www.york.ac.uk/biochemistry

Undergraduate degree programmes

Biochemistry

Studying Biochemistry at YorkStudying Biochemistry in the 21st century

What is it that makes chemical compounds come together to form living organisms? The answer to this question is found within the discipline of Biochemistry, which sits at the boundary between the physical sciences, that deal with how matter is organised, and the life sciences, that are concerned with the properties and behaviour of living things. As well as dealing with the fundamental physical nature of life itself, biochemistry has a vital part to play in dealing with many current critical issues such as human health and disease, the growth of biotechnology, and feeding the world’s growing population. Technological advances in DNA sequencing have provided unprecedented amounts of data about biological systems in the form of the complete genome sequences of humans and many other organisms. It is through Biochemistry that we can translate these data into a better understanding of how living systems work, and hence design better drugs to deal with disease and optimise biotechnological processes.

This is a particularly exciting time to study biochemistry and as the demand for biochemists continues to rise, job prospects in the field are excellent.

Why come to York to study Biochemistry?

The biochemistry degree programme at York is the result of a long-standing and fruitful collaboration between the Departments of Biology and Chemistry. Both of these Departments have excellent facilities for teaching and research and are ranked consistently amongst the top Biology and Chemistry departments for student satisfaction in the National Student Survey. About half of the academic staff in each department are engaged in research that is specifically biochemical. This research impacts on many aspects of our teaching of biochemistry and as an undergraduate you will have an opportunity to experience working in a state-of-the-art biochemical laboratory during your final year research project.

Some of the key features that we offer students are:• Outstanding teaching by world-class

research staff from both Biology and Chemistry Departments

Left Students at work in the teaching labs

Below Students work in groups of two or three during practicals

• A robust programme of Chemistry topics taught by staff in the Chemistry Department

• A supportive learning environment that incorporates transferable skills into all aspects of our teaching - these skills increase our students’ competitiveness in the job market and help them to succeed in the workplace

• An exceptional research environment that includes a state-of-the-art Technology Facility and specialist units ranging from cancer, immunology and tissue engineering to novel agricultural products and structural biology

• Regular small group tutorials with just four or five students. These ensure close interactions between students and staff, and are a very distinctive and popular feature of our programme

• A personal supervisor to oversee your academic progress and personal welfare

• Excellent facilities that include spacious modern teaching laboratories for practicals and small group projects, and dedicated 24-hour computing facilities

• A final year research project over 20 weeks that provides the opportunity to experience research first-hand

• A friendly, informal and welcoming atmosphere with plenty of opportunities to get involved. This includes the student-run York Biosciences Society, which organises lectures, social and sporting events

• Opportunities for progression to Masters and PhD programmes within the Departments

• Excellent career prospects

www.york.ac.uk/biochemistry

“If you are having difficulty deciding between Chemistry and Biology, why not do both? The Biochemistry course provides students with a seamless integration of the two subjects providing a perspective that you would miss out on by doing just one of the subjects.”Nicholas, Biochemistry, 2nd year

What you study

The first year is a foundation year taken by all Biochemists. There is some choice of modules in the second year, and a wide choice in the final year, allowing you to tailor your studies to suit your individual interests.

In Year 1, you take modules in core topics, half of which are taught by academic staff from the Chemistry department and half from the Biology department.

Foundation Chemistry for Biochemists covers essential aspects of organic, inorganic and physical chemistry relevant to the understanding of biomolecules.

Molecular Biology and Biochemistry explores the relationship between structure and function at the molecular and cellular levels.

Genetics considers how DNA is organised and how genes are expressed in a variety of organisms, from the smallest bacteriophage through to human beings.

Microbiology examines the cell biology of microorganisms. It introduces the diverse world of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi and protozoa, with particular reference to the relationships between structure and functions.

Cell and Developmental Biology introduces the cell biology of eukaryotic organisms, their evolution and diversity. The module looks at the behaviour of cells within the context of multi-cellular organisms. The roles of the extracellular environment, cell signalling and differential gene expression in the regulation cell fate, differentiation and the patterning of structures within animals and plants.

