Bio Gas User Manual

8/8/2019 Bio Gas User Manual

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BELIZE BIOGAS EXTENSION PROGRAMM

USER MANUAL

OF

BIOGAS PLANTS


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Belize Biogas Extension Programme, Central Farm, Cayo District

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USER MANUAL

OF

BIOGAS PLANTS

by: Belize Biogas Extension Programme

Cental Farm, Cayo District

Tel : 092 2129 / 31

Belize, 1992


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USER MANUAL

Table of Contents

Page

1.0 Why this Manual? .

2.0 Operation and Maintenance ...

2.1 The Initial Filling of the Biogas Plant ..

2.2 Operation of the Biogas Plant

2.3 Regular Maintenance of Appliances.

2.4 Faults of Appliance ..

2.5 Interruption of Gas Production

2.6 The Trouble of Scum .

2.7 Trouble with Feeding

3.0 Use of Slurry .

3.1 General Properties ...

3.2 The Slurry Disposal .

3.3 Use of Liquid Slurry ..

3.4 Use of Slurry for Compost .3.5 Recommendations for the use of Slurry .

4.0 Use of Gas

4.1 General ..

4.2 Commercial Domestic Burners to operate with Biogas .

4.3 Gas Lamps .

4.3.1 Security Advise for your Health .

5.0 Simple Plant Malfunctions and Remedial Measures

5.1 Potential Repair Situations for simple Biogas Plants

6.0 Safety Measures ...

6.1 Safe Residue Discharge

Biogas owners willing to share their expertise...

Biogas Constructors and Masons .

Selected Literature ..


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1.0 Why This Manual ?

Li ke a ll ma ch in er y, t he b io ga s un its a nd th eir a ppl ia nc es n ee d

regular maintenance service. In order to facilitate th is service, th is

manual is offered to you so that you can learn to do these service

y ou rs elf , w he ne ve r n ec es sa ry a nd w he ne ve r t ec hn ic al a ss is ta nc e is n ot

r ea dily a t h an d.

Aft er so met ime s in o pe rat ion s ma ll f ailur es or ac cide nt s oc cur . I n

t he lo ng t er m te chn ica l a ss ista nc e m ay n ot ava ila ble d ue to pe rsonn el

l imitat ions in the programme, while you the owner may not be able to

afford the cost of private technician. For this reason this ma nua l will

offer the kno w-h o w n ec es sa ry t o s ol ve s ma ll f ai lu re s s uc h a s l ea ka ge s ,

necessary connect ions, adoptions, etc., so that you the owner is not

d ep en de nt t ot all y u po n t he b io ga s p er so nn el.

O nl y b y c om pl et el y u nd ers ta nd in g yo ur p lan t yo ur b io gas s ys te m

can you get the most out of it . This manua l wil l he lp you increase the

know-how of your unit so that you wil l benef it more from the energy

p ro du ce d a nd u til iz e i s p ro per ly .

Photo No.1: Canal of piggery unit, connected to the Biogas Plant of Mr. Ebral Mai,

San Antonio, Cayo District


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2.0 Operat ion and Maintenance

2.1 The Init ial Fil l ing of the Biogas Plant

The init ia l f il l ing for a new biogas plant should, if possible ,

consist of either s lurry from another plant or fresh cattle dung. The

amount of digested s lurry or catt le dung should be 2 3% of the totalamo unt of s lu rr y for in it ial l oad in g.

When the plant is be ing fil led for the firs t t ime , the substrate can be

di lu ted with m ore water t han u sua l.

Depending on the type of substrate in use , the plant may need

from severa l days to severa l weeks to achieve a s table diges t ing

process . Catt le dung can usua lly be expected to yie ld good gas

product ion with in one or two days. However, the very f irs t gas

p ro du ct io n a ft er cl os in g t he p la nt , s ho ul d b e v en te d u nu se d f or r ea so ns

o f s af et y, s in ce re sid ua l ox yg en p os es an e xp lo si on h aza rd .

2.2 Operation of the Biogas P lant

The operat ion of a s imple biogas plant is relat ive ly

unco mp licated. T he ease of ma intena nce ensures consta nt attention b y

the farmer. Nevertheless , even with a perfect design, a minimum of

daily care is needed to rece ive a proper servic e from the unit .

