154
BOARD OF EDITORS
The journal of an association of institutes concerned with the quality of built environment.The publishing framework is shaped around the forces which act on built environment,which maintain, change and transform it. The content consists of articles which deal withthese issues and in particular with responsive, self-sustaining and re-usable environ-ments which have the capacity to respond to change, provide user choice and value formoney.
w w w . o p e n h o u s e - i n t . c o m openhouse
openhouse
Dr.Iftekhar Ahmed, RMIT University, Australia.
Dr. Zainab F. Ali, University of Damman, SaudiArabia.
Dr. Robert Brown, University of Westminster,London, Great Britain.
Prof.Marta Calzolaretti, Housing Lab, SapienzaUniversita di Roma, Italy.
Dr. German T. Cruz, Ball State UniversityMuncie, USA.
Carla Corbin, Department of LandscapeArchitecture, Ball State University, USA.
Ype Cuperus, Delft University of TechnologyDelft, The Netherlands.
Dr. Ayona Datta, University of Leeds, UK.
Dr.Md Nasir Daud, University of Malaya,Malaysia.
Forbes Davidson, Institute of Housing & UrbanDevelopment Studies, Rotterdam, TheNetherlands.
Diane Diacon, Building and Social HousingFoundation, Coalville, Great Britain.
Prof. Yurdanur Dulgeroglu-Yuksel,Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Prof. Jin-Ho Park, Inha University, Korea
Prof. Bruce Frankel, Ball State University, USA.
Prof. Avi Friedman, McGill University, Montreal,Canada.
Dr. Ahmed Abu Al Haija, PhiladelphiaUniversity, Eng. & Arch. Dep.t, Jordan.
Prof. Keith Hilton, Mansle, France.
Dr. Karim Hadjri, University of Central lan-cashire, UK.
Prof. Nabeel Hamdi, Professor Emeritus,Oxford Brookes University, UK.
Dr. Mahmud Mohd Jusan, Faculty of BuiltEnvironment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM).
Ripin Kalra, University of Westminster, and .(WSPimc), London.
Dr. Stephen Kendall, Emeritus Prof. ofArchitecture, 220 West Durand StreetPhiladelphia, PA., 19119
Prof. Bob Koester, Ball State UniversityMuncie, USA.
Prof. Roderick J. Lawrence, University ofGeneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Dr. Fuad Mallick, BRAC University, Bangladesh.
Prof. Andrea Martin-Chavez, UniversidadAutonoma Metropolitana, Mexico.
Dr. Magda Mostafa, Associate Professor, TheAmerican University in Cairo, Egypt
Babar Mumtaz, DPU, University CollegeLondon, London, UK.
Geoffery Payne, GPA Associates London, UK
Dr. Sule Tasli Pektas, Bilkent University, Turkey.
Prof. Gulsun Saglamer, Istanbul TechnicalUniversity, Istanbul, Turkey.
Prof. Jia Beisi, University of Hong Kong.Dr. Mark Napier, Urban LandMark, Pretoria,South Africa.
Dr. Masa Noguchi, University of Melbourne,Australia
Prof. Ibrahim Numan, Fatih Sultan MehmetUniversity, Turkey.
Dr. Yara Saifi, Al Quds University, Jerusalem,Palestine.
Prof. Paola Somma, University of Venice, Italy.
Dr. Peter Kellett, University of Newcastle uponTyne, Great Britain.
Dr. Omar Khattab, University of Kuwait.
Dr. Levente Mályusz, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Hungary.
Prof. Amos Rapoport, University of Wisconsinat Milwaukee, USA.
Prof. Seiji Sawada, Meiji University, Tokyo,Japan.
Dr. Florian Steinberg, Asian DevelopmentBank, The Philippines.
Dr. Quazi M Mahtab uz Zaman, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
Prof. H. J Visscher, OTB, Delft Univertsity ofTechnology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Patrick Wakely, Professor Emeritus, UniversityCollege London, UK.
Dr. Christine Wamsler, University ofManchester, UK and University of Lund,Sweden.
: Esra Can, Emre Akbil, Eastern Mediterranean University Mersin 10 - Turkey. [email protected]: C. Punton, P.O Box 74, Gateshead,Tyne & Wear, NE9 5UZ, Great Britain. [email protected]: The Urban International Press, P.O Box 74, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear NE9 5UZ, Great Britain.: Printed by Pikaj Print House, Gazimagusa, Mersin 10, Turkey: Emmanuel Tibung Chenyi, Eastern Mediteranian University, Mersin 10, Turkey. [email protected]
Cover DesignSubscriptionsPublished byPrintingWeb Manager &DTP Work
Aims
Open House International
The Open House International Association (OHIA) aimsto communicate, disseminate and exchange housing andplanning information. The focus of this exchange is ontools, methods and processes which enable the variousprofessional disciplines to understand the dynamics ofhousing and so contribute more effectively to it.To achieve its aims, the OHIA organizes and co-ordi-nates a number of activities which include the publicationof a quarterly journal, and, in the near future, an interna-tional seminar and an annual competition. TheAssociation has the more general aim of seeking toimprove the quality of built environment through encour-aging a greater sharing of decision-making by ordinarypeople and to help develop the necessary institutionalframeworks which will support the local initiatives of peo-ple in the building process.
The journal of an association of institutes and individualsconcerned with housing, design and development in thebuilt environment. Theories, tools and practice with spe-cial emphasis on the local scale.
Delft University of TechnologyDepartment of Housing Quality and Process Innovation OTBResearch Institute of Housing, Urban and Mobility StudiesJaffalaan 9, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands(Henk Visscher) [email protected] www.otb.tudelft.nl
McGill UniversitySchool of Architecture, Macdonald Harrington BuildingCentre for Minimum Cost Housing Studies, 815, SherbrookStreet West. Montreal, PQ. Canada H3A 2K6.(Avi Friedman)[email protected]
Ball State UniversityCollege of Architecture & Planning, Muncie, Indiana, 47306,USA. (Stephen Kendall) [email protected]/cap
HousingLabDipartimento di Architettura, Ateneo Federato delle ScienzeUmane delle Arti e dell'Ambiente, SAPIENZA Università diRoma, Roma, Italy. (Marta Calzolaretti)[email protected] http:w3.uniroma1.it/housinglab
The Glasgow School of ArtMackintosh School of Archirecture MEARU, 176 RenfrewStreet Glasgow G3 6RQ. Great Britain(Masa Noguchi) [email protected]
Budapest University of Technology & Econ. (BME)Faculty of Architecture Budapest, Muegyetem rkp. 3.1111 Hungary. (Levente Malyusz) [email protected]
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Resource Development Division, Perpustakaan SultanahZanariah, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) 81310 SkudaiJohor, Malaysia. (Anuar Talib) [email protected] http://portal.psz.utm.my/psz/
Philadelphia University,Engineering & Architecture Department, Faculty ofEngineering, P.O Box 1, Jordan. (Ahmed Abu Al-Haija) [email protected]/content/view/448/590/
University of Malaya,Faculty of Built Environment, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (Md Nasir Daud) [email protected]://www.fbe.um.edu.my
Ajman University of Science & TechnologyAjman, P. O. Box 346, UAE. United Arab Emirates(Jihad Awad) [email protected]/austweb/index87ec.html?catid=46&langid=2
Qatar UniversityQatar University Library, Aquisitons Department,Bldg# B13 /Office Room # B154P.O Box 2713, Doha, Qatar. (Farook Ghori) [email protected]
BRAC University,Department of Architecture, Dhaka, Bangladesh,(Fuad H Mallick) [email protected] www.bracu.ac.bd
Universidad Del Rosario, Calle 14 No. 6-25, Bogotá, Colombia. (Janneth Espitia)[email protected] www.urosario.edu.co
Birzeit University Main LibraryRamallah, West Bank, P.O.Box: "14", Birzeit, Palestine(Taghgreed Shihadeh) [email protected]
Inha University, Department of Architecture, Inha University,Incheon, Korea. (Jin-Ho Park) [email protected] www.d-lab.k
Director & Editor-in-Chief
Nicholas Wilkinson, RIBA, RIBA,AA,Dipl., [email protected]
Collaborating Editor
Dr. Ashraf M. Salama,PhD. FRSA - FHEAHead of ArchitectureUniversity of Strathclyde Email: [email protected]
Web Editor
Emmanuel Tibung ChenyiEastern Mediterranean Univ. Dept of Comp. Via mersin 10.TREmail:[email protected]
International TechnicalEditor
Yonca Hurol, Eastern Mediterranean University, Department of Architecture,Mersin 10 [email protected]
oope
n ho
use
inte
rnat
iona
l Vol
.44
No.
3, S
epte
mbe
r 201
9.
Contents
PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF SHANGHAI YANGSHAN BONDED PORT AREA BASED ON THE PERSPECTIVE OF AFREE TRADE ZONE
Wence Yu, Hao Chen, Liqiang YangSELECTION AND SPATIAL LAYOUT OF URBAN SPORTS FACILITIES GUIDED BY RESIDENTS' DEMAND
Yandong Yuan, Zhen Li, Huawei LiangURBAN HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND DESIGNS: THE CASE OF THE OLD TOWN OF
JINGDEZHENCui Dong
INNOVATIVE METHODS IN PLANNING, DESIGN AND LIGHTING OF MUSIC VISUAL BUILDINGS IN MODERNARCHITECTURAL
Kun Sui, Hyung-Gi, KimTHE STUDY OF COLOR AND PLANNING SCHEMES OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION
Minglei ZhengRESEARCH ON THE CONSTRUCTION LAYOUT OF URBAN SPORTS PARK BASED ON CONSTRAINT GRAPH
MODELBai Li
LOCAL GOVERNMENT’S URBAN PLANNING BEHAVIOR, INVESTMENT IMPULSE AND MACROECO-NOMICSTABILITY
Shanshan DongTHE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN PLANNING IN CHINA
Wu HeVIRTUAL DESIGN METHOD OF INTERIOR LANDSCAPE BASED ON 3D VISION
Liang ZhangCHANGES IN MODERN URBAN PLANNING TEACHING AND THEORY
Peilin ZhangLEGAL AND ILLEGAL PROCESSES OF BUILDING DISPOSAL UNDER THE VISION OF URBAN PLANNING
Haitao SunINTERPRETATION OF AESTHETICS LANDSCAPE DESIGN UNDER THE LITERARY ARTISTIC CONCEPTION OF
"DAGUANYUAN"Xuan Wang
USING INDUSTRIAL CULTURAL HERITAGE TO TRANSFORM AND DEVELOP RESOURCE-BASED CITIESJun Yao, Ju Wang, Huidan Zhang
LANDSCAPE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF COMPLEX FORM PHYSICAL EDUCATION STADIUM AND FOOTBALLFIELD USING GIS TECHNOLOGY
Zhonghui Huang, Hua YanMATERIAL MANAGEMENT IN PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT BUILDINGS
Dinghai LiCONSTRUCTION AND PLANNING OF LIBRARY SERVICE FACILITIES SYSTEM BASED ON PUBLIC DIGITAL CULTURE
EDUCATION IN INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL METROPOLISGuixia Li, Guiping Jiang
PETROLEUM RESOURCES-BASED URBAN ECOLOGICAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT. RESEARCH BASED ONGREEN GROWTH AND ECONOMIC TRANSITION
Jun Shi, Ning LiangREGIONAL LAYOUT AND PLANNING OF LARGE-SCALE SPORTS STADIUMS AND GYMNASIUMS IN CITIES
Jinao Chen, Aming Lu, Feng ZhaiRESEARCH ON PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LARGE-SCALE SPORTS VENUES IN CHINESE CITIES
Yan ChenHUMAN-ORIENTED SMART CITY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT BASED ON TIME-SPACE BEHAVIOR
Mingliang FengSAFETY URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN BASED ON DISASTER PREVENTION, CRIME PREVENTION AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETYJinke Yang
CONFIGURATION OF PUBLIC SPORTS VENUES IN CHINA'S COUNTIES UNDER THE BACKGROUND OFURBANIZATION
Li LiAESTHETIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF LITERATI PAINTING AND ITS APPLICATION IN URBAN PLANNING
Hua WeiAPPLICATION OF HYBRID ANT COLONY ALGORITHM IN URBAN TRAFFIC PATH PLANNING
Yu ZhouINNOVATIVE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF SPORTS TEACHING VENUES UNDER AUDIENCE’S EMOTIONAL
EXPERIENCEHua Yan, Zhonghui Huang
FUZZY INTELLIGENT COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF URBAN REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM OPERATIONBASED ON BAYESIAN DISCRIMINANT
Lin Liang, Yinbo Wen, Yuanyuan LvMODERN URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN BASED ON LOW CARBON ECONOMY CONCEPT
Wenwen WuTHE ACCESSIBILITY OF NANJING URBAN PARK BASED ON GIS
Kai Xie, Hao Xu, Jing WuARCHITECTURAL SPACE ALLOCATION IN THE RENOVATION OF URBAN VILLAGES: USERS DEMAND
Jing H, Zhimin L, Ying SSTUDY ON SPONGE CAMPUS PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION IN HILLY AREAS UNDER THE CONCEPT OF
SPONGE CITY-A CASE STUDY HUNAN CITY UNIVERSITYTong Wen , Wen Chen , Liang Zhang , Xiaoming Liu
THE RESEARCH ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF URBAN VISUAL PLANNING SYSTEM BASED ON THE DEVELOPMENTOF CULTURAL TOURISM INDUSTRY
Feng W, Wenhua L ,Xiangguan GSTUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATION AROUND QINGLONG TEMPLE IN XI'AN CITY
MA Jiao, Wu GuoyuanSENSITIVITY MICROSCALE OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND REDUCTION BY GREEN SPACE
Shizhen Wang, Huanchun Huang, Cui Hao, Lei Cao, Ting Liu
Open House International has been selected for coverage by EBSCO Publishing, the ELSEVIER Bibliographic Database Scopus and all products ofTHOMSON ISI index bases, SSCI, A&HCI,CC/S&BS and CC/A&H The journal is also listed on the following Architectural index lists: RIBA, ARCLIB,AVERY and EKISTICS. Open House International is online for subscribers and gives limited access for non-subscribers at www.openhouse-int.com
NEXT ISSUE: VOL. 44.NO.4 2019: OPEN ISSUE
5
9
13
17
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
100
104
108
112
118
130
136
141
147
27
1
open house in te rna t ional sep tember 2019 vo l .44 no .3
OPEN ISSUE : Covering…Aesthetic Consciousness, Architectural Space, Crime Disaster Prevention, Ecological Planning, Green Space, FuzzyIntelligent, Low Carbon Economy, Human Oriented Smart Cities, Sponge Campus, UrbanizationGuest Editors: Paola Somma E-Mail: [email protected]
2
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Previous Issues
Guest Editors: Paola SommaE-Mail: [email protected]
Guest Editors: Ashraf M. Salama and David GriersonE-Mail: [email protected] ,[email protected]
Editorial:Paola Somma
Post-Conflict Syria: From Destruction to Reconstruction. Who’s Involved and to Which Extent. Nura Ibold.
The Lateral Conflict of Urban Planning in DamascusEdwar Hanna and Nour Harastani
Housing in Jerusalem: From A Flourishing Hope to Slow “Urbicide”Yara Saifi and Maha Samman
Sensory Perception Experience in Balata Refugee Camp. Shahd Adnan M. Qzeih, Rafooneh Moktarshahi Sani.
Urban Development of Conflict Zones. The Case of Gaza City.Yousef J. M. Abukashif and Müge Rıza.
Post-War Re-Settlements in Varosha: Paradise To Ghetto.Aysu Arsoy, Hacer Basarir
The Landscape of War and the Transformations of Public Sphere.Dijana Alic
Education in Conflict: Post-War School Buildings of Cyprus.Sevil Aydınlık, Hıfsiye Pulhan.
Victoria Barracks of Disappearance: Contested Post-Military Landscape in High-Density Urban Hong Kong.Jing Xiao, Charlie Q. L. Xue.
Vol. 44 No. 2 2019OPEN HOUSE INTERNATIONALTHEME ISSUE: Wr and Cities
Vol. 44 No. 1 2019OPEN HOUSE INTERNATIONALOPEN ISSUE:
Editorial:Ashraf M. Salama, David GriersonThe Mirage of Smart Sustainable Cities in the Arab RegionAhmed O. El-Kholei, Ghada Yassine.Strategic Decision Support for Urban Service DesignNecmiye Yaprak Öz, Halime DemirkanTowards a Context Specific and Multidimensional Quality of Urban Life Model.Laura MacLean, Ashraf M. Salama.Measuring Qol in Doğanbey Urban Transformation Area in Bursa, Turkey.Miray Gür, Yavuz Taneli, Neslihan Dostoğlu.Exploring the Relationship Between Health and Walkability.Emre Seles, Yasemin Afacan.Walking to Occupational Activities Within Three Neighbourhoods in Basra City.Qaaid Al-Saraify, David GriersonUsing Auto-Photography to Explore Young People’s Belonging and Exclusion in Urban Spaces in Accra,Ghana.Kristijn van riel, Ashraf M. Salama.The Social Construction of a Neighbourhood Identity.Leandro Madrazo.Interrogating the Characteristics of Residential Neighbour- Hoods in the City of Tripoli / Libya.Adel M. remali, Huyam AbudibiExploring Urban Open Spaces of Regenerated Markets In Qatar.Remah Y. GharibFeatures of Design of Gardens And Parks with Symbolic Meaning In Shymkent City—kazakhstan.Akmaral Yussupova, Liu Songfu, Ardasher Namazbay, Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi
3
oope
n ho
use
inte
rnat
iona
l Vol
.44
No.
3, S
epte
mbe
r 201
9.
Previous IssuesVol. 43 No. 4 2018
OPEN HOUSE INTERNATIONALOPEN ISSUE:
Edited by Nicholas Wilkinson RIBA, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus.DPU Associate, University College London, UK.
Edited by Nicholas Wilkinson RIBA, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus.DPU Associate, University College London, UK.
Vol. 43 No. 3 2018OPEN HOUSE INTERNATIONAL
OPEN ISSUE:EDITORIAL:
Relationships Between Environmental Education, Environmental Attitudes,
and Behavioral Intentions Toward Ecolodging. Kuang Sheng Liu, Sung-Lin Hsueh, Han-Yi Chen
The Post-Phenomenology of Place:
NimaTalebian, TurkanUlusuUraz
Developing a Sustainable Strategy for CoaStal lanDS: Case Study Taiwan.
Yu-Sheng, Lin, Pi Ying Lai.
Relating Material Selection and Sustainability in Design.
Elif Sonmez , Filiz Tavsan
A study of the Relationships Between Urban Development And Environmental Quality
Chyi-Lu Jang, Luke H.C. Hsiao, Shang-Pao Yeh
ArchitecturAl exAminAtion on Feng Shui Bedroom.
Chen Wang, Wan Thing Hong, Hamzah Abdul-Rahman
Tea Houses as Third Places in MāsuliH’s Vernacular Settlement.
Ehsan Daneshyar
A secret component in architectural design studio: The “filtering” Concept.
Bengi Yurtsever, Polatoğlu
Sustainable Building Façades: Modern usages of the traditional MaShrabiya.
Reem Abdelkader, Jin-Ho Park
Urbanization and informal Settlement ChallengeS: Case Study Tehran metropolitan City.
Haniyeh Razavivand fard
Branding Cities through Medical Tourism
Mohammad Mehdi Kalantarzadeh, Mukaddes Fasli
Adaptation of Sustainable Community to the Site’S Natural Condition.
Avi Friedman
Editorial: Yonca Hurol
Multi-Criteria Decision Support System for Green Commercial Space Design.
Hao-Cheng Huang, Yeng-Horng Perng.
“Western” Influence on Architectural Potential of Palace Gardens.
Bekar, M. ‒ Var, M
A Spatial Analysis of the Urban Public Space: Case Study the Museum of Islamic Art Park, Doha.
Emine Malkoc True, Çigdem Kiliçaslan.
Post-Disaster Housing Construction:
Ugochukwu K. Elinwa, Nothando Moyo.
Built Environmental Variations Between Regular and Imax Theatres.
Chen Wang, Heng Li
Neighbourhood Parks as a Potential Stress Reliever: Review on Literature.
Syaidatul Azzreen Ishak, Hazreena Hussein, Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin
A Different Experience in the Build-Sell Process in Ankara.
Cilga Resuloglu.
Alvar Aalto: An Anthill Under the Undulating Sky: A Critical View of Finnish Networking.
Marco Bruno.
Increasing Ecological Capacity by Designing Ecological High-Rise Buildings.
Talie Tohidi Moghadam, Mahmoud feizabadi
Flash Card Set as Rehearse Tool for Architecture Students.
Editorial
4
Monika Lee, D
ekun Yue
open house international Vol.44 No.3, S
eptember 2
019. O
PEN ISSU
E: Covering...A
esthetic Consciousness, A
rchitectural Space,
It is our pleasure to present this regular issue ofOpen House International. In this issue (Vol.44,No. 3, 2019), we selected 33 papers which havegone through several rounds of review and revi-sion, and represent a cross-section of research inbuilding management, construction manage-ment, house economics & management, urbanplanning areas that touch upon both buildingand housing issues. Open House International isonly this outsourced issue supplier as the publish-er. This editorial remark also indemnifies theOpen House International from any responsibilityfor the content and presentation of this issue.
Especially, we want to have a brief intro-duction on some selected focus articles. In article“The Innovative Method of Music Visual Designin Modern Architectural Lighting Planning andDesign” by Kun Sui and Hyung-Gi, Kim, theauthors extracted the characteristic elements ofwaveform music by the use of the time-frequencydomain analysis method. Meanwhile, they combthe development process of the live performancesand other information of the performance typesso that the public can have a clearer understand-ing of the live performances. In “The Change ofModern Urban Planning Thought Core andTheory from the Perspective of the United FrontThought of Foreign Exchange andCommunication” by Peilin Zhang, in order to fur-ther optimize the methods of modern urban plan-ning, the author analyzed the philosophical basis,planning theory, planning measures and practice,and made some discussions in connection withChina’s planning practice. The research resultsshow that the core of modern urban planning isconstructed by traditional rationalism with classi-cal physics as its core. In “Construction andPlanning of Library Service Facilities SystemBased on Public Digital Culture Education inInternational Cultural Metropolis” by Guixia Liand Guiping Jiang, to study the construction andplanning of the library service facility systembased on public digital culture teaching in inter-national cultural metropolises, the main body ofresources construction, channels, selection crite-ria, construction standards, user service policies,service methods and service objects of theNational Digital Library of Russia were analyzed.The construction foundation, policy support anddigital resource construction of digital libraries inChina and Russia were compared. The researchhas some enlightenment significance to the con-struction of digital library in metropolitan area ofChina. While in “Research on the Configurationof Public Sports Venues in China’s Countiesunder the Background of New Urbanization” byLi Li, the author studied the allocation of publicstadiums in the county under the background ofnew urbanization. Interviews and literatureresearch methods were adopted. The differencesbetween the new urbanization and the traditionalurbanization of the county’s public stadiums were
discussed. Under the background of new urban-ization, the status quo of the allocation of publicstadiums in China’s counties was studied. Underthe background of new urbanization, the prob-lems and influencing factors of the allocation ofpublic stadiums in China’s counties were ana-lyzed. The corresponding proposal was put for-ward. The balance between supply and demand,the balance of urban and rural settings, the opti-mization of public sports venues, and the estab-lishment of public stadiums under new urbaniza-tion are important. Moreover, in “Fuzzy IntelligentComprehensive Evaluation of Urban RegionalInnovation System Operation Based on BayesianDiscriminant” by Lin Liang et al., to comprehen-sively analyze the urban regional innovation sys-tem, the typical urban city was taken as an empir-ical sample to consider as an urban regionalinnovation system. The fuzzy comprehensive eval-uation method was used to evaluate the opera-tion of typical urban regional innovation system,combined the cluster analysis and Bayesian dis-crimination for the research and analysis. Theproposed targeted innovation development strat-egy is conducive to grasp the advantages anddisadvantages of the typical urban regional inno-vation system construction as a whole.
Lastly we wish to thank all our reviewersand the editorial board members who have beencontributing to the release of this issue by theirdevoted engagement. We herewith also wish thereaders of the journal can enjoy reading thesepapers as much as we enjoyed reviewing andediting this issue.
Author(s):
Monika Lee, International Building Technology of WuhanCo.Ltd., Hubei, China
Dekun Yue KAIFEI Construction Engineering Co. Ltd.,Kowloon, ChinaEmail: [email protected]
5
open
hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. O
PEN IS
SUE: Plann
ing an
d layo
ut 0
f Sha
ngha
i Yan
gsha
n Bo
nded
Por
t Area Ba
sed
Wen
ce Yu, H
ao C
hen, Liqiang
Yan
g
1. Introduction
In the process of economic globalization, exchangesin the economic field have become more widespread.The flow of products is reflected in the globalization oftrade. The flow of factors is manifested in the global-ization of capital and the globalization of labor fac-tors. Driven by the three major free trade negotiations(the China-US Bilateral Investment Agreement, theTrans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and theTransatlantic Trade and Investment PartnershipAgreement), the rules of international trade investmentare reshaping. Emerging market economies, includingChina, are highly likely to be driven to the brink ofinternational trade.
The functional difference between China’sfree trade zone and foreign free trade zone has alwaysbeen the focus of academic discussion. However, thefunctional positioning of the bonded area is greatlyaffected by the location factor. The pursuit of function-al transformation by merely releasing policy dividendsdoes not fundamentally realize the transition frombonded areas to free trade zones. Since the establish-ment of China’s bonded area is a local governmentaction, it should adjust measures to local conditionswhen studying the development of bonded area tointernational general free trade area. The commonproblems in the development of China’s bonded areaswere analyzed. In addition, the bonded areas need tobe analyzed for specific case.
Taking the cold chain business of Yangshan
Port as the research object, the huge consumption ofimported food in the Yangtze River Delta region wasutilized. The policy advantages of Yangshan Port Areaare fully utilized. Combined with the development ofcross-border e-commerce, innovative experiences thatcan be replicated and promoted are further devel-oped. The construction of the pilot free trade zone inShanghai was pushed forward through the study ofcold chain business. This provides a new developmentopportunity for Yangshan Bonded Port Area toenhance the industrial layout and trade service capa-bilities of shipping services.
2. State of the artChina’s bonded area is actually a special customssupervision area with Chinese characteristics builtfrom the successful experience of foreign free tradezones. Therefore, there is little research on bondedarea abroad. More research is focused on the study offree trade zones. Dobrusin believes that a free tradezone is a special economic zone that has developedfunctions such as warehousing and distribution frommaritime trade (Dobrusin 2015). It is a furtherimprovement of the Freeport. At present, the free tradezone has developed rapidly in more than 100 coun-tries around the world. Some scholars also hold pes-simistic views. The special economic zone of the freetrade zone will hinder the smooth flow of tradebetween the outside and outside and the exchange ofresources. The imbalance in the development of vari-ous regions in the country will widen the gap between
Wence Yu, Hao Chen, Liqiang YangAbstractIn order to alleviate China's crisis of marginalization in international trade, combined with the development character-istics of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone, the development direction of the bonded cold chain business of ShanghaiYangshan Comprehensive Bonded Port Area was proposed. From a long-term perspective, a free trade zone integrat-ing processing, logistics, finance, culture, and internal and external market trade was formed. By taking advantage ofthe huge consumption of imported food in the Yangtze river delta region, the policy advantages of Yangshan Port Areaare exploited. Combined with the development of cross-border e-commerce, innovative experiences that could bereplicated and promoted are formed. The results showed that the free trade zone is the development direction of thebonded port area. Therefore, the Shanghai Bonded Port Area should focus on the integration with the developmentof the free trade zone in the initial stage. This lays a solid foundation for the construction of the bonded port area asa comprehensive internal and external trade platform for ASEAN (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and thedomestic market. Research on the planning and layout of trade zones can help plan the future development of tradezones and their direction. The trade zone is pre-controlled. The efficiency of future construction and upgrading of thebonded area is improved. It is of great practical significance to the current development and construction of theShanghai Bonded Port Area.
Keywords: Free Trade Zone, Bonded Port Area, Planning and Layout.
PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF SHANGHAI YANGSHANBONDED PORT AREA BASED ON THE PERSPECTIVEOF A FREE TRADE ZONE.
6
Wen
ce Yu, H
ao C
hen, Liqiang
Yan
gop
en hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. O
PEN IS
SUE: Plann
ing an
d layo
ut 0
f Sha
ngha
i Yan
gsha
n Bo
nded
Por
t Area Ba
sed ...
the regions (Hong, Nan and He 2016). The location choice problem of the free trade zone and the welfare effect were analyzed. Importing goods through the free trade zone will have a certain impact on the reduction of state welfare (Fitzpatrick, Ling and Watts 2000). The function of China’s initial establishment of bonded areas is mainly the economic and trade func-tions of international trade, warehousing, export pro-cessing and bonded goods display (Baršienė and Lovejoy 2000). The political, economic, and geo-graphical environment of the region where the free trade zone is located determines its functional orienta-tion. According to the functions, the free trade zone is divided into seven categories: free port type, transit type, trade type, import processing type, and bonded warehouse type (Bunton 2015). In accordance with international practices, it is an inevitable trend for the development of China’s bonded areas to integrate with internationally accepted free trade zones (Peretz 1968).
3. Methodology3.1. Comparison between China’s Bonded Zones andForeign Free Trade ZonesThe free trade zone is considered to be “domestic out-side customs”, that is, special economic zones outsidethe borders and customs supervision. AlthoughChina’s bonded area is a special customs supervisionarea and adopts a limited form of free trade, it alsobelongs to the category of free trade area. Therefore,it has some common features in addition to the basicconnotations of foreign free trade zones. China’sbonded areas and foreign free trade zones haveimplemented free trade policies in the region. Becauseof the diversity of economic development levels, policyconditions, geographical conditions and foreign eco-nomic and trade relations between countries andregions, the degree of trade freedom of differentcountries is different. However, in the formulation ofpolicies, all countries have adopted the principle offree trade and given various preferential policies inspecial areas of domestic customs, such as tax prefer-ential policies and convenient customs clearance poli-cies. Free trade area must have port condition. Thisport may be a port, an airport or a land port.Therefore, China’s bonded areas, like foreign freetrade zones, mostly choose to be close to the seaport,or a convenient transportation hub for railways, high-ways and inland river transport. China’s bonded areasand foreign free trade zones are based on their owngeographical conditions, location advantages and thedevelopment of domestic and foreign economies todevelop an open economy and participate in interna-tional competition for the purpose of functional posi-tioning. The central government has not set a unifiedfunction for China’s bonded areas, but only stipulatesthe basic business scope, that is, it has three basicfunctions: international trade, export processing, andinternational logistics.3.2. Differences between China’s Bonded Zones andForeign Free Trade ZonesThe difference between China’s bonded areas and for-eign free trade zones is mainly reflected in the man-agement system and policy system. The managementsystem can be further divided into a central manage-ment system and a local management system. Thepolicy system is composed of institutional policies andoperational policies. The relationship between man-agement system and policy system is mutual influence
and restriction. The biggest difference betweenChina’s bonded areas and foreign free trade zones inactual operations is the difference in management sys-tems. This is mainly due to the fact that the establish-ment of foreign free trade zones is a state act, and theestablishment of China’s bonded zones is actually alocal act. Therefore, the management system of for-eign free trade zones has been characterized bystreamlining and efficiency, while the managementsystem of bonded areas in China is relatively compli-cated. The management system of a free trade zonecan generally be divided into two levels: one is thecentral management system, and the other is the localmanagement system. The former is a national-levelmanagement system responsible for macro decision-making, legislation, supervision, and coordination.The latter is a local organization system that organizesand coordinates activities such as the development,construction, and daily operations of the free tradezone.
