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Bibliography Adams, J. J., & Pizarro, J. M. (2009). MS-13: A gang profile. Journal of Gang Research, 16(4), 1–14. Aguilar, J. (2006, Winter). Los efectos contraproducentes de los Planes Mano Dura. Quorum, 16, 84–94. Aguilar, J. (2004, May). La mano dura y las “politicas” de seguridad. Estudios Centroamericanos, 667, 439–449. Amín, Samir (1974). El Desarrollo desigual. Ensayo sobre las formaciones sociales del capitalismo periférico. Barcelona: Editorial Fontanella. Andersen, Martin Edwin (2007). Failing states, ungoverned spaces and the indig- enous challenge in Latin America. In Angel Rabasa, Steven Boraz, Peter Chalk, Kim Cragim, Theodore W. Karazik, Jennifer D. P. Moroney, Kevin A. O´Brien, and John E. Peters (eds.), Ungoverned Territories: Understanding and Reducing Terrorism Risks. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. MG-561AF. Available at http://www.rand.org/pubs/monography/MG561/ . Andrade-Garzon, Celso. 2008. Has Plan Colombia ignored neighboring coun- tries? Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Defense Analysis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Angelo, P. J. (2006). To hell in a handbasket: Mano dura repression and the rule of law in Central America. Unpublished honors paper, US Naval Academy. Arana, A. (2005). How the street gangs took Central America. Foreign Affairs, 84(3), 98–110. Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2010. Understanding criminal networks, political order, and politics in Latin America. In Anne L. Clunan and Harold A. Trinkunas (eds.), Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Barry, Tom, & Preusch, Deb (1986). The Central America Fact Book. New York: Grove Press. Boerman, T. (2007). Central American gangs: An overview of the phenomenon in Latin America and the U.S. Journal of Gang Research, 15(1), 35–52. Boraz, S. C., & Bruneau, T. C. (2006, November–December). Are the maras over- whelming governments in Central America? Military Review, 86(6), 36–40. Available at http://www.ccmr.org/public/library_file_proxy.cfm/lid/5553.
Transcript

Bibliography

Adams, J. J., & Pizarro, J. M. (2009). MS-13: A gang profile. Journal of Gang Research, 16(4), 1–14.

Aguilar, J. (2006, Winter). Los efectos contraproducentes de los Planes Mano Dura. Quorum, 16, 84–94.

Aguilar, J. (2004, May). La mano dura y las “politicas” de seguridad. Estudios Centroamericanos, 667, 439–449.

Amín, Samir (1974). El Desarrollo desigual. Ensayo sobre las formaciones sociales del capitalismo periférico. Barcelona: Editorial Fontanella.

Andersen, Martin Edwin (2007). Failing states, ungoverned spaces and the indig-enous challenge in Latin America. In Angel Rabasa, Steven Boraz, Peter Chalk, Kim Cragim, Theodore W. Karazik, Jennifer D. P. Moroney, Kevin A. O´Brien, and John E. Peters (eds.), Ungoverned Territories: Understanding and Reducing Terrorism Risks. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. MG-561AF. Available at http://www.rand.org/pubs/monography/MG561/.

Andrade-Garzon, Celso. 2008. Has Plan Colombia ignored neighboring coun-tries? Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Defense Analysis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School.

Angelo, P. J. (2006). To hell in a handbasket: Mano dura repression and the rule of law in Central America. Unpublished honors paper, US Naval Academy.

Arana, A. (2005). How the street gangs took Central America. Foreign Affairs, 84(3), 98–110.

Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2010. Understanding criminal networks, political order, and politics in Latin America. In Anne L. Clunan and Harold A. Trinkunas (eds.), Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Barry, Tom, & Preusch, Deb (1986). The Central America Fact Book. New York: Grove Press.

Boerman, T. (2007). Central American gangs: An overview of the phenomenon in Latin America and the U.S. Journal of Gang Research, 15(1), 35–52.

Boraz, S. C., & Bruneau, T. C. (2006, November–December). Are the maras over-whelming governments in Central America? Military Review, 86(6), 36–40. Available at http://www.ccmr.org/public/library_file_proxy.cfm/lid/5553.

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About the Authors

Editors

Luis Fernando Ayerbe is a professor in the department of economics and the post-graduate program in international relations at the State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP). He has also been a visiting researcher at the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University and the University of Barcelona. He is the coordinator of the Institute for Economic and International Studies (IEEI), member of the Academic Board of the National Institute for Studies on the United States (INEU), member of the board of directors of the Regional Coordination for Economic and Social Research (CRIES), and associate member of the Center of Studies on Contemporary Culture (CEDEC). He was a visiting scholar at Harvard University and at Barcelona’s Autonomous University. His book, Los Estados Unidos y la América Latina: la con-strucción de la hegemonía, has won the “Casa de las Américas” award.