Biochemical Skills 1 provides a grounding in the design, execution and presentation of biochemical experiments as well as dealing with

Biochemistry programmes at York

BIOCHEMISTRY BIOCHEMISTRY WITH A YEAR IN EUROPE

Biochemistry may be studied as either a three-year (C700) or four-year sandwich programme in which the third year is spent in an industrial placement (C705) or at a European university (C701). You should choose one of the three programmes for your UCAS application. If you decide to change from a three-year course to one of the four-year programmes (or vice versa) this is easy to do, and can be done at any time within the first year of the degree.

We offer four-year programmes where the third year is spent abroad in a European country. These offer an opportunity to live in another country, experience a different culture and gain self-confidence. Programmes are overseen by academic co-ordinators with relevant expertise and experience. Financial support is available from the European Union’s Socrates/Erasmus scheme.

Two distinct schemes are offered:

Study placements offer you the opportunity to spend your third year at one of our partner universities in Europe. Currently we have exchange arrangements with partner universities in:

• France (Grenoble) • Germany (Bayreuth and Jena) • Spain (Valencia and Madrid) • Denmark (Aarhus)

Study placements in France, Germany or Spain require good language skills (normally at least AS or equivalent level); additional language tuition is made available during the first two years at York. Courses are taught in English at the University of Aarhus in Denmark, so language prerequisites do not apply.

Laboratory placements allow students to work full-time on a research project in an internationally renowned European laboratory, either in a University or in a research organisation. There is a wide choice of country and institution available. Since English is the accepted working language in these top laboratories, familiarity with the language of the host country is not a prerequisite.

BIOCHEMISTRY WITH A YEAR IN INDUSTRY

In this programme we place students with a wide range of employers such as AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline, where students can join drug discovery teams, or with research organisations such as the Genome Analysis Centre. The year’s research experience is supported financially by the placement hosts. An Industry Liaison Officer will help you find a placement, and students continue to get support from the academics at York during their year away.

STUDY IN NORTH AMERICA, ASIA OR AUSTRALIA

The current Worldwide Exchange opportunites are with the following universities:

• University of Pennsylvania• University of California• University of Illnois at Urbana-

Champaign• Columbia University• York University (Canada)• Hong Kong University• National University of Singapore• University of Sydney

Programmes UCAS code

Biochemistry C700 BSc/Bioch

Biochemistry with a year in industry C705 BSc/Bioch4

Biochemistry with a year in Europe C701 BSc/BiochE

The Research Project is an independent piece of novel biochemical research supported by a relevant academic member of staff and their research group.

• Plant Biotechnology• Proteins and Disease• Analytical and Forensic Chemistry • Bio-inspired Chemistry• Cell and Tissue Engineering• Molecular and Cellular Parasitology• Epigenetics in Development

and Disease • Advanced Immunology

The Research Project is an independent piece of novel biochemical research that you carry out over 20 weeks throughout the Autumn and Spring terms supported by a relevant academic member of staff and their research group. Given the wide-ranging interests of staff in the Departments of Biology and Chemistry, you could be making pharmaceutical molecules in the synthesis lab, or studying the molecular aspects of disease caused by bacteria or viruses.

How you studyLectures

In the first and second years of study much of the taught material is delivered through lectures. We aim to deliver lectures that are not just lists of facts, but which offer a stimulating and challenging perspective on a subject and encourage you to study further.

Tutorials

These are one of the most popular and distinctive aspects of our programmes. They are an opportunity for a group of four or five students to hold informal scientific discussions on a weekly basis with a member of staff. Tutorials help you to develop skills in conceptual thinking and analysis, as well as oral and written communication. Students regularly give presentations, and there is plenty of opportunity to debate topical issues. After the first two terms, when your supervisor is also your tutor, you select a different tutor each term.

“Being taught in both the Departments of Biology and Chemistry ensures that students experience a very broad range of biochemical subjects during their time at York.”Dr Gavin Thomas, Biochemistry Board of Studies Chair

fundamental aspects of the experimental techniques used in biochemistry.

In Year 2, you select modules from the list below. A number of core modules in each term will be compulsory. Compulsory modules• Biochemical Skills II • From Gene to Function • Cell Biology• Biochemical Reaction Mechanisms• Proteins in 3D

Optional modules• Developmental Biology • Immunology• Molecular Biotechnology • Neuroscience• Biomedicine

• Chemistry and Disease

In the final year, you select modules from the list below. In addition to a number of compulsory core modules, a wide range of optional topics are available.