The lid . The sealing of the lid must stay moist. Therefore, the lid m ust

be covered with water al l the t ime. In order to reduce evaporat ion andmosquito breeding, machine oil can be added on the surface of the

w at er . At te nt io n! M in er al o il p ol lu te s gr ou nd w at er a nd s ho ul d b e u se d

in small quantit ies and with care. From time to t ime the water above

the lid must be checked and ref i lled when necessary. When water is

c ont rolle d, p os sib le lea ke d a t the lid a re a ls o de te cte d.

Expansion chamber. Once in a while the expans ion chamber should be

cleaned in order to avo id solids assembling in the corners and thus ,

r educ ing t he gas s t orage capac it y.

Feeding the plant . The plant must be fed regular ly in order to achieve

gas production. The substrate should be free of stalks and other

impur it ies in order to avoid scum format ion and blockage of the inlet

and out let pipes. The next step should be to mix the dung suffic iently

wit h urin e and/or water to a vo id sepa ration of so lid and liq uid mater ia l

i ns ide t he d i ges te r.

T he ov er flo w s lu rr y s hou ld b e m ove d a wa y f ro m t he o utle d. Ot he rwise

it can be block the overf low and the gas pressur migth increase until it

escapes through the inlet pipe or blows off the water trap. Therefore,the outlet and the s lurry canal m ust be cleaned. This must be part of the

daily rout ine of c lean in g the stab le an d feed in g the p lant .


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Photo No. 2: Cooking with Biogas

in San Antonio, Cayo District

2.3. Regular maintenance of appliances

Biogas cookers and stoves are

simple and easy to operate. There is no

maintenance needed besides keeping it

clean, in case of hardened knobs, i t isnecessary that they be cleaned and

greased.

It is possible to use any type of cookers

or stoves e.g. butane gas cookers. But it

is necessary to expand or change the

inje ctor s ( to a bout 1. 4 1 .6. mm) and the

air supply needs to be c losed. Biogas

contains about 1 2 % sulfur ic acid.

Thats the reason why simple gas s tovesare gett in g ( most ly) corros io n after one

or two years of use. I t is therefore

recommended to use sol id stee l cookers

t o a vo id t his c or ro sio n.

The glass screen of the gas- lamp

needs cleaning in order to have bright

l ight al l the t ime. Cleaning should be

done on ly if necess ar y to a vo id sh oc ks on the la m p that can d estro y the

gas mant le. Gas mantles of lamps only have a certain lifet ime andought to be replaced frequently. They are f ixed with string to the

nozz le an d rep lace me nt is eas y and do es not req uire and s kill .

Attention! Used mantles are radioac tive. Therefore , dust or pieces of

the broken mant le should not come in contact with foodstuff. Children

should be protected from inhaling t he dust. Hands and wor king p lace

should be cleane d with water after replace ment of the ma ntle (see a lso

po int 4 .4 Se c ur it y a dvis es f or your he alth )

M ain P oin ts f or t he D ai ly O pe ra tio n/ R egu la r M a in te na nc e a re :

F ill the p la nt wit h m ixtur e of d un g a nd wat er /ur in

Check the water trap from time to time, especially whe n there is no

gas a va ilable or when the f lame of the cooker is puff ing

Poke the inlet or out let p ipe from time to t ime, espec ially if

sub str ate doe s not e nt er th e p la nt

C le an a nd ins pe ct the ga s ap plia nc e re gula rl y

Keep the o verflo w free fro m s lurr y

Check, if the lid of the digester is covered with water

C he ck th e ga s va lve s, tu be s a nd f it tin gs


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After one year: Inspect the digester for scum formation and re move as

necessary by open ing the p lant .

2.4. Faults at AppliancesIt is surpr ising to see, how much complaints ar ise because

equip ment was not kept c lea n. Often f ood dr ops int o the burner head b it

somet imes dust or c inder block the jets of the burners or lamps.

Normally, blockage of the jet is removed with help of a fine wire or

needle.

Only when blockage occurs in short interva ls, the jet must be

dismant led and cleaned. The rubber tube is to be disconnected and

freed from dust by blowing through. If a lamp starts to loose its

br ightn es s, it is ve ry li ke ly tha t d ust pa rt ic le s ha ve b lo cke d t he no zz le .

Aga in , the n ozz le must be u nscre wed and c lean ed .

2.5 Interrupt ion of Gas Product ion

If there is suddenly no gas reaching the point of use, there must

be a lea ka ge so me wh ere, o bvious ly in the p ipe or water trap.