Carlos Oliva Campos teaches philosophy and history at the University of Havana. He formerly worked as a researcher at the Center for Study of the Americas and the Center for Study of the United States. For many years he served as executive director of the Association for the Unity of Our America, an NGO based in Havana. He has also been a visit-ing professor at the University of Texas and John Hopkins University. He is the author, coauthor, and editor of numerous books including The Bush Doctrine and Latin America and Panamericanism and Neo PanAmericanism: The View from Latin America (with Gary Prevost); La situación actual en Cuba: desafíos y alternativas, and Relaciones interna-cionales en America Central y el Caribe durante los anos 80.

Gary Prevost is professor in the Department of Political Science, St. John’s University/College of Saint Benedict, Minnesota. He received his PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota and has published widely on Latin America and Spain. His books include Politics

204 l About the Authors

of Latin America—The Power Game and Democracy and Socialism in Sandinista Nicaragua, coauthored with Harry E. Vanden; The 1990 Nicaraguan Elections and Their Aftermath, coedited with Vanessa Castro; The Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution, coedited with Harry E. Vanden; Cuba: A Different America, coedited with Wilber Chaffee; The Bush Doctrine and Latin America, coedited with Carlos Oliva Campos; Revolutionaries to Politicians, coedited with David Close and Kalatowie Deonandan; and United States-Cuban Relations—A Critical History, coauthored with Esteban Morales, in addition to numerous articles and book chapters on Nicaragua and Spanish politics. His research on Latin America has been supported by a number of grants, including a Fulbright Central American Republics Award.

Harry E. Vanden is professor of Political Science and International Studies at the University of South Florida, Tampa. He received his PhD in political science from the New School for Social Research and also holds a graduate Certificate in Latin American Studies from the Maxwell School of Syracuse University. He has lived in several Latin American countries, including Peru, where he was a Fulbright Scholar and later worked in the Peruvian government’s National Institute of Public Administration, and in Brazil, where he held a second Fulbright and taught at the State University of São Paulo. His scholarly publica-tions include numerous articles and book chapters and the following books: Mariátegui, Influencias; National Marxism in Latin America; A Bibliography of Latin American Marxism; Democracy and Socialism in Sandinista Nicaragua, coauthored with Gary Prevost; The Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution, coedited with Gary Prevost; Inter-American Relations in an Era of Globalization. Beyond Unilaterialism?, edited with Jorge Nef; and Latin American Social Movements in the Twenty-First Century, edited with Richard Stahler-Sholk and Glen Kuecker.

Contributors

John C. Dugas is professor of Political Science at Kalamazoo College (Michigan).

Angel L. Florido Alejo is a researcher at the University of Guadalajara.

Luiza R. Mateo is a PhD candidate in international relations at the State University of Sao Paulo and researcher at the Institute for International Relations and Economic Studies.

About the Authors l 205

Ignacio Medina Núñez holds a doctorate in the social sciences from University of Guadalajara and is a research professor in the social sci-ences and the humanities at the University of Guadalajara and the Jesuit University of Guadalajara.

Jaime A. Preciado Coronado is a research professor in the Center of the Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Guadalajara, Mexico, and an affiliate of the Department of Iberian and Latin American Studies.

Aline P. dos Santos holds a masters in international relations from the State University of San Paulo and is a researcher at the Institute for International Relations and Economic Studies.

Daniel Villafuerte Solís holds a PhD in the social sciences from the Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico and is a researcher at the Center for Advanced Studies of Mexico and Central America, University of Science and Arts of Chiapas, Mexico.

3+1 Forum, 21

Alliance for Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP) or (ASPAN), 3, 4, 5, 62, 67, 69, 124, 126, 137

Al-Qaeda, 1, 11, 16, 17, 37, 179Amazon, 52Analysis & Anti-Narcotics

Investigation Service (SAIA), 127Andean Initiative, 65, 66, 152Andean region, 4, 6, 24, 27, 32, 38, 84,

126, 193Archipelago of San Andres, 102Arias, Oscar, 108, 148, 167Aristide, Jean Bertrande, 8, 182,

184, 185AUC (see United Self Defense Forces

of Colombia), 19, 23, 152, 155, 156, 162, 163

Banco Monex, 77Barack, Obama, 3, 9, 17, 35, 39,

62, 113Bellrive, Jean-Max, 184Berlin Wall, 51Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of

Our America (ALBA), 2, 98, 105Brookings Institution, 10, 24, 38Brownfield, William, 106, 132Bureau of International Narcotics and

Law Enforcement Affairs, 106, 111, 132, 161, 194

Bush, George W., 3, 9, 15, 26, 35, 39, 62, 118, 124, 137, 143, 150, 152, 155, 160, 168, 188, 190, 203, 204