3.3. The Enlightenment of Foreign Free Trade Zoneson the Development of China’s Bonded ZonesThe management system of the free trade zone deter-mines the operational efficiency of the free trade zone.Most foreign free trade zones are newly established inthe central government. It is responsible for manage-ment matters such as approval, decision-making,supervision and coordination of the national free tradezone. The advantage of this approach is clear respon-sibility, strong authority, efficient management, andfacilitate communication and coordination betweenrelevant departments. This independent managementagency is not subject to the intervention of other func-tional departments, and is conducive to the centralgovernment’s unified planning and overall arrange-ment of free trade zones. From the central to the local,foreign free trade zones adopt a streamlined and effi-cient management organization structure. The man-agement level is small and the division of labor isclear. Local operations are more characterized by lib-eralization. The foreign free trade zone managementsystem is a relatively weak administrative managementsystem. It mainly manages free trade zones by soundlegal and regulatory systems and market economyleverage.
In contrast, China’s bonded area is the lackof an authoritative central agency for specializedmacro management. The Free Trade Zone
Table 1. The gap between China free trade zone and for-eign free trade area.
7
open
hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. O
PEN IS
SUE: Plann
ing an
d layo
ut 0
f Sha
ngha
i Yan
gsha
n Bo
nded
Por
t Area Ba
sed
Wen
ce Yu, H
ao C
hen, Liqiang
Yan
gManagement Committee is only a local governmentagency, and the management rights depend on theadministrative level. Therefore, the authority is poor. Atthe same time, the specialized agencies set up by thecentral functional departments in the bonded areasalso exercise management power over the bondedareas. In fact, at present, China’s bonded area isimplemented at the intersection of local and centralmanagement. In terms of macro management, theoverall layout lacks specialized agencies for overallcoordination and vertical leadership of various func-tional departments. In micro-management, theadministrative and management institutions are com-plex, the management system is disordered, and thereis a certain degree of “multi-management” phenome-non. Therefore, China’s bonded areas should learnfrom the streamlined and efficient management sys-tem of foreign free trade zones, and promote the fur-ther development of bonded areas by improving man-agement efficiency.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Integrated supervision mode of ports, customsand commodity inspection in Yangshan bonded portareaThe premise of the development of the cold chainbusiness of Yangshan Bonded Port Area is to intensifythe port resources and realize the supervision functionof “three ones” (one declaration, one inspection, onerelease). The intensive mode of port supervision cansolve the problems of cold chain food chain scission,scattered inspection points of imported foods, andpoor follow-up links in cold chain inspection. It canprovide customers with quality services that reducelinks, shorten time and reduce costs. This is not onlythe main means to enhance the comprehensive com-petitiveness of the cold chain business of YangshanBonded Port Area, but also one of the important mea-sures to attract global traders to choose YangshanBonded Port Area as their international food transitcenter.
4.2. The cold chain business pattern with crossedfunctions and complementary advantagesIn view of the disorderly competition of the existingcold chain business in Yangshan Bonded Port Areaand nearby, it can be repositioned to guide the coldchain enterprises to exert their comparative advan-tages and avoid excessive competition. A hierarchical,differentiated, and competitive business landscapehas been formed. For example, the cold chain enter-prises located in the Yangshan Bonded Port Area areconcentrated in serving the port supervision business,which is conducive to exerting more port functions.Enterprises outside the bonded port area use the man-agement efficiency and low-cost advantages toexpand the third-party cold chain business. For somesimilar businesses of the same nature, on the basis ofbusiness cooperation, the capital cooperation modelof state-owned assets, private capital and foreign cap-ital is adopted to achieve risk sharing and benefitsharing. Therefore, the development of a healthy coldchain business has been promoted.
4.3. Cross-border e-commerce cold chain logisticsbusinessThe cold chain enterprises in Yangshan Bonded PortArea need to further increase their investment in soft-ware and hardware. Imported food cross-border busi-
ness was introduced. Low cost, high efficiency andpersonalized logistics services are provided. Supportsystems for customs supervision, inspection and quar-antine, tax rebates, cross-border payments, logisticsand distribution, which are compatible with cross-bor-der e-commerce, were established. The e-commerceplatform import and export service was innovated andan efficient operation mode was formed. Existingwarehouse resources serve as a cross-border e-com-merce public service warehouse. Well-known e-com-merce and platform operators at home and abroadhave been attracted to form a cluster of cross-bordere-commerce related operations. The large-scaledevelopment of cross-border e-commerce serviceplatform business in the Yangshan area was promot-ed.
4.4. The introduction of a new type of cold chain busi-nessThe imported foods involved in the port cold chainbusiness have a wide range of business. Pledge, trad-ing, auction, display and financing derived from foodtrade have a wider business space. The cold chainbusiness of Yangshan Bonded Port Area can start froma certain country’s products or a certain type of food,and take the information advantage and financialadvantages of the free trade zone to actively try differ-ent business models. The new development of the portcold chain business form was realized.
The trade volume of imported fruits in yang-shan bonded port keeps rising, and the traditionalbusiness forms involving fruits are also developingsteadily. On this basis, the advantages of institutionalinnovation and functional breakthrough in the PilotFree Trade Zone can be further relied upon. Thebreakthrough will be in the bonded display of high-grade imported fruits, cross-border e-commerce andother innovative business forms. Combined with com-prehensive service functions such as electronic auctiontransactions, financing settlement, and high-end coldchain logistics, financial innovation businesses such ascross-border centralized payment and payment underthe RMB current account have been expanded. In thefuture, it will not only be limited to the import of fruits,but also provide comprehensive business services suchas trade, customs clearance, warehousing and coldchain logistics for more agricultural products.Agricultural trading centers were formed. The compre-hensive trade service platform of international agricul-tural products has been built. From the existing foun-dation and future development space, the port coldchain business of Yangshan Bonded Port Area mustplay a greater role. It will be the first to become amodel port public service platform. A leading integrat-ed port cold chain business model was formed.Yangshan Bonded Port Area will use the combinationof regional and port integration and tax rebates topromote the international cold chain trade agglomer-ation and expand the new international cold chainlogistics business.
5. ConclusionsThe port cold chain will become one of the importantdirections for Shanghai to develop international logis-tics. It is also an important part of making up the entireindustrial chain of port logistics. It is expected that twoprofessional port cold chain logistics centers will beformed in Shanghai’s Waigaoqiao Port and YangshanBonded Port Area. The two ports cold chain logistics
8
Wen
ce Yu, H
ao C
hen, Liqiang
Yan
gop
en hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. O
PEN IS
SUE: Plann
ing an
d layo
ut 0
f Sha
ngha
i Yan
gsha
n Bo
nded
Por
t Area Ba
sed ...
centers can support each other. “Developing new for-mats and systems, expanding and upgrading interna-tional trade” is one of the key tasks of the ShanghaiPilot Free Trade Zone in Yangshan Bonded Port Area.As a new experimental field of China’s economy,Shanghai free trade zone aims to build itself into a freetrade zone with international standards, such as con-venient investment and trade, free currency exchange,efficient and convenient supervision, and standardlegal environment. The Shanghai Free Trade Zone nolonger emphasizes the introduction of tax incentives.Through policy innovation, measures such as admin-istrative management system reform, laws and regula-tions reform, and regulatory system reform are adopt-ed to promote trade liberalization, investment facilita-tion, and financial internationalization. Functionally,the international trade clearing center, the globalmaintenance testing business and financial leasingwere promoted. The airport and district ports wereintegrated and the pilot program for bonded ships wasexpanded. The futures bonded delivery function isused to promote the agglomeration of the commodityindustry. The Asia Pacific Operator Program is beingfully promoted. An international account with offshorefeatures was established. As the latest practice ofChina in the field of foreign trade, the Shanghai pilotfree trade zone has become a free trade zone withgreatly relaxed policies, investment liberalization andtrade facilitation, and highly integrated with the inter-national standards. This shift is a historical inevitability.It is also the inevitable trend of the future developmentof China’s comprehensive bonded zone.
Acknowledgements: The study was funded by the Program for YoungExcellent Talents (18YQ08), UIBE.
REFERENCES
BARŠIENĖ J. and LOVEJOY, D.B. 2000, Environmental genotoxicity in Klaip da port area, International Review of Hydrobiology: A Journal Covering all Aspects of Limnology and Marine Biology, 85:5, 663-672.
BUNTON, K. 2015, Effects of nasal port area on perception of nasality and measures of nasalance based on computational mod-eling, 110-114.
DOBRUSIN, B. 2015, Transnational labor action in Latin America: from the struggle against the Free Trade Area of the Americas to the return of labor relations, Labor History, 56:3, 270-291.
FITZPATRICK, M.F. LING, J.S.G. and WATTS, J.F. 2000, Failure mechanism of phosphated adhesively bonded hot dipped galva-nized steel: a small area XPS study, Surface and Interface Analysis: An International Journal devoted to the development and applica-tion of techniques for the analysis of surfaces, interfaces and thin films, 29:2, 131-138.
HONG, C. NAN, L. and HE, Y. 2016, Remanufacturing of electron-ic products in bonded port area across home and foreign markets: approach based on closed-loop supply chain model, The International Journal of Logistics Management, 27:2, 309-334.
PERETZ, A. 1968, Experimental investigation of the erosive burning of solid-propellant grains with variable port area, AIAA journal, 6:5, 910-912.
Author(s):
Wence Yu1, Hao Chen2*, Liqiang Yang2
1. Chinese Academy of International Trade andEconomic Cooperation, 100710, China
2. University of International Business and Economics,100029, China
* Corresponding author: Hao Chen, Email:[email protected]
9
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Sele
ctio
n an
d Sp
atia
l Lay
out o
f Urb
an S
ports
Fac
ilitie
s G
uide
d by
Res
iden
ts' D
eman
d.Ya
ndon
g Yu
an, Z
hen
Li, H
uaw
ei L
iang
1. Introduction
Entering the 21st century, with the continuousimprovement of China’s economy, Engel’s coefficientof urban residents has declined year by year, from57.5% in 1978 to 44.5% in 1999, a decrease of 13percentage points. This index shows that the livingconsumption of urban residents in China has reacheda well-off level. While people are enjoying the pros-perity of material wealth and the improvement of theirliving standards, they are also pursuing health andenjoying health. Under this new concept and situation,social sports are particularly important (Han, Kangand Sohn 2018). With the continuous improvement ofmaterial living standards and the in-depth develop-ment of national fitness campaign, people’s conceptof life has changed greatly. The concept of “appropri-ate exercise = health” is deeply rooted in people’shearts and people’s lifestyle is also changing greatly.Advocating healthy lifestyle makes sports an indis-pensable part of life (Iversen 2018). Of course, this isthe necessity of social development and progress, andit also creates a good social foundation for furtherimplementation of the national fitness program(Catherine and Olympia 2016).
Taking the public sports facilities in the centralcity of Jinan as the research object, through fieldinvestigation, resident visits, literature review and dataanalysis, starting with theoretical analysis, combiningwith the current situation of the layout planning ofpublic sports facilities in the city, the classification,planning standards and layout planning methods ofpublic sports facilities are studied and discussed.
The application of this method can betterelaborate the spatial layout of public sports facilities inJinan downtown area. On the basis of fully under-standing the spatial layout of public sports facilities inthe downtown area, some public sports facilities are
selected and the residents participating in sports activ-ities are visited. At the same time, the constructionage, history, atmosphere and surrounding environ-ment of these sports spaces are investigated.
2. State of the artWith the rapid development of social economy andscience and technology, the construction of sportsfacilities in foreign countries has also developedrapidly. Large-scale sports facilities have been built inmany cities, comprehensive and special sports eventshave been successfully held, and there are many suc-cessful cases. The Olympic Sports Park in Munich,Germany, and the Olympic Sports Center in Athens,Greece are typical of them (Eime et al. 2017).In order to ensure the basic requirements of all kindsof events and spectators, the construction of newvenues is also indispensable. These renovations andrenovations are also newly built, and there is always aclose relationship between the urban renewal and theconstruction of major infrastructure, which promotesthe process of urban renewal and redevelopment(Jansen 2016).
In foreign countries, the formulation of con-struction measures and systems dates back to the1950s, mainly reflected in the following aspects: com-munity public sports centers, parks, various small out-door playgrounds and children’s playgrounds (Deelen2017). In the planning and construction of communitypublic sports facilities, developed countries attachgreat importance to the organic combination of urbanopen space and human landscape, so as to achieveurban renewal. Many community public sports facili-ties and open spaces in the United States, such ascommunity public parks, are well integrated. Sportsfacilities are a very important part of community publicparks (Borgers et al. 2016). Based on the improve-ment of urban traffic system, it provides more conve-
Yandong Yuan, Zhen Li, Huawei LiangAbstractIn order to explore the theory of the spatial layout of urban sports facilities, starting with the analysis of theoreticalknowledge, the current situation of public sports facilities in the central urban area of Jinan is analyzed, the variousfactors affecting the planning layout are discussed, and the strategies and methods of the layout planning of publicsports facilities in Jinan are summarized. The results show that the layout planning of public sports facilities should fol-low the corresponding patterns and principles. The layout of public sports facilities at all levels should fully considerthe factors of urban public transport, urban management system, urban public functions, and reasonable serviceradius of public sports facilities. It can be seen that excessive pursuit of efficiency will lead to excessive service radiusand poor accessibility of urban public sports facilities; excessive pursuit of fairness will result in a small and scatteredlayout pattern, which easily leads to idle waste.
Keywords: Public Sports Facilities, Spatial Layout, Sports Industry, Countermeasures.
SELECTION AND SPATIAL LAYOUT OF URBAN SPORTSFACILITIES GUIDED BY RESIDENTS' DEMAND.
1 0
Yand
ong
Yuan
, Zhe
n Li
, Hua
wei
Lia
ngop
en h
ouse
inte
rnat
iona
l Vol
.44
No.
3, S
epte
mbe
r 201
9. S
elec
tion
and
Spat
ial L
ayou
t of U
rban
Spo
rts F
acili
ties
Gui
ded
by R
esid
ents'
Dem
and.
nience for people’s construction and entertainment.Government policy promotes the development ofcommunity public sports facilities. In order to bettercomplete the project, targeted policies and regulationshave been formulated as a guarantee. They havetaken various effective measures to guarantee thedevelopment of community public sports facilities fromthe aspects of finance, taxation, management andorganization, and to build a large number of low-costand even free sports facilities. From the above find-ings, it can be seen that the construction of networkedsocial sports facilities in developed countries is animportant feature of its development and construction.In the overall structure of social sports facilities, publicsports facilities are the basis.
3. Methodology3.1. Investigation and analysis of residents’ demandfor public sports facilities in central districtIn this questionnaire survey, 232 residents choose “notfixed, exercise when having time or thinking of it”weekly, accounting for 25.8% of the total. These peo-ple do not have a fixed time for physical exercise or afirm sense of physical exercise. The proportion of peo-ple who choose “5 times a week” and “3-4 times aweek” is 24.3%, the proportion of people who choose“1-2 times a week” is 20.6%, and 5.0% chose “neverexercise”.
Residents’ exercise time maintained in theperiod of “30 minutes to 60 minutes” had a higherproportion of choices, accounting for 39.8%, the pro-portion of “within 30 minutes” is 32.4%, the propor-tion of “1-2 hours” is 21.2%, and the proportion of“more than 2 hours” is 6.6%, respectively. It showsthat the exercise time of the residents surveyed is gen-erally maintained within 1 hour, and the relative exer-cise time is short.
“Outdoor fitness venue” is the most commonsports venue near the residential area investigated,accounting for 31.1% of the total selection, followedby “outdoor fitness path”, accounting for 26.5%, and“school sports venue”, accounting for 13.0%. Most ofthe above are the outdoor venues and facilities provid-ed free of charge to residents for fitness activities. Thevenues with small proportion are chosen, such as“indoor fitness club”, accounting for 9.4%; ballvenues, accounting for 7.2%; chess and card venues,accounting for 6.4%; swimming venues, accountingfor 4.7%. Most of these venues and facilities are sportsvenues that can be charged in daily life.
Community public sports venues are the mainplaces for residents to develop community publicsports facilities, and the vast majority of residents alsoaffirm this point. However, people’s demand for fitnessis increasing, but community public sports resourcesare relatively scarce, and the gap between the two isobvious. In the questionnaire survey, 37.54% werevery unsatisfied and unsatisfied, and 4.78% were sat-isfied with the community public sports facilities, whichindicated that most of them were unsatisfied with thecommunity public sports facilities. In addition, in thecolumn of “Types of Facilities Wanted to beIncreased”, most residents choose ball games venues,indoor sports venues, and indoor swimming pools.Moreover, the hope of increasing the types of facilitiesis closely related to the age. Middle-aged and youngpeople aged 25-49 want to increase the facilities ofbadminton courts, basketball courts, football courts,swimming, tennis and other activities, while middle-
aged and old people over 55 tend to indoor sportsrooms and quiet outdoor fitness venues.42.7% of the residents feel “ordinary” about the exist-ing sports facilities, 26.7% feel “satisfied”, 16.8% feel“unsatisfactory”, 9.8% feel “very satisfied”, and 4.1%feel “very unsatisfactory”. On the surface, most resi-dents of Jinan City hold a “general to satisfactory” atti-tude towards the existing sports facilities, but this doesnot mean that the sports facilities provided are inplace. In addition, the reasons for the “unsatisfactory”need to continue to investigate for correction.It can be seen that 47.1% of Jinan urban residentsthink that the layout of public sports facilities in theircommunity is “general”. 25.5% of Jinan urban resi-dents think that the layout of public sports facilities intheir community is “reasonable”. 7.3% of the residentsthink that it is “very reasonable”. 17.1% of the resi-dents think that the layout of public sports facilities intheir community is “unreasonable”, and 2.6% of theresidents think that it is “very unreasonable”. Thisshows that, compared with dissatisfaction, the resi-dents of Jinan city are satisfied with the layout of publicsports facilities in their community, but the residentswho feel unreasonable still account for nearly 20%.It can be concluded that 41.2% of urban residents inJinan feel that the community’s public surroundingsports fitness environment is “general”. 32.1% ofurban residents in Jinan is “satisfied” with the commu-nity’s public surrounding sports fitness environment.8.4% of the residents think that “very satisfied”. 16.6%of the residents feel that the community’s public sportsfitness environment is “unsatisfied”, and 1.7% of theresidents feel “very unsatisfied”. This is the same as thesatisfaction of the planning and layout of communitypublic sports venues and facilities. It shows that mosturban residents in Jinan are more satisfied with thecommunity public sports fitness environment thanunsatisfactory. However, nearly 18% of the residentsstill feel unsatisfied.
3.2. Current situation of layoutThe current situation of public sports facilities in Jinanis as follows: the systematic layout mode of city - dis-trict - community, the insufficiency of the total amountof public sports facilities at city-level and district-level,and the lack of them at district-level and residentialdistrict-level. Some large-scale public sports facilitieshave been built earlier, and 11 of them are locatedaround Quancheng Square. In recent years, the speedof urban transformation has accelerated. The urbanframework extends tens of kilometers to the East andWest. There are a large number of residents outsidethe Second Ring Road. The service radius of the publicsports facilities located in the center of the city cannoteffectively cover the fringe urban areas. There aremore schools at all levels and all kinds of schools inthe city, serving students with more sports facilities.They cannot make efficient use of sports venues, andare basically not open during holidays. Public sportsfacilities and educational resources have not played abetter coordination and collaboration effect, and thebenefits of sports facilities within educational resourceshave not been maximized.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Ideas and principles of layout optimizationThe combination of space factors is also an importantreference factor for the layout of urban public sportsfacilities. It is necessary to pay attention to the interac-
1 1
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Sele
ctio
n an
d Sp
atia
l Lay
out o
f Urb
an S
ports
Fac
ilitie
s G
uide
d by
Res
iden
ts' D
eman
d.Ya
ndon
g Yu
an, Z
hen
Li, H
uaw
ei L
iangtion between them. For urban residents, they can use
public sports facilities more conveniently and enjoy agood environment, which can undoubtedly achievethe effect of improving the efficiency and quality ofuse, and is also beneficial to the value-added of theenvironment. Planning and layout of public sportsfacilities at different levels should take into account thebusiness, green space and leisure and recreationaround the city, and make full use of its gathering rolein popularity, so as to promote the development of thesurrounding areas, thus ensuring the formation ofpublic activity centers.
The actual facilities should be set as central-ized as possible to ensure the smooth formation ofpublic sports facilities, while the planning and layoutof district-level public sports facilities should be com-prehensive settlement formation. The layout should berelatively centralized as far as possible, the establish-ment of community facilities should be balanced, anda reasonable network of layout shared by the wholepeople should be constructed. The situation of decen-tralized facilities and inefficient utilization needs to begradually changed. Municipal sports centers andsports settlements at district and community levelsshould be built to meet the needs of citizens for multi-purpose, group and long-term participation of publicsports facilities. Further promote the development ofsports undertakings, make efficient use of sports facil-ities, and make intensive use of urban land as far aspossible, so as to create a typical symbolic urbanform. The location of city-level public sports facilitiesalso takes into account the convenience of citizens’arrival. The layout of district-level public sports facili-ties should be within the jurisdiction of administrativemanagement. Public sports facilities should rely onadministrative management as far as possible toensure the rationality of service radius and achievecomprehensive coverage and the balance of layout.
Close to the city main road is also the layoutprinciple of city and district public sports. To ensure theservice of public transport lines, and as far as possibleto set the starting and ending public transport stations,it is also necessary to combine with the subway sta-tions as far as possible. Being adjacent to the publicspace commercial, parks and service industries is alsoan important principle of the layout of public sportsfacilities, which is also an important guarantee toimprove their efficiency and service level.
4.2. Layout optimization methodWhether the location of city-level sports center isappropriate or not is closely related to whether it canpromote the development of the side and optimizeand adjust the urban structure. The protection of eco-logical environment should be fully considered in thelight of natural conditions, and the main roads andrail transit should be approached as close as possibleto the city so as to combine with public transport lines.This is beneficial for people and vehicles to assembleand evacuate.
It is better to occupy the community-level landseparately in sports facilities, but it is also feasible todispose of the marginal and abandoned land andmake use of it. However, these plans must be carriedout within the allowable scope of relevant laws andregulations, and the acquisition of all land shouldconform to the procedures. Some unreformed oldcommunities can also fully tap their potential, such assewage treatment, waste gas treatment sites, buildings
and some unused land that cannot be constructed.Contact with nature is an important purpose of sportsactivities, so when conditions permit, outdoor spaceshould be guaranteed. It is also necessary to considerthe combination of corresponding supporting facili-ties, such as culture and commerce. In the construc-tion of facilities, it is necessary to integrate communityadministration, which is more beneficial to the latermaintenance and management.
5. ConclusionsStarting from the analysis of theoretical knowledge,the current situation of public sports facilities in centralurban area of Jinan City is analyzed, and various fac-tors affecting the layout of public sports facilities arediscussed. The strategies and methods of the layoutplanning of public sports facilities in Jinan City aresummed up. Because of the different physical geo-graphical environment, urban spatial structure anddevelopment trend, the specific layout models of pub-lic sports facilities at all levels are different in urbanplanning and construction, but the general principle isto give consideration to fairness and efficiency.Fairness and efficiency are two-edged swords, whichshould be referred to according to the actual situation.Excessive pursuit of efficiency will lead to excessive ser-vice radius and poor accessibility of urban publicsports facilities; excessive pursuit of fairness will leadto small and scattered layout patterns, which will easilylead to idle waste.
Acknowledgement:This paper is supported by programs:(1) General Project of Humanities and Social SciencesResearch of Henan Education Department in 2018(Grant Program): Research on the Supply of SportsPublic Service Products in Colleges and Universities ofHenan Province—Based on PPP Model (2018-ZZJH-2018).(2) Financial Aid Scheme for Young BackboneTeachers of Henan Polytechnic University in 2017:From Pareto Principle to Long Tail Effect: Reflections onCollege Physical Education Classroom Teaching(2017 XQG-20).
1 2
Yand
ong
Yuan
, Zhe
n Li
, Hua
wei
Lia
ngop
en h
ouse
inte
rnat
iona
l Vol
.44
No.
3, S
epte
mbe
r 201
9. S
elec
tion
and
Spat
ial L
ayou
t of U
rban
Spo
rts F
acili
ties
Gui
ded
by R
esid
ents'
Dem
and.
REFERENCES
BORGERS, J. et al. 2016, Do light sport facilities fostersports participation? A case study on the use of barkrunning tracks, International journal of sport policyand politics, 8:2, 287-304.
CATHERINE, A.T. and OLYMPIA, R.P. 2016, EMS acti-vations for school-aged children from public build-ings, places of recreation or sport, and health carefacilities in Pennsylvania, Pediatric emergency care,32:6, 357-363.
DEELEN, I. et al. 2017, Do objective neighbourhoodcharacteristics relate to residents’ preferences for cer-tain sports locations? A cross-sectional study using adiscrete choice modelling approach, BMC publichealth, 17:1, 943.
EIME, R.M. et al. 2017, The relationship of sport par-ticipation to provision of sports facilities and socioeco-nomic status: a geographical analysis, Australian andNew Zealand journal of public health, 41:3, 248-255.
HAN, E.J. KANG, K. and SOHN, S.Y. 2018, Spatialassociation of public sports facilities with body massindex in Korea, Geospatial health, 13:1.
JANSEN, M. et al. 2016, Sports Facilities, Shoppingcenters or homes: What locations are important foradults’ physical activity? A cross-sectional study,International journal of environmental research andpublic health, 13:3, 287.
IVERSEN, E.B. 2018, Public management of sportsfacilities in times of austerity, International Journal ofSport Policy and Politics, 10:1, 79-94.
Author(s):
Yandong Yuan, Zhen Li*, Huawei LiangCollege of Physical Education, Henan PolytechnicUniversity, Jiaozuo, Henan, China* Corresponding author: Zhen Li, Email: [email protected]
1 3
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Urban Historical Landscape Construction Methods And Designs: The Case Of The O
ld Tow
n Of Jingdezhen.
Cui Dong
1. Introduction
With the development of global economy, many citieswith long history and culture have demolished the oldbuildings and built a large number of high-rise build-ings. Some modern architectural shapes and largebuilding volumes are quite inconsistent with the sur-rounding traditional architectural styles, which haveseriously damaged the original pattern and texture ofcity. In the process of urban renewal in full swing,some urban landscapes with special historical andhumanistic values have posed new challenges to ourlandscape design concept.
Based on the study of urban historical land-scape, the research takes Jingdezhen, the porcelaincapital of China, as an example to propose a novelmethod of holistic protection for the renovation andrenewal of the old city. This paper mainly uses fieldinvestigation and case study methods. Firstly, it startswith collecting relevant data, collates and analyses alarge number of data, combs out the relevant theoriesof urban historical landscape and relevant practicecases at home and abroad. Secondly, it takesJingdezhen as an example to study the ancient kilnsites and ancient buildings in the old urban area ofJingdezhen, China. From the perspective of urban his-toric landscape, this topic cognizes urban heritagefrom the perspective of landscape, breaks the previousdesign that the transformation of historic old urbanareas concentrates on the physical level of ancientbuildings, ancient streets or ancient folk houses, andputs forward a new idea of the integration of urbanhistoric landscape and urban development, aiming atexploring a high-speed way. The way of sustainabledevelopment of urban historical and cultural heritage
under the background of urbanization construction.Taking Jingdezhen as an example, it analyses thematerial elements in the existing elements ofJingdezhen’s historical landscape, including ancientresidential buildings along the river, ancient buildings,lanes, public facilities, ancient wharfs, and analysesthe problems existing in the transformation and pro-tection of the old urban area of Jingdezhen. Then,from the perspective of urban historical landscape, theelements of ceramic historical landscape in the oldurban area of Jingdezhen are deeply excavated, andthe urban historical landscape is put forward. Themethods of landscape design in Jingdezhen Old Townis discussed�which points out the direction for thereconstruction of old urban areas in historical cities inthe future.
In the proposed technique, the old town con-servation and renewal of the landscape should be onhistorical heritage of every stage in the laminated intoconsideration, and the old town of landscape designis based on the dynamic development of city, ratherthan curing in a certain historical stage. The researchof historical landscape of city development, old cityhistorical landscape elements, the design principleand design method of building is put forward.
2. State of the art“Urban historical landscape” is a new theory that hasbeen emerging gradually in the field of cultural her-itage protection and urban planning in recent years.The theory is put forward and carried out by theUNESCO, which is a holistic approach that can beused to guide historical cities in the face of the contra-diction between protection and development. Themethod of urban historical landscape is based on the
Cui DongAbstractWith the rapid development of modern economy and the process of urbanization is faster, a large number of historicalrelics have been mercilessly destroyed in the urban reconstruction. In order to balance the contradiction between urbandevelopment and historical heritage and promote the harmonious development of new and old urban areas, it is nec-essary to research on the old urban areas from the perspective of historical landscape. Old urban area of Jingdezhenis taken as an example in this paper, the present situation of the reconstruction of the old city in Jingdezhen is analyzed.Then, by using the methodology of urban historical landscape, some specific methods for updating and designing theold urban area reconstruction of Jingdezhen is put forward, such as the elements of spatial form, urban texture, his-torical and cultural landscape elements, streets and alleys, the Changjiang River, public facilities and landscape sketch-es, and so on. A new design method of landscape transformation of old urban area is established. As the renewalmethod of respecting the urban history and cultural heritage is a very intelligent urban renewal model, it is found thatthe application of urban historical landscape in the old urban city is reasonable and effective, which is based on thedevelopment of the old urban area and pursues the coexistence of protection and development.
Keywords: Urban Historical Landscape, Urban Heritage, The Old Town, Landscape Design.