If you are the owner of a f ixe d dome plant , chec k the slurr y leve l in the

outlet chamber f irst . If the leve l is high, there should be gas pressure,or there must be a bloc ka ge so me whe re: If the slurr y le ve l is lo w, f irst

close the main valve of the gas pipe (on the plant) . Wait one day for

gas pressure building up. If gas is produced, which can be seen on the

higher s lurr y le ve l or if bubbles com e up there must be a proble m in the

pipe.

If the slurry leve l is st il l down there might be a bigger problem. A

crack in the dome is the worst of a ll cases. The plant must be emptied

and cracks must be repa ired. But dont th ink negative; th is rare ly

happens and in Belize we havent had not yet any such case .

Obser ve a lso the smell of the s lurr y. If it s mells sour, t he fer mentat ion

process has been dis turbed. Wait some t ime (1 to 3 weeks) without

feeding the plant. If gas product ion does not start be it se lf again, the

plant must be empt ied and ref i lled with fresh material. But such a

b re akd ow n o f f er me nt at io n i s ver y r ar e e xc ep t in c as e o f a ni ma l d is ea se

t re at ed w it h h ig h d os es o f a nt ib io tic.

Start ing a biogas plant or after cleaning (emptying), manure from

rum ina nts e.g. c att le, is us eful to start the fer mentat ion proce ss , or uset he s lu rr y fr om yo ur f er ti li ze r c ha mb er als o, b ec au se it c on ta in s a lr ead y

t he n ec es sa ry me th an ogen ic b ac te ria f or t he gas p ro du ct io n.


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2.6 The Problem of Scum

If there is heavy gas re lease from the inlet but not enough gas

availa ble for use, scu m is mo st like ly t he reason. Often the gas pressure

does not bu ild up bec ause of the cont inuous re lease throu gh the inlet. If

slurry does not overflow there is danger of blocking the gas pipe by

ris ing scum. The lid must be opened and the scum has to be taken out.

Straw, grass, sta lks and even already dried dung tends to float to the

surface. Solid and minera l material tends to s ink to the bottom. With

pure and fresh catt le or pig dung there should be no scum proble m.

2.7 Trouble with Feeding the P lant

Whenever there is a problem of charging dung and water to the

plant , there must be a blockage at the inlet or out let p ipe.

The problem might be caused by fibrous substrate and could be solved

by thorough poking. If th is happens often, there might be scum

bloc ka ge in the inlet or/and out let pip e. Be enterin g a stic k or p ip e into

the inlet one may f ind out the nature of the blockage. Only in serious

cases the p la n t need s to be e mpt ied.

3 .0 Use o f S lurry

3.1 General Properties

D ige st ed sub str ate ( Biof er til iz er ) ha s a lm ost no s me ll an d is mor e

liquid than undigested dung. Biofertil izer increase the biological

activity and the humus content of the soil . Which than increases the

mo isture retent io n and t he nutr ient retention . Like wise ph ys ica l an d

t ec hn ic al p ro pe rt ie s o f t he s oi l a re b et te r a ft er b io fe rt il iz er a pp lic at io n.

Among the various effects we see for e.g. that soil is more porous and

has a greater avera ge of partic les afte r 2 3 ye ars o f s lu rr y a pp li ca ti on .

T he b et te rm en t i n a ll a re as ( bi ol og ic al, p hy sic al, c he m ic al r es u lt s) g iv e

you a higher soil ferti l ity and many tests prove the greater yie ld

inc reas e by us ing b io fe rt i li ze r ( s lu rry) .

Digested slurry has to keep moist or covered by soil to preserve its

fertil izer value . The bes t way is to br ing it immediately in liquid form

to the roots of the plants . Another possib il ity is to compost the slurry

t oge th er w it h o rg an ic m at er ia l.


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Fig No. 1: Example of Slurry Distribution by Gravity

Distribution channels need a slope for drainage. The slurry is dumped amongst the pasture

when cleaning the channels. Slurry flows mainly to recently harvested areas. Slurry is spread

on vegetable fields higher than the outlet and near the plant by bucket.

Many chemica l processes take place at the same t ime which need

different attent ion. But in general, two rules must be followed for

preserving the plant nutr ients of bo th the undigested dung and the

d iges ted s lur ry :

Avo id lon g stora ge t ime a nd Ke ep m anur e m ois t an d c over ed

It is better to use s lurry direct ly e.g. to fodder grass or trees than on

a nn ua l c ro ps l ike m aiz e o r m il le t.

3.2 The S lurry Disposal

Cl ever a nd r ea list ic p la nni ng o f the s ite of s lur ry u til iz at io n

is the key to an economica l b iogas unit. Insuff ic ient slurry

disposa l leads blockage of the out let and rising gas pressure

ins ide the f ixed dome pla nt. The value of digested slurr y is about

twice as much as that of fresh dung.