Calderon, Felipe, 3, 4, 44, 107Calero Island, 102, 104, 109Caño Limón-Coveñas oil pipeline, 155Caravan for Peace with Justice and

Dignity, 77Caribbean Basin Security Initiative

(CBSI), 6, 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 124, 181

Cédras, General Raoul, 182Center for International Policy, 65, 78,

169, 194Center for Strategic & International

Studies (CSIS), 10, 24, 38, 193Central American Federation, 94Central American Free Trade

Agreement (CAFTA), 55, 96, 106, 123, 140, 200

Central American Security Initiative (CASI), 6, 7, 89, 113

Chavez, Hugo, 2, 54Chiapas, 110, 113, 114, 115, 125, 140, 205Chinchilla, Laura, 108Clinton, Hillary, 38, 133Clinton, William, 2, 58Colom, Alvaro, 98, 121, 128, 129, 135Colombian Coordination Centers for

Integrated Action (CCIA), 162Colombian National Police (CNP),

152, 159

Index

208 l Index

Community of Latin American & the Caribbean States (CELACS), 2

Comprehensive Program for the Southern Border of Mexico, 131

Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (Montevideo Convention of 1933), 83, 92

Crazy Harrisons Solvatrucho, 45Crazy Normans, 45Crucitas mining project, 102

Darien jungle, 50Department of Alta Verapaz, 129Department of Defense (US), 16, 62,

79, 92, 118, 161, 162, 171, 178, 185, 198, 200

Department of Homeland Security (US), 86

Department of State (US), 9, 43, 46, 48, 51, 52, 54, 57, 89, 150, 172, 178

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 44, 55, 58, 102, 104, 150, 161

Drug Trafficking Organization (DTO), 103, 104, 118

Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 184

Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas, 31

European Security Strategy of 2003, 68Evo, Morales, 25, 44

failed states, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 24, 29, 43, 50, 60, 61, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 75, 78, 93, 99, 100, 101, 111, 118, 144, 149, 150, 158, 160, 163, 165, 179, 180, 183, 185, 186, 198

Familia Michoacana, 44Farabundo Martí for National

Liberation Front (FMLN), 98, 99FARC (see Revolutionary Armed Forces

of Colombia)Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),

55, 58, 89First Capital Command, 25

Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO), 21Fourth Fleet, 2, 5, 56, 66, 180Fox, Vicente, 3, 137Fraser, General Douglas, 56, 60, 200Free Trade Area of the Americas

(FTAA), 2, 55, 96, 124, 180, 188Fund for Peace, 11, 69, 70, 78, 99, 100,

111, 185, 199Funes, Mauricio, 7, 99

Gates, Robert, 12, 38, 133, 193good governance, 13, 18, 28, 31, 35,

40, 147, 150, 151, 158, 199Good Neighbor Policy, 149, 181Guantanamo Naval Base, 43, 48Guatemalan Anti-Narcotic

Institution, 126Guatemalan Petén, 50Gulf of Fonseca, 101, 102, 108, 109, 110Gulf War, 52

Hamas (Islamic Resistance), 22, 48Hatch, Orrin, 160Heritage Foundation, 10, 24Hezbollah, 22, 48Hill, General James T., 54, 60, 162,

200Holder, Eric, 133House Armed Services Committee, 60,

162, 176, 178, 200House Oversight and Government

Reform Committee, 161, 177, 178Hudson Institute, 10, 29Human Development Index (HDI),

95, 96, 98, 100, 105

Iguazu Falls, 24Institutional Revolutionary Party

(PRI), 3, 4, 5, 62, 75, 77Intelligent Borders, 124Inter-American Commission on

Human Rights (IACHR), 120, 121, 139, 196

Inter-American Convention on Terrorism, 19, 39

Index l 209

Inter-American Democratic Charter, 66Inter-American Development Bank,

134, 188Inter-American Social Protection

Network, 31Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal

Assistance (TIAR), 66Interim Haiti Recovery Commission

(IHRC), 183, 184, 185International Commission

against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG), 122

International Conference in Support of the Central America Security Strategy, 83, 133

International Court of Justice (ICJ), 104, 110

International Labor Organization (ILO), 121

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2International Narcotics & Law

Enforcement Affairs (INL), 89, 106, 111, 132, 159, 161, 194

Jamat-al-Muslimeen, 48Johnson, Ambassador David T., 161, 162

Lavalas Party, 182, 184, 185Leahy Amendment, 153Lenin, Vladimir, 83Lobo, Porfirio, 107, 108Los Antrax, 44Los Mendoza, 120Los Pelones, 44

Mara Salvatrucha, 45, 85maras, 45, 46, 47, 58, 60, 81, 82, 83,

85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 131, 190, 191, 192, 195, 198

Martelly, Michel, 184, 185Martinelli, Ricardo, 99McCaffrey, Barry, 69, 125, 158, 159Medellín drug cartel, 152Merida Initiative, 14, 132Mesoamerica Project, 65, 117

