.

Learning depends onwhat the learner does

learning occurs when areinforcer consistentlyfollows a particularresponse.

Responses areregularly followed byreinforcement orreward.


24/31

Social Cognitive Theory

Stressed the importance of observationallearning, imitation and modeling .

His theory added a social element, arguingthat people can learn new information andbehaviors by watching other people knownas Observational Learning (or modeling).


25/31

BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENTIn a famous and influential experiment known as the Bobo do l l

exper iment , Albert Bandura and his colleagues were able todemonstrate one of the ways in which children learn aggression.


26/31

Four Stages of theModeling Process

Attention

RetentionReproduction

Motivation


27/31

Attention

Mental focus or concentrationWillingness of the child to observe andmimic the behaviour of the model


28/31

To encode the behaviour in the memory Ability to store information

Retention


29/31

To actually perform the behaviourobserved

Reproduction


30/31

Force that drives one to act

Motivation


31/31

Date post:	02-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	reymart-tandang-ada
View:	227 times
Download:	0 times

Behaviorism Educ202

Documents