Slurry manure must reach the crops without loosing too much of itsfertilizer va lue. Whenever poss ible, slurry should be distr ibuted

Vegetable field near the Plant:

Slurry is spread on by buckets

Pigpen

Biogas Digester

Slurry Tank

Fodder Grass

2.5% slope


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Photo No. 3: Vegetable garden near

the biogas plant, fertilized with liquid

slurry, in Bullet Tree, Cayo District

direct ly to the crop by gravity. The best way is us ing irr igat ion

channel s fo r s lur ry d is t ribu t ion .

I f f er tilize r fo llo ws the c rop pin g pa tt er n, spa ce f or a liqu id s tor age ta nk

of suffic ie nt s ize must be pro vided be side t he po int of o verflo w.

3.2 Use of Liquid S lurry

Any use of s lurry is a good use .

Therefore whenever poss ible , slurry

should be used in liquid form after

le av in g th e o ve rf lo w of t he p la nt . A s lo pe

is r eq uir ed f or s ho rt d is ta nc e d is tr ib ut io n.

Distribution of l iquid s lurry needs

mana ge ment. Un contro lled distr ib ution

may create swamps or thick layers or

dried s lurr y sea lin g off the roots of c rops

or trees from necessary o xygen supply.

T he mos t la bour s avin g slu rr y ut iliz ation

is for fodder grass. It should be

encou raged when cont ro lled fer ti li zi ng is

unlikely and planted near to the stable

(and b io gas p lant) wher e it is used .

Fodder grass should be cut when it isonly 80 cm high. Slurry is led always to

the freshly cut area. Per cow 500 m of

fodder grass are a gu id in g figure.

3.3 Use of S lurry for Compost

The preparation of compost is best if d istribution by gravity is not

possib le. In vest ment and labo ur inp ut are reasonable and the nutr it ion

value of the manure is preserved. Composting is a form of storing the

slurr y o ver so met ime without lo os in g to o muc h n itro gen . C ompost isalso a method of increas ing the amount of organic manure , which

stabil izes the soil structure and for long-term improvement of soil

fertility.


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3.4 Recommendat ion for the use of s lurry

- CORN (Maize)

Corn is a spec ies of highly required nutrit ion. With soils poor in

ph osph oru s, it is nec essa ry t o f ert il iz e wit h th is n ut rie nt s. An a de qua te

doses of s lurry corresponds to quant i ty of nitrogen of about 90 to 160

lb/acre, which is e qu iva lent to 4.5 00 t o 8.0 00 gal of s lurr y /acre .

A doses of s lurry can be applied to 16.000 gal/acre (or more). But the

s lu rry s houl d be appl ied before p lan ti ng , i t w il l j oi n t he s oi l qu ick ly.

At the farm, various applicat ions with buc kets are recommen ded. The

first applicat ion is done on the row before plant ing, on a rat ion of one

(1) bucket to one (1) meter for each row.

When the corn has reached a height of 50 cm, it needs an applicat ion of one (1) bucket per cluster (3 4 plants) . During t he rainy season, a

t hir d a pp li ca ti on c an b e p er fo rm ed o f f lo we ri ng p er io d.

- SORGHUM OR MILLET

Can be fertil ize d like cor n

- PASTURE CUTTING

Immed ia te l y a ft er cut t ing an appl icat ion o f 4 .000 8000 gal/acre of

s lurry is needed. This corresponds t o quant ity of 90 160 lb/acre of nitrogen. For applicat ion with buckets a rat ion of one (1) unt i l two (2)

gal per m is necessary; th is means one (1) or two (2) buckets of five

(5) ga llon for 10 s q.ft .

- CASSAVA

Cassa va is a cu ltivation, which a bsor bs gr e at quant it ies of nutr ients

f rom the s oil. T he re for e h igh a pp lic at ion of s lur ry is r ec om men ded . An

adequate applicat ion could be two buckets of s lurry per plant for each

month , during the ra iny season.

- LIMES, ORANGES and TANGERINES

R eco mme nde d ar e a pp lic a tions of t hr ee ( 3) buc ke ts of slur ry pe r tr ee

ever y t wo (2) wee ks dur in g the ra in y seas on. Lar ger ap plicat io ns of

slur ry shou ld be a cc om pan ie d b y f ert il iz at io n a lon g with ph os phor us

and p otasio, for in crease the yie ld an d for a go od qua lit y of the fru its.