Compulsory modules:• Biochemistry Research Project• Biochemical Skills III • Protein nucleic Interactions• Protein-protein Recognition• Proteins and Disease

Optional modules: • Molecular Microbiology• Epigenetics• Biocatalysis • Cancer and the Cell Cycle• Glycobiology

“Studying Biochemistry at York has been a great experience. I chose to come to York because it has a global reputation for excellence in biosciences with excellent career prospects for graduates. What I really enjoyed about my course was the substantial laboratory experience the course provides. ”Saleha, Biochemistry, Final year

Practicals

Practicals are designed to complement your lectures and other studies. They help you to develop laboratory skills and to become familiar with a wide range of practical techniques, training you how to use methods precisely, and encouraging you to assess objectively the reliability of your results. These laboratory skills, together with skills in planning experiments and solving problems, will culminate in your research project in the final year of the programme.

Skills and group work

In each year of the degree programme there are specific biochemical skills-based modules which provide you with additional training and insight into the design and execution of biochemical experiments. These modules involve combinations of lectures, seminars, practical classes and student-led group work in which you get to work together with your peers on practical research projects or analysis of the scientific literature.

Final year research project

Your final year research project is an essential part of your degree, and you will spend about 2 days per week working on this over two terms. For many students this is the aspect of the course that they find most rewarding. It is your chance to experience research at first hand. You have the support and advice of an academic member of staff, but you work independently and plan and carry out your own experiments.

“The tutorials at York are great. Held in groups of four, they really help me understand work, and it is so much more personal than lectures.”

Lizzie, Biochemistry, 1st year

www.york.ac.uk/biochemistry

Projects can be carried out with academics from the Departments of Biology or Chemistry. A wide range of projects are offered by more than thirty academics in areas such as drug design, protein structure determination, cancer biology, molecular microbiology, immunology, neuroscience, etc. Most students carry out their project work alongside research (PhD) students and postdoctoral workers within the research laboratory of the project director.

Assessment

Modules are examined using a mixture of continuous assessment and closed examination, which helps you to judge

the admissions process (biochem-admissions@york.ac.uk).

Essential subjects

For Biochemistry, A level applicants should have studied A level Chemistry and a supporting science or maths subject. Most applicants have also taken Biology, but this is not essential. Applicants wishing to be considered for the ‘Year in Europe’ programme in France, Germany or Spain are expected to have appropriate language abilities, normally to the equivalent of AS level. The placement in Denmark has no language requirement, as courses are taught in English.

Typical offers

We usually make offers on the basis of information on the UCAS form,including your personal statement, reference, and academic grades orpredictions. On occasion, candidates may be invited for interview, particularly where there are special circumstances or

how well you are progressing. Although you must perform to a satisfactory level, first year assessments do not count towards the final degree, which is determined by work in Years 2 (40%) and 3 (60%). For students taking four-year programmes, the third year in industry or Europe contributes about 10% of the overall degree mark.

How to applyAll applications for our degree courses must be made through UCAS (www.ucas.com), although we are happy to offer advice before and during

Key factsADMISSIONS TUTORS

Dr Setareh ChongDr Gideon GroganTelephone: +44 (0) 1904 328548Website: www.york.ac.uk/biochemistryEmail: biochem-admissions@york.ac.uk

Typical offersA LEvEL

AAB including Chemistry and a supporting science or maths subject, excluding General Studies

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

35 points including HL6 in Chemistry and HL6 in a supporting science or maths subject.

OTHER qUALIFICATIONS

For details of other acceptable qualifications go to www.york.ac.uk/biochemistry

ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

IELTS 6.5 with at least 6.0 in all units

“The Biochemistry course is very well organised and structured. You are never lost or confused about how to go about finding information or who to contact.”

Reetika, Biochemistry, 2nd year

“I was attracted to Biochemistry at York because of the amount of support the undergraduates receive and the variety of different modules we are exposed to. These give you an idea as to what you want to do after your degree.”Matthew, Biochemistry, 2nd year

Right Material is taught through tutorials, practicals and workshops as well as traditional lectures

Far right Student poster being assessed

unusual qualifications. All applications receive equal treatment, irrespective of race, gender, sexual orientation, disability or educational background.

