BloodBlood

Functions of BloodFunctions of Blood

Transports: oxygen from the lungs to Transports: oxygen from the lungs to parts of the body, Carbon dioxide parts of the body, Carbon dioxide from body to lungsfrom body to lungs

Carries nutrients, ions and water Carries nutrients, ions and water from the digestive tract to all cells of from the digestive tract to all cells of the bodythe body

Regulates body temperature, pHRegulates body temperature, pH Protection – clotting, immunityProtection – clotting, immunity

The BloodThe Blood

Blood cell typeBlood cell type

              

Blood cells make up about 45% of blood

55% is plasma

8% of body weight is blood

5-6 litters for humans

How blood cells are formed-How blood cells are formed-HematopoiesisHematopoiesis

They’re produced in red bone They’re produced in red bone marrowmarrow

They develop from undifferentiated They develop from undifferentiated mesenchyma cells, called stem cells mesenchyma cells, called stem cells or or hematocytoblasts.

Components of bloodComponents of blood

Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBC)Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBC) Leukocytes – White Blood Cells Leukocytes – White Blood Cells

(WBC)(WBC) Thrombocytes – platelets – fragments Thrombocytes – platelets – fragments

with clotting, Disk shaped, no with clotting, Disk shaped, no nucleus, Lives 5 to 9 daysnucleus, Lives 5 to 9 days

Plasma – 55%, liquid, contains Plasma – 55%, liquid, contains dissolved substancesdissolved substances

Anatomy of ErythrocytesAnatomy of Erythrocytes Erythrocytes-red blood cells that are biconcave. It contains Erythrocytes-red blood cells that are biconcave. It contains

hemoglobin (280 million molecules) ( Heme- takes oxygen hemoglobin (280 million molecules) ( Heme- takes oxygen to the cell) ( Globin- takes carbon dioxide from the cell)to the cell) ( Globin- takes carbon dioxide from the cell)

Non iron – converted to bilirubin – yellow, jaundiceNon iron – converted to bilirubin – yellow, jaundice Red pigment lasts 120 days, Erythropoiesis Red pigment lasts 120 days, Erythropoiesis

.

Leukocytes-white blood Leukocytes-white blood cellscells

GranularGranular Eosinophils- combat irritants such as: Eosinophils- combat irritants such as:

pollen, or cat hair, antihistaminepollen, or cat hair, antihistamine Basophils- involved in allergic Basophils- involved in allergic

reactions, they release heparin, reactions, they release heparin, histamine, and serotonin.histamine, and serotonin.

Neutrophils-most common, move into Neutrophils-most common, move into tissues where they phagocytize foreign tissues where they phagocytize foreign substances, and secrete the enzyme substances, and secrete the enzyme lysozyme which destroys bacterialysozyme which destroys bacteria

Leukocytes-white blood cellsLeukocytes-white blood cellsAgranularAgranular

Lymphocytes – T and B (antibodies)Lymphocytes – T and B (antibodies) Monocytes – Macrophage breakdownMonocytes – Macrophage breakdown

PlasmaPlasma

Albumins – 58 %, proteins maintain Albumins – 58 %, proteins maintain water balance between blood and water balance between blood and tissuetissue

Globulins -38%, (antibodies)Globulins -38%, (antibodies) Fibrogen – 4% blood clottingFibrogen – 4% blood clotting

Clotting Mechanism - Clotting Mechanism - ThrombosisThrombosis

Damage to blood vessel contracts, vascular Damage to blood vessel contracts, vascular spasmspasm

The roughened surface causes platelets to The roughened surface causes platelets to clump together and stick to surfaceclump together and stick to surface

Prothrombin, a plasma protein, is converted Prothrombin, a plasma protein, is converted into thrombin.into thrombin.

Soluble fibrinogen converts into insoluble Soluble fibrinogen converts into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms long threads that act like fibrin. Fibrin forms long threads that act like a fish net. The fibrin tightens (syneresis)a fish net. The fibrin tightens (syneresis)

Serum – clear yellowish liquid after clot formsSerum – clear yellowish liquid after clot forms

Blood TypesBlood Types

Allele from Allele from Parent 1Parent 1

Allele fromAllele fromParent 2Parent 2

Genotype ofGenotype ofoffspring offspring

Blood types ofBlood types ofoffspring offspring

A A A A AA AA A A

A A B B AB* AB* AB AB

A A O O AO AO A A

B B A A AB* AB* AB AB

B B B B BB BB B B

B B O O BO BO B B

O O O O OO OO O O

The different Blood GroupsThe different Blood Groups

Type AType A Only AOnly A Antigen AAntigen A Antibody Antibody BB

Type BType B Only BOnly B Antigen BAntigen B Antibody Antibody AA

Type AB Type AB Both A&B Both A&B Antigen Antigen A&BA&B

NoneNone

Type OType O Neither A Neither A or Bor B

NoneNone Both Both AntibodiesAntibodies

Principles of the ABO Blood Principles of the ABO Blood group compatibilitygroup compatibility

The ABO blood group consists of those The ABO blood group consists of those individuals who have the presence or individuals who have the presence or absence of two major antigens. The RBC absence of two major antigens. The RBC membrane, Antigen A and Antigen B.membrane, Antigen A and Antigen B.