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Photo No. 4: The fuel jet of

a commercial burner drilled

up to 1.6 mm

- VEGETABLE GARDENS AND FAMILY ORCHARDS

Tomatoes can be ferti lized with s lurry on a rat ion of one (1) or two

(2) buckets for 10 sq.ft , with applicat ions every two (2) or three (3)

weeks dur ing veget at i ve per iod.

Vegetables suc h as lea ves (e.g. lettuc e) should not be fert i l ized withslurry, but can be cult ivated on soils, which have been previously

f er til iz ed w it h s lu rr y a t a n e ar lie r s ea so n.

Legumes, like beans, shou ld not receive high doses of s lurry. The

application is done before plant ing on a ratio of not more than two (2)

bu cket s p er 10 sq .f t.

- PAPAYAS AND OTHER FRUITS

Can be fertil ized with unt i l four (4) buckets of slurry per month

during ra iny season.

- BANANAS AND PLANTAINS

Dur in g the h umid season , unt il t hree ( 3) or four (4) buc kets per p lant

could be app lied , e ver y t wo or three wee ks.

4.0 Use of G as

4.1 Gener al

Biogas is a lean gas that can in pr inciple be used like any othercombust ib le gas . As biogas burns with an open flame, the place of gas

c ons umpt ion sh ould be ve nt ila te d b ut f re e of dr af t d ir ec tly t o t he f la me .

4.2 Commercial Domest ic Burners to Operate with Biogas

Anybody who already tr ied to do this wil l have

f oun d th at it is s ome tim es a c ha lle ngin g ente rpr is e.

The most advisable solut ion to convert especia lly

butane gas burners is to increase the fuel jet

diameter and to close off the primary a ir com pletely . T his c an be don e with a lu min um fo il or

o the r in fl ammable mate ri al .

The fuel jet diameter for domestic use of biogas

burners shou ld be : B et wee n 1.6 2 m m for a

Floating Drum b iogas P l an t

and bet ween 1.4 1 . 6 m m for Fixed Dome Plants.

If combust ion is perfect , the fla me is dark b lue and almost invis ib le in

daylight. If there is too much air supply the f lame will be yellow, the

flame c ools off and thus prolonging the cooking time and increase t hegas demand.


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Photo No. 5: The bright

light of a Biogas Lamp

in San Antonio/Cayo

Photo No. 6: Change of

gas mantle, placing a plastic

bag under the mantle

4.3 Gas Lam ps

The princ iple of a gas lamp is s imilar to that of the

stove. The secret behind a gas lamp is to adjust the

flame in such a way that the hottest part of the

flame exact ly matches the for m of the mant le, Theburning gas heats the mant le until is glows

brightly.

Proper air mixture and appropr iate size of the

m an tle p la ys t he b ig ge st r oles . T he m et ha ne c ont en t

(or the gas pressure on fixed dome pla nts) of biogas

s om et im es c ha ng es . T he re fo re , t he b ri gh tn es s o f t he

l igh t w ill a lso c han ge .

The metal lic parts of the lamp can corrode very

f as t, T his d em an ds f re qu en tl y la m p c le an in g.

The bright light given off by gas lam ps is the result of incandescence,

e.g. the intense heat induced luminosity of spec ia l metals so ca lled

rare earth like thor iu m, cer iu m etc . After b urn in g the se metals will

change and cons ist of 90% Thorium Radioact ive (Thorium 232) and

that gives the br ight l ight. For the radioact ive content of the gas

m an tle , p le as e f ol lo w o ur s ec ur it y a dv is es u nd er t he n ex t p oin t.

4.4 Security Advises for your heal th when changing Gas Mant les Beware when you replace gas mant les : Make

sure, that p art ic les don t blo w awa y; enter your

eyes an d do not inhale

Put a wet plast ic or paper bag under the gas

mant le whe n ch an gin g . M ake sure tha t al l ash es

go into the bag.

If ashes st ill remain, remove it with a piece of

wet paper and place it in the bag.

Dispose the bag in a place where it will not bedisturbed by a nimals (e.g. hens), or in case of

wind.