For those applicants studying A levels, our typical offer is AAB including Chemistry and a supporting science or maths subject, excluding General Studies. For those applicants studying International Baccalaureate our typical offer is 35 points including HL6 in Chemistry and HL6 in a supporting science or maths subject.

Other qualifications

We welcome applicants offering the European Baccalaureate, Scottish Advanced Highers, Irish Leaving Certificate, or any qualifications of equivalent standard that include Chemistry at an appropriate level.

Our selection policy and programme requirements are subject to review, and we recommend that you consult our website for up-to-date information (www.york.ac.uk/biochemistry). If you have any specific enquiries about our entrance requirements, please email the Biochemistry Admissions Tutors (biochem-admissions@york.ac.uk).

Taking a gap year

A significant number of our students defer entry for a year to enable them to travel or earn some money before beginning their degrees. We welcome such applications, and find that many students benefit enormously from this experience, which is sometimes - but not always - in an area connected with their future studies.

Mature applicants

We are always pleased to welcome mature applicants, whose skills and experience are valued by staff and students, provided you have an appropriate background in Chemistry, such as through a Foundation or Access

course. You may find it helpful to talk informally to the Admissions Tutors, who are happy to offer advice and guidance, before making an application.

Pre-application visits

• The University has at least two Open Days each year, usually in July and September (www.york.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/open-days).

• Campus tours are often available during school holiday periods (www.york.ac.uk/study/visit/campus-tours/), with opportunities for departmental visits on some dates.

• If you are unable to come to an Open Day, we are happy to organise an individual visit to the Department; please email biochem-admissions@york.ac.uk to arrange a mutually convenient time.

Post-application visit days

If we offer you a place, we will invite you to visit us to have a look around the department and campus. We would encourage you to attend one of our visit days, especially if you have not

visited us before. You will meet staff and current students, and find out more about the course and other matters like accommodation and living in York. There is a separate programme for parents, who are welcome to come with you.

International studentsInternational students form an important part of the community at York, andBiochemistry welcomes students from all over the world.

We offer our international students:• An outstanding educational experience

in a joint degree between two dynamic multidisciplinary departments each with an international reputation for teaching and research

• A friendly supportive environment, with close interactions between students and staff, which allows students to flourish

• A strong emphasis on small group teaching, with weekly tutorials in groups of usually only four or five students

www.york.ac.uk/biochemistry

• An international student co-ordinator for Biochemistry, and a personal supervisor to oversee your academic progress and welfare

• One Departmental Overseas Scholarship per year, based on academic achievement and financial need, tenable throughout the course and subject to satisfactory progress.

Applications from international students are welcome, and you are encouraged to see our website (www.york.ac.uk/biology/undergraduate/international) or contact the Admissions Tutors (biochem-admissions@york.ac.uk) for information and advice about specific qualifications.

A qualification in English as a foreign language is normally required. The preferred qualification is IELTS with an overall score of at least 6.5, and a minimum of 6.0 in each skill. Alternative qualifications are accepted, including internet based TOEFL (87 overall with a minimum of 21 in each component), Pearson (61 overall with a minimum of 55 in each component), Cambridge Proficiency in English (grade C), Cambridge Certificate of Advanced English (grade A), and GCSE/IGCSE English Language (grade C). In some cases, an offer may include an English qualification taken as part of the school or state examinations.

Student supportThe supervisory system

The support and welfare of our students is of the highest priority. All Biochemistry students have an academic supervisor, one from either Biology or Chemistry, whose role is to monitor both the academic progress and the pastoral well-being of the student, providing advice and help with any problems or concerns which might arise. You have the same supervisors throughout the course, and will see them for scheduled meetings at least twice a term, but they are also available throughout term-time if you need to talk with them. We believe that the supervisor–student relationship fostered at York is one of the reasons why our students have a very high rate of completion of their degrees.

Support within your College

Every student and member of staff is a member of a college, so you will bepart of a smaller society within the University. This allows you to get to knowother students very easily, and to take part in college as well as University activities, including sports and social events. The head of each college is the Provost, who is responsible for the pastoral and welfare needs of students, and to whom you can also talk about any issues.

University sources of support

As well as your Departmental supervisor and staff in your College, there aremany other sources of advice and support within the University. There is afull-time Disability Advisor, a drop-in Dyslexia Centre, an ‘Open Door’ team, Student Counselling Service and a Medical Centre on campus. The Students´ Union also runs a number of support services and has an excellent team of welfare advisers.