URBAN HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTIONMETHODS AND DESIGNS: THE CASE OF THE OLDTOWN OF JINGDEZHEN
1 4
Cui Dong
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Urban Historical Landscape Construction Methods And Designs: The Case Of The O
ld Tow
n Of Jingdezhen.
recognition of the dynamic development of the city.Therefore, it surpasses the previous concept of urbanprotection in many aspects, and mainly shows as fol-lows: It breaks the boundary between the previouslyprotected historical urban areas and other urbanareas and regards all urban environmental unityresulting from historical accumulation as urban her-itage. At the same time, in terms of means, the protec-tion of urban heritage is no longer confined to theprotection of historical urban areas and the surround-ing buffer zones and is included in the broader frame-work of urban development.
In the Recommendation on Historic UrbanLandscape, adopted by General Conference of theUNESCO on November 10, 2011, urban historicallandscape was defined as: it is an urban area that hasaccumulated cultural and natural values and attributesin history, which goes beyond the concept of “histori-cal center” or “administrative region”, including awide range of urban context and the geographicalenvironment. In May 2005, the term “urban historicallandscape” was first introduced in the ViennaMemorandum. In November 2011, the term was for-mally proposed in the Recommendation on UrbanHistorical Landscape; In June 2013, the method ofprotecting the historic landscape of the new city wasgradually recognized in New Life for Historic UrbanLandscape —— Specific Methods of Protection ofUrban Historic Landscape. The three documents pub-lished successively by the UNESCO are the basicprocess documents for the study of the continuousconstruction and development of its theory for morethan a decade. There are many practical casesabroad, such as the preservation of historical land-scape architecture in Savannah, a small town in theUnited States, the palaces and parks in Potsdam,Germany, and the digital development of urban his-toric landscape in Balarat, Australia, and so on.
At present, the related studies in China mainlyfocus on the concept and connotation of historicurban landscape, and the related practice is graduallycarried out. Domestic research results mainly focus onthe introduction of the concept of historical landscapeof international cities, as well as a summary of similarstudies on the landscape evaluation, evolution andconservation planning of historical cities in the past. Itis suggested that it should be used for reference andapplied in the protection and management of famoushistorical and cultural cities in China. The innovativepoints of the concept of urban historical landscapeshould be excavated and summarized. Since 2013,the study of urban historical landscape in our countryhad put more emphasis on practicality. A large num-ber of cases of historical city protection emerged withthe theory of urban historical landscape to try to usetheory to guide practice and make practice nurturetheory. On the one hand, more researches on theurban historical landscape are theoretical, but only afew papers are specific to the transformation of the oldtown of Jingdezhen. For example�the paper ofPreservation of Ancient Xiangyang City from thePerspective of Historical Landscape (Yalan and Pingle2013), a study on Sustainable Overall Protection ofStreets from the Perspective of Historic UrbanLandscape: a Case Study of the ConservationPlanning of Historical and Cultural Blocks in Eight KuoStreet of Lhasa, the Holistic Protection Method of theNorth Jiangsu Canal Settlement Based on HistoricUrban Landscape: a Case Study of the Conservation
Planning of Famous Cities in Jiaxing, A Study on theHistoric Landscape Organization of Nanchang City inMing and Qing Dynasties. The Riverfront LandscapeDesign Under the Historical Environment of the City:Taking the Riverside Landscape Design of the CentralFerry Crossing to the Capital of the Changjiang Riverin Jingdezhen as an Example, Study on the HistoricalEvolution and Causes of Urban Landscape System inDujiangyan, research Progress on Ecological Effects ofUrban Landscape and Its Patterns, and so on. On theother hand, the domestic practice cases focus moreon the protection and renewal of the ancient buildingsin the old urban areas, and are short of research onthe historical old town from the perspective of urbanhistorical landscape.
3. Analysis of the present situation and problems ofthe old town in JingdezhenLocated in the south of the Yangtze River, known as“Xiong Town in Jiangnan”, Jingdezhen has a long his-tory and splendid culture. In history, Jingdezhen as wellas Foshan Guangdong, Hankou Hubei and Zhu XianTown Henan and was called China’s four famoustowns. It was announced by the State Council as thefirst batch of national historic and cultural city inJingdezhen in 1982 that located in the middle of theChangjiang River. Historically, Jingdezhen porcelainexports reached more than 90% in dependence of theChangjiang water transport, through Poyang Lake toJiujiang, then to the world. Jingdezhen was a five-sided metropolis, people from all sides came toJingdezhen to make a living, do business and settledown. Therefore, Jingdezhen had an appellation of“eighteen provinces”. Because of the different cus-toms, the styles and tastes in the building were various.Cultural Relics of Jingdezhen 361 recorded varioustypes of folk traditional buildings in the book, whichwere divided into three categories: ancient porcelainkilns, ancient kilns and ancient workshops. Theancient houses, porcelain houses, firewood shops,halls, temples, fence gates, docks and blocks, etc.formed the present old town. At present, the renova-tion of the old town is mainly carried out by radiationfrom the Imperial Kiln Factory. The government hasprotected and repaired the eastern side of ChangjiangRiver, the north of Jingdong Avenue, 300 meters to thesouth of Zhejiang Road and the total urban area is 2.4square kilometers. Relied on the scenery zone ofChangjiang, the overall planning of the historical dis-trict builds the functional areas with Imperial Kiln asthe core, with the characteristics of traditional culture,characteristic commerce, youth entrepreneurship.Nevertheless, there are still some problems in theoverall renovation of Jingdezhen’s old town, whichinclude the chaotic land functions and backward infra-structure, lack of environmental quality and historicalcontinuity in construction and a large number ofancient buildings are out of repair and municipal facilities are not perfect.
4. Methodology4.1. Protection of space form in old townThe old town of Jingdezhen is concentrated in NorthChina Road, South China Road Zhongshan NorthRoad, Zhongshan South Road along the east bank ofChangjiang River, with a large number of houses,ancient workshops, and ancient kiln sites, Ming andQing ancient buildings, and other rich ceramic histor-ical and cultural relics. About the updating design of
1 5
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Urban Historical Landscape Construction Methods And Designs: The Case Of The O
ld Tow
n Of Jingdezhen.
Cui Dong Jingdezhen historical landscape, the first is to the pro-
tection of the space form of the old town. Urban spa-tial form refers to the spatial combination of variousmaterial elements on the overall level of the city. Itincludes the spatial layout, spatial form, spatial scaleand other intuitive physical environment performanceof the city itself.
There are typical characteristics inJingdezhen, along with the development of ceramichandicraft industry. One is to build the kiln along theriver and form the market along the kiln, which makesthe wharf along the Changjiang River become animportant zone. Second, the Imperial Kiln Factory hasbecome the center of the old town; Third, the absolutedominant position of the porcelain industry inJingdezhen makes the layout of the city not strict. Forinstance, the sophistication of kilns, blank houses, res-idential areas, porcelain shops, guild halls, and so on,forms a lot of hutongs. Firstly, with the respect for thetraditional industrial layout characteristics ofJingdezhen, it is divided into three major thematicfunction areas to protect the space form of the oldtown, such as the section of combining productionwith life, the section of ceramic production exhibitionarea driven by the Imperial Kiln Factory and the sec-tion of combining production and commerce. The eastside is based on the historical relics of kiln work ofMing and Qing dynasty and traditional kiln work ofgrape vines. The center relies on the Imperial KilnMuseum, forming a display section of ceramic pro-duction. The west side depends on the traditionalcommercial street of Zhongshan North Road. Thecharacteristics of traditional shops are continuedthrough the east-west traditional streets and lanes andseries of traditional workshops, shops and other histor-ical relics.
4.2. Analysis and inheritance design of landscape tex-ture of the old townIn the landscape design of urban historical environ-ment, the texture characteristics of the original sectionare repeated and inherited to a certain extent toextend the texture of the site. As a part of Jingdezhencity, the historic district of Jingdezhen is influenced bymodern buildings and streets. However, there are stillmany historical information and historical relics in thehistoric urban area. The texture of the historic city andthe texture of the modern urban area intersect andinteract with each other. The urban structure changeswith the road system and has an important impact onthe formation of urban texture. Because of thedemand for water in the porcelain industry and thedemand for drinking water in people’s daily lives, theold town of Jingdezhen is built along the ChangjiangRiver. Therefore, both sides show a narrow layoutalong the Changjiang River, and the road system isalso dominated by the north and south longitudinally.The markets lay in the direction of east and west hor-izontally. The historical block around Mashi Alley,Dajia Alley, Zhongshan South Road and East Roadalong the river is about 300m wide, 600m deep andthe total area is about 18ha. As a result of a singlebusiness model, most of the land is centrally distrib-uted. From the point of view of urban texture, theurban texture of the western historical urban area hasbeen formed and is closely related to the central peo-ple’s square of the city. The continuation of urban tex-ture to the eastern modern urban area must passthrough Pearl Mountain Central Road and People’s
Square. Therefore, Pearl Mountain Central Road andPeople’s Square are important nodes for the continu-ation of the urban texture in the old town ofJingdezhen. The urban texture of the eastern modernurban area has developed rapidly. The historical land-scape of the city should protect the old town. Moreimportantly, it is necessary to link up with the centralareas and to extend the historical urban areas.
4.3. Systematic design of historical and cultural land-scape elements in old townThe old town of Jingdezhen is different from othercities. It is closely connected with the ceramic industryand has many unique architectural forms related tothe ceramic industry. It should be rehabilitated at thesame time as it is restored, and the special history ofJingdezhen should be reshaped. To protect the overalllandscape of the old town, the emphasis is on the pro-tection and systematic planning of all kinds of land-scape elements bearing historical information heritageand reflecting the landscape characteristics, includingthe road of alleys, spatial layout features, natural envi-ronment features, architectural group characteristics,building houses, roads, bridges, walls, retaining walls,yards, drains and the greening systems of ancient treesand famous woods, which should be carefully studiedand redesigned in order to make the historical land-scape continue. In addition, it is necessary to protectand utilize the historical and cultural connotations ofthe old town, such as the social structure, the lifestyleof residents, folk customs, traditional commerce andhandicraft, and so on.
4.4. The revival design of the alley landscape in oldtownThe innumerable alleys along the river form the spe-cial urban layout in Jingdezhen’s old town, which alsogives rise to a unique alley culture. Jingdezhen lanesis important historical and cultural heritages ofChinese ceramics (Jianguo and Zhipeng 2001). Mostof the alleys have no shops, only have households.The real street contains the front street, back street,chinaware street, silk street, etc. Many alleys inJingdezhen are named after their surnames, such as BiJia Alley, Jiang Jia Alley, Peng Jia Alley, Fang Jia Alley,Zhan Jia Alley and so on. The main types of buildingsin old alley are houses, shops, clubs, porcelain work-shops, kilns and so on, where are the products of themost local characteristics of porcelain capital, and aremore special and abundant than other cities. The oldalleys that witness the change of the porcelain capitalfor thousands of years are one of the essences of theculture and charm of the porcelain capital. The originand architectural characteristics of the old alleys areclosely related to the porcelain industry. To protect andmake good use of the old alleys is conducive to theprotection of ancient buildings, the inheritance ofJingdezhen characteristic architecture culture, theinheritance of millennia porcelain and historical folkculture, the promotion of porcelain capital regionalcharacteristics, and the continuation of urban context.The main practice is focus on repair of some features.In order to make residents live in it better, we shouldrenovate the basic facilities such as residential build-ings, roads, water supply and sewerage and otherinfrastructures. Maintaining the life style of alley char-acteristics can achieve the purpose of inheriting thealley culture vigorously.
1 6
Cui Dong
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Urban Historical Landscape Construction Methods And Designs: The Case Of The O
ld Tow
n Of Jingdezhen.
4.5. Construction of regional waterfront landscapedesign of Changjiang RiverIn the historical landscape protection, people habitu-ally protect and transform the important ancient build-ings, ancient ruins and ancient streets, and less protecttheir surrounding environment and natural landscape.The natural landscape is a part of the historical land-scape of the city. Changjiang is the foundation for theproduction and trade of porcelain industry inJingdezhen and the lifeblood of the porcelain capitalfor thousands of years, so it has the reputation of“thoroughfare of Changjiang”. The porcelain ofJingdezhen can be transported from Changjiang Riverto Poyang Lake, then to the north and south to theworld. The advantageous transportation advantage ofChangjiang ensures the splendor of Jingdezhen, athousand years’ porcelain capital . Therefore, it is veryimportant to design the waterfront landscape ofChangjiang River.
The waterfront landscape design under thehistorical environment is different from the previousgreening design of river course. The design should paymore attention to the analysis of the historical environ-ment and the present condition, so as to continue itshistorical context and give full play to its urban func-tion in the development of the modern city. For thelandscape planning and design along the ChangjiangRiver, we should make full use of the ancient buildings,historic wharves, ancient kilns and waterways to createscenery along the river, add some ceramic culture,reproduce the historical landscape effect of that year,and form the most dynamic open space. For example,the historical wharf “Li Shi Du” and Sanlu Temple,Yanbo Tower and West Estuary on the opposite bankof Changjiang River are used to reconstruct the histor-ical landscape effect of Li Shi Du and form the land-scape node of “ two rivers view Yanbo at night “ and“the West Estuary and Changjiang River converge atnight”.
4.6. Create public facilities and landscape sketcheswith ceramic characteristicsLike many famous historical cities, the ancient agemakes the basic public facilities backward in the oldtown of Jingdezhen. Some leisure public facilities andlandscape sketches with ceramic characteristics areput in the old town in order to improve the landscapeenvironment quality of the areas. The material that issmall as a porcelain chip, a garbage can, or large asa landscape wall, can be the carrier to convey thecity’s historical memory. It is of great significance toform the landscape with regional characteristics andinherit the ceramic civilization of Jingdezhen by inte-grating ceramic elements into public facilities andlandscape sketches of the old town. For example, thelamps and lanterns, leisure seats, cultural walls andtrash cans in the old town can be redesigned withceramic elements, colors and shapes to embellish theancient landscape environment of the old town andcreate a space atmosphere with traditional culturalcharacteristics.
5. ConclusionThe long historical and cultural connotation and thenational individuality accumulated over thousands ofyears�which have formed a unique national life toneand style. The transformation of the old city all overthe world has destroyed the historical relics, historicsites and overall historical features and other material
heritage. Some traditional ways of life and communi-cation have also been lost because of the loss of theliving environment in this era. The urban historicallandscape admits that the dynamic change of the cityis not simply to prevent the development and refuse todevelop, but to plan the direction of the developmentof the city actively. The changing speed, content andscale of the city are under control according to thecharacteristics and value of the city. At the same time,in addition to protection, the historical landscape ofthe city must be clear about the value of the existingurban landscape and must retain the important char-acteristics to formulate the direction of development.Therefore, on the basis of recognizing the dynamicdevelopment of the city, it is believed that the protec-tion of urban heritage is no longer limited to the pro-tection of historic urban areas and surrounding bufferzones, but to bring the protection of urban heritageinto a broader framework of urban development.Combining with the theory and method of urban his-torical landscape, this paper studies the landscapedesign of the old urban area, and holds that the objectof the transformation of the old urban area should beall the urban heritage, which is a feasible way to pro-tect the urban heritage and to develop the city.
REFERENCES
JIANGUO, W. and ZHIPENG L. 2001, A HistoricReview of World Urban Waterfront Development, CityPlanning Review, 7:010.
YALEN, Z. and PINGLE, Z. 2013, Preservation ofancient Xiangyang city from the perspective of histori-cal landscape, Journal of Hubei University of Arts andScience, 34:12, 14-18.
Author(s):
Cui Dong*School of Art and Design, Jingdezhen CeramicInstitute, China* Corresponding author: Cui Dong, Email:[email protected]
1 7
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019.Innovative Methods in Planning, Design and Lighting of Music Visual Buildings In Modern...
Kun Sui, Hyung-Gi, Kim
1. Introduction
Many architects of the Renaissance had multiple iden-tities, such as Michelangelo, a sculptor, painter, andarchitect. He tends to think of architecture as a sculp-ture with internal space. We think that the design ofthe performing arts hall should reflect the strong cul-tural atmosphere of Hubei Normal University. As akind of architectural lighting design originated fromstage lighting design, it can also visualize the abstractmusic art through the change of lighting. In order tobetter render the atmosphere of the architecturalspace, give the building space new life and spirit. Butthis is not the cross-border design we’re talking aboutright now, it’s the “spillover” of the architect’s ownhobbies or unconscious designs (El-fakdi, Cufí andHurtós 2016). After the industrial revolution, people’swork demands increased, different types of work wererefined, and intangible boundaries between industrieswere drawn. Everyone can design their own rules todecompose, analyze music, decompose and translatemusic scores (Mussone, Matteucci and Bassani 2013).
As early as the end of the 19th century andthe beginning of the 20th century, the famous dramaartist and stage artist Apiah, who was active in Europe,once said that the rhythm and subtle changes in musiccan be expressed through the light. Light can trans-form music content into what visuals can feel (Shuanget al. 2013). Performing architecture, especially thecultural center of the concert hall and opera house, isoften used as an iconic building in the city. The perfor-mance hall is the most important part of the perform-ing arts architecture, not only to meet the visualrequirements, but also to improve its acoustic function(Assayed, Chenoweth and Pedley 2014). Differentdesign methods and rules can get different experimen-tal results and results. This kind of experiment is pio-
neering and full of unknowns, and has no idea whatkind of visual results will be obtained before the exper-iment is carried out.
Ancient Greek philosophers believed thatvision was connected with reason and hearing withsoul. Traditionally, music belongs to the ear and is theart of experiencing beauty through hearing.Visualization of music can open up new channels forappreciation of art (Ting et al. 2015). Therefore, bothin the past and now, there are many artists anddesigners trying to visualize music in order to bringpeople more infectious works of art and design.Abstract art school can become the focus of art theoryand aesthetic concern is derived from the develop-ment of modern art. Kandinsky, the founder of the the-ory and practice of modern abstract art, called therole of the “inner” factors in the works he experiencedas “the soul of the artist” (Duvernoy 2015). By estab-lishing mapping rules for music and lighting, it willhelp to achieve better consistency of sound and imagechanges. At the same time, the effect of the work canbe quickly updated, and the aesthetic experience ofthe people can be improved while maintaining thefreshness and vitality of the architectural space.In this paper, we propose a new method of lightingplanning and design based on modern architecture.This algorithm is a new method for music visual designinnovation.
In summary, our contributions are as follow:
1). This method is a new method based on modernarchitectural lighting planning and design aiming atthe innovative problems of music visual designmethod.
2). This method is widely applicable in the environ-
Kun Sui, Hyung-Gi, KimAbstractBased on the analysis of the data of the landscape live performances which have already been performed, this papercombs the development process of the live performances and other information of the performance types so that thepublic can have a clearer and clearer understanding of the live performances. Through time-frequency domain anal-ysis method, the characteristic elements of waveform music are extracted and classified into sub-music segments in dif-ferent rough emotional domains according to certain classification methods. And the application weights of the featurevalues of each music feature are defined in different emotion domains, which makes the input of the system more ratio-nal. For the output of the light action control data, this article has a certain interpretation of the DMX512 data, makingthe interpretation of the output more intuitive. The basic characteristics of music include speed, mode, beat, tone, vol-ume, and the pitch, pitch, and length of notes. Therefore, in the future, the method of realizing music visualization inarchitectural lighting design and the method of realizing interaction with people will have more possibilities.
Keywords: Building, Music, Scale.
INNOVATIVE METHODS IN PLANNING, DESIGN ANDLIGHTING OF MUSIC VISUAL BUILDINGS IN MODERNARCHITECTURAL.
1 8
Kun Sui, Hyung-Gi, Kim
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Innovative Methods in Planning, Design and Lighting of Music Visual Buildings In Modern...
ment of architectural lighting regulations, and hashigh applicability for most of the music visual designinnovation problems.3). This method is more accuracy, higher operationefficiency, wide applicability.
2. Related WorkIn the concrete practice of abstract art, besidesKandinsky, there is Dutch painter Mondrian, who isone of the artists behind the movement of style schooland one of the founders of non-representational paint-ing. Real-life performance refers to the original visualart form, which takes tourists as the main audience,tourist destinations representing natural and culturallandscapes as stage performances, traditional cultureand folklore as the main creative elements and inte-grates modern performing arts in real scenes.Research by Zhang W et al (Weiwen et al. 2013)shows that there is a close interaction between imageand sound, and the evaluation level of sound andimage combination has changed greatly comparedwith that of image and sound alone. When the soundand the image are consistent, the aesthetic experiencecan be significantly improved. Li C et al (Cheng et al.2014) classifies song and dance performance tourismproducts as the real experience. Wang G et al(Gaohui and Sherong 2014) mainly considers the cul-tural performances of some tourist attractions at homeand abroad from the perspectives of anthropologyand sociology, which is not only a way to integrate orchange cultural forms. At the same time, the owners oftourist attractions come to promote their specific iden-tity and cultural patterns. Wang J et al (Jianwu, Crawland Altintas 2014) believes that the aesthetic experi-ence of human voice is the synergy between auditoryperception and visual perception.
3. Pure visual form of modernist architectureThe compression of space and time will make peoplefeel alienated. The meaning of human existence orig-inates from the “depth” of history. Once this “depth” isplanarized, people will have a sense of floating, andthe meaning will be lost. Secondly, after visualizing themusic, the visual graphics incorporate the relevant ele-ments of the music, and the visual effects themselveswill be more rhythmic and bitter. In the famous creedof the modernist master Le Corbusier, “Architecture isa skilled, precise and magnificent performance thatassembles many body pieces under the light”. This isan eye building.Some Chinese instruments continue to stabilize thepitch of the pitch range, as shown in Table 1.
Musical art and lighting art are both abstractexpressions, if we cannot establish a rational and reg-ular relationship between the two abstract forms ofartistic expression. Each round of visual music design
process will mean a new artistic creation, the time costand the design level of the designer is higher, do nothave the possibility of rapid update. After all, no mat-ter how good the design will cause people to experi-ence aesthetic fatigue in the long-term repeated dis-play process, thus reducing the attractiveness of thebuilding space.
4. Building is solid music, music is a flowing buildingCross-border is composed of two different types of art,each with its own characteristics but with a certainconnection inside. Designers and artists can switchbetween different fields, so that two or more kinds ofart can be transplanted and collided. Fusion. It is rel-atively easy to cross the boundary between music andarchitecture because there is a roughly identical“structure” between them. Music is the framework oftime. It is an art with continuity of time, rhythm anddynamic appreciation. In general, experiments areconsidered as preparatory activities for exploring someresults and purposes. From the point of view of artisticcreation, experiment is a kind of creation. It is anexploration under the premise of uncertain final shapeof artistic products, or the formation of dimensionalartistic views and ideas, but not before the exact explo-ration.
According to popular preferences, the parti-tion weighting schemes of the musical feature ele-ments used in this paper in different sentimentdomains are shown in Table 2.
Wavelet transform belongs to the analysismethod in time-frequency domain. This method solvesthe disadvantage of using uniform resolution for highand low frequency in FFT method. By determining thebandwidth of the bandpass filter and the center fre-quency of the parameters to meet the requirements ofhigh and low frequency using different resolutions. Thefast decomposition algorithm of Mallat is as follows:EQ1
Among them, BH and E represent the impulseresponse sequence of lowpass filter and high pass fil-ter respectively.
able 2. Partition weighting scheme for music feature ele-ments in different emotional domains.able 1. The pitch range of some Chinese musical instru-
ments that continue to stabilize the sound.
1 9
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019.Innovative Methods in Planning, Design and Lighting of Music Visual Buildings In Modern...
Kun Sui, Hyung-Gi, Kim
The relationship between BH, n, and f and the keylength is shown in Table 3.The practical significance of music visual design activ-ities is mainly reflected in two aspects, one is toimprove the efficiency of music transmission. Thereare two ways in which architecture can behave in thesame way as music. The building conforms to the for-mal beauty of the material and structure, giving arhythm similar to music. This makes people more andmore difficult to select and recognize music. If the timecost of the music alone is huge, the vision is a space-
based perception. Space expansion through continuityand repetition, reflecting the rhythm of the building,can also be virtual and solid, dense, high and low,advance and retreat, interval, undulation, these mod-eling techniques. Just like the prelude, expansion,gradual strengthening, climax, repetition, and rest inmusic, it can give people a rhythm of resonance.5. ConclusionsThis exploratory concept design only designs the map-ping relationship between several important featuresin music and architectural lighting, thus realizing thevisual expression of music in architectural lightingdesign. When buildings lose their plasticity and areconnected to human language and wisdom, they areisolated in the cold, distant visual realm. In order tobring the relationship between architecture and peo-ple closer, the designer makes the building no longera hollow vessel, but the purpose of living a black boxthat can remember and preserve the time and spacein which people live. This study only hopes to take thisexploratory conceptual design as an example toexplore the future thinking of researchers and design-ers in related fields, and to inspire their future researchand design work. It is hoped that more researchersand designers will establish more scientific, rationaland creative mapping rules between architecturallighting and the basic characteristics of music in thefuture. It produces more and more interesting musicvisualizing works in architectural lighting design.
REFERENCES
ASSAYED, A. CHENOWETH, J. and PEDLEY, S. 2014, Drawer com-pacted sand filter: a new and innovative method for on-site greywater treatment, Environmental technology, 35:19, 2435-2446.
CHENG, L. TIANZHEN, H. and DA, Y. 2014, An insight into actualenergy use and its drivers in high-performance buildings, AppliedEnergy, 131, 394-410.
DUVERNOY, S. 2015, Baroque Oval Churches: InnovativeGeometrical Patterns in Early Modern Sacred Architecture, NexusNetwork Journal, 17:2, 425-456.
EL-FAKDI, A. CUFÍ, X. and HURTÓS, N. 2016, Team-Based build-ing of a remotely operated underwater robot, an innovative methodof teaching engineering, Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems,81:1, 51-61.
GAOHUI, W. and SHERONG, Z. 2014, Damage prediction of con-crete gravity dams subjected to underwater explosion shock load-ing, Engineering Failure Analysis, 39, 72-91.
JIANWU, W. CRAWL, D. and ALTINTAS, I. 2014, Big data applica-tions using workflows for data parallel computing, Computing inScience & Engineering, 16:4, 11-21.
MUSSONE, L. MATTEUCCI, M. and BASSANI, M. 2013, An inno-vative method for the analysis of vehicle movements in roundaboutsbased on image processing, Journal of Advanced Transportation,47:6, 581-594.
SHUANG, L. et al. 2013, An innovative method for dynamic updateof initial water table in XXT model based on neural network tech-nique, Applied Soft Computing, 13:10, 4185-4193.
TING, L. et al. 2015, Date-independent parameters: an innovativemethod to assess fetal cerebellar vermis, The Cerebellum, 14:3,231-239.
WEIWEN, Z. et al. 2013, Toward a unified elastic computing plat-form for smartphones with cloud support, IEEE Network, 27:5, 34-40.
Author(s):
Kun Sui, Hyung-Gi, Kim*Graduate School of Advanced Imaging Science,Multimedia and Film Chung-Ang University, Seoul,06974, Korea* Corresponding author: Kim, Email: [email protected]
Table 5. Constance Region based on the intensity of net-work connectivity.
able 4. GConstance Region based on the intensity of net-work connectivity.
2 0
Minglei Zheng
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. The study of color and planning schemes of urban transportation .
1. Introduction
With the rapid development of economy, the culturalboundaries of different regions are gradually broken,making different cultures show the trend of integration(Bartosik and Wiak 2016). At the same time, thedesign based on regional culture is also changing,and the convergence of design styles is becomingmore and more serious. Regional research of designhas gradually become one of the main trends in thedevelopment of industrial design. Integrating culturalelements and connotations into the design to enrichthe cultural temperament and regional characteristicsof the design is the inevitable development of instru-mental culture, and at the same time, it will also drivethe renewal of conceptual culture and institutional cul-ture (Xu, Wang and Grant-muller 2017).
In this study, according to the combination ofcultural ontology research methods and regionaldesign methods, through the overall induction andclassification of Chongqing regional culture, the typi-cal Chongqing elements are selected as the basis ofoperation. Then according to other regional charac-teristics, its superior resources in the design of railvehicles are further explored, the elements are refinedinto new designs, and the appearance design andcolor matching that meet the current needs are com-pleted in the harmony between traditional culture andthe flavor of The Times (Moreno, Blessing and Yang2016). The research methods used mainly include cul-tural ontology research methods, case study methods,regional design concepts and literature researchmethods.
The major innovation of this study is that ittakes the regional cultural design of Chongqing city asthe research object, combines the cultural ontology,semiotics and design techniques, and tries to summa-rize the cultural connotation through the overview of
product attributes and general industrial products.Now, cultural connotation has become an importantmeans to enhance the added value of products, andculture is one of the factors that designers must con-sider.
2. State of the artFrom the perspective of foreign rail vehicle design,German’s high-speed train design is full of rationaland pioneering traditional cultural elements. Indoorcolors generally use the colors like bright yellow, brightorange, dark green, and bright blue, which arefavored by citizens, emphasizing that individuality mustserve commonness (Bykadorov, Kibalov and Kin2017). The design of the tram in Marseille, France,can make people feel its local meaning clearly, andfully show the characteristics of the ancient seaport.The front is like the bow of a moving ship, and theinterior seat design creates a sense of navigation.Based on the consideration of identification system,the head light of line T1 is green, line T2 is yellow, andline T3 is red (Burke 2016).
The interior environment design of China’shigh-speed train cabin integrates a large number oftraditional Chinese cultural elements, matches thesame color in low purity and concentration with lightcolor, and pays attention to cool colors, so as to cre-ate a simple, warm and transparent indoor environ-ment. In the overall layout, it pays attention to theorderliness and symmetry, pursues the unity of partialdecoration and overall style, creates a sense of naturalharmony, and reveals a strong sense of traditional cul-ture (Ferreira and Bricker 2016). In the design of sidewalls, floors and columns of Chengdu metro, eachstation has its own unique style. For example, the over-all design of Jinjiang hotel station is mainly in redcolor, interspersed with various colorful lines, and“Sichuan figured satin”, “loom” and other elements
Minglei ZhengAbstractTo apply the design concept of regional design, excavate the typical culture of Chongqing for the current design, andendows the cultural elements and symbols that have lasted for a long time with a new flavor of The Times, firstly, thedesign concept of regional design is introduced to present and analyze typical regional cultural elements ofChongqing. Then, the cultural appeal and social influence of the design of Chongqing rail transit are analyzed, andthe main entry point of the design is summarized to provide theoretical reference and method guidance for the sub-sequent design. Finally, after completing the theoretical framework, typical case analysis and the reference of designtechniques, the design procedure of rail vehicles with Chongqing regional culture is proposed, and the shape design,exterior design and the interior design are completed, which have certain guiding significance for the regional char-acteristics of rail transit construction in Chongqing.
Keywords: Regional Culture, Rail Transport, Modeling Design, Design Program.
