Biology Final Review

Session 1

Biology Introduction

Q.1 What is the definition of Biology?

• Study of Life

What are the 7 Themes of Biology?• 1) Cell and structural function

• 2) Reproduction

• 3) Metabolism

• 4) Homeostasis

• 5) Heredity

• 6) Evolution

• 7) Interdependance

Give the 3 points of the Cell Theory?

• 1) All living things are composed of cells

• 2) All cells come from preexisting cells

• 3) Cells are the basic structure and function of living things

Scientific Method Slides

• .

Name the Steps of the Scientific Method.

• Observation

• Prediction

• Hypothesis

• Experimentation/testing

• Conclusion

• After many successful tests= Possible Theory

An educated guess, which is testable through experimentation is called…

• A) Hypothesis

• B) Prediction

• C) Observation

• D) Experiment

• Answer A

An dependent Variable…• A) factor that is measured

• B) factor such as time

• C) factor on the y-axis

• D) factor on the x-axis

• E) A and C

• F) B and D

• Answer: E

The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental

treatment is called…

A) Independent Variable

B) Dependent Variable

C) Control Group

D) Experimental Group

Answer: C

Chemistry Review

Define the general structure of an Atom

• Protons (positive charge) and Neutrons (neutral charge) in a centrally located nucleus

• Electrons (negative charge) are located in orbitals around the nucleus.

Give the atomic number of an atom with 9 protons, 9 neutrons,

and 9 electrons.

A) 9

B) 18

C) 27

Answer: A, This is Florine, The number of protons in an atom

Give the atomic mass of atom with 9 protons, 9 neutrons, and 9

electrons.• A) 9

• B) 18

• C) 27

• Answer: B, Protons +Neutrons

A substance that is composed of different atoms is called..

A) Molecule

B) Compound

C) Element

D) Solution

Answer: B, Molecules are a type of compound

A substance that is composed of the same type of atoms is

called…A) Molecule

B) Compound

C) Element

D) SolutionAnswer: C

The average of the mass numbers of all of the isotopes of an element is referred to as…

A) Atomic Number

B) Atomic Weight

C) Atomic Mass Number

Answer:B

Define pH.

• Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

• Scale from 0-14

• 7 neutral ph

• X< 7 considered acidic

• X>7 considered basic

What two substances are formed when an acid (H+) and a

base (OH-) mix?• Salts

• Water

Compare and contrast covalent bonds and ionic bonds.

• In a covalent bond ELECTRONS are shared between elements. Occur between elements on the same side of the periodic chart.

• In ionic bonds, ELECTRONS are transferred from one element to another. Occur between elements from opposite sides of the periodic chart (I.e. Na Cl)

For a compound to be considered organic, it must contain what

element?• A) Nitrogen

• B) Phosphorous

• C) Carbon

• D) Oxygen

• E) Hydrogen • Answer: Carbon bonded to Hydrogen

Name the 5 organic compounds.

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Nucleic Acids

• ATP

The suffix sacchar refers to …

• Sugar, the organic compound carbohydrate

50 or more amino acids make…

• Protein

Nucleotides make up this organic compound…

• Nucleic Acids- both DNA and RNA

Fatty Acids make up which organic compound…

• Lipids

A type of protein which speeds up chemical reactions, without changing its shape is called…

• Enzyme

• An Enzyme is a biological catalyst

Enzymes act on a substance called a…

• Substrate

Enzymes can be damaged by• A) Normal Use

• B) Heat

• C) Extreme pH

• D) Electricity

• E) A, B and C

• F) B, C, and D Answer: F

What limits cell size?

• Surface Area. Organisms must be able to get things in and out of the cell quickly.

• As cells get larger, volume increases faster than surface area.

Solutions

In this type of solution, there is a greater amount of stuff in the solution outside the cell than

inside.• A)Hypotonic Solution

• B)Hypertonic Solution

• C)Isotonic Solution Answer: B

In this type of solution, there is a greater amount of stuff in the cell

than outside.• A)Hypotonic Solution

• B)Hypertonic Solution

• C)Isotonic Solution

Answer: A

In this type of solution, the stuff is equal inside and outside the

cell.• A)Hypotonic Solution

• B)Hypertonic Solution

• C)Isotonic Solution

Answer: C

What happens to the water inside and outside the cell in a

hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic environment.

• Hypotonic- water rushes in “pop”

• Hypertonic- water rushes out “cell shrivels”

• Isotonic- the water stays constant

The movement of particles from high to low concentration,

without the use of energy is called…

• Passive Transport

What are the type of passive transport. Define Each.