Mexico-Guatemala High Level Security Group (GANSEG), 127, 128

Microfinance Growth Fund for the Western Hemisphere, 31

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), 35

Molina, Otto Perez, 98MS-13, 14, 85, 88, 90, 91, 189, 193, 198MS 18, 85, 88, 91Mullen, Mike, 133

Napolitano, Janet, 133National Action Party (PAN)

(Mexico), 3National Council for Protected Areas

(CONAP), 119National Defense Strategy (NDS), 15,

16, 17, 39National Institute of Migration, 131National Liberation Army (ELN), 19,

23, 152, 155, 162, 163National Migration Institute, 115National Military Strategy (NMS), 17,

39, 150, 171National Republication Alliance

(ARENA), 98National Security Decision Directive,

221, 152, 170, 198National Security Strategy (NSS), 1,

10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 25, 36, 37, 39, 68, 118, 150, 168, 170, 186, 190, 191, 197

National Territorial Consolidation Plan (PNCT), 166

New Generation Guadalajara Cartel, 44Nieto, Enrique Pena, 5, 77North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA), 66, 74, 77, 24, 140, 200North American Leaders’ Summit, 4,

62, 67, 69North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 13, 57Northern Command, 52, 132Northern Triangle of Central America,

45, 57, 81, 82, 85

210 l Index

Obrador, Lopez, 62, 76Office for Central America

International Law Enforcement Academy (ILFA), 89

Office of Conflict Management & Mitigation, 30, 193

Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, 23, 40

Office of Transition Initiatives, 30Organization of American States

(OAS), 20, 25, 35, 39, 91, 105, 113, 121, 123, 139, 188, 191

Ortega, Daniel, 98, 104, 105

Pan American Integration Model, 66Panama Canal, 43Partido Liberal de Honduras (PLH)

(Liberal Party of Honduras), 98Partido Nacional de Honduras (PNH)

(National Party of Honduras), 98Party of National Liberation (PLN)

(Costa Rica), 19, 98, 152Pastrana, Andrés, 58, 153, 154Pathways to Prosperity in the Americas

Initiative, 31Plan Colombia, 24, 53, 58, 65, 66, 106,

132, 143, 144, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 189, 190, 194, 196, 199, 200

Plan Maya Jaguar, 118, 120, 138

RAND Corporation, 10, 24, 39, 58, 168, 170, 189, 190, 198

Reagan, Ronald, 10, 53, 152, 170, 171, 198Revolutionary Armed Forces of

Colombia (FARC), 6, 18, 19, 23, 25, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 162, 163

Rice, Condoleeza, 26, 51, 59Rogue States, 10Rumsfeld, Donald, 124, 143, 171, 198

Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (FSLN)), 98

Sendero Luminoso, 19, 23Southern Command, 48, 51, 52, 53,

54, 55, 56, 60, 66, 89, 162, 171, 176, 178, 183, 199, 200

Subcomandante Marcos, 75Summit of the Americas, 29, 32, 37,

66, 69

Threshold Program, 33, 34, 35Torrijos, General Omar, 99Trans-Amazonian Highway, 84Trans-Andean Highway, 84Transformational Diplomacy, 25, 40Treaty of Westphalia, 82Trinidad & Tobago, 48, 53Triple Border, 48, 52, 188Triple Frontier, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25Trujillo, Rafael Leonidas, 50Tupac Amaru Revolutionary

Movement, 23

ungoverned areas, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 36, 38, 39, 92, 143, 144, 146, 151, 160, 167, 169, 185, 195

ungoverned spaces, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 16, 38, 47, 49, 58, 59, 82, 92, 93, 99, 101, 106, 107, 109, 118, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 174, 176, 178, 179, 183, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191, 193, 196, 201

Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), 2, 78

United Nations (UN), 13, 96, 102, 103, 112, 136, 182, 184, 185, 192, 196, 199

United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 96, 192, 199

Index l 211

United Nations Mission for Stabilization in Haiti (MINUSTAH), 53, 182

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 102, 112

United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), 19, 23, 152

Uribe, Álvaro, 155, 157US Agency for International

Development (USAID), 9, 10, 18, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 57, 117, 118, 136, 160, 183, 184, 199

US Congress, 28, 35, 134, 153, 158, 159, 160, 161

US Department of Justice, 90US National Intelligence Council, 68

war on drugs, 4, 5, 6, 45, 53, 54, 62, 74, 152, 155, 188

Washington Consensus, 2, 47Weber, Max, 83Wikileaks, 24, 38World Bank, 2, 29, 113, 130, 131, 134,

135, 141, 201World Health Organization (WHO),

81, 97

Zapatista, 7Zelaya, Manuel, 98Zetas, 44, 50, 118, 129, 130, 135


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