THE STUDY OF COLOR AND PLANNING SCHEMESOF URBAN TRANSPORTATION .
2 1
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. The study of color and planning schemes of urban transportation .
Minglei Zheng
are integrated into the decoration design, reproducingthe weaving process of ancient Sichuan figured satin.In the decoration design of the end wall and side wallof Hangzhou metro, a variety of Hangzhou land-scapes, auspicious patterns and textures with localcharacteristics are used to fully show the characteris-tics of Jiangnan. In the design of armrests, flying rings,seats and visual identification system, the colors andshapes of flowers are integrated into the design, whichreflects the intimate geographical and cultural senseof Hangzhou (Lin and Liao 2016).
3. Methodology3.1. The application of Chongqing regional culturalelements in rail transitRegional culture includes dialects, folk customs,beliefs, nationalities, immigrants, food and architec-ture, etc. Based on whether the historical origin,regional characteristics and cultural types are devel-opable, typical regional cultural resources inChongqing can be summarized as follows: threegorges culture, Ba culture, immigrant culture, anti-Japanese war culture, Hongyan culture, national cul-ture, intangible cultural heritage, Natural and culturallandscape, food and hotpot culture. These regionalcultural resources should be based on the precondi-tions of Chongqing regional cultural rail transit designresearch, so as to analyze the current situation andfind the entry point of design.As a historic city with a long history of culture,Chongqing has also integrated a variety of regionalcultural elements in the construction of rail transit.“The nine lines and one ring” railway line inChongqing follows the policy of “one line, one theme”and “one line, one scene”. Each line creates a culturallandscape line with prominent themes, which togetherpresent a complete impression of Chongqing, asdetailed in the table 1.
For example, the indoor graffiti area of the tomb sta-tion of line 1 ranks first in China. The large-scale graf-fiti with a clear theme is also the first in the country,which expresses some specific natural elements fromthe side. Specific elements such as Gele mountain,dove, pine forest, eagle and kite fully express the cul-tural theme of “fly freely”.
3.2. The basic form of regional designRegional design should not only find the appropriateentry point of design, but also consider whether theproduct is matched from the structure, function, mate-rial, color, shape, process and other aspects of theproduct. It should comprehensively consider regionalfactors, so that the rail vehicles based on Chongqing’sregional culture can meet the needs of regional con-sumer groups and estimate their applicationprospects.
Regional design has two fundamental tasks.One is to express regional characteristics, carry for-ward traditional culture, and fully explore and expressthe typical local cultural types and historical evolution.The second is to meet the needs of regional environ-ment and service regional society based on the localregional characteristics, especially the local uniqueecological environment. Its basic forms of expressionare “going out” and “blending in”.3.3. Matching of function, performance, color andshapeIn terms of function and performance, it is to distin-guish how the function matches the requirements. Asa public service facility, rail transit must fully considerthe needs of local people. The performance of theproduct is the same as the satisfaction degree of therequirements and the functional requirements of theproduct. In terms of performance, it must fully considerthe local natural environment.
Color is the “coat” of rail transit. China’s railtransit has not been able to form a scientific andorderly contrast relationship. Color is an untapped tar-get. The structure color, spatial visual color, modelingcolor and multifunctional use of rail transit are thenecessary components of the image design of railtransit.
The matching in modeling is mainly based onthe masses’ aesthetic orientation, living habits, think-ing mode, value criteria, mental outlook and otherpsychological perspectives. In a specific living environ-ment, the customs, cultural psychology and aestheticconcepts formed by people have a great impact ontheir hobbies and requirements for things, as well asthe product style design. Take the interior decorationof the rail transit as an example, because Chongqingcity has many mountains, bridges and tunnels, and theterrain fluctuates greatly, it is more suitable to choosethe curved surface modeling and staggered undulat-ing texture that fit the psychology of people inChongqing.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Design conceptCombining the connotation of human culture and thecharacteristics of natural environment, the design ele-ments are extracted from the historical, cultural relicsand traditional decorations of Chongqing. The overallidea is: beautiful lines, square with circle, circle withstraight line, elegant and graceful, full of life rhythm.Perceptual vocabulary of Chongqing city: leisure,ancient, fashion, mountain city.
Table 1. The “nine line” theme of track traffic inChongqing.
2 2
Minglei Zheng
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. The study of color and planning schemes of urban transportation .
Any single product conveys a certain meaningto people, and rail transit has the same function.However, the semantic meaning of Chongqing’sregional characteristics conveyed by one or two mod-els of numerous rail transit vehicles is weak for theentire public facilities system, which can’t highlight theregional characteristics of Chongqing in the design ofthe entire subway station public facilities system. It canbe imagined that the regional characteristics ofChongqing rail vehicle design should be completed byall the components of this system. It can not only high-light the regionalism of the design, but also highlightthe regional culture, and the whole track system canmake people more impressive, such as defining theimpression perception of urban vocabulary, so as toenhance people’s cognition and emotion of the sym-bolic elements of Chongqing in the design.
Rail transit vehicle design is different fromgeneral products. Although it can appear in front ofpeople in a separate way, as an important part of theoverall construction of rail transit, it should be a sys-tem that coordinates and unifies with regional culture.And this is precisely a shortcoming in the design ofdomestic rail transit construction. Therefore, designersare obliged to make necessary research on the designand construction of Chongqing rail vehicles. Urbancolor is simply the overall color of urban architecture.To some extent, the urban color also reflects the his-torical context and its development. The dominanttone of Chongqing’s building is compound gray, andthe overall tone is relatively light and gray, makingpeople feel elegant and soft, just like the “light make-up” carefully painted by women. This kind of color col-location just tallies with the taste of historical famouscity and also reflects the leisurely and calm urbancharacter of Chongqing. The determination of urbantone is greatly affected by the local climate. It is pre-cisely because Chongqing is located in the subtropicalmonsoon humid climate that the basic tone of folkdwellings in eastern Sichuan is gray and black.
4.2. Appearance designThe characteristics of traditional culture in Chongqingare summarized to find typical cultural symbols. Dazustone carving is a religious rock carving in the lateTang and early Song dynasties and is an importantpart of China’s stone carving art. It is the world intan-gible cultural heritage and represents the extraordi-nary wisdom in that time. Combined with the Dazustone carving and the natural landscape form of themountain city, the characteristic line relationship of theBuddha statue and the form of the free interpenetra-tion of the mountain city landscape are delineated.The symbolic shape is extracted for optimization,deformation, and redesign, so that it becomes a typi-cal shape and line. Finally, the symbolic elements areapplied to the locomotive design of Chongqing railtransit. It clearly conveys the heavy features andechoes the rich features of Chongqing’s mountainousarchitecture, re-shaping the design of rail vehicles withregional characteristics.
Chongqing people are enthusiastic, hos-pitable and forthright. The intent source of the loco-motive scheme uses smiling faces to interpret thewarm and friendly personality of Chongqing people,and the painting form is abstracted from the discount-ed form of people’s auditorium, red rock culture andhot pot culture. Chongqing has long been known for“mountain city”. The car body takes the “bow” shape
of the tunnel as the extracted element, which isabstractly transplanted into the door of the car body tohighlight the unique echo shape in the mountain city.In order to show the unity of rail transit, the main colorof body painting is usually a color that can representregional culture or national personality. The simplevehicle effect is combined with another auxiliary colorWITH small area to enrich the color change of thebody, and the primary and secondary colors can becontrasted. The main color is the tone of the wholecar, and the secondary color’s saturation and trans-parency are generally higher than the main color andis bright and eye-catching, so that the color is richwithout losing unity.
4.3. Interior design of rail transitThe interior lighting of Chongqing metro is mainlydesigned from the aspects of modeling elements andlighting colors. While expressing the development ofmodern society, it skillfully combines the connectionand change of straight line and curve and has strongvisual effect. Moreover, it can also bring the kindnessof nature to the subway, making the cold subway fullof vitality and affinity. The bridge in Chongqing is alsoa bright landscape. Taking the idea of crossingbetween bridges as the research object, the elementsare transplanted into the internal space of the subway.Accompanied by the ups and downs of the mountaincity, there is a sense of rhythm that adds a lot ofdynamic meaning to the original static decoration.The design is carried out in combination with the localfood culture tone. Taking the characteristics of themountain city as the object of refining, the refined ele-ment is transplanted into the interior space design ofthe subway, demonstrating the regional cultural char-acteristics. The design image of the seat end bafflecomes from the petals of Chongqing camellia, whilethe whole handrail shape is like the mountain road,with smooth and soft lines. The grey color of the baffleadds a modern and novel overall effect to the subway.Seats are designed to make passengers more comfort-able and prevent them from sliding when the vehicle isstarted and braking. The seat installation position, thesize and height of each handrail are strictly in accor-dance with the Chinese man-machine size design andfully meet the requirements of ergonomics to ensurethe comfort and safety of passengers in the subway.The safety problems caused by passenger congestionare considered. The floor covering uses an overallcolor scheme that highlights the atmosphere and iseasy to clean.
5. ConclusionsAccording to the design method of rail vehicles orient-ed to regional culture, a comprehensive study andinduction of the local culture of Chongqing is carriedout. And the typical symbols that match the local char-acteristics are extracted to make it more regional. Thetypical regional elements such as Chongqing Dazustone carving cultures are extracted, and then the keymodeling symbols are found from these typical cultur-al symbols, and then they are simplified, deformedand redesigned. Finally, these elements are applied tothe design of Chongqing rail transit. The lines of thecar body are continuously refined to create the form ofChongqing light rail with regional cultural characteris-tics. According to these elements, the exterior designand interior design are carried out to make it a part ofthe rail transit system with regional cultural character-istics of Chongqing.
2 3
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. The study of color and planning schemes of urban transportation .
Minglei ZhengREFERENCES
BARTOSIK, M. and WIAK, S. 2016, Multi-annual pro-gram “By Railway to the 21st Century” as key factor inthe development of rail transport in Poland,Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 518-527.
BURKE, M. 2016, Problems and prospects for publictransport planning in Australian cities, BuiltEnvironment, 42:1, 37-54.
BYKADOROV, S.A. KIBALOV, E.B. and KIN, A.A.2017, On the development of structural reform forRussian rail transport, Regional Research of Russia,7:1, 45-52.
FERREIRA, J.G. and BRICKER, S.B. 2016, Goods andservices of extensive aquaculture: shellfish culture andnutrient trading, Aquaculture international, 24:3,803-825.
LIN, J.J. and LIAO R.Y. 2016, Sustainability SI: bikewaynetwork design model for recreational bicycling inscenic areas, Networks and Spatial Economics, 16:1,9-31.
MORENO, D.P. BLESSING, L.T. and YANG, M.C.2016, Overcoming design fixation: Design by analo-gy studies and nonintuitive findings, AI EDAM, 30:2,185-199.
XU, M. WANG, G. and GRANT-MULLER, S. 2017,Joint road toll pricing and capacity development indiscrete transport network design problem,Transportation, 44:4, 731-752.
Author(s):
Minglei Zheng*Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, China* Corresponding author: Minglei Zheng, Email:[email protected]
2 4
Bai Li
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Research on the Construction Layout of Urban Sports Park Based on Constraint Graph Model..
1. IntroductionMore and more cities begin to build sports parks.However, the concept of sports park and its type, scaleand characteristics are not yet known and familiar topeople. With the continuous advancement of the mar-ket economic system, urban sports resources havebeen promoted (Feng 2015). In a certain sense, thestudy of the spatial layout of urban sports parks is alsothe spatial optimization and reorganization of urbansports resources, so that they can maximize their ben-efits in their respective regions. The overall utilizationefficiency of urban sports resources has beenimproved to meet the sports needs of different resi-dents.
Through abstraction and simplification, anapproximate characterization of the system usingmathematical language is provided so that people canmore deeply understand the object. The mathematicalmodel is not a simple simulation of the real system. Itis a tool for people to understand the real system andsolve practical problems (Han 2015). The mathemat-ical model is the result of refining, analyzing, summa-rizing, and translating the information of the realobject. It uses mathematical language to accuratelyexpress the intrinsic features of an object.
In addition to the influence of certain policiesand economic factors, the development of sportsparks is affected by factors such as urban space devel-opment, population size and living conditions, urbanculture, regional environmental characteristics and thelayout of original sports resources. Therefore, theimpact of the above factors should be considered inthe development of sports parks and their spatial lay-out. With the development of mass sports, sportsparks, as the main carrier of urban residents’ fitness,are playing an increasingly important role in the city.Therefore, the layout of the sports park should be bal-anced to meet the diverse needs of the residents. At
the same time, the duplication and underutilization inthe construction of sports parks were avoided.
2. State of the artWang et al. used economic geography theory toexplore the general rules and basic principles of thespatial layout of urban sports facilities. The construc-tion of sports facilities should consider market princi-ples, traffic principles and administrative principles. Alllevels of cities should conduct sufficient scientific argu-ments when investing in the construction of physicaland mental facilities. The overall development strategyof the city is rationally planned to improve the utiliza-tion of sports facilities and meet the sports needs of thecitizens (Wang, Li and Yan 2016).
Vermeulen et al. proposed the concept ofurban sports circles. The urban sports circle refers to alarge-scale urban sports circle including urban areas,suburbs, and surrounding towns and villages. On thisbasis, the development model of urban sports circleand the spatial layout of sports resources are studied.On the basis of considering several major factorsaffecting the development of urban sports circles, thedevelopment principles and planning framework ofthe sports circle are proposed. In addition, the spatiallayout pattern of urban sports circles should be distrib-uted in a ring. It should be composed of urban sportscenter area, urban sports circle and three circularsports belts in the suburbs, towns, villages and remotesuburbs (Vermeulen, Knopf-Lenoir and Villon 2015).
Lyu et al. systematically studied the construc-tion and operation management of urban communitysports centers in developed countries and the con-struction and development of urban sports stadiums inChina. A lot of models and experiences for varioussports facilities in urban renewal and transformationare proposed (Lyu, Han and De vries 2017).
Bai LiAbstractTo study the spatial layout of urban sports parks, the constraint graph model was used to quantitatively analyze theconstruction of urban sports parks in China. At the same time, theories on the construction and development of urbansports parks and urban renewal at home and abroad were reviewed. The construction status of urban sports parks inChina was systematically studied. Foreign case cities were investigated. Finally, the case cities in our country were dis-cussed. The results showed that in addition to the influence of certain policies and economic factors, the developmentof sports parks was affected by factors such as urban space development, population size and living distribution, urbanculture, regional environmental characteristics and the layout of original sports resources. Therefore, the impact of theabove factors should be considered in the development of sports parks and their spatial layout. The layout of the sportspark should be balanced to meet the diverse needs of the residents.
Keywords: Urban Sports Park, Spatial Layout, Constraint Graph Model.
RESEARCH ON THE CONSTRUCTION LAYOUT OFURBAN SPORTS PARK BASED ON CONSTRAINTGRAPH MODEL
2 5
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Research on the Construction Layout of Urban Sports Park Based on Constraint Graph Model.
Bai LiBased on the theory of recreational behavior,
and taking Jilin City as an example, Ye et al. proposeda spatial layout pattern of urban green space combin-ing wave-like and radial distribution. Emphasis isplaced on the combination of annular green spaceand wedge-shaped green land, and various types ofhierarchical green spaces are combined with therecreation system. Furthermore, the construction ofthree green layers of urban green space, that is, thescatter-like green belt in the center of the city – thegreen belt of the urban suburbs – the continuous nat-ural production of green belts around the city was pro-posed. On this basis, the regional differences in urbanland use levels are analyzed. For the urban high-useareas, transformation and development areas, urbannew areas and suburbs, their respective green spacelayout strategies are proposed (Ye, Sun and Kuang2017).
3. MethodologyConstraint models mainly include tasks themselvessuch as time constraints and quality constraints, aswell as constraints between tasks such as timing con-straints and functional constraints. Functional con-straints include enabling constraints and facilitatingconstraints.
3.1 Time constraintsTime constraints can be divided into unary constraintsand multivariate constraints. Time constraints actingon a task point are called unary constraints. The unaryconstraint is mainly to limit the time range of a taskpoint Ti. Specifically, a task Ti must be completed with-in a fixed time window [ETime(Ti),LTime(Ti)]. That is,the earliest starting time of the task point is ETime(Ti)and the latest starting time is LTime(Ti). Performing thistask too early or too late may not be completed or willnot achieve the desired results. The time constraintacting between two task points is called a binary con-straint. The binary constraint defines the time intervalbetween the time ETime(Ti) and LTime(Ti) of the twotask points Ti and Tj to be within a certain range.
3.2 Timing constraintsTiming constraints define the execution time of onephase relative to another. The timing constraints of thetarget zone operations can be understood as the tim-ing relationship between the start and end times of thecombat links. If the tasks Ti and Tj must be synchro-nized or sequentially completed, there is a timing con-straint between Ti and Tj. A set of tasks with timingconstraints is called a sequence of timed tasks. Thetask before the Ti in the sequence is called the prede-cessor of Ti. The task after Ti is called the follow-uptask of iT. If Tj is followed by Ti, then Ti is called theimmediate task of Tj, and Tj is called the tight task ofTi.
3.3 Promoting constraintsIf the completion of the task Ti contributes to theimplementation of the Tj, the time to complete the Tjcan be shortened, the cost of completing the Tj can bereduced, or the quality of the completed Tj can beimproved. However, if Ti is not completed, it will notaffect the final implementation of Tj, which means thatTi has a promotion constraint on Tj. It is described asFaciliate (Ti, Tj). Tasks with facilitative constraints on Tjconstitute a set.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1 Classification of sports parksCurrently, sports parks have been promoted in manycountries. There are many types of parks. Some parksare specifically designed for a certain sport (such astennis, swimming). Some parks are used by certainage groups (such as children, youth). The park has dif-ferent functions, such as training, sports perfor-mances, sports and medical care. The multi-functionalcomprehensive sports park can not only providetourists with leisure and recreation, but also carry outvarious physical exercises.
4.2 Layout pattern of Olympic ParkThe Olympic park is a collection of stadiums and gym-nasiums which are mainly built for hosting theOlympic Games with the park as the main externalcharacteristic. Since the 1960 Rome Olympic Games,most of the host cities have established Olympic parksin preparation for and hosting the Olympic Games.The Olympic park is in the form of an industrial park.The agglomeration of large stadiums and attachedfacilities is an important feature. Sports, tourism,entertainment, education and commerce are integrat-ed. The Olympic Park, where the world’s largest stadi-ums are concentrated, is the Sydney Olympic Park.
The Sydney Olympic Park is a typical central-ized construction model. The Sydney Olympic parkcovers an area of more than 200 hectares on henbushbay, 17 miles from downtown Sydney. The main sportsfacilities of the Sydney Olympic Park include:Australian Stadium, Sydney Grand Crest Stadium,
Table 1. Main categories of city parks.
2 6
Bai Li
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Research on the Construction Layout of Urban Sports Park Based on Constraint Graph Model..
Sydney International Aquatic Center, Archery Centre,Hockey Centre, Tennis Centre, Golf Centre, BaseballCentre, New South Wales Sports Centre and othermajor sports facilities. According to the unit sports sta-dium, there are more than 40 competition facilitiesand training facilities in the Sydney Olympic Park. Thisis currently one of the largest Olympic parks in theworld.
At present, the largest area in the world is theBeijing Olympic Park. The Beijing Olympic Park isnorth to Qinghe, south to Tucheng North Road, andwest to Baimiao Village Road, including the ChineseNational Park, National Olympic Sports Center andYuandadu Heritage Park. The planned total land areais about 1135 hectares, including about 680 hectaresin forest parks and about 315 hectares in centralareas. The central area of the Olympic Park covers thenorth to Xindiancun Road, south to the North FourthRing Road, west to Baimiao Road, Beichen West Road,and east to Beichen East Road. The rest is the NationalOlympic Center south of the Fourth Ring Road and itsreserved land in the south.
4.3 The layout pattern of sports industry parkThe sports industrial park refers to a comprehensiveindustrial park constructed with the aim of developingsports industry and combining sports stadium con-struction and other industrial facilities construction. Avery big difference between sports industrial parks andother sports venues is that the clustering of sportsindustrial parks is not entirely the clustering of sportsvenues, but the clustering of sports venues and otherfunctional facilities. One agglomeration way is theagglomeration of sports venues and other sportsindustry facilities, such as sports business district,sports scientific research education area, sportsexchange area, sports culture area and so on. Theother is the concentration of sports venues and otherfacilities of non-sports industry, such as large shoppingmalls, digital buildings and convention and exhibitioncenters in sports industrial parks. This layout mode ismainly to use sports venues as a gathering tool toattract other industries to form clustering economies ofscale. The more typical cases are Manchester EastSports City and Beijing Longtan Lake Sports IndustryPark.
4.4 Theoretical analysis of spatial distribution of largesports parksThe social and economic activities of cities are alwaysunder the influence of two forces. The gathering powercomes from economic benefits. Agglomeration eco-nomic benefits refer to the benefits of regional eco-nomic concentration in a particular region.Agglomeration economic benefits include the internalagglomeration economy and the external agglomera-tion economy. The internal agglomeration economy isthe economic benefit of the expansion of the city. Theexternal agglomeration economy is the economicbenefit of the coordinated development of differentcities. Diffusion refers to the full use of regional publicresources, energy, water, public transportation, postand telecommunications and other social service facil-ities. In a certain geographical range, spatial diffusioncan achieve the purpose of low investment, shorteningcirculation distance and obtaining economic benefitsof diffusion. The diffusion force is derived from theeconomic benefits of such diffusion. The agglomera-tion and diffusion effects of cities also play an impor-
tant role in exploring the configuration of large sportsparks:
First, the theory of economic benefits can begenerated based on the proper concentration ofurban agglomeration. Large-scale urban sports parksshould be built appropriately and centrally. The con-centration of stadiums can effectively reduce the costof investment and improve the value of land use. Landis the most important scarce resource in urban devel-opment, and the centralized construction of large sta-diums can save land resources effectively. Through theintegration of resources, the sports park can obtaingreater economic and social benefits. The OlympicPark is a model for the concentration of large stadi-ums.
econd, large-scale sports parks should beconstructed and developed in cooperation with otherindustries. The agglomeration effect of the urbaneconomy is the result of the concentration of large sta-diums themselves. More importantly, the constructionof large-scale sports stadiums is jointly built and devel-oped in conjunction with other industries, especiallyother tertiary industries, in order to achieve aggregatescale benefits. The construction and development oflarge stadiums and other industries, especially the ter-tiary industry, is a successful experience in developedcountries. An important construction goal of theSydney Olympic Park is to build the Olympic Park intoa competition city, a cultural, artistic, food and enter-tainment center, a learning community, an informationcommunity, and a healthy community. The above factsfully demonstrate that the development and construc-tion mode of large-scale sports venues should consid-er the mutual agglomeration with other industries asmuch as possible, and strive to exchange and cooper-ate with each other to form a scale-scale benefit. Fora long time, the construction of large-scale sports sta-diums in China has paid little attention to integrationwith other industries, and this situation should bechanged.
Third, urban agglomeration is affected byeconomic phenomena on the construction and layoutof sports venues. The phenomenon of urban agglom-eration uneconomical is particularly evident in theconstruction and layout of large-scale sports venues.An important factor affecting the layout and construc-tion of large stadiums in the city is the volumetricpower of the city. The capacity of a city is the ability toaccommodate and bear the objective economic andsocial life. A city’s carrying capacity is not infinite. If acity’s political, economic and cultural activities exceedits carrying capacity, the city will be disorganized andthe carrier’s service function will be destroyed.
5. ConclusionsThe sports park conforms to the actual needs ofurbanites. Green landscapes and sporty fun are effec-tively combined. In the green environment, a sportsactivity area with outstanding personality, completefacilities, complete functions and beautiful environ-ment was created to guide residents to participate infitness activities. At the same time, the green lungfunction is outstanding for protecting people’s health.It is in line with people’s advocating nature and payingattention to life, which is indispensable for improvingthe quality of life in the city. Urban sports parks willhave greater development in China.
2 7
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Research on the Construction Layout of Urban Sports Park Based on Constraint Graph Model.
Bai LiAcknowledgements:
The study was supported by “The National SocialScience Fund of China (Grant No. 16BTY019)”.
REFERENCES
FENG, L. 2015, Evaluation of urban suitable ecolog-ical land based on the minimum cumulative resistancemodel: A case study from Changzhou, China,Ecological Modelling, 318:1, 194-203.
HAN, B. 2015, Dynamic Schedule-Based AssignmentModel for Urban Rail Transit Network with CapacityConstraints, The Scientific World Journal, 10,940815.
LYU, X. HAN, Q. and DE VRIES, B. 2017, Proceduralmodeling of urban layout: population, land use, androad network, Transportation research procedia, 25,3337-3346.
VERMEULEN, T. KNOPF-LENOIR, C. and VILLON, P.2015, Urban layout optimization framework to maxi-mize direct solar irradiation, Computers, Environmentand Urban Systems, 51, 1-12.
WANG, S.S. LI X.L. and YAN S.F. 2016, Research onthe design method of China’s traditional urban plan-ning based on large-scale landscape environment,Chinese Science Bulletin, 61:33, 3564-3571.
YE, Y. SUN, K. and KUANG, L. 2017, Spatial layoutoptimization of urban space and agricultural spacebased on spatial decision-making, Transactions of theChinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 33:16,256-266.
Author(s):
Bai Li*Physical Education Department, Dalian University ofTechnology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China* Corresponding author: Bai Li,Email: [email protected]
2 8
Shanshan Dong
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. O
PEN ISSU
E: War and Cities .
1. Introduction
A general survey of the macroeconomic fluctuationsand corresponding macro-control measures sinceChina’s reform and opening up reveals that some ofthe macro-control measures introduced by the centralgovernment are often distorted, formalized or evenrefused to be implemented due to the obstacles oflocal governments. Although the central governmenthas issued corresponding regulatory measures, it isstill unable to completely and effectively control theexcessive investment impulse behavior of local gov-ernments, resulting in far less effect of macro-controlthan expected, and the credibility of the government isincreasingly questioned by the public.
Why the investment desire of local govern-ment is so strong, how can this desire to harm theoverall interests be realized, what kind of macro-eco-nomic fluctuation and failure of macro-control policyresulted from the investment impulse behavior of localgovernment, and how to improve the macro-controleffect, the efficiency of macro-control, the govern-ment’s ability to regulate and control the economy, theperformance of macro-control, and promote stableand healthy economic development are the importantissues that China needs to solve in building a socialistmarket economy.
The reason that leads to the impulsive invest-ment behavior of local governments in China at thepresent stage is not only the economic system, butactually the product of the joint action of the economicfoundation, economic system, political system, socialdevelopment, external environment and other aspects.Therefore, in order to deeply analyze the deep reasonsfor the investment impulse behavior of local govern-ments at the present stage, multi-disciplinary studies
such as economics, political science, sociology andpsychology are needed. In this study, the rationalitystandard of investment behavior of local governmentis restricted by subject characteristics and technicalconditions, so it can’t be accurately quantified.
2. State of the artThe investment behavior of local government and itsinfluence on macro-economy have attracted extensiveattention of domestic scholars. He believed that thecentral government allocated the remaining rights ofsharing and control of the economy to the local gov-ernment. Under the incentive of fiscal decentralization,due to the failure of the property rights of localresources and the constraints of the public choice sys-tem, the strong impulse of local governments toexpand their individual control rights horizontally inorder to satisfy local officials’ groups was the rootcause of “China’s local government-led market econ-omy characterized by strong investment impulse” (Das2015). Qian believed that the competition to promoteChina’s economic growth was not carried out byenterprises, and enterprises didn’t become the realsubject of market competition. Instead, it was the com-petition among regions that make the relations amongprovinces, cities and counties gradually marketizedand promote the transition from planned economy tomarket economy. The resources and functions of localgovernments were greatly expanded, so their role ineconomic operation was obviously different from thatof mature market economy countries (Gliksberg2016). Ou believed that China’s economic develop-ment strategy and economic decentralization systemled to the leading role of local governments in localeconomic development and form loose local interestgroups with special functions in local economic devel-
Shanshan DongAbstractTo improve the government’s ability to regulate the economy, perfect the performance of macro-control, and promotestable and healthy economic development, according to the relevant data since the reform and opening up, the deepsystem of investment impulsive behavior of local government in China is explored at this stage, and the idea of con-structing an intergovernmental macro-control coordination mechanism is proposed. The results show that if a regionalgovernment can expand in line with the policy cycle, it can not only send a positive signal to the central governmentto respond to the macro-control, but also gain the upper hand in the local competition. However, if the effectivedemand in the region is still insufficient, the expansion plan is likely to evolve into excessive investment, and the regionwill face greater risks of overcapacity and local debt in the long run. Therefore, it is of great significance to study theinvestment behaviors of local governments in China at the present stage, analyze their characteristics and appear-ances, and find the causes of the investment impulse of local governments, so as to establish the macro-control coor-dination mechanism among Chinese governments.
Keywords: Local Government, Urban Planning Behavior, Stability of Macroeconomy.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT’S URBAN PLANNING BEHAVIOR, INVESTMENT IMPULSE AND MACROECO-NOMIC STABILITY.
2 9
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. O
PEN ISSU
E: War and Cities .
Shanshan Dongopment, thus exerting an important influence on
China’s macroeconomic regulation and control(Ganelli and Tervala 2016). Xia et al. believed thatChina’s economy has been overheated in recentyears, largely due to the overheated investment led bylocal governments (Du et al. 2014). Huang et al.believed that local government investment behaviorshad the phenomenon of continuous expansion ofscale, arbitrary intervention of corporate investmentand distortion of investment structure (Cantore et al.2015). Guo and Jia also established a stage sequen-tial game model to analyze the impact of local gov-ernment behavior on macroeconomic stability. Itshowed that local governments, under the dual incen-tives of financial interests and political promotion,were always in favor of the strong motivation of illegalpreferential policies to attract investment, thus trigger-ing the investment impulse of enterprises, leading tothe investment overheating, and having a huge impacton macroeconomic stability (Li and Yan 2016).
3. Methodology3.1. Theoretical analysis methodWhether the investment behavior of local governmentis reasonable can refer to the following standards. Ifthe investment behavior of local government deviatesfrom these standards, it shows that it doesn’t meet therequirements of the scientific development view and isan unreasonable investment behavior. The standardsinclude the following aspects: whether the investmentbehavior of local governments goes beyond the scopeof government functions to excessively intervene in themarket investment behavior, whether the investmentbehavior of local government causes the investmentwithin the jurisdiction to exceed the reasonable invest-ment scale, whether the investment behavior of localgovernments promote the optimization of the invest-ment structure in the jurisdiction, and whether theinvestment behavior of local governments leads to theexcessive debt of the local government.