Agglutination – reaction between antigen Agglutination – reaction between antigen and antibody, causing clumping of RBC’sand antibody, causing clumping of RBC’s

Type O blood – universal donor, no Type O blood – universal donor, no antigensantigens

Type AB – universal recipientType AB – universal recipient RH – (+ or -), Protein identified in Rhesus RH – (+ or -), Protein identified in Rhesus

monkey, Erythroblastosis fetalis – monkey, Erythroblastosis fetalis – hemolytic diseasehemolytic disease

The HEART -thoracic CavityThe HEART -thoracic Cavity

Between lungs, obliquely Between lungs, obliquely with most to the left with most to the left side, cone shaped, side, cone shaped, closed fist, inside closed fist, inside pericardial sacpericardial sac

Cardiology – study of the Cardiology – study of the heartheart

Layers of the Heart WallLayers of the Heart Wall

Heart Wall LayersHeart Wall Layers

Pericardium – parietal part Pericardium – parietal part around heartaround heart

Epicardium-visceral part, thin-Epicardium-visceral part, thin-serous tissue, on heart surfaceserous tissue, on heart surface

Myocardium-cardiac muscle, Myocardium-cardiac muscle, intercalated disc, gap junctionsintercalated disc, gap junctions

Endocardium- endothelium, Endocardium- endothelium, inner most lininginner most lining

The Chambers and valvesThe Chambers and valves

Atria - Upper chambers of the Atria - Upper chambers of the heart ,Divided into left atrium & right heart ,Divided into left atrium & right atrium, Separated by the atrium, Separated by the interatrial interatrial septumseptum, both have thin, flexible walls, both have thin, flexible walls

Ventricles - Lower chambers of the heart, Ventricles - Lower chambers of the heart, Separated by the Separated by the interventricular septuminterventricular septum, , more muscle, greater pumping power more muscle, greater pumping power neededneeded

Valves – prevent back flow. Valves – prevent back flow.

Flow of blood through heart Flow of blood through heart

Vena cavaVena cava R. AtriumR. Atrium Tricuspid valveTricuspid valve R. VentricleR. Ventricle Pulmonary Pulmonary

Semi lunar Semi lunar valvevalve

Pulmonary Pulmonary artery artery

LungsLungs Pulmonary VeinPulmonary Vein L. AtriumL. Atrium Bicuspid (Mitral) valveBicuspid (Mitral) valve L. VentricleL. Ventricle Aortic semi lunarAortic semi lunar

SeptumSeptum

Conduction System – Conduction System – stimulates contractionstimulates contraction

Sinoatrial (SA) node – “pacemaker” Sinoatrial (SA) node – “pacemaker” starts & sets heart rate (modified by starts & sets heart rate (modified by autonomic system) Impulse spreads autonomic system) Impulse spreads over atria causing contraction. over atria causing contraction. Depolarize the atrioventricular (AV) Depolarize the atrioventricular (AV) node. Bundle of His runs in node. Bundle of His runs in interventricular septum & around interventricular septum & around ventricle (bundle branch) to Purkinje ventricle (bundle branch) to Purkinje fibers that contract ventricles.fibers that contract ventricles.

Cardiac Cycle – 1 heart beatCardiac Cycle – 1 heart beat

Systole-contract: Systole-contract: top number in B.P.top number in B.P.– 1 second1 second

Artia contractArtia contract Ventricle relaxVentricle relax ““Lub” cuspid (AV) Lub” cuspid (AV)

valvesvalves

– 3 seconds3 seconds Artia relaxArtia relax Ventricle contactVentricle contact ““Dub” semi lunar Dub” semi lunar

valvevalve

Diastole-Relax: Diastole-Relax: bottom number in bottom number in B.P.B.P.– 4 seconds4 seconds

Heart relaxesHeart relaxes

Heart rate average : 72 beats/minute

Average blood pressure 120 / 80 using Sphygmomanometer

Other termsOther terms

Electrocardiogram – electrical changes Electrocardiogram – electrical changes that accompany the heart beatthat accompany the heart beat

Fibrillation – disturb action potential on Fibrillation – disturb action potential on heart, cessation of an effective heart, cessation of an effective heartbeatheartbeat

Stroke volume – amount of blood Stroke volume – amount of blood ejected by the left ventricleejected by the left ventricle

Cardiac output – Stroke volume (70 ml Cardiac output – Stroke volume (70 ml aver.) X Pulse (beats per minute)aver.) X Pulse (beats per minute)