• Diffusion- movement of molecules from high to low (I.e. perfume sprayed from a bottle)

• Osmosis- Diffusion of water across a plasma membrane

• Facilitated diffusion- Uses carrier proteins to move substance from high to low.

What type of transport uses energy (ATP) to move substances

against the concentration gradient?

• Active Transport

What are the type of active transport? Define Each.

• Sodium-Potassium pump- Used in nerves to pump sodium outside of the cell against the concentration gradient

• Endocytosis- Used to take in large substances (I.e. eating bacterial cells)

• Exocytosis- Used to remove extremely large substances (I.e. dead cell parts)

What is a prokaryote and give an example of one.

• A cell that has no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

• Ex. Both kingdoms of Bacteria, Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

What are the 3 shapes of Bacteria?

• A) Coccus, Spiral, Rod

• B) Bacillium, Spirilliam, Rod

• C) Bacillium, Spirilliam, Coccus

What are the parts of a bacterial cell?

• Cell Wall

• Plasma Membrane

• Circular DNA

• Can form an endospore (protective shell)

Bacteria are killed by antibiotics. Name a few common bacterial

infections.• Cavaties – streptococcous mutans

• Botulism-

• Tuberculosis

• Plague

• Strep Throat

• Bacterial Pneumonia

Viruses are unique to the study of biology because…

• A) They are not alive

• B) They effect life forms

• C) They contain nucleic acid

• D) A and B

• E) B and C

What are the parts of a virus?

A) Protein Coat

B) Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA)

C) Organelles

D) Cytoplasm

E) A and B

How do viruses reproduce?• Inside a living host

• Lysogenic Cycle- viral nucleic acid joins with the host. Host is Symptom Free. HIV

• Lytic Cycle- Virus activates and uses host to replicate. Host becomes ill. AIDS

What is a Eukaryote, and give an example of one.

• A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

• Example: You are a Eukaryote, in fact all Kingdoms that are not bacteria are eukaryotes

Organelles

This organelle surrounds all living cells and regulates what enters and

exits the cell.• A) Cell Wall

• B) Cell Membrane

• C) Nucleus

• D) Nucleolus

• E) Rough ER

• F) Smooth ER

This Organelle contains the cells DNA.

• A) Cell Wall

• B) Cell Membrane

• C) Nucleus

• D) Nucleolus

• E) Rough ER

• F) Smooth ER

This Organelle creates RNA which is used in protein synthesis.

• A) Cell Wall

• B) Cell Membrane

• C) Nucleus

• D) Nucleolus

• E) Rough ER

• F) Smooth ER

This Organelle is where proteins are made.

• A) Cell Wall

• B) Cell Membrane

• C) Nucleus

• D) Nucleolus

• E) Rough ER

• F) Smooth ER

This cell structure is found around plants to give structural

support and shape… • A) Cell Wall

• B) Cell Membrane

• C) Nucleus

• D) Nucleolus

• E) Rough ER

• F) Smooth ER

This organelle is used to synthesize lipids.

• A) Cell Wall

• B) Cell Membrane

• C) Nucleus

• D) Nucleolus

• E) Rough ER

• F) Smooth ER

What is the job of the Golgi Appratus?

To package and transport substances such as protein around the cell.

The phospholipid bilayer which makes up the cell membrane is composed of which two parts?

• Phosphate polar head and a lipid non-polar tail.

• The polar heads face outside of the plasma membranes

• The lipid tail is on the inside.

This organelle is responsible for making ATP or the cell’s energy.

• A) Vacuole

• B) Mitochondria

• C) Nucleus

• D) Nucleolus

• E) Lysosome

• F) Chloroplasts

This organelle is found in plants and used in photosynthesis.

• A) Cell Wall

• B) Cell Membrane

• C) Nucleus

• D) Nucleolus

• E) Chloroplast

• F) Smooth ER

Chromosomes

• What are the two types of chromosomes in the human body?

• Autosomal (22)

• Sex Chromosomes (XX or XY)

DNA has many forms, name them.

• Chromatin- unwound DNA

• Chromatid- Single strand of wound DNA

• Chromosomes- two chromatids held together by a centromere

• Homologous Chromosomes- Two sets of identical chromosomes

What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell?

• Haploid Cells, or n -have one copy of each chromatid (Gametes I.e. Sperm/Egg Cell)

• Diploid Cells or 2n- have two copies of each chromatid (Chromosome). These make up our somatic or body cells.