Local government investment impulsivebehavior refers to the tendency of local governmentsto have a particularly strong expansion of investmentin the jurisdiction due to certain interests or other rea-sons, and to achieve the purpose of expanding invest-ment in the jurisdiction by actively adopting the gener-alized local government investment behavior.According to the above standards, the appearance ofimpulsive investment behavior of local governmentsmainly includes the following aspects: it is character-ized by hunger and thirst in investment demand; blind-ness in investment direction; sectionalism in invest-ment policy; and soft constraint in investment budget.Because the investment impulse behavior of local gov-ernment is one kind of behavior which is caused by thestrong internal psychological tendency, therefore thelocal government doesn’t hesitate to use whatevermeans they can use to achieve the goal. These mea-sures are included in the broad scope of local govern-ment investment behavior.
3.2. Empirical analysis methodJudging from the situation in the whole country, theabsolute amount of fixed assets in the whole society isconstantly rising. Although the growth rate hasdeclined in recent years, it still maintains a stronggrowth momentum around the year. In recent years,China’s economic growth rate has been maintained ataround 8-10%, and the growth rate of investment
should be maintained at around 12%-15%, while theactual growth rate is obviously much higher than thislevel.
It is quite common for local governments toborrow money for construction projects. Some localgovernments bundle loans with various investmentand financing companies and borrow heavily fromBanks, which are guaranteed by the government oreven local people’s congresses. These loans are largein number and long in term, and current leaders arenot worried about whether they will be able to repayin the future. Therefore, the debt situation of localgovernment is largely caused by the investmentimpulse of local government. Although China’s cur-rent laws strictly prohibit local finance deficit and localgovernment borrowing, but in fact, all regions and alllevels of local governments in our country mostly bor-row to survive or operate in debt to varying degrees,and the kinds of debt they bear are various. In recentyears, comrades in the theoretical and practicaldepartments have done a lot of research on local gov-ernment debt problems. But so far there are no pub-
Table 2. National and local fixed asset investment data in1978-2005 (unit: billions of yuan).
Table 1. Reference indicator for determining reasonableinvestment scale.
3 0
Shanshan Dong
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. O
PEN ISSU
E: War and Cities .
lished authoritative statistics on the size of local gov-ernment debt, only rough estimates from differentsources, which are based on different methods.
3.3. Factor analysis of behaviorSurrounding the logical main line and the branch line,two aspects of the question are answered. First, whatare the causes of local government’s investmentimpulse? Second, why is investment still weak in someplaces despite the prevailing investment impulseamong local governments. In this section, from thefour aspects of administrative system, investment sys-tem, fiscal and taxation system and financial system,the deep institutional reasons for the investment impul-sive behavior of local government in China are com-prehensively analyzed. In addition, the impact of cen-tral regional strategies and policies on the strengthand weakness of regional investment is also examinedto explain why there is a huge inter-regional invest-ment gap or even the weakness of investment.
4. Factor analysis of investment behavior of local gov-ernment in China4.1. Data processing, statistical description andhypothesisThe method adopted in this study is empirical analysismethod, taking the transfer of industrial land as theresearch object. The changing trend of local industrialland transfer over time indicates that it may be relatedto the macroeconomic policy cycle, which becomesthe entry point to verify the impact of “ political con-straints” on land transfer. In the period from 2007 to2016, the central economic core policy has two veryobvious keynote. Affected by the subprime crisis, theinsufficient internal and external demand led to thedecline of China’s economy in 2008. It can also beconcluded from the statistical description that therewas a significant decline in land transfer amounts in2008. Starting in 2009, the central governmentunveiled stimulus package that was later widely knownas the “four trillion yuan”. In the “four trillion yuan”plan, increasing local investment was an importantmeans of economic recovery. To attract more invest-ment, local governments had followed a variety ofpolicies, including cheap land use, preferential interestrates, government-guaranteed debt and direct eco-nomic subsidies. The effects of this stimulus packagewere clear and clearly reflected in land transfer.However, the stimulus package and its leverage inflat-ed the overall macro economy, quickly creating prob-lems of duplication of investment and overcapacity. Inresponse to this situation, on October 15, 2013, thestate council issued the “Guiding Opinions of theState Council on Resolving the Contradictions ofSeriously Overcapacity” (No. 41, State Council). Itpointed out that the steel, cement, electrolytic lead,plate glass, ship and other industries had serious over-capacity, and these industries with serious overcapac-ity still had a number of projects under construction orto be built, and overcapacity is increasing. If measureswere not taken in a timely manner to solve the prob-lem, it was bound to intensify the vicious competitionin the market, resulting in the expansion of industrylosses, unemployment of enterprise employees, theincrease of non-performing assets in banks, theaggravation of energy and resource bottlenecks, thedeterioration of the ecological environment and otherproblems, directly endangering the healthy develop-ment of the industry, and even affecting the overall
improvement of people’s life and social stability. Theissuance of this document marks the arrival of a newera of structural adjustment of China’s economy, andChina’s economy has officially entered the cycle ofcapacity reduction. Therefore, the ten years from2007 to 2016 are divided into two overlapping peri-ods, that is, from 2007 to 2012 and from 2010 to2016. In these two time periods, it estimates theimpact of the central core economic policies on thetransfer of local industrial land.
4.2. Empirical study preparation and benchmarkregressionPer capita disposable income has a significant positivecorrelation with the number of industrial land trans-fers, while has no correlation or negative correlationwith the proportion of agreed land, indicating that rel-atively wealthy cities have more investment opportuni-ties and higher investment quality. Therefore, theinvestment impulse of local government is not easy torealize. The population density of municipal districtshas a significant positive correlation with the numberof industrial land transfers, while it has no correlationwith the proportion of agreed land, indicating thatpopulation may positively promote the scale of urbaninvestment, but it has nothing to do with the quality. Inaddition, the urbanization rate has a significant nega-tive correlation with the number of land transfers andthe area of land transfers, which is also expected.Cities with a higher urbanization rate have better infra-structure conditions and higher degree of industrializa-tion. Compared with cities with a lower urbanizationrate, there are more investment opportunities in thefuture. However, the regression results of the indicatorsof investment impulse are significantly positive, whichis unexpected. One possible explanation is that citieswith rapid urbanization may have more long-termagreements between the government and local enter-prises, and many low-quality investment decisions arenot made in the current period, instead, they havebeen made long before.
Local governments take more active mea-sures in the face of central expansionary economicpolicies, while they tend to do nothing when dealingwith tightening policies. As a result, local economiccycles tend to expand quickly and contract slowly.Regional demand factors significantly affect the invest-ment impulse under the impact of different policies oflocal governments. When macro policies are in anexpansion cycle, only those regions with strongdemand can realize their investment impulses; while ina tightening cycle, local governments in regions withweak demand show a stronger impulse to invest.
4.3. The empirical test according to the classificationof city levelAccording to the size of cities, the first-tier and second-tier cities are classified into one category, and thethird-tier and fourth-tier cities are classified into onecategory. Double difference and triple differencemodel including demand factors are adopted for esti-mation. It can be concluded that without consideringthe demand factor, there is no significant differencebetween cities of different levels. But after takingdemand factor into account, there are some differ-ences between first-tier, second-tier, third-tier, andfourth-tier cities. This shows that when the economy isin the expansion cycle, the change of investmentimpulse in third-tier and fourth-tier cities is more
3 1
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. O
PEN ISSU
E: War and Cities .
Shanshan Dong
affected by demand factors. There is no differencebetween first-tier, second-tier, third-tier, and fourth-tiercities. This means that the difference in conditionsbetween cities is not significant during the tighteningcycle.
4.4. Empirical test by regionFacing the impact of expansionary economic policies,coastal cities are more sensitive to demand factorsthan non-coastal cities; while in the face of contrac-tionary policies, there is no difference between coastaland non-coastal cities. The investment impulse incities of different levels and different regions is affectedby the central core economic policies, and there is dif-ference only in the expansionary cycle of macro poli-cies, but no difference in the contractionary cycle. Inthe expansionary cycle, the degree of investmentimpulse of third-tier and fourth-tier cities and coastalcities is more significantly affected by regionaldemand factors than that of first-tier and second-tiercities and non-coastal cities.
5. ConclusionsThe land micro data used in this study has a strongmining value. It can give people very specific and veryaccurate statistical judgment, in addition, because ofits great economic significance, it can easily and effec-tively connect with other databases reflecting localeconomic development, so as to explore more propo-sitions. Local governments tend to be more proactivein the face of expansionary central economic policiesand less reactive in the face of contractionary policies.Therefore, the local economy will show the unbalancebetween the expansion cycle and the contractioncycle. Regional demand factors significantly affect theinvestment impulse under the impact of different poli-cies of local governments. When macro policies are inan expansion cycle, only those regions with strongdemand can realize their investment impulses; while ina tightening cycle, local governments in regions with
weak demand show a stronger impulse to invest. Theinvestment impulse in cities of different levels andregions is affected by the central core economic poli-cies, and there is a difference only in the expansionarycycle of macro policies, while there is no difference inthe contractionary cycle. In the expansionary cycle, thedegree of investment impulse of third-tier and fourth-tier cities and coastal cities is more significantly affect-ed by regional demand factors than that of first-tierand second-tier cities and non-coastal cities.
REFERENCESCANTORE, C. LEVINE, P. and PEARLMAN, J. 2015,CES technology and business cycle fluctuations,Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 61, 133-151.
DAS, P. 2015, Entrepreneurial Impulse, InvestmentBehavior, and Economic Fluctuations–A VAR Analysiswith Indian Data, Asian Development Review, 32:2, 1-17.
DU, J. THILL, J.C. and PEISER, R.B. 2014, Urban landmarket and land-use changes in post-reform China: Acase study of Beijing, Landscape and Urban Planning,124, 118-128.
GANELLI, G. and TERVALA, J. 2016, The welfare mul-tiplier of public infrastructure investmen, 16:40, 1.
GLIKSBERG, B. 2016, Equilibria under monetary andfiscal policy interactions in a portfolio choice model,Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 69, 209-228.
LI, S. and LIANG, Y. 2016, Competition model andthe change of local governments’ behavior—and gov-ernance of China’s local government debt,. TheChinese Economy, 49:3, 199-212.
Author(s):
Shanshan Dong*Public Management Department, Tsinghua University,Beijing, 100084, China*Corresponding author: Shanshan Dong,Email: [email protected]
Table3. Comparison of central and local projects forurban fixed assets investment.
3 2
Wu
He
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Eco
nom
ic D
evel
opm
ent o
f Urb
an P
lann
ing
in C
hina
.
1. Introduction
Since the last 20 years of the 20th century, the eco-nomic system of planned economy countries has beentransformed into the market economic system oneafter another after a long, complex and repeatedcompetition process. The reform and opening up ofdeveloping countries are mutually compatible, and anew economic order has been gradually establishedthrough micro and macro control. As a result, theworld economic development has become politicallymultipolar, the gap between the north and the southhas widened, and the Matthew effect has intensified (Liet al. 2017). The marginalization of developing coun-tries, market failure and deepening of the gapbetween microeconomics and macroeconomics haveseriously affected urban construction and develop-ment. Nowadays, urban expansion, rapid urbaniza-tion, the concentration of rural population in largecities and the rapid expansion of megalopolis havebecome the main problems that need to be solvedurgently in contemporary urban planning (Cheng2015).
In today’s economic globalization andregional integration, the traditional urban planningthoughts, which focus on the study of spatial patternlayout, are not enough to cope with the risks and chal-lenges caused by the rapid development of cities(Jinzhu 2017). In this study, the sub-optimal theoreticalmodel, supply and demand analysis model, marginalanalysis model and other related theories under Paretooptimal state in economics are used to understandand solve problems in urban planning. The use ofeconomic theories to promote the development ofcities has been recognized by scholars in the field ofurban research, and the research results haveobtained certain economic value in the actual imple-
mentation of urban planning.To sum up, it is mainly the research and analysis of theeconomic theory of urban planning, aiming at theorganic integration of urban planning and economictheory (Fazeng and Jingyu 2007). Through the regula-tion and guidance of the government on economicdevelopment, the purpose of rationally allocatingurban resources, improving the level and efficiency ofurban industrial and economic development, andexploring the rational distribution of production andliving space in the process of urbanization can beachieved, so as to provide theoretical basis and sup-port for the government to formulate economic andefficient planning methods and improve the long-termdecision-making mechanism (Cooke 2018).
2. State of the artThe outbreak of the industrial revolution started thewave of urbanization that western countries took thelead in (Bakir et al. 2018). After decades or hundredsof years of continuous development, countries gradu-ally began to leapfrog to the modern society dominat-ed by industry and cities (Musa et al. 2018). With thediscussion and practice of urbanization theories byurbanization researchers in western developed coun-tries, the morphological features of metropolitanareas, satellite cities, multi-centers and suburbaniza-tion have become the mainstream trend of urban evo-lution in western countries (Li, Sun and Fang 2018,).In 1949, when the People’s Republic of China wasfounded, China’s urbanization level was only 10.64%,the urbanization level of the whole world reached29%, and the urbanization level of some developedcountries reached 50%, which showed that China’surbanization process was carried out on a low basis (Li2017). The rapid urbanization since the reform andopening up has greatly increased the proportion of
Wu HeAbstractTo study the enlightenment of development economics on the economic development of urban planning, firstly, theresearch background and significance of the enlightenment of development economics on the economic developmentof urban planning are introduced. Secondly, through the main method of literature review, social investigation method,theoretical model analysis method and so on, combined with relevant theory of economics and related data analysis,it is found that economic theory can effectively explain the problems existing in the urban planning, avoid possibleproblems in urban planning, and provide effective theory basis for the development of the city. In this study, the theo-retical value of the sub-optimal theoretical model, the supply and demand analysis model and the marginal analysismodel under the pareto optimal state in the economic development of urban planning is mainly studied. A large num-ber of theories and research results confirm that to do a good job in urban planning must be guided by relevant eco-nomic theories, which will make the progress of urban planning more rapid.
Keywords: Urban Planning, Theory of the Second Best, Supply-Demand Analysis, Marginal Analysis.
THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF URBANPLANNING IN CHINA.
3 3
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Eco
nom
ic D
evel
opm
ent o
f Urb
an P
lann
ing
in C
hina
.W
u H
e
China’s urban population, which has increased by more than 500 million (Jokinen 2018). The popula-tion growth rate in China’s urbanization process is rel-atively fast, but the urbanization rate is slower than that of South Korea and Japan at the same stage of development.
3. Methodology3.1. Urban new economic growth theoryIn the middle of the 20th century, the “Harrod-Domar model” and the “Solow-Swan Model” promoted a major breakthrough in urban economic growth theory. In the 1980s, after a relatively stagnant theoretical window period, some new theoretical research results emerged, which were collectively referred to as the urban new economic growth theory. EHelpman and Grossman indicated 1991 used the theories of general equi-librium, imperfect competition and dynamic analysis to study the relationship between technological inno-vation, commercial activities and economic growth in the context of global economic integration. Barrow and Salaymartin in1995 sorted out all the economic growth theories and models in their book “Economic Growth” and analyzed the practical application of the breakthrough progress of new economic growth theo-ry in various countries. Jones in 1998 comprehensively compared and evaluated the substantive contents of traditional economic growth theory and new econom-ic growth theory and proposed that technological innovation and invention were the engines of econom-ic growth.
3.2. Urban economic base theoryEconomic basic theory is the theoretical research tool of urban development mechanism and process, which can interpret the reasons of urban economic growth and summarize the process of urban development theoretically. In 1939, Homer Hoyt, an American economist, proposed the Urban Economic Base Theory on the basis of classical geographical theories. He explained the driving force which promoted the urban economic growth according to the view of export comparative benefits, and he believed that urban economic growth was achieved by meeting basic and non-basic departments or services needed within and outside the region, so as to facilitate the flow of capital into cities. The traditional urban econ-omy basic theory holds that the increase of the fre-quency of urban basic social and economic activities promotes the growth of urban population. And the derived demand generated by the agglomeration effect of urban activities and urban population will
promote the growth of urban non-basic activities, soas to promote the development of urban economy ina cyclical manner.
3.3. Optimal city size theoryAt the end of the 19th century, Ebenezer Howard, thefather of modern urban planning theory, proposed theconcept of “Garden Cities” with both urban and ruraladvantages in his book “Garden City of Tomorrow”,which opened up extensive academic discussion onOptimal City Size. Howard believed that the GardenCities were designed to arrange healthy life and pro-duction in the future, and its scale should meet allkinds of social life and not be too large. The city wasmade up of a series of concentric circles, with parksand public buildings in the center, surrounded by per-manent farmland, and the urban land was owned bythe public.
3.4. Urban smart growth theoryIn the middle and late 20th century, American urbanenvironmentalists and planners proposed the theory of“Smart Growth” based on the European concept of“compact development”. It aimed to control urbansprawl by adopting smart growth measures such asland mixed utilization, zoning guidance, open spacelayout, old city renewal and redevelopment, so as toprotect urban ecological environment and improvethe utilization rate of urban resources. After long-termpractice and summary, the core content of urbansmart growth theory can be summarized as follows:make full use of urban construction land to reducesprawl; strengthen the renewal and redevelopment ofurban stock land; urban construction projects are con-centrated in layout to avoid “pendulum” transporta-tion; protect open space such as urban ecologicalfarmland and green space; rationally carry out com-munity layout and restore the vitality of the neighbor-hood unit.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Pareto efficiency theory modelThe Pareto efficiency theory is based on the premise ofnot harming the interests of others and is regarded bythe economics as the best state of social resource allo-
Table 2. Regional development status of urbanization inChina during the tenth five-year plan period
Table 1. United Nations’ predictions of urbanization leveland total population in China.
3 4
Wu
He
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Eco
nom
ic D
evel
opm
ent o
f Urb
an P
lann
ing
in C
hina
.
cation and redistribution, fully embodying the conceptof liberalism fairness and efficiency.
The meaning of “suboptimal theory” is that itis necessary to satisfy ten assumptions when the Paretooptimal state is reached. If at least one of these con-ditions can’t be satisfied, then the suboptimal stateobtained by satisfying all the remaining nine condi-tions is not necessarily closer to the pareto optimalstate satisfied by ten conditions. Because the idealPareto optimal state can’t be realized, the optimalresult after some conditions are destroyed is called“suboptimal”. An important policy implication of thistheory is that when Pareto optimization can’t be real-ized due to certain constraints, the “suboptimal” pointobtained doesn’t have to be the most efficient point. Itcan be concluded from the “suboptimal theory” thaturban planning is one of the main forms of govern-ment intervention in the market. In the process of thegovernment seeking the suboptimal state of resourceallocation, the core role of urban planning should beto guarantee a certain level of social welfare. The“suboptimal” point of urban space resource allocationis not necessarily the most efficient point, but it mustbe the relatively high level of social welfare.
4.2. Supply and demand analysis modelSupply and demand analysis method is an economicmodel as an economic analysis tool. It is usually usedto determine market equilibrium prices and equilibri-um production. Both the demand and supply in themodel belong to the basic concepts of economics.
Demand refers to the selective consumption processgenerated by the public’s demand for a certain com-modity, while supply refers to the selective productionproduced by producers in response to the public’sdemand for purchase. Compared with the market withmonopoly or oligopoly, this model is more suitable forthe open and competitive market. Consumer demandand producer supply form two market forces that joint-ly determine the equilibrium of product output andprice. And proficiency in the supply and demandmodel can effectively provide theoretical support foranalytical research and summary.
Note: the blue curve on the upper right is the supplycurve, which represents the quantity of products soldby the manufacturer at the corresponding price level;and the red curve on the lower right is the demandcurve, which represents the purchase amount of theconsumer at the corresponding price level; and theintersection of the two curves is the equilibrium priceand output.
4.3. Marginal analysis modelMarginal analysis is one of the basic research methodsin economics. In the analysis process, the additionalexpenditure is compared with the additional income,and when the two are equal, the critical point of max-imum profit is reached. As a variable analysis method,it is usually used in the early stage analysis of decision-maker’s additional investment share budget in theprocess of project construction. For urban planning,comprehensive and in-depth marginal analysis is con-
Table 3. Discussion of urban economy basic theories byearly foreign scholars.
Table 4. Application of urban economy basic theories inforeign academic circles.
3 5
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Eco
nom
ic D
evel
opm
ent o
f Urb
an P
lann
ing
in C
hina
.W
u H
educive to planners and decision-makers to clearlyunderstand the risks and benefits of increasing eco-nomic input and compare the additional costs andadditional benefits caused by the adjusted plan, so asto make the optimal choice.
5. ConclusionsUrban planning can guide the urban economic activityspace, promote the development of urban economic,reshape the urban development rules, formulate andimplement economic policies and other economiccharacteristics. The main research objectives of urbanplanning economics are to improve the theory ofurban planning, assist in the selection, formulationand management of urban planning, and embody thecore values of “people-oriented” urban planning, sothat the development of urbanization in the countrycan better adapt to the trend of economic globaliza-tion, and the level of urbanization in the country andpeople’s quality of life can be improved. With thedevelopment of the modern urban planning disciplinefor one hundred years, the accumulation of economictheories for thousands of years, and the inheritance ofChinese philosophy for five thousand years, it is notcomprehensive to understand urban planning onlyfrom the limited economic theories of urban planning.In order to apply the relevant theories of urban plan-ning in economics to practice, it is necessary to absorba large number of philosophical thoughts and moreresearch theories and practical experience for com-prehensive analysis and guidance of urban planning.Therefore, in the future work and study, it should makemore efforts to study relevant theories of urban plan-ning economics and make its own contribution to theresearch of urban planning theory in China by com-bining the advanced theoretical research results ofdeveloped countries. Here, it also hopes that China’surban planning and development is more and moresmooth.
REFERENCES
BAKIR, N.Y. DOĞAN, U. and GÜNGÖR, M.K. 2018,Planned development versus unplanned change: Theeffects on urban planning in Turkey, Land Use Policy,77, 310-321.
CHENG L. 2015, Legislation of Urban Planning PublicPolicy from the Perspective of Legal Boundary:Enlightenment from the Evolution of Planning Laws,China City Planning Review, 24:2.
COOKE, P. 2018, Retrospect and prospect: from anew dark age to a new dawn of planning enlighten-ment.
FAZENG, W. and JINGYU, L.I.U. 2007, TheFoundation and Pr actice of Integr ation Developmentof Urban Agglomer ation in China, PROGRESS INGEOGRAPHY, 26:5, 77-99.
JINZHU, H.U.A. ZEBIN, C. and HAOTIAN W. 2017,The Enlightenment on Urban Ecological Constructionby Research Progress of Sponge City in China Basedon Literature Analysis, Asian Agricultural Research,9:5.
JOKINEN, A. LEINO, H. and BÄCKLUND, P. 2018,Strategic planning harnessing urban policy mobilities:
the gradual development of local sustainability fix,Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 1-13.
LI, G. SUN, S. and FANG, C. 2018, The varying dri-ving forces of urban expansion in China: Insights froma spatial-temporal analysis, Landscape and UrbanPlanning, 174, 63-77.
LI, F. SUTTON, P.C. and ANDERSON, S.J. 2017,Planning green space in Adelaide city: enlightenmentfrom green space system planning of Fuzhou city(2015–2020), Australian Planner, 54:2, 126-133.
LI, J.Z. JIANG, T. and AHMAD, H. 2017, TheEnlightenment on the Construction of UrbanInfrastructure in China from Dujiangyan IrrigationProject, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Trans TechPublications, 858, 319-324.
MUSA, H.D. YACOB, M.R. and ABDULLAH, A.M.2018, Enhancing subjective well-being through strate-gic urban planning: Development and application ofcommunity happiness index, Sustainable Cities andSociety, 38, 184-194.
Author(s):
Wu HeSchool of Economics, Ji Lin University, Changchun,Jilin, 130011, China*Corresponding author: Wu He,Email: [email protected]
3 6
Lian
g Zh
ang
open
hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. V
irtua
l Des
ign Metho
d of In
terio
r Lan
dsca
pe B
ased
on 3D
Vision
.
1. Introduction
The interior design is the design of the interior spaceof the building, its main contents include: architecturalgraphic design and spatial organization, treatment ofthe inner surface of the envelop enclosure, the use ofnatural light and lighting, and the selection andarrangement of indoor furniture, lamps and lanternsand furnishings (Portman, Natapov and Fisher-gewirtz-man 2015). In addition, it also includes the configura-tion of plant, decoration and appliance.
In this study, three-dimensional design tech-nology is mainly used to build the model of the interiorengineering to show the real effect of the space.Various ways of constructing interior design displaysystem are analyzed and the advantages and disad-vantages of each method are compared. The three-dimensional design software mainly includes UTO-CAD, PKPM, 3D max, Maya, Cinema 4D, Photoshopand other technologies.
Nowadays, with the continuous developmentof computer hardware and software technology, three-dimensional computer technology is used to achievethe display of indoor space effect. On the one hand,the operation of the design software has becomeincreasingly mature, which is fast, simple and conve-nient. On the other hand, the simulation of three-dimensional technology on the light, material and tex-ture of space can almost achieve the real effect. It canaccurately and intuitively represent the real space,view the three-dimensional model of space from mul-tiple angles, and simultaneously launch a variety ofschemes in a short time. Therefore, the application ofin the field of interior design has a broad prospect.
2. State of the artThe rapid development of information technologybegan in the 1980s. As the birthplace of 3d technol-
ogy, the research level of the United States basicallyrepresents the international level of 3d development.The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is apioneer in the study of artificial intelligence, roboticsand computer graphics and animation, all of whichare the basis of virtual technology (Dai et al. 2017).The human-computer interface technology lab (lilTlab)at the university of Washington technology center inUniversity of Washington has introduced computer 3dtechnology research into areas such as education,design and manufacturing. At present, the basicresearch of 3d technology in the United States mainlyfocuses on perception, user interface, backgroundsoftware and hardware. In the 21st century, the devel-opment of design technology in China has receivedcorresponding attention. During the 11th five-yearplan period, the ministry of science and technology ofChina listed BIM as an important project in the nation-al science and technology program. BIM is the stan-dard system and the building information model of thewhole life cycle in the informatization of the construc-tion industry. It is a key project supported by the min-istry of science and technology during the 11th five-year plan period. And it mainly studies the develop-ment direction of international design technology ofbuilding information model in the aspects of collabo-rative design and management of architectural designsoftware and integrated application software (Sra etal. 2018; Santana et al. 2017). An engineering datamodel that can greatly reduce the risk of the entirearchitectural design and construction engineering andform a virtuous cycle of sustainable development hasbeen paid attention to and started in foreign architec-tural design. This kind of engineering data model inte-grates the relevant information of various aspects ofthe construction project. The technical basis is theresearch on 3d building technology to support theintegrated management environment of the construc-
Liang ZhangAbstractTo achieve the most intuitive display of interior design effect, the concept, characteristics, expression mode, applicationscope and basic types of virtual reality display design are expounded from the perspective of three dimension (3d) vir-tual reality technology, and the advantages and disadvantages of 3d modeling speed and panoramic visualization dis-play are analyzed. The results show that through this research and practice, a series of 3d production techniques forinterior design space, such as mapping technology, lighting technology, modeling technology, etc., are summarized.These technologies can effectively make use of ordinary computer to make and operate virtual reality and makes anexploratory attempt for the promotion of 3d technology in interior design industry in the future. In this study, it providesa design fulcrum for the development of indoor furniture display under the new economic conditions, which is of greatpractical significance for the healthy and sustainable development of interior design industry.
Keywords: Three-Dimension Technique (3d Technology), Interior Design, Visualization.
VIRTUAL DESIGN METHOD OF INTERIOR LANDSCAPEBASED ON 3D VISION.
3 7
open
hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. V
irtua
l Des
ign Metho
d of In
terio
r Lan
dsca
pe B
ased
on 3D
Vision
.Lian
g Zh
ang
tion project. The comprehensive application technolo-gy of 3d design software in large-scale building infor-mation model indicates the development trend of soft-ware in the future (Virtanen et al. 2018; Fonseca et al.2017).
3. Methodology3.1. Interior design process based on 3d technologyIn contemporary interior decoration design, besides tothe ceilings, floor coverings, wall treatments and harddecoration such as wood veneer, people pay greatattention to the selection of large pieces of furnitureand electrical appliances to the adoption of soft dec-oration, such as lamps, paintings, cushions, plants,and curtains.
The interior design process is divided into twostages: hard decoration and soft decoration design.The application of computer-aided design softwareinvolves three processes: modeling, visualization andenriching aesthetics. Among them, the modeling isdivided into hard outfit modeling and soft outfit mod-eling. Therefore, the workflow of interior design issummarized into four steps:
-Hard installation modeling: input room, door, win-dow, column, beam, etc.
-Soft decoration modeling: import furniture, electricalappliances, sanitary ware, etc. and arrange them.Visual design: material, texture, lighting and render-ing.
-Enrich aesthetics: observe, analyze, adjust the overalleffect, adjust materials and lighting, and makeentourage, etc.
-The requirements, shapes and functions achieved indifferent decoration stages are the same, as shown intable 1.
Based on the investigation of workflow of interiordesign modeling, visualization and enriching aestheticand analysis of different decoration stages, the foursteps are optimized as three processes: hard decora-tion design, soft decoration design, and visual design.3.2. Three-dimensional shape representation modelThe model in the scene has a direct impact on whetherthe effect display is real, as well as the speed of thelater rendering and the final effect. The ratio and sizeof the building model to the actual size, or the indoormodel are in line with the actual; the actual size of thebuilding model, or the proportion and size of theindoor model, is realistic; detailed model making andrigorous model creation in the scene can reduce the
calculation of the surface and improve the renderingspeed and work efficiency in the scene rendering. Incomputer, 3d shape representation is classifiedaccording to geometric characteristics, which can beroughly divided into three types: wireframe model, sur-face model and solid model.
Wireframe model is the earliest representa-tion of 3d shape. The data structure of vertex tableand edge table is used to represent the 3d model, anda series of points, lines, arcs and free curves are usedto describe the contour shape of products.
The surface (hook face) model adds the infor-mation of the surface in the object based on the wire-frame model. The object is represented by a set offaces, each of which is composed of multiple directededges. The boundary of the face is defined by a ring,and the three-dimensional shape is described by avertex table, an edge table and a surface table.At present, solid model, also known as solid modelingtechnology, is widely used. Some basic voxels, such ascuboid, sphere, cylinder, cone, ring and scanningbody, are used to generate complex geometric shapesthrough Boolean operation. The internal data struc-ture of the solid model not only records all the geo-metric information of the object, but also records thetopological information of all points, lines, planes andvolumes, that is, the spatial position relation. It canunambiguously determine whether a point is on theoutside, inside or on the surface of the object, and canexpress a true and unique three-dimensional object.Solid model representation is divided into three types:decomposition representation, construction represen-tation and boundary representation.
