Biology Investigatory Project (on eye diseases)

7/24/2019 Biology Investigatory Project (on eye diseases)

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Vivekananda Kendra

Vidyalaya, Itanagar

BIOLOGY

INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT REPORT

Topic: Eye Disorders in Childrenand Adolescents.

Submitted by:

Diya ChoudhuryClass: XII-Science

Roll no. : 09


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This is to certiy that Diya Choudhury! a

student o class XII "sci.# has successullycom$leted the research on the $ro%ect titledEye Disorders in Children and Adolescents

under the &uidance o 'r. (rasanta (u)ari"Sub%ect Teacher# durin& the year *0+,-+ in

$artial ulllment o $hysics $ractical

e/amination conducted by AISSCE.

12A3ID

E

CERT

I3ICA

TE

S.C Di/it

"(rinci$al#(rasanta (u)ari

"iolo&y Teacher#

Si&nature o

E/ternal E/aminer


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Acknowledgement

In the accom$lishment o this $ro%ect successully! many

$eo$le ha4e best o5ned u$on me their blessin&s and the

heart $led&ed su$$ort! this time I am utili)in& to than6 all

the $eo$le 5ho ha4e been concerned 5ith $ro%ect.

(rimarily I 5ould than6 &od or bein& able to com$lete

this $ro%ect 5ith success.

Then I 5ould li6e to than6 my iolo&y teacher 'r.

(rasanta (u)ari! 5hose 4aluable &uidance has been the

ones that hel$ed me $atch this $ro%ect and ma6e it ull

$roo success his su&&estions and his instructions has

ser4ed as the ma%or contributor to5ards the com$letion

o the $ro%ect.

Then I 5ould li6e to than6 my $arents 5ho ha4e hel$ed

me 5ith their 4aluable su&&estions and &uidance has

been hel$ul in 4arious $hases o the com$letion o the$ro%ect. 7ast but not the least I 5ould li6e to than6 my

classmates 5ho ha4e hel$ed me a lot.


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IDE!

S7.

2o.

Table o Content

(A8E 2o.

+. Abstract

*. Introduction

. 'ethodolo&y

. Data Collection

,. Data analysis

. Treatment

;. Conclusion


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A"#T$ACT

=isual $erce$tion is the ability to inter$ret the

surroundin& en4ironment by $rocessin& inormation that

is contained in 4isible li&ht. The resultin& $erce$tion is

also 6no5n as eyesi&ht! si&ht! or 4ision.

Eyes are the or&ans o 4ision. They detect li&ht and

con4ert it into electro-chemical im$ulses in neurons.Eyes can be $rone to many diseases and disorders.

This $ro%ect is ocused on eye disorders: ho5 it is caused!

5hy it is caused! ho5 to $re4ent>treat it are inscribed

here.

In addition! a sur4ey 5as ta6en amon& ,0 students! each

ha4in& an eye disorder. The data and other eatures are

attached to the re$ort as 5ell.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light


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IT$%D&CTI%

E?E

The human eyeis a spheroid structure that rests in a bony cavity

(socket, or orbit) on the frontal surface of the skull.

The thick wall of the eyeball contains three covering layers: the

sclera, the choroid, and the retina.

The sclera is the outermost layer of eye tissue; part of it is visible

as the "white" of the eye. n the center of the visible sclera and

pro!ecting slightly, in the manner of a crystal raised above the


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surface of a watch, is the cornea, a transparent membrane that acts

as the window of the eye.

delicate membrane, the con!unctiva, covers the visible portion of

the sclera.

#nderneath the sclera is the second layer of tissue, the choroid,

composed of a dense pigment and blood vessels that nourish the

tissues.

$ear the center of the visible portion of the eye, the choroid layer

forms the ciliary body, which contains the muscles used to change

the shape of the lens (that is, to focus).

The ciliary body in turn merges with the iris, a diaphragm that

regulates the si%e of the pupil.

The iris is the area of the eye where the pigmentation of the

choroid layer, usually brown or blue, is visible because it is not

covered by the sclera.

The pupil is the round opening in the center of the iris; it is dilated

and contracted by muscular action of the iris, thus regulating the

amount of light that enters the eye.

&ehind the iris is the lens, a transparent, elastic, but solid ellipsoid

body that focuses the light on the retina, the third and innermost

layer of tissue.