How many chromatids do humans diploid cell have?

• A) 46 chromatids / 23 chromosomes

• B) 42 chromatids / 21 chromosomes

• C) 42 chromatids / 84 chromosomes

What is the job of Mitosis?

• A) To create two new cells

• B) To create two new nuclei

• C) To double the amount of cytoplasm

• D) To divide the plasma membrane

What are the four stages of Mitosis?

• Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

• Remember PMAT

Define what happens in each stage of Mitosis.

• Prophase- Chromosomes become visible, nucleus disappears, spindle fibers form

• Metaphase- Spindle fibers chromosomes to the center of the cell.

• Anaphase- Chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers.

• Telophase- Two new nuclei are formed

What takes place when the cell is in interphase?

• A) Growth of the cell

• B) Metabolic Activities

• C) Replication of Chromosomes

• D) Cell Replication

• E) A, B, and C

Define Meiosis.

• A process that creates 4 unique haploid cells (gametes: egg/sperm)

• Men create 4 sperm from each germ cell

• Women create 1 egg and 3 polar bodies

Why are cells in meiosis unique?

• A) Crossover occurs in prophase II

• B) Segments of DNA are exchanged between Chromosomes

• C) Crossover occurs in prophase I

• D) All of the above

• E) B and C

All organisms that can reproduce with one another and have fertile

offspring are called…• A) Population

• B) Species

• C) Habitable

• D) Gene Pool

The monk. Who was the father of genetics?

• Gregor Mendel

What were Mendel’s Laws?

• The law of segregation- chromatids separate from one another when sex cells are formed (Each parent can give only one copy of each chromosomes)

• The law of independent assortment- traits are inherited independently from each other (I.e. just because you have brown eyes does not mean you will have long toes)

Genetic Vocabulary

• Alleles – different forms of a gene. Purple vs. Pink Flower color

• Homozygous – two copies of the same allele (I.e. aa or AA)

• Heterozygous – two copies of different allele (I.e. Aa)

Phenotype describes ____ while genotype describes _____.

• A) alleles, appearance

• B) Appearance, alleles

• C) Both show alleles one numerical and one alphabetically

Know how to Create and Use a PUNNET SQUARE

Patterns of Complex HereditaryName the five types and explain.

• 1) Polygenic Inheritance- many genes which are averaged. (I.e. height, eye color)

• 2) Incomplete Dominance- blending of traits (I.e. hair texture)

• 3) Codominance- All alleles show (I.e. checkered chicken)

• 4) Environmental- genes can be influenced by temperature, nutrition, etc…

• 5) Multiple Alleles- 3 or more alleles for a trait, like blood type. A, B, O

What scientist(s) were first to discover the structure of DNA?

• Watson and Crick

What is a nucleotide made up of and what is the

building block for?

Name the 4 bases of DNA and how do they connect to each

other?• Remember GCAT

• Guanine to Cytosine

• Adenine to Thymine

A DNA sequence looks like the following: AACTG.

What would the complementary strand look like?

• TTGAC

In DNA replication- What enzyme is responsible for

unwinding the DNA?• DNA Helicase

During Replication, the enzyme that adds nucleotides to the

unwound DNA is called what?• DNA polymerace

Compare and Contrast DNA to RNA.

• DNA– Double Stranded A-T, C-G– Double Helix Shape

• RNA– Single Stranded– Adenine- Uracil, C-G

What are the three forms of RNA? And Tell me what each do.

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)– Site where Translation occurs and proteins are made

• Messenger RNA (mRNA)– Transcribes DNA in the nucleus and travels to rRNA

• Transfer RNA (tRNA)– Transfers Amino Acid to the Ribosome to make the

protein strand

Every three letters of mRNA is a_______, while the three hairs on

tRNA are ________.• A) codons, pseudocodon

• B) anti-codon, codon

• C) pseudocodon, codon

• D) codon, anti-codon

Please Transcribe the following DNA strand into mRNA:

AAGGCCTT

• UUCCGGAA

Please take the following mRNA segment and Translate it into protein,

using the chart on pg. 209:UUCCGGAAA

• UUC CGG AAA

• Phenylalanine Arginine Lysine

What are the four types of microscopes used and what do they

view?• Stereomicroscope- Views living organisms and

large objects. Objects can be opaque.• Light microscope- Views slides of small

transparent items.• Electron Microscope- Can see molecules,

organism must be dead.• Scanning Tunneling Microscope- Can see atoms,

organism must be dead.