3.3. The application of three-dimensional representa-tion in interior designIn the stage of hard decoration design, the applicationof BREP plus feature representation meets the actualapplication requirements. Firstly, it can design a set ofconvenient, concise and fast parameterized 3d shapedata input command without changing the operatinghabits of designers. Secondly, abundant geometricand topological information facilitates program imple-mentation of Hidden LineRemoval algorithm and 3dprojection calculation, which can automatically gener-ate accurate plans, elevations and sections of varioussizes, thus reducing a lot of work for designers. Thirdly,it is convenient to exchange file data with other CADsoftware, for example, importing and exporting DXFfiles exchanges data with AutoCAD.
The PolygonalMesh representation can beused to display soft furnishings such as furniture,lamps, fixtures and cabinets during the soft decorationdesign phase. On the one hand, the real-time visual-ization of BREP shape also needs to be transformedinto the data structure that this graphics hardware ismost good at. It can make full use of the parallel com-puting advantage of graphics processing unit (GPU) toachieve real-time ray tracing rendering with high senseof reality and achieve smooth frames per second. Onthe other hand, it is not easy to implement a perfectlymodeling tool repeatedly. Modeling and modificationof complex shapes can be done with the help ofmature tools. For example, a large number of existing3d Max model files in the market can be exportedthrough the 3d Max plug-in or directly converted to the3d file format for import and use, and the 3d file is thedata in Mesh format. In order to improve the feedbackspeed of the software system in interactive design, a
Table 1. Decoration stage.
3 8
Lian
g Zh
ang
open
hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. V
irtua
l Des
ign Metho
d of In
terio
r Lan
dsca
pe B
ased
on 3D
Vision
.
wireframe model is used to quickly display the objectcontour and surface shape, which is a very goodscheme and especially useful for the selection ofobjects in complex scenes.
3.4. Mesh generation algorithmThe BREP model is not suitable for rendering directlyby OpenGL/DirectX and graphics hardware. It is nec-essary to convert complex parametric surfaces intoMesh data that the 3D API is good at. UnstructuredMesh generation algorithms can be divided into threecategories: Oetree, Delaunay and AdvaneingFront.The Delaunay triangulation is a special kind of trian-gulation. In the triangulation that may be formed bythe scatter set, the minimum angle of the triangleformed by the Delaunay triangulation is the largest. Inthis sense, the Delaunay triangulation network is theclosest to the regularized triangulation network.Specifically, it refers to the diagonal line of the convexquadrilateral formed by two adjacent triangles. Aftermutual exchange, the minimum angle of the six interi-or angles will no longer increase. The Delaunay trian-gulation is unique (any four points can’t be concyclic).There are no other points in the circumscribed circle ofany triangle in the Delaunay triangle network. A spe-cial case is the three-point concyclic, that is, the emptycircle characteristic.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Indoor effect displayPanoramic interior design exhibition hall can display360 degrees of real scene, visitors can click the mouseto browse the area. The example of this study is just touse the simplest method to make cylindrical panora-ma. If the sky and earth are to be shown, it is also nec-essary to use fish-eye lens to shoot and make it inanother panorama software, such as SGIP Scape. Thevirtual reality furniture display design based onpanorama technology is a real photo, so it has astrong sense of reality and realistic performance effectof photographic photos. In addition, it has low hard-ware requirements, short development cycle and lowcost. It can be seamlessly combined with flash technol-ogy, and the small amount of data is suitable for net-work transmission. At present, almost all panoramicdisplays don’t need to download additional plug-ins.However, the main defect of the image-based 3d tech-nology lies in the poor interactivity. Consumers canonly rely on the imagination of whether the furniturecan meet the needs of their home design. In the cur-rent e-commerce application chain, personalized cus-tomization has become a very important link. The lackof interaction means that custom functionality can’t besupported. Therefore, the application of panoramatechnology in indoor exhibition is limited to the exhibi-tion effect of the exhibition hall.
Interior design exhibition based on 3d tech-nology such as VR technology and panoramic technol-ogy can greatly improve customers’ consumptionexperience. Unlike the original simple face of a pile ofconstruction drawings, designers have to rely on ver-bal explanations, customers can not try in advance likeother products. Home engineering involves hundredsof materials, construction technology and industryquality standards, the customer is a weak party, due tothe lack of professional knowledge, the partial designflaws are inevitable. But 3D virtual technology allowscustomers to experience in advance and subvert thetraditional consumption patterns.
4.2. Furniture effect displayAfter the indoor furniture product model is establishedand imported into the 3d display and roaming system,the virtual home decoration software in various homewebsites is presented to users. Through the processingof the background database, and link it to the Internet,users can click on the relevant home website address,browse and download the relevant virtual homeimprovement software, and carry out DIY homedesign. During the design process, the user calls thefurniture in the model library for placement. The usercan intuitively experience whether the appearance ofthe furniture in the room conforms to the decorationstyle of the entire home.
As this kind of software is developed by eachhome website, after 3d max modeling is completed, itobtained its own file format, that is, *. max file, butOSG does not support *. max file. Therefore, whenusing 3d max model, the *. max file must be convertedto file format supported by OSG.
In this case, the furniture virtual softwarebased on the virtual display of furniture on the 0SGplatform is adoptd. Its most important function is thatthe furniture can be placed interactively in the virtualhouse type. The data format conversion function pro-vided by 0SG is used to convert the model into an objfile and generate an Intl file. Among them, informationsuch as model vertices and facets are saved in obj file,while material maps are saved in mtl file. Then the objfile is converted to ive file format. At this time, obj andIntl files are required to be stored in the same path.And ive file contains all information such as vertices,faces and texture maps.
After entering the virtual software interface,the first step is to draw the room type according to thesuggested operation process. After creating the room,the furniture module can be dragged into the room.Users can match the furniture according to theirneeds. The product information contained in the back-ground database is very large, various brands of fur-niture or other products can be placed in the productcatalog. In the case of complete data, the price of theproduct placed in the same room can also be budget-ed. In addition, if the user wants to use the online ver-sion to place and preview the furniture, it also needsto add a rendering engine to browse.
The design and production of indoor furnituredisplay based on 3d modeling usually require comput-er modeling software (3d max software) to design andproduce 3d virtual scenes or objects. Because of itssmall amount of data, it is more interactive. However,due to the limitations of the software (most of the plug-ins need to download the rendering engine) and thelimitations of the network data flow, it is difficult to pro-vide the realistic photo effect similar to the image-based method. This is also a reason for the existenceof a furniture display solution based on the panoramicimage method. Virtual display design based on 3dmodeling has strong three-dimensional sense, spatialsense and interactive ability, and because its virtualenvironment can be unrealistic, it gives designersmore creative space and degree of freedom.
5. ConclusionsFor furniture display, virtual reality technology basedon 3d modeling has more development prospects. Inthis way, home designers can break away from theheavy modeling work and directly call the materials inthe database to carry out home design according to
3 9
open
hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. V
irtua
l Des
ign Metho
d of In
terio
r Lan
dsca
pe B
ased
on 3D
Vision
.Lian
g Zh
angtheir own design ideas. And individual users can also
use ready-made virtual home software for DIY design,everyone is a designer. This is not only an ideal goal,but also has the practical significance in terms ofreduced economic costs and efficient innovationworks.
REFERENCES
DAI, A. CHANG A.X. and SAVVA, M. 2017, Scannet:Richly-annotated 3d reconstructions of indoor scenes,Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and PatternRecognition (CVPR), 1, 1.FONSECA, D. REDONDO, E. and VALLS, F. 2017,Technological adaptation of the student to the educa-tional density of the course. A case study: 3D architec-tural visualization, Computers in Human Behavior, 72,599-611.
PORTMAN, M.E. NATAPOV, A. and FISHER-GEWIRTZMAN, D. 2015, To go where no man hasgone before: Virtual reality in architecture, landscapearchitecture and environmental planning, Computers,Environment and Urban Systems, 54, 376-384.
SANTANA, J.M. WENDEL, J. and TRUJILLO, A. 2017,Multimodal location based services—semantic 3D citydata as virtual and augmented reality, Progress inlocation-based services 2016. Springer, Cham, 329-353.
SRA M. GARRIDO-JURADO S. and MAES P. 2018,Oasis: Procedurally Generated Social Virtual Spacesfrom 3D Scanned Real Spaces, IEEE transactions onvisualization and computer graphics, 24:12, 3174-3187.
VIRTANEN, J.P. KURKELA, M. and TURPPA, T. 2018,Depth camera indoor mapping for 3D virtual radioplay, The Photogrammetric Record, 33:162, 171-195.
Author(s):
Liang ZhangAcademy of Fine Arts, Shanxi University, Taiyuan,Shanxi, 030006, China* Corresponding author: Liang Zhang, Email:[email protected]
4 0
Peilin
Zhan
gop
en h
ouse
intern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Cha
nges
in M
oder
n Urb
an P
lann
ing
Teac
hing
and
The
ory.
1. Introduction
To explore the effectiveness of government in urbandevelopment is to clarify the role of government inurban development in China. Broadly speaking, itcovers all aspects of urban construction, including notonly the problem of raising funds and land manage-ment guided by it in the process of rapid urbanization,but also the macro-policy, the transformation of gov-ernment functions, industrial policy, science and tech-nology policy, urban planning and so on, which arecharacterized by industrialization in the process ofsteady urbanization. Therefore, government effective-ness is a very broad concept.
First, multidisciplinary basic theories are com-bined. Based on the latest research achievements ofindustrial economy theory, system economy theory,urban economy theory, regional economic theory andinstitutional economics theory by domestic and foreignscholars, the theory and practice of urban manage-ment in China is reflected on, and a normativeresearch is conducted on the functional structure ofurban government in the future. Secondly, the qualita-tive analysis is combined with quantitative analysis.On the basis of evaluating the level of urban develop-ment, in addition to adopting qualitative analysismethod, a large number of data will be collected anddescriptive statistics will be made with the first-handdata of the questionnaire survey, so that the conclu-sion of the paper has both high theoretical value andstrong practical persuasion (Barnett 2016).
The development practice of China’s urbaneconomic development is comprehensively evaluated,and the fundamental contradiction of the govern-ment’s effectiveness in urban development is revealedby means of dynamic theoretical model. Combined
with urban development practice, a result-based eval-uation index system for urban development is con-structed, and the level of China’s urban developmentis evaluated and scored (Lindberg et al. 2016). Basedon the investigation and case studies, econometricmodel is applied to verify and refine the main factorsthat restrict the effectiveness of urban government inChina, and strategic measures for the effectiveness ofurban government in China are put forward.
2. State of the artThe development of rational thought in the West canbe roughly divided into four stages. Since moderntimes, rational thought has developed into threebranches. Its main schools (the middle one) examinewhether the subject’s own behavior is logical and con-stitute the concept of formal rationality/instrumentalrationality. This concept of rationality is combined withpragmatism and game theory, respectively, resulting inpractical rationality and strategic rationality. The dis-advantage of this school is that it only pays attentionto the rationality of the behavior of the subjects (indi-vidual or group), but cannot be effectively integratedwith reality. In view of this, two schools have beendeveloped to revise it. One is bounded rationality,which is relative to the concept of infinite rationality orcomplete rationality. Considering the degree of ratio-nality, it has always been the focus of economic andsocial disciplines. The second is communicative ratio-nality, which is established based on critical theory andargumentation theory, and explores the rationality ofstatement and communication between subjects.
Since the birth of modern urban planning inthe late 19th and early 20th centuries, its ideologicalcore has been closely linked with the development ofrationalism, in which instrumental rationality, bounded
Peilin ZhangAbstractIn order to further optimize the methods of modern urban planning, the philosophical basis, planning theory, planningmeasures and practice are analyzed, and some discussions are made in connection with China's planning practice.The research results show that the core of modern urban planning is constructed by traditional rationalism with classicalphysics as its core. Urban planning is both a technology and a social science. Whether it is traditional or modern urbanplanning, it has been closely linked with the legal system since its birth. It is an important direction to promote the devel-opment of urban planning discipline. The most influential rational ideas of city planning are instrumental rationality,bounded rationality and communicative rationality. Instrumental rationality derives from rational comprehensive plan-ning, systematic planning and procedural planning; the separation-gradualism and hybrid inspection model are devel-oped under the influence of bounded rationality and are amendments to instrumental rationality; communication plan-ning, collaborative planning and consultative planning are developed on the basis of communicative rationality, whichis one of the important development directions at present.
Keywords: Urban Planning Theory, United Front, Instrumental Rationality, Communication Rationality.
CHANGES IN MODERN URBAN PLANNINGTEACHING AND THEORY.
4 1
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Cha
nges
in M
oder
n Urb
an P
lann
ing
Teac
hing
and
The
ory..
Peilin
Zhan
grationality and communicative rationality all have animportant impact on planning theory.
3. MethodologyAt the beginning of the 20th century, Max Weber, aGerman sociologist and thinker, made a thoroughanalysis of the principle of modernity. He regards therational process as the core of the modernizationprocess, and divides rationality into formal rationalityand substantive rationality with great originality. Theformer considers methods and utility, while the latterconsiders results and evaluation. Weber holds that thesource of value judgment is unscientific and is theproduct of culture, tradition, social status and person-al hobbies. In the process of modernization, the calcu-lating behavior which only seeks to maximize benefits,namely instrumental rationality, overwhelms thebehavior which pursues the goals of morality, purposeand value, i.e. value rationality.
Rational comprehensive planning embodiesrational thinking in two levels: first, “rational” meansrational behavior, that is, logical and mathematicalmethods associated with deductive methods, whichhas always been the characteristic of instrumentalrationality; second, “comprehensive” means theintegrity and totality of planning (Arku et al. 2016).This theory is embodied in the structure plan of theBritish Planning Act of 1968. The focus of the structureplan is the setting of planning objectives and variousalternatives to achieve them.
Systematic approach of planning holds thatcities and regions are a combination of various inter-related and constantly changing parts, which includegeography, society, politics, economy and culture.Planning itself should also be dynamic. It should beformulated or revised at appropriate intervals (e.g. fiveyears) to form a “trajectory” linked by states, so as tomonitor, analyze and intervene in the developmentprocess (Zhongxue and Mengtao 2017). It can beseen that the system approach of planning is a stepahead of the rational comprehensive planning in therecognition of the city, and the planning method hasalso changed from static to dynamic. However, boththeories regard urban planning as a process of socialmanagement (Gstach and Kirschbaum 2016) andtheir guiding ideology is not separated from thestereotype of instrumental rationality. In the 1960s inBritain, traffic planning dealing with the problemscaused by the sharp increase in car ownership as wellas sub-regional planning under the pressure of popu-lation growth and decentralization highlighted theidea of system approach of planning (Leznicki andLewandowska 2016).
Andreas Faludi, an advocate of proceduralplanning theory, argues that planning is the best wayto generate results, and that the core of rational plan-ning is optimization. Planners need to find the bestmodel or procedure with rational criteria in a largeamount of information and opinions (Moreno-mínguez, Martínez-fernández and Carrasco-campos2016). From the perspective of instrumental rationali-ty, planning becomes a high-level decision-makingprocess, which is “a set of methods designed to pro-vide information in some way to make decision morerational” (Giunta, Pericoli and Pierucci 2016). As ameasure of its utility, it is the benefit-cost analysis inplanning and the balance sheet of planning (Rigolon,Browning and Jennings 2018). The Netherlands com-pleted the transition from form planning to procedure
planning in the 1970s, and after the 1990s, proce-dure planning changed to a more macro strategicplanning.
The planning of instrumental rationality isbeneficial to quantitative research, and has stronganalytical, evaluative and operational characteristics.Therefore, it has been widely used after World War II.However, this rational planning method often reliestoo much on technical tools and economic data (suchas regional GDP), blindly pursues the optimization ofa single measurement standard, and is used as apanacea to solve all problems, which leads to abuseand self-expansion. In view of this, in the heyday ofrational planning development, there have been sev-eral planning models which have been partiallyrevised. The main ideological basis of these models isbounded rationality.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Dynamic systemBounded rationality holds that people are constrainedby realistic conditions, such as insufficient knowledgeof information and insufficient time to collect andprocess information, and cannot have complete andsufficient rationality. Based on the idea of boundedrationality, the decision-making behavior, planningoperation and the realization of planning objectivesare focused on under realistic constraints, and a dis-jointed incrementalism and a mixed-scanning modelare developed. Disjointed incrementalism is a revisionof the rational comprehensive model, while the mixed-scanning model is regarded as the “third way”between them. The details of the two models areshown in Table 1.
4.2. LLE ResultsCommunication planning is the result of the applica-tion of communicative rationality in the field of plan-ning. Patsy Healey, a British planning scholar, believesthat it comes from three sources: first, Habermas’
Table 1. Planning models modifying the rational planning
4 2
Peilin
Zhan
gop
en h
ouse
intern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Cha
nges
in M
oder
n Urb
an P
lann
ing
Teac
hing
and
The
ory.
communicative theory; second, Foucault’s theory ofdiscourse and power; and third, Giddens’ and institu-tionalist school’s viewpoints. Fainstein believes thatJohn Dewey’s pragmatism and Habermas’ theoryconstitute the philosophical basis of this planning the-ory. Communication planning theory not only regardsplanners as arbitrators of different interest groups, butmore importantly, it also regards planning as aprocess of multi-party communication and consulta-tion. Therefore, the status of planner is no longer onlyan independent and systematic thinker, but also acommunicator. This brand-new role orientationembodies the idea of a complete break with the plan-ner’s connotation, which has been recognized byexperts, customers, the public and society in the past.In the past, the planning concept based on instrumen-tal rationality neglected the value orientation and ide-ology of planning, and exposed the tendency of exag-gerating instrumental rationality and despising valuerationality. The so-called “objective and impartial”benefit-cost analysis tool is actually a reflection of theplanners’ subjective value judgment. Communicationplanning theory based on communicative rationalityhas been criticized and changed. Because of its criticalessence and philosophical origin, it is sometimescalled critical theory in planning theory circles, fromwhich many concepts and models of planning with thesame origin have been derived (Table 2).
However, academics still have some doubtsabout the operability of various application models ofcommunicative rationality in practice. They believethat the following shortcomings will affect its imple-mentation: first, the neglect of power in communica-tion planning; second, the gap between perfect theoryand action; and third, the time-consuming process ofparticipating in discussions. In view of the above short-comings, Flyvbjerg and Richardson proposed to sup-plement and amend communication planning withFoucault’s power analysis theory. By facing up tosocial conflicts, planning methods are transformedfrom a perfect state to a realistic state. This methodmay be able to break the magic of “ignoring power”once various planning theories and methodologiesare put forward. Pennington, on the other hand,sought support from Hayek’s liberalism theory, believ-ing that objective and self-controlled market mecha-nism should be used to improve and promote the
process of mutual learning between subjects. This maymake communication rationality less abstract and adda layer of pragmatism insurance. It can be seen thatthe emergence of communication planning theory andvarious methodologies is a reflection of the develop-ment of rational principles from modern to post-mod-ern. It is also the result of questioning, rebellion, aban-donment and transcendence of material planningmodel and rational-comprehensive planning model,which have been dominant since the middle of the20th century.
5. ConclusionsChina’s planning community is trying to absorb theconcept of bounded rationality and communicativerationality. However, it should be noted that communi-cation planning cannot simply be equated with publicparticipation, and it has a deeper philosophical con-notation. Firstly, it requires all parties in the planningto cooperate on the same platform (so it is neither top-down nor bottom-up), so the key is to build a commu-nication platform that can embed all kinds of valuesand ways of thinking. Secondly, it requires communi-cation to follow the principles of understandable, sin-cere, sincere and reasonable communication rational-ity. How to ensure it in the existing planning mecha-nism is a problem that needs to be solved in the futurereform of planning system. At the same time, it alsorequires planners to change their traditional identityand intervene in planning activities in a more flexibleand socialized way, which will bring great challengesto the status of planners as technical experts.
Not only can the theoretical study of urbanplanning be divided into the study of cities and theprocess of planning behavior, but also can the prac-tice of urban planning be divided into professionalpractice and vocational practice. It can be furtherfound that there is not a complete correspondencebetween the academic research field of urban plan-ning and the social activities of urban planning. Theunderstanding and clarification of this issue is directlyrelated to the theme of the paper – to what extent canurban planning politics become not only an importantpart of the professional knowledge system, but alsothe key content of professional practice.
To sum up, the purpose of discussion onurban planning politics is to build a concrete and his-torical understanding between urban planning theoryand practice: that is, to pay continuous attention topublic interests, democratic processes and proceduresin the process of urban planning, and to attach impor-tance to how urban planning organizations can oper-ate in favor of a democratic society.
Table 2. Forms of communicative planning.
4 3
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Cha
nges
in M
oder
n Urb
an P
lann
ing
Teac
hing
and
The
ory..
Peilin
Zhan
gREFERENCES
ARKU, G. MENSAH, K.O. and ALLOTEY, N.K. 2016,Non-compliance with building permit regulations inAccra-Tema city-region, Ghana: exploring the reasonsfrom the perspective of multiple stakeholders,Planning Theory & Practice, 17:3, 361-384.
BARNETT, J. 2016, The nature of urban design; a NewYork perspective on resilience, Journal of urbandesign, 21, 153-154.
GIUNTA, A. PERICOLI, F.M. and PIERUCCI, E. 2016,University–industry collaboration in the biopharma-ceuticals: The Italian case, The Journal of TechnologyTransfer, 41:4, 818-840.
GSTACH, D. and KIRSCHBAUM, M. 2016, Languageas design tool: an empirical and design perspective inthe field of architecture and planning, ArchitecturalScience Review, 59:6, 465-473.
LEZNICKI, M. and LEWANDOWSKA, A. 2016,Contemporary concepts of a city in the context of sus-tainable development: perspective of humanities andnatural sciences.
LINDBERG, F. THORSSON, S. and RAYNER, D. 2016,The impact of urban planning strategies on heat stressin a climate-change perspective, Sustainable Citiesand Society, 25, 1-12.
MORENO-MÍNGUEZ, A. MARTÍNEZ-FERNÁNDEZ,L.C. and CARRASCO-CAMPOS, Á. 2016, Family pol-icy indicators and well-being in Europe from an evo-lutionary perspective, Applied Research in Quality ofLife, 11:2, 343-367.
RIGOLON, A. BROWNING, M. and JENNINGS, V.2018, Inequities in the quality of urban park systems:An environmental justice investigation of cities in theUnited States, Landscape and Urban Planning, 178,156-169.
ZHONGXUE, Z. and MENGTAO, L. 2017, Spatial-temporal change in urban agricultural land use effi-ciency from the perspective of agricultural multi-func-tionality: A case study of the Xi’an metropolitan zone,Journal of Geographical Sciences, 27:12, 1499-1520.
Author(s):
Peilin Zhang*Political Science and Public Administration School,Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237,China* Corresponding author: Peilin Zhang, Email:[email protected]
4 4
Haita
o Su
nop
en h
ouse
intern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Leg
al a
nd Illega
l Pro
cesses
of B
uilding
Disp
osal U
nder
The
Visi
on O
f Urb
an P
lann
ing.
1. IntroductionDue to the limited, scarce and non-renewable natureof land resources, in recent years, with the advance-ment of China’s new urbanization, urban land andreal estate appreciate rapidly, resulting in the unau-thorized occupation of land, random construction andexpansion. The situation of additional constructionand illegal construction is very prominent, and illegalconstruction has become a major issue in the man-agement of the local governments (Biase and Losco2017; Agyeman, Abeka and Assiamah 2016). Thefight against rectification of illegal construction andthe reality of optimism form a mutual game. The gov-ernment has fulfilled its relevant duties and increasedthe governance of illegal buildings, which has led tobetter control of the illegal construction of the build-ing.
The legislation on illegal buildings is not per-fect. The law enforcement is weak, resulting in repeat-ed violations of illegal buildings. This has been aproblem that has plagued city managers and scholars.Therefore, it is necessary to find a way to dispose ofillegal buildings. From the legal practice of law, a vari-ety of problems can be found. Illegal construction hasbecome the focus of social contradictions, and thepublic interest is still being challenged. Thus, the dis-posal of illegal construction of research is important.For illegal construction, the perfection and evaluationof laws and regulations are emphasized. It is particu-larly urgent to explore its legal governance approach.Governing illegal buildings is very important for pro-moting urban development and social harmony.In summary, the legal aspects of illegal constructionwere studied. Some legal provisions and rules andregulations of illegal buildings in China were analyzeto solve the problem of illegal construction in law.Issues related to illegal construction in terms of admin-
istrative law enforcement were explored. The manage-ment and governance of the illegal building of rele-vant administrative shortcomings and difficulties in lawenforcement were analyzed to find appropriate solu-tions to governance and regulation of illegal construc-tion. Through the study of illegal construction issues,China’s current laws on illegal construction are under-stood. From the source, the solution to the problemwas found. This is conducive to the supervision andgovernance of illegal construction. The developmentof illegal buildings has been curbed. The pace ofurban construction is more stable, and the environ-ment and planning are more scientific, thus protectingthe interests of the people.
2. State of the artDomestic and foreign research on illegal buildings ishighly valued. Many books on illegal constructionhave analyzed the difficulties of illegal construction inurban development from different research directions.Mataj summarizes the definition of illegal construction,and analyzes the different types of illegal constructionand the principles of management. In his opinion, lawenforcement should not be blind. Demolition of illegalbuildings cannot be compared with demolition, result-ing in infringement of the legitimate interests of citizens(Mataj 2016). Cao and Mannoni pointed out thatbecause China’s legal definition of illegal constructionis not perfect, and local law enforcement standardsare not uniform. it is not particularly ideal for the gov-ernance of illegal buildings. He believes that illegalconstruction must be defined from various aspects,such as procedural law, substantive law, etc. to bettermanage illegal buildings (Cao and Mannoni 2017).Take Shenzhen city as an example, the current situa-tion and experience of local governance are intro-duced in detail. The idea of collaborative governance
Haitao SunAbstractTo solve the problem of illegal buildings, laws were used to control illegal buildings from the perspective of urban plan-ning. Illegal buildings were legalized by reissuing relevant procedures. Illegal buildings were confiscated and auc-tioned. Illegal buildings that endanger public safety were completely removed. Illegal buildings that meet the safetystandards were transformed into citizens' affordable housing and other disposal modes. The results showed that China'scurrent laws on the lack of identification of illegal buildings, legal lag, legislative dispersion and many of the problemsinvolved in illegal construction were cross-types. There were both frontier subject issues and ubiquitous issues.Regardless of the extent of the aspects involved, the legal issues of studying illegal building governance have alwaysbeen the main line and the main tone of social development. Therefore, by perfecting laws and regulations on illegalbuilding management, the administrative enforcement mechanism for illegal buildings is improved and publicity effortsare strengthened. The legal consciousness of the people is enhanced.
Keywords: Urban Planning, Illegal Construction, Disposal, Law.
LEGAL AND ILLEGAL PROCESSES OF BUILDINGDISPOSAL UNDER THE VISION OF URBAN PLANNING.
4 5
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Leg
al a
nd Illega
l Pro
cesses
of B
uilding
Disp
osal U
nder
The
Visi
on O
f Urb
an P
lann
ing.
Haita
o Su
n
is put forward. The management of illegal buildingsneeds the coordinated management of the govern-ment. In many aspects such as social management,public service and economic regulation, the gover-nance of illegal buildings has been realized (Yuan2017). In his article, Malalgoda et al. introduced thestatus quo of the illegal construction of the building.He believed that the illegal construction was causedby various reasons. This phenomenon was the productof urbanization construction, which caused by poorsupervision and interest driving. At the same time,Malalgoda believes that illegal construction leads toserious waste of land, damages the ecological envi-ronment, affects the construction of the city, and hasserious safety hazards (Malalgoda, Amaratunga andHaigh 2016).
3. Methodology3.1. City planningIn 2013, WHO launched a questionnaire survey ofhealth urban planning issues related to members ofthe health network of European cities. It found that theconcerns of healthy urban planning vary from countryto country due to different national conditions. Thefour aspects of general planning and urban form,green space/recreation/physical activity, transporta-tion and accessibility, urban design and environmentalquality are the focus of common concern of memberstates. Modern urban planning follows the people-ori-ented concept and is committed to building a homesuitable for human habitation. Therefore, the relevanttheories of urban planning are enough to constitutetheoretical support for healthy urban planning. Allaspects of urban planning have the potential to pro-mote public health. However, to ensure the priority ofkey objectives of healthy urban planning, the maincontent and scope of healthy urban planning shouldbe limited (Sallis, Bull and Burdett 2016; Yamamura,Fan and Suzuki 2017).
3.2. Illegal buildingAccurate definition is the premise of governing illegalbuildings. By accurately understanding the meaning ofillegal buildings, illegal buildings are accurately locat-ed and distinguished to solve the problem. Therefore,it is very important to make an accurate and specificdefinition of illegal buildings. China’s laws and regu-lations do not have a relatively accurate definition ofillegal buildings, and there are different views in theacademic and practical circles. After a review of thatinformation on illegal construction, the following viewregarding illegal construction is found: Illegal build-
ings violate the prohibition of relevant laws and regu-lations and urban planning. The building and its ancil-lary facilities were built without the relevant approvalprocedures. Without the examination and approval ofthe relevant departments, the builders use deceptionto obtain approval to build, expand and transformbuildings.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Disposal target of illegal buildingsAt present, there are still many deficiencies in the gov-ernance of illegal buildings. Various problems in leg-islation, law enforcement and public participation arenot solved. The illegal buildings are still in a state ofgrowth. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the lawson illegal buildings and strictly enforce them. The fol-lowing principles must be resolutely implemented: thelaw must be observed; law enforcement must be strict;law-breakers must be dealt with accordingly; and allpersons are equal before the law. People participate inthe governance of illegal buildings. Through a seriesof governance measures, the growth of illegal build-ings is controlled. Illegal construction shows a nega-tive growth as soon as possible. The scale of illegalbuildings is reduced until they disappear. This is thegoal of illegal building management. Based on man-aging the illegal buildings that have been formed,supervision has been strengthened. Through thereporting and supervision of the people and the rapidinvestigation and punishment of law enforcementagencies, illegal buildings were killed in the cradle. Inthe end, this “tumor” that plagued the city’s develop-ment was eradicated. To solve the problem of illegalconstruction, the goal is to protect the fundamentalinterests of the people. Only when the interests of thepeople are guaranteed can the country be stable andsocially harmonious.
Figure 3. Harmful construction of illegal buildings
Figure 2. Constance Region based on the intensity of net-work connectivity.
Figure 1. Main contents of urban planning
4 6
Haita
o Su
nop
en h
ouse
intern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Leg
al a
nd Illega
l Pro
cesses
of B
uilding
Disp
osal U
nder
The
Visi
on O
f Urb
an P
lann
ing.
4.2. Principles for disposal of illegal buildingsFor all kinds of problems in law enforcement of illegalbuildings, the law enforcement personnel are not strictenough, which leads to many illegal buildings cannotbe dealt with in time. Therefore, the lawbreakers arebeyond the arm of the law. Law enforcement is the lastlink and the most crucial part of solving the problemof illegal construction. Only by strictly enforcing thelast level of law enforcement can the number of illegalbuildings be effectively controlled, thus acceleratingthe progress of illegal construction.
