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The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines

biotechnology as:

"Any technological application that uses biological systems, living

organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or

processes for specific use."

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The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines

biotechnology as:

"Any technological application that uses biological systems, living

organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or

processes for specific use."

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Culture starter

Grape, Rice, Barley,

Singkong & Soybean.

Wine, Sake, Bir, Tape, Tempe,

Kecap

Fermentation

Thousand years ago

Traditionally

Waste

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Dalam kasus Farmasi, produk akhirnya Obat, sistem biologinya biasanya tanamandan mikroba, nah aplikasi teknologinya inilah yang akan banyak kita bahas dimata kuliah ini.

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Recovery and test of a tiny quantity of secreted material using thecrude extraction methods : powerful antimicrobial activity andnamed penicillin

World War II resurrected the discovery : desperate demand anantibiotic with minimal side effects and broad applicability

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain of Oxford : rebuilt on Flemingsobservation

They produced enough penicillin to treat some laboratory animals :Treat of a London policemen for a blood infection

Great efficacy against infection

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The supply of penicillin was exhausted

- Need a process to make large amounts of penicillin

- Approached pharmaceutical companies in the USA like Merck,Pfizer, Squibb, and to develop the capacity to produce penicillinat large amount

First attempt : chemical synthesis of penicillin because of a greatdeal of success with few other drugs.

- Chemical synthesis : proved to be extremely difficult, like formany drugs

The War Production Board appointed A.L. Elder to coordinate theactivities of penicillin producers to greatly increase the supply ofpenicillin in 1943

Commercial production of penicillin by a fermentation

process

Problems : very low concentration (titer) of penicillin

~0.001 g/L

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Major contribution to the penicillin program by NRRL

Penicillium chrysogenum

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Submerged fermentation process

oxygen supply

Product recovery/purification

First plant for commercial production by Pfizer

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- Increase from 0.001 to ~ 100 g/L

Microorganism or Cells

Raw

Material

Product

Waste

Bioprocess:Batch, Fed Batch, &

Continues

Since 100 years ago

until today

MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY

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Microorganism or Cells

Raw

Material

Product

Waste

Culture:Batch, Fed Batch, &

Continues

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Lessons from the penicillin story

Penicillin process established a paradigm for bioprocessdevelopment and biotechnology

Curiosity leads to a creative and original idea