“The quality of the staff and teaching is very strong and the staff are approachable and enthusiastic. The Year in Industry option is an excellent opportunity. My supervisors, the year in industry staff and the careers office were very supportive and helpful in obtaining an industrial placement. I particularly enjoy the chemistry orientated components of

the course. The first year chemistry modules give a great introduction and background in organic chemistry and thermodynamics before becoming more protein-specific in the second year. ”

Robin, Biochemistry, 2nd year

Left A wide range of extra curricular activities are on offer

Far Left Clifford’s Tower at night

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Destinations of York Biochemistry graduates (2009-11)

This chart shows the sorts of further study and kinds of employment taken up by York graduates from this Department over the past three years.

Students with disabilities

The University has an explicit policy of accommodating students with disabilities, and it believes that those with disabilities should have access to the full range of academic, cultural and social activities. To that end, the University and the Department will undertake all reasonable steps to meet the specific needs of individuals with disabilities.

A member of staff in the Department has special responsibility for students with disabilities and, in addition, the University of York Disability Services provide advice and support to all students and staff.

Accommodation

All new, single undergraduate full-time students who accept York as their firm or insurance choice by the date advertised, and apply for accommodation online by the due date, are guaranteed an offer of University accommodation, most of which is situated on or very close to the campus. Rooms are either en-suite study bedrooms or single study bedrooms with shared bathroom. There are also shared kitchen areas where you can prepare meals or snacks, and an excellent catering service is available in outlets across the campus. Many colleges have common rooms, a bar, television room and laundry facilities, and all on-campus accommodation is connected to the computer network, printing facilities, the University’s Virtual Learning Environment (VLE), email and the web.

Bursaries

The University offers bursaries to help eligible students meet the costs of higher education. The level of bursary depends on the family household income. A number of other awards and scholarships are also available.Further information and advice about student funding and financial issues can be obtained from the University Student Financial Support Unit (www.york.ac.uk/students/housing-and-money/financial-support).

Personal developmentAs well as a good degree, employers also look for other appropriate skills and qualities. We take a keen interest in the personal development of our students, and provide a structured and supported programme of personal employment planning (PEP) to help you reflect upon your learning, performance and achievements, and plan your personal, educational and career development. You meet with your supervisor specifically todiscuss this at least once a year.

We encourage you to widen your experience and skills and to developyour non-academic interests during your time at University. You can take advantage of the many extra-curricular activities on offer, both within and outside the Department. Here are some examples of what’s on offer:

Student representatives

Student feedback is sought on all aspects of our teaching and learning environment, and each year-group has student representatives on the teaching boards and staff–student liaison committee.

York Biosciences Society

There is a friendly student-run society for anyone studying or interested in the biosciences. There are lots of ways you can get involved, with regular activities ranging from guest lectures to sports and social events, or you could put yourself forward as a member of the committee.

York Award

You can sign up for the “York Award” scheme, which recognises and rewards personal development, offering a structure to help you gain skills for employment and life, and encouraging you to make the most of your University experience.

“Having almost finished my second year as a student in York, I can honestly say that it has been a great experience. University life is eye-opening, from being in the lab learning new skills, to living on campus with different people. There are all kinds of activities on offer, so no one will be left out!”Sofia, Biochemistry, 2nd year

www.york.ac.uk/biochemistry

Outreach activities

You can help with our “outreach” activities, for example demonstratingscientific experiments to visiting schoolchildren in our teaching laboratories or out in neighbouring schools.

York Students in Schools (YSIS)

Many of our students take part in YSIS, a voluntary programme that enables you to help in a variety of ways in schools, from classroom support to sports coaching.

Volunteering

There are plenty of opportunities to extend your range of skills and experiencethrough other volunteering schemes. Whichever scheme you choose, theStudents’ Union will give you advice and support when you’re finding a suitable role, as well as during and after your placement.

Languages For All (LFA)

Why not learn a new language or continue with another, from beginner to degree-level standard?

University Clubs and Societies

These cover pretty much everything, from sporting and musical activities to cultural, religious and political groups. There’s something for everyone!