BLOOD VESSELS: BLOOD VESSELS: Vein, Artery, & CapillaryVein, Artery, & Capillary

Artery/ArteriolesArtery/Arterioles– Thicker, stronger (more muscle), 3 coats Thicker, stronger (more muscle), 3 coats

around hollow center (lumen), Elasticity, around hollow center (lumen), Elasticity, ContractilityContractility

CapillaryCapillary– 1 cell thick, microscopic, diffusion, pass single 1 cell thick, microscopic, diffusion, pass single

file file Vein/VenulesVein/Venules

– Less tissue (tunica media), 3 coats, walls of Less tissue (tunica media), 3 coats, walls of smallest do not contain smooth muscle, valves, smallest do not contain smooth muscle, valves, blood to heartblood to heart

Histology of vesselsHistology of vessels

Major VesselsMajor Vessels

Superior (anterior) Vena Cava – blood Superior (anterior) Vena Cava – blood into R. atrium from head / armsinto R. atrium from head / arms

Inferior (posterior) Vena Cava – blood into Inferior (posterior) Vena Cava – blood into R. atrium from body / legsR. atrium from body / legs

Great saphenous vein – longest vein, legsGreat saphenous vein – longest vein, legs Coronary sinus – blood from heartCoronary sinus – blood from heart Coronary arteries – blood supply to heartCoronary arteries – blood supply to heart Ascending aorta - to bodyAscending aorta - to body

Major Blood Circulatory Major Blood Circulatory RoutesRoutes

Systemic-L. Ventricle-Aorta-Arteries-Systemic-L. Ventricle-Aorta-Arteries-Arterioles-Capillaries-Venules-Veins-Vena Arterioles-Capillaries-Venules-Veins-Vena CavaCava

Coronary-myocardium of heartCoronary-myocardium of heart Hepatic-liver intestinesHepatic-liver intestines Pulmonary-R. Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary-R. Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery

(blue)-Lungs-Pulmonary Vein (red) -L. Atrium(blue)-Lungs-Pulmonary Vein (red) -L. Atrium Cerebral-brainCerebral-brain Fetal- temporary route between fetus & Fetal- temporary route between fetus &

mothermother

Other vessels termsOther vessels terms

Vasoconstriction – muscle constriction, Vasoconstriction – muscle constriction, decrease lumen sizedecrease lumen size

Vasodilatation – increase lumen sizeVasodilatation – increase lumen size Normal blood volume – 5 LitersNormal blood volume – 5 Liters Pulse – expansion and recoil of an artery Pulse – expansion and recoil of an artery

with each contractionwith each contraction Venous return – pumping action of heart / Venous return – pumping action of heart /

velocity of blood flow (peripheral velocity of blood flow (peripheral resistance), skeletal muscle contractions, resistance), skeletal muscle contractions, valves, breathingvalves, breathing

Conditions / disorders of Conditions / disorders of bloodblood

Hemophilia – inherited expression on X Hemophilia – inherited expression on X chromosome, lack clotting factorschromosome, lack clotting factors

Leukemia – cancer of white blood cellsLeukemia – cancer of white blood cells Hemolytic anemia – RBC rupture faster than Hemolytic anemia – RBC rupture faster than

normal ratenormal rate Iron defiency anemia – excessive iron loss; lower Iron defiency anemia – excessive iron loss; lower

RBC productionRBC production Septicemia – blood poisoningSepticemia – blood poisoning Embolism – clot lodge in a vessel, obstructing Embolism – clot lodge in a vessel, obstructing

blood flowblood flow Mononucleosis – Epstein – Barr virus; sore throat, Mononucleosis – Epstein – Barr virus; sore throat,

lymph nodes swollenlymph nodes swollen

Conditions / disorders of heart Conditions / disorders of heart and vesselsand vessels

Pericarditis – inflammation of Pericarditis – inflammation of pericardiumpericardium

Congenital heart – heart not developed Congenital heart – heart not developed properly at birthproperly at birth

Rheumatic heart – untreated strep Rheumatic heart – untreated strep infectioninfection

Heart failure – weakening of Heart failure – weakening of myocardium, failure to pump bloodmyocardium, failure to pump blood

Coronary artery – reduced blood flow in Coronary artery – reduced blood flow in arteries to myocardiumarteries to myocardium

Conditions / disorders of heart Conditions / disorders of heart and vessels con’tand vessels con’t

Angina pectoris – pain in chest, left Angina pectoris – pain in chest, left arm and shoulder (reduced blood flow)arm and shoulder (reduced blood flow)

Infarction – death due to interrupted Infarction – death due to interrupted blood flow (myocardium – heart attack)blood flow (myocardium – heart attack)

Atherosclerosis – plaque (cholesterol) Atherosclerosis – plaque (cholesterol) masses inside of arterial wallmasses inside of arterial wall

Hypertension – high blood pressureHypertension – high blood pressure Varicose vein / hemorrhoids – leaky Varicose vein / hemorrhoids – leaky

valves over stretched vein walls.valves over stretched vein walls.