In the demolition work of illegal buildings, thecombination of self-demolition and forced demolitionis adopted. The demolition of illegal buildings by theoffenders themselves will save law enforcement costsand government financial expenditure. At the sametime, violators can reuse the building materials of ille-gal buildings to reduce losses. This is a win-winmodel. If the unauthorized constructor does not agreeto demolish illegal buildings or is unwilling to disman-tle them by themselves, this can be a method of demo-litions, but forced demolitions may intensify contradic-tions. Therefore, it should pay attention to the way ofdemolitions. People’s education work and comfortwork have been strengthened to try to make the demo-lition work accepted by the public. In this way, unnec-essary disputes can be avoided, the demolition of ille-gal buildings can be accelerated, and the growth ofillegal buildings can be controlled.
4.3. Disposal mode of illegal buildingsIllegal buildings are of different types. The treatment ofillegal buildings should be tailored to the specific con-ditions to achieve good results. Therefore, the mode ofclassified disposal should be adopted for illegal build-ings. There are many types of illegal buildings. Thedemolition of illegal buildings will be a serious wasteof social resources. Some illegal buildings that haveundergone quality audits and planning audits will turnillegal buildings into treasures through methods suchas re-issuing procedures, auctions, and conversion tocitizens’ affordable housing. This is a benign transfor-mation of social resources. The first is to legalize ille-gal construction by completing relevant procedures.The second is to take over and auction illegal build-ings. The third is to completely dismantle illegal build-ings that endanger public safety. The fourth is to con-vert illegal buildings that meet safety standards into cit-izens’ affordable housing.
4.4. Specific countermeasures for illegal building dis-posalThere are many laws on illegal buildings in China, butthere is no accurate and scientific definition of illegalbuildings. As a result, law enforcement agencies donot have an accurate judgment on the types of illegalbuildings. The type of illegal building needs to beaccurately defined by the law. In the past, illegal build-ing was only defined by whether it had correspondingapproval procedures. This classification is very broadand even random, which makes it difficult for lawenforcement. The definition of illegal buildings cannotbe kept at a standard. It is necessary to define whetherthe illegal buildings violate urban planning, whether itis harmful to the people’s personal and propertyrights, and whether it can legalize illegal buildings byreissuing relevant procedures. these define the waysand means to be reflected in the law. Through judicialinterpretation and legislative interpretation, the
boundary is clearer and more specific.The most common disposal method in the
legal provisions on illegal buildings is forced removal.In the process of controlling illegal buildings, the mostcommon method is forced removal. Although forceddemolition is the most powerful response to illegalconstruction, due to the variety of illegal buildings, inthe actual law enforcement process, forced removalmeasures may not be suitable for all illegal buildings.For the illegal construction of some simple architec-ture, it can be easily removed. However, some demo-lition of illegal buildings on high-rise buildings is moredifficult. The demolition of high-altitude buildings maycause great damage to buildings, vehicles and pedes-trians on the ground.
The demolition of a large number of illegalbuildings will seriously waste resources. To avoidwaste, different approaches are required for differenttypes of illegal buildings. Through legislative interpre-tation and judicial interpretation, the law can be mademore flexible, so that the law enforcement process canbe more standardized. As a result, the illegal buildingscan be better governed.
The legal system for illegal buildings is com-plex. There is a certain degree of conflict betweenlaws. The laws and regulations of local illegal build-ings may conflict with the superior law. Local laws andregulations must obey the superior law of the state. Atthe same time, there are non-uniform provisionsbetween different departmental laws on illegal con-struction. Law enforcement officers are confused whenchoosing the legal basis, which makes it more difficultfor law enforcement.
5. ConclusionsThe current legal identification of illegal constructionin China is still insufficient. The law lags behind, thelegislation is scattered and there are conflicts betweendepartments and laws. At the same time, China’s lawenforcement work on illegal buildings is not perfect.Law enforcement departments also have a series ofproblems such as chaotic distribution of duties, lowefficiency of law enforcement, and single law enforce-ment. Law enforcement is the last link in the manage-ment of illegal buildings, and it is also the most impor-tant link. By establishing and improving the supervi-sion and evaluation mechanism, the administrativelaw enforcement methods are changed. A platform forreporting and consulting on illegal construction is setup. The law enforcement activities will be more profes-sional and efficient. The last link of illegal buildingmanagement is emphasized. In addition to the invest-ment of law enforcement agencies, the illegal con-struction of buildings requires the participation of thepeople. Due to the large number of illegal buildingsand the strong concealment, it is difficult for lawenforcement agencies to investigate and deal withthese illegal buildings. Regarding the report informa-tion of illegal buildings, law enforcement agencies canquickly find illegal buildings that exist in the streets andlanes, making law enforcement work more efficientand convenient. The cost of law enforcement is greatlyreduced.
4 7
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Leg
al a
nd Illega
l Pro
cesses
of B
uilding
Disp
osal U
nder
The
Visi
on O
f Urb
an P
lann
ing.
Haita
o Su
nAcknowledgements: This study was supported by Humanities and SocialSciences Foundation of the Ministry ofEducation(18YJC820054); the fundamental ResearchFunds for the Central Universities of China of HohaiUniversity (2017B18814) and China PostdoctoralScience Foundation (2016M601683).
REFERENCES
AGYEMAN, S. ABEKA, H. and ASSIAMAH, S. 2016,Are the Challenges in the Processing of BuildingPermits a Precursor for Development of IllegalStructures in Ghana, US-China L. Rev., 13, 337.
BIASE, C.D. and LOSCO, S. 2017, Up-grading illegalbuilding settlements: an urban-planning methodolo-gy, Procedia Environmental Sciences, 37, 454-465.
CAO, D. and MANNONI, M. 2017, Are There ‘IllegalRights’ in Chinese Law? On the Meanings of FeifaQuanyi, The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law,5:1, 190-204.
MALALGODA, C. AMARATUNGA. D, and HAIGH, R.2016, Overcoming challenges faced by local govern-ments in creating a resilient built environment in cities,Disaster Prevention and Management: AnInternational Journal, 25:5, 628-648.
MATAJ, R. 2016, An Insight Over Non-ContractualLiability of Public Administration in Albania, ANGLIS-TICUM. Journal of the Association for Anglo-American Studies, 5:2, 107-115.
SALLIS, J.F. BULL, F. and BURDETT, R. 2016, Use ofscience to guide city planning policy and practice:how to achieve healthy and sustainable future cities,The lancet, 388:10062, 2936-2947.
YAMAMURA, S. FAN, L. and SUZUKI, Y. 2017,Assessment of urban energy performance throughintegration of BIM and GIS for smart city planning,Procedia engineering, 180, 1462-1472.
YUAN, H. 2017, Barriers and countermeasures formanaging construction and demolition waste: A caseof Shenzhen in China, Journal of Cleaner Production,157, 84-93.
Author(s):
Haitao Sun*School of Law, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu,210098, China* Corresponding author: Haitao Sun, Email:[email protected]
4 8
Xuan
Wan
gop
en h
ouse
inte
rnat
iona
l Vol
.44
No.
3, S
epte
mbe
r 201
9. In
terp
reta
tion
of A
esth
etic
s La
ndsc
ape
Des
ign
Und
er th
e Li
tera
ry A
rtisti
c C
once
ptio
n of
"Dag
uany
uan"
1. Introduction
As a classical novel, A Dream of Red Mansions firstimpressed the world by describing simple life scenes inwords; since the 1920s, Mei Lanfang’s opera “DaiyuFuneral Flowers” was brought to the screen, A Dreamof Red Mansions has begun a new growth space in thefilm and television industry, especially the 1987 CCTVseries “A Dream of Red Mansions”, which can beregarded as a classic through the space of film art. Inthe 1980s, Shanghai and Beijing established theDaguanyuan successively. In 1980, Qingpu County ofShanghai established the Daguanyuan by DianshanLake, providing people with the opportunity to reallyappreciate the Daguanyuan and find the traces of JiaBaoyu and Lin Daiyu’s life.
The research method is, from general to spe-cial, from theory to practice, to analyze argumentswith special significance from the most common phe-nomena, and apply this argument to practical cases.Specific methods are as follows: theoretical research:for ancient and modern literature and Internet infor-mation materials, adopt research-based readingmethods to obtain relevant theories, learn from prede-cessors’ excellent methods and theories of literaturefilm and television and landscape art, and improvethem to form the theoretical system of the content ofthis study, and to guide the practical application. On-the-spot investigation: the success or failure of gar-dening space construction needs to be inspected on-the-spot, so that the space created can be perceivedby the user’s identity. Only by in-depth investigationcan the advantages and disadvantages of the spaceconstruction of the Daguanyuan in the real scene,which space construction is successful and impressive,and which space construction is deficient and inade-quate be clear.A Dream of Red Mansions is a classic ancient literary
work and an excellent film and television theme. TheDaguanyuan is an excellent garden which gathers theessence of classical gardens. The literature film andtelevision, landscape art space performance elements,expressions and performance techniques are ana-lyzed, the space of the Daguanyuan from three per-spectives is studied, and the inspiration of literaturefilm and television for modern landscape design isanalyzed. The elements and modes of expression ofspace under three perspectives are discussed.Literature creates space through the elements ofexpression of space-words by various descriptive tech-niques. Films and televisions show space through theelements of expression of space-pictures, sounds andwords by lens and editing. Landscape art shows spacethrough the elements of gardening-plants, water bod-ies, rocks and gardening buildings. It is skillful to cre-ate a space atmosphere by means of gardening tech-niques.
2. State of the artThe layout study of Daguanyuan was studied when thebook A Dream of Red Mansions was written. This manwas Zhiyanzhai who was the first one to do thisresearch. He made many comments on the construc-tion and layout of Daguanyuan, such as the annota-tions in the seventeenth to eighteenth chapters of hismanuscript: / This is an outline, which has to be writ-ten in detail, especially the annotations (Yu and Xu2018). Since then, there have been successive studieson the layout of the Daguanyuan, such as Ge Zhen’sStudy on the Plane Map of the Daguanyuan, JinQizong’s Preliminary Study on the Layout of theDaguanyuan, Zhou Shanyi’s Ten Comments on theDaguanyuan, and so on.
In the 22nd year of Jiaqing, Fan Kai’s “RongGuofu and Daguanyuan” attached to his “Dream ofan Idiot” is the earliest known plan of the
Xuan WangAbstractIn order to find a way to create the artistic conception of modern landscape space, the spatial analysis of Daguanyuanis carried out from the perspective of literature in order to find out the method of creating the artistic conception ofmodern landscape space. Adopting the method of general to special, from theory to practice, the argument with spe-cial significance is analyzed from the most common phenomena, and this argument is applied to the method of prac-tical cases. The results show that Daguanyuan space in literature needs the audience's ability to understand words, theperception of space in film and television needs the audience's strong memory and imaginative thinking, while the per-ception of Daguanyuan space in garden art needs only basic discrimination ability. After analyzing the effect ofDaguanyuan space construction from the literary perspective, it is believed that the writing techniques of starting point- development - climax - ending, wanting to carry forward first and restraining first, and reserving foreshadows in lit-erature can be used for reference in modern landscape design.
Keywords: Daguanyuan, Space, Literature.
INTERPRETATION OF AESTHETICS LANDSCAPEDESIGN UNDER THE LITERARY ARTISTICCONCEPTION OF "DAGUANYUAN"
4 9
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Inte
rpre
tatio
n of
Aes
thet
ics
Land
scap
e D
esig
n U
nder
the
Lite
rary
Arti
stic
Con
cept
ion
of "D
agua
nyua
n"Xu
an W
angDaguanyuan. The Daguanyuan Picture collected in
the Chinese History Museum cannot be examined. It isonly known that the author was a folk painter inJiaqing and Daoguang years. The picture is mainlycomposed of peony pavilion, Hengwu Courtyard,Shaofengxuan and concave crystal hall, totaling 173people, which depicts banquets, poem clubs andother scenes (Jiang and Xu 2016; Zhu 2017). Up tonow, the important layout maps of Daguanyuaninclude: Boqi’s Daguanyuan Map, Hu Wenwei’sDaguanyuan Map of A Dream of Red Mansions, SongHongwen’s Jiafu Courtyard Map of Daguanyuan, GeZhen’s Daguanyuan Map of Plane Layout, DaiZhiang’s Daguanyuan Map of Bird’s View of A Dreamof Red Mansions, Zeng Baoquan’s Daguanyuan Map,Zhaogang’s Daguanyuan Plane Imagination Map, XuGongshi’s Plane Schematic Map of Daguanyuan,Yang Naiji’s Plane Map of Daguanyuan, Jin Qizong’sLayout of Daguanyuan, Luo Buzhen’s New Map ofDaguanyuan, Zhou Shanyi’s/Rong Guofu’sDaguanyuan’s Restoration Map, Guan Huashan’sDaguanyuan’s Configuration Map, Zhang Lianggao’sRed Mansion Dream Daguanyuan Craftsman’sRestoration Map, and Daguanyuan of BeijingVegetable Garden, Daguanyuan Plane SchematicMap of Dianshan Lake in Shanghai, etc. (Chiem2017; Costelloe 2014).
3. Methodology3.1. Expressive elements of space from the perspectiveof literatureThe artistic space that the audience can feel is virtualspace. The reason why the novel mentioned here canbring the space feeling to people is that the audiencecan read the text of the novel and absorb all kinds ofinformation conducive to space perception. Thus, writ-ing is the expressive element of novel space. However,if the text is further refined, the specific elements cov-ered by the text include the description of social con-tent, regional content, scenery content, and charactercontent. The social content described by the charac-ters refers to many social factors such as the charac-teristics of the times, customs, and interpersonal rela-tionships in the specific areas mentioned in the con-tents of the novel. It is an important social backgroundfactor in the novel and an important support for thecharacterization and story development of the novel.Regional content is the geographical foothold of thestory occurrence in the novel, that is, the occurrenceof the story and the field carrying the characters’ activ-ities. It defines the space scope of story occurrenceand character activity, and is the specific space wherestory occurs. Scenery content is the further refinementand visualization of the place where novel storiesoccur, including natural scenes and man-madescenes. It is the visualization of social content andregional content, and it is often displayed in descrip-tive sentences. Character content is the description ofcharacters’ psychology, appearance and behaviormentioned in novel content, and it is the assistant fac-tor of space display. It is the visual projection and con-centrated reflection of characters through environ-mental factors, projecting space and giving spacecharacter.
3.2. Narrator’s descriptive spaceNarrator’s descriptive space is to use the narrator’somniscient perspective to show space. It is the mainway of describing space in the whole novel and also
the most basic way of describing space, which is alsothe most important part of the novel. It is oftendescribed directly in large text, so that the image ofspace is in place. This description method is oftenused to concentrate on describing the characters’appearance, natural scenery and other spatialdescriptions, which can not only reflect the nature ofthe characters in the novel, but also introduce thesocial content and regional content of the novel.Through a large number of stylized sentences, thesocial content, regional content and part of the char-acter content of the novel can be displayed simply andcomprehensively to give the audience the overallimpression of the novel space. Audiences interpret thewords of front, back, left and right directions and thedescription of scenery to form a specific image ofspace in their minds.
3.3. One-sided description of space through charac-tersThis method is a way to use the limited perspective ofcharacters to show space, not to show space in an all-round way, but to show part of space selectivelythrough the eyes of the characters in the novel. It hascertain limitations, but it can show space more pro-foundly. The way of describing space unilaterallymainly appears when describing the environment of acharacter’s activities and the characters in detail. Thecharacters’ senses such as hearing and vision areused as the lead to draw out what they see, hear andfeel, and show the space in their eyes and ears. At thesame time, the space with the characters’ likes anddislikes is presented because the description incorpo-rates the characters’ own likes and dislikes. Foster thespace atmosphere, achieve the sublimation of the sit-uation, and make the space more vivid.
3.4. Narrator and character combined to displayspaceThe combination of narrator and character showsspace in a way that combines narrator’s omniscientperspective and character’s limited perspective. It is amore flexible way to show space by flexible transfor-mation of the two perspectives. Narrator’s displayspace does not present the space directly and com-pletely, but shows part of the space where the charac-ters appear, and then uses the limited perspective ofthe characters to show the remaining space. After theend of the characters’ activities, the whole space willbe perceived by the audience. Obviously, this way is away to show space with the activities of the characters,and the emergence of omniscient perspective and lim-ited perspective does not have time succession, butonly a reasonable sequence of space display. This wayclosely around the characters’ activities, guides theaudience with their words and deeds, gradually dis-plays the space, highlights the narrative main line ofthe novel, dilutes its background content, promotesthe individualized display of space, makes the spaceflexible, vivid and full of charm, and can arouse thesympathy of the audience, and achieves the artisticeffect that the first two ways fail to achieve.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Restoring the location of DaguanyuanIn A Dream of Red Mansions, there are many articlesabout the Daguanyuan, which refers to the specificlocation of the Daguanyuan, that is, the sixteenth visitto Jia Fu, after knowing the return of the Lantern
5 0
Xuan
Wan
gop
en h
ouse
inte
rnat
iona
l Vol
.44
No.
3, S
epte
mbe
r 201
9. In
terp
reta
tion
of A
esth
etic
s La
ndsc
ape
Des
ign
Und
er th
e Li
tera
ry A
rtisti
c C
once
ptio
n of
"Dag
uany
uan"
Festival in the Spring Festival, it began to plan for theconstruction of the Daguanyuan. Therefore, to deter-mine the specific location of the Daguanyuan, it isnecessary to start with the site selection of the sixteenthround.
In the sixteenth round, Jia Rong informed JiaLian about the site selection. From the East side, hestarted the garden in Dongfu to the north, and mea-sured a total of three and a half miles. And the so-called Dongfu, according to the third time Daiyuentered the mansion, there was a plaque on the frontdoor, writing “Save Ningguo Mansion” five big char-acters. Daiyu thought: This must be the grandfather’shouse. Thinking about it, she moves toward west. Nottoo far, but also three gates, that is the RongguoPalace. It is seen that the so-called Dongfu refers tothe Ningguo Palace. The location of the Daguanyuanis between the Ningguo Palace and the RongguoPalace. It starts from the Ningguofu Garden in the Eastand stops at the Rongguo Palace in the west.
The sixteenth round, after the site of the con-struction of the Daguanyuan was determined, Jia Lianbegan to plan for the construction. The shilling crafts-men dismantled the walls and pavilions of HuifangGarden in Ningfu and went directly into the EastCourtyard of the Rongfu. Although there was no clearboundary between the two halls, the lane was also aprivate land, not an official road, so it could be con-nected. The Daguanyuan occupied a lane. TheNingguo Garden in the East was the specific locationof Huifang Garden. The Huifang Garden is a livingspring brought from the north corner wall and whenthe 13th Central Qin Keqing came to life, the gate ofHuifang Garden opened and the drum hall swirled onboth sides. Two classes of Qingyi played music ontime. Huifang Garden runs through the wholeNingguo Palace from South to north, with its southgate facing the street and the main entrance ofNingguo and Rongfu is on the same line; the northwall is also facing the street, belonging to the northernwall of Ningguo.
4.2. Analysis based on the eighteenth chapterIn the eighteenth chapter, Lin Daiyu cut the sachet bagby mistake and Jia Yuanchun returned to congratulateyuanxiao. That chapter mainly selected the part ofYuanfei returned to the province to extract the wordsabout space and walking route, and analyzed the vis-iting route of Daguanyuan. This review focuses on thenarrative of events, but the description of the storyenvironment is very few. However, from the analysis ofthe sequence of tours, after Yuanfei entered theDaguanyuan, she went around the eastern side of theoverlapping mountains to the main hall, and there wasa large pool between the overlapping mountains andthe main hall. From the previous analysis, it can beinferred that the pool is the convergence of QinfangSpring. It can reach the main hall through the QinfangBridge on the back of the overlapping hill or the boatboarding on the east side of the overlapping hill. It canreach the main hall through the ancestral villa arch-way. It can preliminarily guess the flow direction ofQinfang Spring and further determine the location ofthe main hall, and the blue part is the water body part.
4.3. Analysis of the spatial layout of Daguanyuanbased on other reviewsThe description of Daguanyuan space in A Dream ofRed Mansions also has a simple description in the for-
tieth, forty-first and seventy-fourth chapters. The analy-sis of Grandma Liu’s path to visit Daguanyuan cansupplement the above analysis. Grandma Liu’s path toDaguanyuan is as follows: Qinfangting, XiaoxiangHall (toward Jushu, Ziling Chau), Fengjie, Jia Baoyu’smother, etc. by boat, Qiushuangzhai, Shuluo Port,stone ladder, Hengyuan, Zhuijin Pavilion (under thetrees in front of the hill), Longcui Pavilion, andYiyihongyuan.
When Jia Baoyu’s mother and others visitedQiushuangzhai on the fortieth round, Jia Baoyu’smother mentioned that it was near the street andheard the sound of drum music from the street. It isclear that Qiushuangzhai is near the street, and thesound of playing music actually comes fromLixiangyuan. Qiushuangzhai is close to Lixiangyuan,so Qiushuangzhai is located in the western part ofDaguanyuan. There are two ways between XiaoxiangHall and Qiushuangzhai: water and land. The landroute is faster and the water route is relatively cir-cuitous. Qiushuangzhai is located in the northeast ofXiaoxiang Hall. According to the eighteenth chapter,when Yuanfei renamed Daguanyuan, it was men-tioned that the eastern flying tower was called “ZhuijinPavilion” that is the attic of the main hall. People lis-tened to the opera in Pavilion separately from water.Hengwu Courtyard had a high terrain, and LongcuiPavilion should be located on the flat ground or at thefoot of the main mountain. After Jia’s mother leftLongcui Pavilion, she went directly to Daoxiang Villageto rest, namely, Longcui Pavilion is not far fromDaoxiang Village; and Ruoye Zhu and Huashuluo Portare all boat rides and scenic spots along QinfangSpring.
On the seventy-fourth round, Fengjie led peo-ple to inspect the Daguanyuan. The paths were as fol-lows: the Yihongyuan (one way out), the XiaoxiangHall, Qiushuangzhai (past to the Nuan xiangwu), theDaoxiang Village, the Ouxiangxie and Ziling Chau.From the Qiushuangzhai, it is direct to the DaoxiangVillage, the Qiushuangzhai is in the same line with theNuanxianggwu and the Daoxiang Village. It can beassumed that the Qiushuangzhai is in one place withthe Nuanxianggwu; the Daoxiang Village is close tothe Ouxiangxie, and the Ouxiangxie and the ZilingChau are also close, that is, the Ouxiangxie and theZiling Chau are in one place, located at the foot of thewestern part of the main mountain.
5. ConclusionsFrom the perspective of literature, the same analysismethod is used to collect detailed spatial informationand logically analyze the spatial layout of theDaguanyuan. It is concluded that the spatial integrityof the Daguanyuan of garden art is the highest, whilethat of film and television is the lowest. The results areclosely related to the characteristics of theDaguanyuan space from different perspectives. Thespatial integrity of the Daguanyuan has a great influ-ence on the audience’s perception of the Daguanyuanspace, which needs to be further explored.
5 1
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Inte
rpre
tatio
n of
Aes
thet
ics
Land
scap
e D
esig
n U
nder
the
Lite
rary
Arti
stic
Con
cept
ion
of "D
agua
nyua
n"Xu
an W
angAcknowledgements:
The study was supported by “2018 Changsha Scienceand Technology Plan Project: Changsha CoupletCultural Resources Promote Community CulturalConstruction Research (Grant No. KC1809040)” &“2017 Hunan Provincial Philosophy and SocialScience Fund: Reconstruction of Traditional CoupletCulture in Modern Landscape Image Creation (GrantNo.17YBA019)”.
REFERENCES
CHIEM, K.L. 2017, Beauty under the Willow Tree:Picturing Virtuous Women in Nineteenth-CenturyChina, Gender, Continuity, and the Shaping ofModernity in the Arts of East Asia, 16th–20thCenturies, 79-110.
COSTELLOE, T.M. 2014, The Founding of Aestheticsin the German Enlightenment: The Art of Inventionand the Invention of Art by Stefanie Buchenau, Journalof the History of Philosophy, 52:3, 615-616.
JIANG, L. and XU, H. 2016, Reading, tourism, andgeography consumption in literary places, TourismGeographies, 18:5, 483-502.
YU, X. and XU, H. 2018, Moral gaze at literary places:Experiencing “being the first to worry and the last toenjoy” at Yueyang Tower in China, TourismManagement, 65, 292-302.
ZHU, S. 2017, The Essence of Literature as the Symbolof Life Pain: Comparative Analysis of Travel Literaturein Chinese, Comparative Literature Studies, 54:1, 70-88.
Author(s):
Xuan Wang*Institute of Art Design, Changsha University,Changsha, Hunan, 410022, China* Corresponding author: Xuan Wang, Email:[email protected]
5 2
Jun
Yao,
Ju
Wan
g, H
uida
n Zh
ang
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal v
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Usin
g in
dustr
ial C
ultu
ral H
erita
ge to
tra
nsfo
rm a
nd d
evel
op r
esou
rce-
Base
d C
ities
.
1. Introduction
today, the world is moving rapidly into the post-indus-trial era. Urban traditional industrial categories aregradually being replaced by emerging industries. inthe 1970s, european and american countries wereaffected by globalization, and traditional manufactur-ing industries shifted to developing countries. a largenumber of industrial land and industrial buildings areidle, which has caused environmental degradation,economic recession, unemployment and poverty andother social problems (pickard 2016). the 19thCongress of the international association of Barcelona(Uia) proposed an initiative to protect, manage andregenerate abandoned sites such as industrial and ter-minal sites (Blagojević and tufegdžić 2016). theinternational federation of industrial Heritageprotection (tiCCiH) has developed and promulgatedthe lower tajir Charter on the protection of industrialHeritage (fernandes, figueira and salvador 2018). itofficially clarifies that industrial heritage is one of theimportant contents of the city’s historical and culturalheritage. this document is considered a milestone inthe protection of the world’s industrial heritage.
typology and analytical induction are com-bined. the comparative analysis method and the ana-lytic hierarchy process are used to construct the valueevaluation system of industrial remains. industrial her-itage was selected. layered, classified, graded andstaged protective measures have been formulated(andretta, Coppola and modelli 2017). on thewhole, the industrial heritage of Chongqing is studied.Based on the classical theories of architecture andurban planning, the viewpoint and method of overallprotection of industrial heritage are put forward.in summary, China is still exploring ways to protectand reuse industrial heritage. a unified theoretical sys-
tem has not yet been established. in particular, theresearch on industrial heritage protection in westernChina is still very backward. the state has issued anotice requiring local governments to actively exploreideas and methods for the protection of industrial her-itage in the region. taking the industrial citychongqing as the research object, the characteristicsof the industrialization of mountainous cities and thetheoretical methods of the protection of industrial her-itage are studied. it is typical in the field of industrialheritage research in China.
2. State of the artindustrial cities refer to cities that have historicallybeen developed due to industrial development, orcities have existed for a long time, but the rise ofindustry has further promoted its prosperous(andreotti, franzoni and degli 2018). due to thedecline of traditional industries or the adjustment ofindustrial structure, the industrial legacy and industrialculture left in the city have become a symbol of urbancharacteristics and history. it is a unique culturalresource left by the history to the city and a character-istic not found in other types of cities (endere andColombato 2017). for example, Chongqing is anindustrialized city. although there are many culturalconnotations such as the Bayu culture, immigrant cul-ture and Hongyan spirit, which have a long history ofnearly 3,000 years, it has pushed the city from theagricultural feudal small town to the emerging modernindustrial town to the new period national center cityand the economic center of the upper reaches of theYangtze river. the rapid development was driven byindustrialization. especially during the anti-JapaneseWar, Chongqing has grown from a small inland townin the southwest to an internationally renownedmetropolis. it became the Chinese capital of the war,
Jun Yao, Ju Wang, Huidan ZhangAbstractTo protect industrial cultural heritage, the methods of overall protection and utilization of industrial heritage were putforward in the transformation and development of resource-based cities. Taking Chongqing, a famous old industrialcity in China, as the research object, from the cultural heritage, history, architecture, urban planning and other disci-plines, the construction of Chongqing industrial heritage protection theory and practice methods were explored toguide the protection and utilization of Chongqing industrial heritage. A progressive evaluation method from the wholeto the local was established. Industrial cities, typical corporate and architectural heritage were evaluated. The overallcharacteristics of urban industrial development were reflected. The renewal of old industrial areas and the protectionof industrial heritage were elaborated through the overall co-ordination of urban design and detailed planning. Theresults showed that it was the key to integrate the protection elements and requirements into the detailed urban controlplanning. Therefore, special planning plays an important role in protecting industrial heritage.
Keywords: : Industrial Heritage, Value Evaluation, Conservation Planning, Urban Revitalization
USING INDUSTRIAL CULTURAL HERITAGE TOTRANSFORM AND DEVELOP RESOURCE-BASEDCITIES.
5 3
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal v
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Usin
g in
dustr
ial C
ultu
ral H
erita
ge to
tra
nsfo
rm a
nd d
evel
op r
esou
rce-
Base
d C
ities
.Ju
n Ya
o, J
u W
ang,
Hui
dan
Zhan
g
the far east Command Center of the allied forces,and the Chinese theater Command of the alliedregion. this is unique in the history of Chinese urbandevelopment. Chongqing industry is the episode ofthe national industry in wartime, known as the”China’s industrial capital”. War is a contest betweenthe levels of industrialization between countries, andChongqing industry has made tremendous contribu-tions to the victory of the war of resistance. Before thewar, many industrially developed cities such asshanghai and Wuhan were in a state of stagnation,and only Chongqing’s industry achieved leapfrogdevelopment. therefore, the industrial heritage ofChongqing, which carries the industrialization duringthe anti-Japanese War, has unique and important his-torical value of industrial development in the country.it is the prosperity of industrial civilization that pro-motes Chongqing’s economic and social develop-ment and enhances Chongqing’s position in the coun-try. therefore, industrial civilization created today’sChongqing. Chongqing began to step into the post-industrial era. as the material evidence of industrialcivilization, industrial heritage should be one of themost important historical and cultural heritage inChongqing (Zhu 2017).
3. Methodology3.1. Main content of the third-front movementduring the third-front movement, the main develop-
ment industries of Chongqing industry were weapons,ships, electronics, aerospace, metallurgy, chemicalindustry and machinery manufacturing. among them,the weapons manufacturing industry was the mainstay.during the period of “third-line construction”, 118industrial enterprises were newly built and expanded.more than 30 were military enterprises and 88 weresupporting civil industrial enterprises (Wu, Wang andfeng 2017). the production technology level of largenational factory enterprises in Chongqing area is atthe leading level in China and even in the world. therepresentative factory enterprises are shown in table1.