Unijobs

Many students work part-time to support themselves during their degree course. This can be a valuable and positive experience, as well as helping financially. Unijobs is a one-stop job shop, based in the Careers Centre, for students looking for term-time jobs on campus or in town.

After you graduateOur programmes equip you with knowledge and practical skillswithin the biochemical sciences, and develop a number of other widelyapplicable scientific abilities and skills sought after by prospective employers. Additional skills and personalqualities are also developed through active participation in other aspects of departmental and campus life (see above).

The Careers Service provides support and advice throughout your time at University and after you graduate. In your final year they help you to polish up your CV and interview skills, and introduce you toprospective employers.

Around 61% of our graduates go on to study for a higher degree. Employment opportunities are diverse, ranging from biological and biomedical research and development, to careers in science communication, the health service, forensic science, environmental health and wildlife conservation.

Our graduates are not confined to science-related careers, and asignificant number enter jobs within finance, public and private sectormanagement, social and health service work, the media and law.

The friendly student-run York Biosciences Society offers regular activities ranging from guest lectures to sports and social events

Both Biology and Chemistry are consistently ranked in the top few respective Departments in the UK

Right The Atriumum of the Biology Dept The Atriumum of the Biology Dept

Far Right Students ggggg

The University, city and beyondThe University

By almost any measure, York is one of the UK’s most highly regarded and popular Universities. In its forty years of history, York has established an outstanding reputation as a world-class university, and regularly ranks highly in external assessments of teaching and research quality.

York is a distinctive university, large enough to provide a vibrant social and cultural life, yet small enough to feel welcoming to all its students. The college system makes it easier for people to meet and make friends, and it encourages students to become involved in the huge range of social, musical and sporting activities available.

The University now occupies two modern campuses both offering a wealth of facilities, with bars, shops, a sports centre, tennis and squash courts, a health centre, theatres and concert halls, all within walking or cycling distance of each other and the centre of the city.

The city of York

York is one of the most historic and beautiful cities in Europe, with its famous Minster and attractive medieval streets. It is a British Heritage City and was voted ‘Britain’s Favourite Small City’ in an independent poll commissioned by the Rough Guide in 2011.

Against the backdrop of some of the most stunning and picturesque architecture in the country, York has incorporated a stylish new dimension to life in the city. Cafés, restaurants, riverside bars and boutiques combine with theatres, galleries and clubs to offer a vibrant, cosmopolitan atmosphere, as energetic and varied by night as it is by day.

www.york.ac.uk/biochemistry

Traditionally famous for railways and chocolate making, York has transformed into ‘Science City’; with the University at its heart, it is now recognised internationally as a centre for scientific research and innovation, with many biotech and other technology companies employing people in and around the city.

Beyond York

York is situated halfway between London and Edinburgh, with fast intercity rail links reaching London in less than two hours, from where Eurostar provides fast links to the mainland European rail system. Manchester Airport is two hours away, and Heathrow just three and a half. Ferries from Hull and flights from nearby Leeds Bradford Airport also provide easy access to mainland Europe.

It is easy to explore the cities and other attractions of Yorkshire, whether theclub life of Leeds or the spectacular scenery at the coast and on the NorthYork Moors and the Yorkshire Dales. If you like the outdoor life, Yorkshire

offers boundless open countryside and a range of outdoor pursuits and sports activities: walking, climbing, mountain biking, caving and canoeing are all on the doorstep, and there are many student societies that you can join to getinvolved in these activities.

And finally...We hope that you will apply to study Biochemistry at York. We offer a modern degree programme, with high qualityteaching, state-of-the-art facilities, and a friendly, supportive environment. York is a great place to study and live.

If you have any questions about our programmes, or you would like to discuss your own personal circumstances, please feel free to contact the Admissions Tutors.We will endeavour to deal promptly withany queries you may have at any stage of the application process.

Ref 10/12

York, YO10 5DD, United KingdomTel +44 (0) 1904 320000

Biochemistry AdmissionsTel +44 (0) 1904 328548

Email biochem-admissions@york.ac.ukWebsite www.york.ac.uk/biochemistry

“Robot plant” is a sculpture designed for the 2011 BBRSC Impact with Excellence competition. The research interests of the department are depicted as leaves and branches on the plant, underpinned by the strong shared equipment infrastructure embedded in our

Technology Facility.

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