The retina is a network of nerve cells, notably the rods and cones,

and nerve fibers that fan out over the choroid from the optic nerve

as it enters the rear of the eyeball from the brain. #nlike the two

outer layers of the eye, the retina does not e'tend to the front of the

eyeball.


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&etween the cornea and iris and between the iris and lens are small

spaces filled with aueous humor, a thin, watery fluid.

The large spheroid space in back of the lens (the center of the

eyeball) is filled with vitreous humor, a !ellylike substance.

SOME COMMON EYE DISORDERS

Myopia (Nearsightedness)

$earsighted

individuals typically

have problems seeing

well at a distance and

are forced to wear

glasses or contactlenses. The

nearsighted eye is

usually longer than a

normal eye, and its

cornea may also be

steeper. Therefore, when light passes through the cornea and lens, it is

focused in front of the retina. This will make distant images appear

blurred.

Hypermetropia (Farsightedness)


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3arsi&hted indi4iduals ty$icallyde4elo$ $roblems readin& u$close. The arsi&hted eye isusually sli&htly shorter than a

normal eye and may ha4e a@atter cornea. Thus! the li&ht odistant ob%ects ocuses behindthe retina unless the natural lenscan com$ensate ully. 2earob%ects reuire e4en &reater

ocusin& $o5er to be seen clearly and thereore! blurmore easily.

Conjunti!itis

on!unctivitis is a condition in

which the tissue that lines the

eyelids and covers the corneabecomes inflamed. t is

sometimes called "pink eye" or

"red eye." t can cause redness,

itching, burning, tearing,

discharge, or a feeling of

something in the eye. on!unctivitis occurs in people of all ages

and can be caused by infection, e'posure to chemicals and irritants,

or allergies.

"m#$yopia
http://www.webmd.com/content/article/63/71983.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/content/article/63/71983.htm


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mblyopia is the medical term used

when the vision of one eye is reduced

because it fails to work properly with

the brain. The eye itself looks normal,

but for various reasons the brain

favors the other eye. This condition is

also sometimes called la%y eye.

mblyopia can occur when one eye is

more nearsighted, more farsighted, or

has more astigmatism

"sthenopia

sthenopia or eye strain manifests

itself through nonspecific symptoms

such as fatigue, pain in or around the

eyes, blurred vision, headache and

occasional double vision. *ymptoms

often occur after reading, computer

work, or other close activities that

involve tedious visual tasks.


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%hoto&eratitis

+hotokeretitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition

caused by e'posure of insufficiently protected eyes to the

ultraviolet (#) rays from either natural (e.g. intense sunlight at

high altitudes) or artificial sources. +hotokeratitis is akin to a

sunburn of the cornea and con!unctiva, and is not usually noticed

until several hours after e'posure. *ymptoms include increased

tears and a feeling of pain, likened to having sand in the eyes.

'ethodology

The sur4ey 5as ta6en on 3eb! *0+, at Itana&ar! Arunachal

(radesh $articularly at =B= Itana&ar! Chim$u.

Total students 5ere ,0 each ha4in& an eye disorder. The a&e

ran&e is to +


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uestions that 5ere as6ed:

+# 2ame and a&e o the $erson*# Inormation on their eye disorder# A&e 5hen the disorder 5as dia&nosed

2o s$ecic tool 5as used. A riend to assist $ro4ed to be

hel$ul.

DATA C%((ECTI%

-ata is in the order of increasing age.

SL

.

N

o.

Name Eye disorder Age when

eye

disorder

was

dee!ed

Gender

"ma#e

$%&

'ema#e

$'&(+. Ta&ru (ame Amblyo$ia 0 3


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*. San&ata 2ath Amblyo$ia 0 3. inter Amblyo$ia 0 3. (riyam Sen y$ermetro$ia 0, ',. Taba 1m$u 'yo$ia 0 3

. Rindo $ertin 'yo$ia 0; 3;. (radi$ta 6.

'a)umdar

'yo$ia 0< '


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.*,

.

Foel S. Gancsu y$ermetro$ia +* '

*

.

Fiencha 'yo$ia +* 3

*;

.

'itu 'yo$ia +* 3

*

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Biology Investigatory Project (on eye diseases)

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