Wash your hands proper ly after handling gas

mantles

P lace ne w u nu se d gas ma ntles a wa y f rom foo d an d ou t o f ch ild ren s

reach

B e ve ry ca re fu l th e f ir st f ive m inut es a fte r light in g the ma nt le

Place your lamp, where it will not be disturbed by wind and wherey ou c an e as il y c ha ng e t he m an tle


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5.0 Simple Plant Malfunctions and Remedial measures

Problem Possible Cause Counter Measures

Sudden Loss of Gas - broken gas line- blow o ff wa te r t rap

- open gas cock

RepairFill up with wat er

close

Pulsat ing gas pressure Water in the gas pipe Pump out the pipe

Relocate the sections ofpipe

Stuck gas cocks Corrosion - Apply o il

- Operate repeatedly

- Change the type of gas

cocker (gas cocks)Plucked-up inlet pipe Fibrous substrate Use rod to unp lug the

pipe

Stuck gas holder

(Floating Dru m Plants)

Float ing scum - Turn the gas ho lder

- Take off the gas holderand remove scum

Small Flame Insuffic ient pressure If the p lan t has enough

pressure, the valves mustbeen checked

Yellow Flame Incorrect air supply Close the a ir supply at

your s tove

5.1 Potential Repair Situations for s imple Biogas Plants

Damage Detect ion Remedial Measures

Damage masonry and

rendering

Inspection of open

p lant , subsiding slurr ylevel

Inspect the plant and

repair any damage, t ear

down the p lant i f l argecracks are found

Damage or brokeninlet /outlet pipe

- See above Replace p ipe, repairconnection to masonry

Damage/leaky

Fixed Dome Plant

Gas seal test

Visual inspection of

open plant

Repair rendering

Renew seals coating


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6 .0 Safety Measures

B io gas is a c omb usti ble , ex plo s ive g as . I ts s af e h an dli ng is n ec es sa ry .

T he re fo re, yo u mu st le ar n f ol lo wi ng b as ic r ules :

- Never leave an open flame unattended

- Always close the gas and safety va lves of each appliance after each

use

E xp er ien ce s ho ws t hat le ak a nd o pe n ga s co cks c an a nd w il l b e d et ect ed

ver y q uic kly, b y sme ll in g of th e sus picio us o dor of u nb urned b io gas i.e.

b ef or e e xp lo si ve m ix tu re f or ms .

As lo ng as the abo ve safet y aspects are achieved, s mall bio gas pla nts

require few or no spec ia l safety devices , the mayor except ion be ing

appliances that operate on the ir own, i.e. refr igerators , in which case

t he u se o f s af et y p ilo ts a re o bl iga to ry .

6.2 Safe Residue Discharging

W he n d is ch ar gi ng th e d ig es te r d o n ot e nt er i mm ed ia te ly af te r d is ch ar ge

and never work alone. Do not a llow open fires and avoid smoking

around the open digester. Keep the top of the main hole open for one or

two days . In the course of discharging, one person is not al lowed to

opera te t he d iges te r !

The fol lowi ng biogas plant owners a re w il li ng to s ha re t he ir e xp er tis e:

Toledo District:

- M r. Alfredo Villor ia, San Pedro Colombia Village

Corozal District

- Mr. Justo Cobb, San Pedro Village

Cayo District- Mr. Ebra l Mai

- Mr. Benjamin Tzib

- Mr. Arturo & Salvador Mesh

- Toh-O la M en s G rou p


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Following Biogas Constructors and M asons are working:

In Orange Walk Distr ict:

Leonell Guerra, Constructor, Orange Walk Town (Tel: 03 22711)

Gabriel Perez, Mason, Orange Walk Town

Francisco Sanchez, Chairmen of OBTC, Orange Walk Town (Tel: 03-22149)

In Cayo District:

Valentine Vasquez, Mechanic for biogas engines, San Ignacio (Tel: 092-2980)

Ricardo Rejon , Biogas Tecnican a t Centra l Farm

Manuel Balona, Mason, San Antonio Village

The personnel of the biogas pro gram are always at your disposal:

Drop in at the office in Central Farm, Cayo District . I f i t i s too fa r,

contact your Extension Officer or phone the Biogas-Office at CentralFarm 092-2131, Ext. 106, and ask for the biogas technician .

Selected Literature

- Uli Werner, Biogas Plants in Animal Husbandry, gate/Eschborn 1989

- Ludwig Sasse, I mpro ved Biogas Unit for Develo ing Count ries, Gtz,

Eschborn 1992

- Difus in de la tecnologa de l Biogas en Colombia , Gtz, Cali , 1987

- Internat ional Biogas Training Workshop Paper, Carmatec, Gtz,Arusha/Tanzania , 1990

- Biogas Extens ion Programme, Tanzania , The Design of In jectors Burnersfor Domestic Biogas Stoves , May 1988

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Bio Gas User Manual

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