3.2. Characteristics of industrial heritage typesthe main industrial nature of industrial heritagereflects the characteristics of urban industrialization.the industrial nature of Chongqing at the beginningof its modern opening was dominated by light indus-tries such as matches, cotton spinning and silk reeling,which had a certain impact throughout the country.With the intensification of the melee of the modernsichuan warlords, the development of the weaponsmanufacturing industry for gun production was pro-moted. the 20th group army gun factory (convertedfrom the Bronze Bureau) and the Chongqing electricsteel plant and other military enterprises were estab-lished. during the anti-Japanese War, the militaryindustry developed rapidly and laid the strategic posi-tion of Chongqing’s military capital. after liberation,the proportion of light and heavy industries will beappropriately adjusted, and the ratio will be more rea-sonable. With the beginning of the country’s “third-front movement”, Chongqing has become a nationaldefense strategic base of heavy industry such as mili-tary industry, shipbuilding, chemical industry andequipment manufacturing. it can be seen that theindustrial development of Chongqing is characterizedby the nature of heavy industry, and the industrial her-itage has the characteristics of a distinct heavy indus-try.
it can be seen from the statistics of the pillarindustry structure in Chongqing (table 2) that heavyindustry, mainly metallurgy, chemical industry andlarge-scale machine manufacturing, is the main cate-gory of Chongqing industry, which is determined byChongqing as a national defense and large-scaleequipment base. at the same time, Chongqing is acomprehensive industrial base. although it is based onthe heritage of heavy industry, the only remainingindustrial heritage of light industry is rarer. the lightindustrial heritage should be protected. the character-istics of heavy industry cannot be overemphasized.the integrity of the type of industrial heritage isachieved. for example, when the only remainingexpert guest house of Chongqing cannery is devel-oped on the site, protection requirements should beput forward. the basement and stair ruins of theChongqing Cigarette factory should be retained as animportant cultural heritage when planning the con-struction of the nanjing road liangjiang square. thishas become a window for the public to understand theindustrial development of Chongqing. althoughlijiatun’s heavy cotton factory has closed, the factoryarea is still intact. the lijiatun area was once a cottonand wool textile base during the war of resistance. theold factory building should be used as an industrialmuseum of the textile industry to display the historyand achievements of the Chongqing textile industry.
Table 1. A list of typical third-line construction enterprises.
5 4
Jun
Yao,
Ju
Wan
g, H
uida
n Zh
ang
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal v
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Usin
g in
dustr
ial C
ultu
ral H
erita
ge to
tra
nsfo
rm a
nd d
evel
op r
esou
rce-
Base
d C
ities
.
3.3. The overall protection strategy of industrial her-itagethe overall protection is to protect multiple industrialheritages. there are often complex links between pro-duction units in industrial zones. this connection maybe planned at the beginning of the construction, or itmay be self-generated in the production process.When the production units in the industrial area grad-ually transform into industrial heritage with the changeof time, this connection may become a valuable pro-tection object. to protect this connection, the protec-tion of individual industrial heritage does not applyhere. therefore, these connected industrial heritagesare planned in unison. a holistic approach to protec-tion is adopted. the dialectics of nature points out:“the whole refers to the organic unity of the internalelements of things. the overall function is greater thanthe sum of the parts. When part leaves the whole, itloses its original meaning. the key part of the perfor-mance will determine the overall performance status.”Under the overall protection, the links between theindustrial chain and individual industrial heritage areprotected. the feasibility and effectiveness of reuse arefar more than individual models.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Characteristics of industrial heritage valuesthe economic potential of industrial heritage reuse isenormous. from the perspective of urban location andland value, the old industrial area is now mostly locat-ed in the center of the city with good location condi-tions. in addition, it is an ideal place to develop mod-ern cultural and creative industries with high addedvalue and high-tech industries. these industrial zonesare now one of the fastest-growing parts of europe’seconomy. the successful practice of some cities inChina also proves that combining the development oftertiary industry such as modern service industry andcreative industry will effectively promote the adjust-ment and optimization of urban industrial structure,and the protective reuse of industrial heritage can pro-duce greater economic value. moreover, the protec-tion and reuse have the significance of energy savingand environmental protection. the production equip-
ment and the factory building are huge in volume andcomplex in structure. However, the demolition of theold industrial area will cost more than the reconstruc-tion and utilization. retention and utilization canreduce a large amount of construction waste and itspollution to the urban environment, while reducing theconsumption of urban transportation, energy (waterand electricity consumption, etc.) during the construc-tion process. a large amount of investment is saved,which is in line with the requirements of sustainabledevelopment. the economic value is judged from thereuse of industrial building heritage and the invest-ment in industrial construction, and the index ofreusability is relatively more important.
4.2. The unique value of industrial heritagethe history of modern industrial development inChongqing is early, and it is the earliest industrial cityin the western region of China. during the War ofresistance against Japanese aggression, it becamethe largest comprehensive industrial base in theKuomintang area. after the founding of the people’srepublic of China, after three years of national eco-nomic recovery, two adjustments, “the third-frontmovement” and the implementation of six five-yearplans, Chongqing has become a comprehensiveindustrial base of China’s strategic rear with lightindustry and heavy industry. in the history of China’sindustrial development, Chongqing’s industry has themost complete history. it has experienced continuoushistorical stages such as the Westernizationmovement, the anti-Japanese War, the early stage ofthe founding of the people’s republic, and the con-struction of the third-line. some developed industrialcities along the coast lacked the historical develop-ment stage of the war of resistance and the third-frontmovement. therefore, from the history of China’sindustrial technology development, the history ofChongqing’s industrial development is a completeportrayal of the history of China’s industrial develop-ment, which represents the entire process of China’smodern industrial development.
4.3. Improvement of industrial heritage protection sys-teminternational protection of historic buildings is dividedinto the designate system and the register system. thedesignated system refers to the cultural heritage pro-tection system that is included in the statutory protec-tion, such as the protection system of the cultural pro-tection unit. the registration system is a pre-protectionsystem for cultural heritage. at present, China’s desig-nated system is the main protection system, whileeuropean and american countries adopt a dual pro-tection system of both the designated system and theregistration system coexist. the registration systemexpands the concept and scope of cultural heritageprotection, and promotes a single designated protec-tion to a comprehensive protection of multiple types ofhistorical heritage. since the registration system canfully integrate urban cultural heritage into the protec-tion vision, the registration system has become animportant supplementary means for the current historyand culture to develop a protection system.
4.4. Construction of industrial heritage protectionlegal systemlegislative protection is a fundamental guarantee.legislation to protect urban cultural heritage has
Table 2. Adjustment of Chongqing’s pillar industrial struc-ture
5 5
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal v
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Usin
g in
dustr
ial C
ultu
ral H
erita
ge to
tra
nsfo
rm a
nd d
evel
op r
esou
rce-
Base
d C
ities
.Ju
n Ya
o, J
u W
ang,
Hui
dan
Zhan
gbecome a consensus, and its importance and necessi-ty are self-evident. in the designation system of culturalheritage, “Cultural relics protection law” is a methodfor protecting cultural relics protection units, but it hasbeen unable to adapt to the requirements of the times.When the Cultural relics protection law was promul-gated, industrial heritage protection has not yet beenproposed. moreover, the requirements for the protec-tion of cultural relics and the protection requirementsof historical and cultural blocks, towns and villagesand industrial heritage are not the same. many cultur-al heritages need to be preserved in a living state,rather than in a static museum like cultural relics.therefore, the Cultural relics protection law is notapplicable to all types of urban cultural heritage. it isnecessary to formulate corresponding protection lawsfor many new types of heritage. this is the need tokeep pace with the times.
5. Conclusionsindustrial heritage at different stages of developmentshould be protected. the complete social develop-ment track is preserved. the theory of industrial her-itage protection needs to be improved. at present,people-oriented and sustainable development hasbecome the consensus of the whole society. industrialcultural heritage has promoted a new cultural industry.the industrial structure was optimized and upgradedto enhance the cultural connotation and individualityof the city. this is the concrete embodiment of the sci-entific development concept in urban planning.
Acknowledgements: the study was supported by China University ofmining and technology (2018WHCC09).
REFERENCES
andretta, m. Coppola, f. and modelli, a.2017, Proposal for a new environmental risk assess-ment methodology in cultural heritage protection,Journal of Cultural Heritage, 23, 22-32.
andreotti, s. franZoni, e. and degli e.m.2018, Poly (hydroxyalkanoate) s-Based HydrophobicCoatings for the Protection of Stone in CulturalHeritage, materials, 11:1, 165.
BlagoJeviĆ, m.r. and tUfegdŽiĆ, a. 2016, Thenew technology era requirements and sustainableapproach to industrial heritage renewal, energy andBuildings, 115, 148-153.
endere, m.l. and ColomBato, l.C. 2017, TheNew Unified Civil and Commercial Code and CulturalHeritage Protection in Argentina, international Journalof Cultural property, 24:1, 79-99.
fernandes, a. figUeira, d.s.J. and salvador, r.2018, The Cultural Heritage in the PostindustrialWaterfront: A Case Study of the South Bank of theTagus Estuary, Portugal, space and Culture, 21:2,170-191.
piCKard, r. 2016, Setting the scene: the protectionand management of cultural World Heritage proper-ties in a national context. the Historic environment:policy & practice, 7:2-3, 133-150.
WU, f. Wang, W. and feng, H. 2017, Realization ofbiodeterioration to cultural heritage protection inChina, international Biodeterioration &Biodegradation, 117, 128-130.
ZHU, d.m. 2017, General survey and protection ofintangible cultural heritage in traditional medicine inZhejiang Province, Zhonghua yi shi za zhi (Beijing,China: 1980), 47:4, 226-229.
Author(s):
Jun Yao*, Ju Wang, Huidan Zhangschool of architecture and design, China University ofmining and technology, Xuzhou, China* Corresponding author: Jun Yao, email:[email protected]
5 6
Zhonghui Huang, Hua Yan
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Landscape Planning and Design of Complex Form Physical Education Stadium And Football Field
1. IntroductionSports activities have a long history. Throughout theages, with the continuous advancement of humansociety, sports activities have undergone correspond-ing changes in form and content. The concept ofsports has also evolved from a personal physical fit-ness to a bridge between international exchanges andfriendships. This is also the embodiment of the coun-try’s comprehensive national strength. At the sametime, the construction of stadiums has graduallyevolved from functional requirements to comprehen-sive consideration of site ecology, culture, history andeconomy. Especially after the Second World War,many countries in the world widely promoted andpopularized sports, and a large number of sportsbuildings also appeared (Tillie, Borsboom-van andDoepel 2018). In addition, to hold international andnational sports competitions, many comprehensivesports stadiums and football fields have been built. Inrecent years, as people’s life rhythm continues toaccelerate, competition pressure has increased.People are in a state of sub-health. Excessive work andlack of rest have become a major feature of modernpeople. As a result, sports are increasingly being val-ued by people. Therefore, a large number of high-quality stadium facilities were constructed.
GIS technology is a tool for data organiza-tion, management, analysis and visualization of landuse and land cover change. It is based on land usechange model database and land resource database(Nguyen, Verdoodt and Van 2015). GIS technologyhas the functions of input, editing, retrieval, analysis,query, management and drawing output of land usespatial data, which can fully meet the needs of landuse and land cover change (García-palomares,Gutiérrez and Mínguez 2015). At the same time, spa-tial information analysis of land use such as spatial
overlay analysis, spatial pattern analysis, and spatialautocorrelation analysis is applied.
Comprehensive stadium and football fieldplanning and landscape design were discussed. Thesimilarities and differences between the landscapedesign of the comprehensive stadium and footballfield and the general park design are proposed.Special factors were considered when designing acomprehensive stadium and football field. The treat-ment methods and principles of these special factorsare analyzed.
2. State of the artAt present, there are many examples of comprehen-sive sports venues and football stadiums abroad.Moreover, many examples take into account the land-scape design of the stadium (Yang 2015). However,there are few papers devoted to the landscape designof comprehensive sports venues and football fields.China also has a large number of sports venues. In theearly 1980s, there were 155 stadiums, 121 gymnasi-ums, 1,350 swimming pools, and 2,132 light stadi-ums with fixed stands (Ramirez-gomez, Verweij andBest 2017). In addition, there are also some bicycleracetracks, skating rinks, shooting ranges and motor-cycle racetracks (Aimaiti, Kasimu and Jing 2016).
3. Methodology3.1. Spatial information calculationIn geographic information systems, locating spatialobjects needs to be queried for high-level analysis.Some simple measurements are used to describe geo-graphic distribution or phenomena such as length,area, distance, shape, and so on. In fact, spatial infor-mation analysis begins with spatial query and mea-surement, which is the quantitative basis for spatialinformation analysis. Spatial information calculation
Zhonghui Huang, Hua YanAbstractTo explore the landscape planning of the comprehensive sports stadium and the football field, the similarities and dif-ferences between the comprehensive sports stadium and the football field landscape design and the general parkdesign were analyzed by GIS technology. Special factors were discussed in the design of the complex sports stadiumand football field. The treatment methods and principles of these special factors were analyzed. The results showedthat their characteristics were created while meeting the functional requirements of each space. The local history andcultural scene left a deep impression on the viewers. Therefore, the design of sports facilities is consistent with the over-all landscape effect. During the transformation of the base, the relationship between the original landform protectionand development of the base is emphasized. This provides information and assistance for the comprehensive sportsstadium and football field landscape design.
Keywords: Stadium, Football Field Landscape, Gis Technology.
LANDSCAPE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF COMPLEXFORM PHYSICAL EDUCATION STADIUM ANDFOOTBALL FIELD USING GIS TECHNOLOGY.
5 7
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Landscape Planning and Design of Complex Form Physical Education Stadium And Football Field
Zhonghui Huang, Hua Yan
includes geometric calculation, centroid calculationand shape measurement. Different points, lines, andsurface objects have different meanings. General geo-graphic information system software has the functionof geometric quantity calculation of points, lines andplanar features. This is spatial data for vector datastructures and raster data structures. As a spatial sci-ence, Geographical Information System (GIS) is char-acterized by its distinctive spatial thinking and perspec-tives (Nordbø, Nordh and Raanaas 2018). Level ofspatial information is shown in Table 1.
General geographic information system soft-ware has the function of geometric computation forpoints, lines and planar features, or for vector datastructures or spatial data for raster data structures.
3.2. Spatial statistical analysisStatistical analysis of parameters such as mean, sum,variance, frequency, and kurtosis coefficients of thedata set is completed. The results of statistical analysiscan be divided into name data, grade data, intervaldata, and ratio data.3.3. Spatial buffer analysisSpatial buffer analysis is for the point, line, and surfaceentities, and automatically creates a buffer polygonwithin a certain width range around it. Buffer analysisusually has three cases: one is a buffer based on pointfeatures. This is usually a circle with a point as a centerand a radius at a certain distance. The second is abuffer based on line features. This is usually a parallelstrip polygon that is at a distance from the central axisalong the central axis. The third is a buffer based onfeature polygons. By extending a certain distance out-ward or inward, a new polygon is created.
3.4. Spatial overlay analysisSpatial overlay analysis is the operation of overlayingtwo or more layers of map features to create a newfeature layer. As a result, the original elements aresegmented to generate new elements, and the newelements combine the attributes of the original two ormore layers. This kind of analysis is to calculate andanalyze the attributes of new elements according to acertain mathematical model to produce the resultsrequired by users or answer the questions raised byusers. There are many forms of spatial overlay analysisin practical applications. For example, the results ofspatial overlay analysis are used to establish the spa-tio-temporal structural differentiation model and spa-tial measurement model of urban land use. In addi-
tion, fundamentally, it can be divided into three types:polygon overlay, point and polygon overlay, and lineand polygon overlay.
3.5. Spatial pattern analysisThe spatial pattern analysis mainly has three mean-ings: The first is the type of spatial entity in the studyarea (landscape). The second is the spatial layout ofthe spatial entity type. The third is the quantitativestructure of spatial entities, that is, it is determined bythe type, quantity, shape, spatial distribution and spa-tial combination of spatial entities. The plaques of dif-ferent spatial entities exhibit different graphical fea-tures due to different formation mechanisms.Therefore, in the study of the spatial pattern status andmechanism of spatial entities, emphasis is placed onthe quantitative analysis and description from the per-spective of the shape of a single spatial solid plaqueand the spatial distribution of plaques. Generally, theindicator systems used in spatial pattern analysismainly include perimeter, area, quantity, averagearea, shape index, fractal dimension, fragmentationindex, diversity index, uniformity index, and domi-nance index.
3.6. Spatial autocorrelation analysisSpatial autocorrelation analysis is the most commonlyused method to understand spatial distribution char-acteristics and select appropriate spatial scales tocomplete spatial information analysis. The so-calledspatial autocorrelation refers to the correlation of thesame variable at different spatial positions to test therelationship between the value of the spatial variableand the value of the variable in the adjacent space.Currently, the commonly used indicator for spatialautocorrelation analysis is the Moranl index, whichranges from -1 to 1. The calculation of this value isbased on the spatial autocorrelation statistic. That is,the conventional statistical method is used to test theinterdependence between adjacent locations in thespatial distribution, and hypothesis testing can be per-formed. Because many geographical phenomena areoften affected by continuous processes in geographi-cal distribution, they are spatially autocorrelated.
4. Result analysis and discussionLandscape is an important factor in determining theframework of a comprehensive stadium and footballfield. It can be roughly divided into two categories:one is natural landscapes and the other is artificiallandscapes. Artificial landscapes and natural land-scapes play an important role in the comprehensivesports stadium and football field. Its role includes: Thefirst is to increase the natural beauty and rich land-scape of the landscape architecture itself. The secondis to make the park rich in creativity in construction.The third is that natural landscapes can effectivelyconnect sports facilities, thus reducing the cumber-some feeling of large-scale sports design. The fourthis that the construction of artificial landscapes canachieve a balance of earthwork from an engineeringperspective.
The location of the integrated sports stadiumand football field can affect the form of the venue. Ingeneral, the geographical conditions required forsports facilities and sports venues and football stadi-ums should be met. However, this is not absolute. Inthe following cases, it can be seen that the compre-hensive stadium and the football field and the sur-
Tablre 1. Level of spatial information
5 8
Zhonghui Huang, Hua Yan
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Landscape Planning and Design of Complex Form Physical Education Stadium And Football Field
rounding environment are combined and interrelated.The first is the situation at historical sites. In theOlympic Park in Seoul, there is the Dream VillageTucheng in the Baekse Seoul era. The second is the sit-uation around the residential area. The third is the sit-uation around the mountainous area. The KoreaWater World Cup football stadium is located in themiddle of the mountain and residential areas. Thefourth is the situation at the riverside. The 17thOlympic Games were held in Rome in 1960. Themain body of the sports complex is located on thebanks of the Tiber River in the northwest of the city. Thefifth is the situation at the seaside. South Korea’sSeogwipo World Cup football stadium is located onthe gentle slope of the sea. Although there is a certaindistance, its landscape affects the seaside landscape.The sixth is the situation near the farmland. The DaeguWorld Cup football stadium in South Korea is locatedbetween the farmland and the mountains in southeast-ern Daegu. Although the traffic is not convenient, thecharacteristics of the sports space in the suburbs of thecity are displayed.
In sports facilities such as comprehensivesports venues and football fields, due to the fact thatsports facilities are the mainstay, there is a lack of nat-ural ecological landscape considerations. From anecological perspective, the comprehensive ecologicalsignificance of sports venues and football venues isgreat in both urban planning and ecosystem planning.Therefore, how to coordinate ecological and construc-tion issues in a space should be fully considered. Suchsites are broadly divided into two ecosystems: waterecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems. They each haveecological characteristics and also affect each other’sintegrated ecosystem inside and outside the site. Withthe improvement of living standards, the requirementsof ecological landscape are constantly improving.Therefore, when designing sports venues and footballfields, the ecological landscape is considered. In addi-tion, civil engineering should destroy the original eco-logical landscape at least. The design of the competi-tion venue is in line with the sports function and therequirements of the landscape. In the landscapedesign of the comprehensive sports stadium and thefootball field, each competition venue has an impor-tant connection. Moreover, the overall coordination ofthe landscape design, the venue facilities and the sur-rounding environment are also very important. Thereare four major aspects of venue facilities from the per-spective of landscape analysis. First, the appearanceand structure of the venue facilities. There are threemethods for landscape structure, such as the priorityroof method, the priority appearance method, and thepriority structure method. The 20th Olympic Gameswas held in Munich, Germany in 1972. The land-scape of the Olympic Park uses roof structures to opti-mize the landscape. To get better results, the height ofthe entire building is reduced. Second, the materialsand colors of the appearance of the competitionvenue facilities. Appearance materials include bricks,stones, cement, steel, etc. The color of the paint is verysmall. Because of the high maintenance costs, it is dif-ficult to maintain the original color and texture of thematerial. The Daejeon World Cup football stadium inSouth Korea uses blue to express the image of a sci-entific city. Third, the scale of the venue facilities. Thescale of each competition venue facility is different. Inthe landscape, the height of the competition venuefacilities is lowered, which is conducive to grasping the
overall landscape. Two methods were taken. One is tolower the playing field to the ground, and the other isto build a green terrain around the playing field. In1990, the British Sports Association proposed the con-cept of the “90s arena”. Here, the size and appear-ance of the audience arena are designed. Fourth, thelocation and layout of the venue facilities in the venue.In general, the venue facilities are located in the mostconvenient places in the venue, such as stations, sub-way stations and large roads. The layout method ofthe venue is not strictly regulated, but the shape andstructure of the entire site should be considered. Thelayout methods are centralized, decentralized, andpermutated. The Jeonju Comprehensive Sports Park inKorea considers the original landscape in terms of lay-out. The shape of the site is long along the mountain,so the layout of the entire stadium facilities isarranged.
5. ConclusionsThe comprehensive sports stadium and football fieldlandscape design must first consider the holding ofmajor international sports events. For example, theOlympic Games and the World Cup will have a hugeimpact on the economic benefits of the host country.In addition, while promoting economic benefits, it canalso enhance the international credibility of the hostcountry. Secondly, a grand international competition isnot only a physical competition, but also a grandgathering of athletes and spectators from all over theworld. People of all countries can take this opportunityto exchange feelings, enhance mutual understandingand promote friendship. For host countries, social sta-bility is promoted and citizens’ sense of national honoris enhanced. Moreover, the environmental benefitshave been improved. The design and construction oflarge stadiums often need to take into account theimpact on the surrounding environment during theconstruction process and after the competition.Ecological principles should be implemented in theprocess of site selection, planning, design and con-struction. For example, the base of the World Cuppark in Seoul is a landfill, which was once a place thatdisgusted the people around. However, after reason-able planning and design, it became a beautifulWorld Cup sports park and became a favorite park. Inaddition, the surrounding environment of the WorldCup Park has also improved the environment aroundthe area. This is one of the successful examples of therestoration of the ecological environment of aban-doned land in human history.
5 9
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Landscape Planning and Design of Complex Form Physical Education Stadium And Football Field
Zhonghui Huang, Hua YanREFERENCES
AIMAITI, Y. KASIMU, A. and JING, G. 2016, Urbanlandscape extraction and analysis based on opticaland microwave ALOS satellite data, Earth ScienceInformatics, 9:4, 425-435.
GARCÍA-PALOMARES, J.C, GUTIÉRREZ, J. andMÍNGUEZ, C. 2015, Identification of tourist hot spotsbased on social networks: A comparative analysis ofEuropean metropolises using photo-sharing servicesand GIS, Applied Geography, 63, 408-417.
NGUYEN, T.T. VERDOODT, A. and VAN, Y.T. 2015,Design of a GIS and multi-criteria based land evalua-tion procedure for sustainable land-use planning atthe regional level, Agriculture, Ecosystems &Environment, 200, 1-11.
NORDBØ, E.C.A. NORDH, H. and RAANAAS, R.K.2018, GIS-derived measures of the built environmentdeterminants of mental health and activity participa-tion in childhood and adolescence: A systematicreview, Landscape and urban planning, 177, 19-37.
RAMIREZ-GOMEZ, S.O.I. VERWEIJ, P. and BEST, L.2017, Participatory 3D modelling as a socially engag-ing and user-useful approach in ecosystem serviceassessments among marginalized communities,Applied Geography, 83, 63-77.
TILLIE, N. BORSBOOM-VAN, B.J. and DOEPEL, D.2018, Exploring a Stakeholder Based UrbanDensification and Greening Agenda for RotterdamInner City—Accelerating the Transition to a LiveableLow Carbon City, Sustainability, 10:6, 1927.
YANG, C. 2015, Using an ‘Interpretative Model’forContextual Design of Heritage Landscape Databases:The Case of S t H elena I sland N ational P ark in Queensland, A ustralia, Geographical Research, 53:3,321-335.
Author(s):
Zhonghui Huang*, Hua YanDepartment of Physical Education, SoutheastUniversity Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, China* Corresponding author: Zhonghui Huang, Email:[email protected]
6 0
din
ghai
li
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Mat
eria
l Man
agem
ent i
n Pl
anni
ng a
nd C
onstr
uctio
n of
anc
ient
Bui
ldin
gs.
1. Introduction
With the development of urbanization, various citieshave lost the historical features of the Chinese nation.What remains are mainly discontinuous streets andbuildings, most of which exist as historical and culturalreserves (liu 2018). for the cities of the Qing dynasty,the change of modern cities will have a great impacton the traditional cities. the old city of the Qingdynasty is declining and its vitality is falling. With peo-ple’s pursuit of history and culture, the revival of oldcities has become a problem that must be faced. atpresent, there are many historical and cultural reservesin the Qing dynasty in China, covering a large area(Zhao et al. 2017). in the planning, the commonclosed protection and management methods shouldbe avoided to meet the needs of the general public tocontinue the historical landscape. among the manyremaining Qing dynasty architectures, Beijing archi-tecture is the most typical. in the central area of the oldcity, shichahai is a typical inner city water area in thenorth. it has water space and open space engineeringand generates a space with the characteristics of her-itage protection and tourism. in the traditional build-ings of the Qing dynasty, various residential areas areintertwined to form different open spaces. the typicalones are land temples, small markets, etc. (tan, Wangand Wang 2011). Modern architecture does notreflect this, and it is impossible to create the demandfor open space in the transformation of traditionalneighborhoods. for example, the form of sewing nee-dles is used in the vicinity of Beijing city. there are alot of dense buildings and a lack of public space
(suling, Zhang and stancanelli 2016). although theimprovement is carried out on the basis of maintainingoriginal urban texture and the living space is created,it is far from meeting the demand of the people.
China is a country with a long history, richculture and abundant territory. in the long course offive thousand years in China, each dynasty’s change,development to prosperity and decline will create aunique culture. Buildings in different periods alsoformed different styles, mainly reflected in the planelayout, elevation form, construction methods and soon. since becoming a party to the un Convention onthe Protection of the World Cultural and naturalHeritage and a member of the international Councilof Monuments and sites, it has become one of theimportant tasks of the Chinese government to protectcultural heritage and make it last forever. People’sunderstanding of the importance of the surroundingenvironment of cultural relics and ancient buildings isgradually improving. it is becoming a consensus thatthe ancient cultural relics and the surrounding envi-ronment are regarded as a whole system, and theconcept of unified protection planning is becoming aconsensus.
to this day, most of the research on theancient architecture of wood construction is based onthe overall timber frame, and the research is still in theexploration stage. there is relatively little researchcontent on the brawling components, especially theresearch on the ancient wooden structures and theirfighting in sichuan Province. due to the erosion ofwind and rain and the impact of natural disasters andfactors, the existing wooden structures of ancient
Dinghai LiAbstractAccording to the unique style and historical significance, Chinese ancient architecture which has a long history, playsan important role in world architecture. Most of Chinese ancient architecture uses wooden frame as a load-bearingsystem, however, a unique combination of components has emerged in its development. Due to the well-preservedancient buildings and a long historical and cultural background of Qijiang ancient town, the paper takes the Qijiangancient town as an example through field measurement and investigation. The composition of the external environ-ment of the building, architectural characteristics and building monomer composition were analyzed and studied. Theunique architectural art charm of Qijiang ancient town was showed. Moreover, the delimitation of the protection scopemainly includes the scope of protected areas and the scope of the construction control zone. Among them, the pro-tected areas are generally divided into key protected areas and general protected areas; the construction control zonesare generally divided into Type I of construction control zone and Type II of construction control zones. Ancient buildingsare the most existing heritage types in China and are an important part of the immovable cultural relics in China. Thegroup layout of ancient buildings is an important feature in the layout of ancient buildings in China, which is conduciveto the realization of the overall protection of heritage.
Keywords: Construction of Ancient Buildings, Material Management, Qijiang Ancient Town, Space Form.
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT IN PLANNING ANDCONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT BUILDINGS
6 1
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Mat
eria
l Man
agem
ent i
n Pl
anni
ng a
nd C
onstr
uctio
n of
anc
ient
Bui
ldin
gs.
din
ghai
liwooden buildings have been damaged to varying
degrees, and some have even been completely dam-aged, and sichuan is a region with frequent earth-quakes. at present, the definition method used inpractice has many limitations, which either leads to theblind expansion of the scope of protection of culturalrelics and ancient buildings, beyond the actual protec-tion capacity, and ultimately it is difficult to achieveprotection. otherwise, the lack of awareness of thesurrounding environment of cultural relics and ancientbuildings can not fully protect the integrity and unique-ness of the ancient buildings, so that the cultural relicsand ancient buildings lose the soil for survival and theair for breathing. therefore, it is of great significanceto study the protection scope delimitation in the pro-tection planning of cultural relics and ancient build-ings.
in this paper, we propose a model for plan-ning and construction of ancient buildings. this algo-rithm is a new model for planning of ancient buildings.
in conclusion, our contributions are as follows:
(1) this paper presents a new model for material man-agement in the planning and construction of ancientbuildings.
(2) the model is widely used in the construction ofancient architectural planning projects, and has highapplicability for most of the ancient architectural plan-ning projects.
(3) the new model proposed in this paper has higheraccuracy, higher computational efficiency and widerapplicability.
2. Laws and regulations on material management inthe Qing dynasty projectthe Qing dynasty project is a broad concept, cover-ing the walls, Mausoleum, water conservancy and soon. from the analysis of construction activities andrelated legislation, there is still no separation fromhandicraft industry. Many existing construction legisla-tion began during the Kangxi period, and manyfamous buildings, such as the Palace Museum, theold summer Palace, Chengde summer resort and soon, have been preserved. the legislation of the Qingdynasty has been relatively systematized, such asQing dynasty record and Qing dynasty Case record.these regulations are mandatory. once violated, theresponsible person shall bear corresponding responsi-bilities (riquelme et al. 2012). under the centraliza-tion of centralized power, the state occupies anabsolute advantage in the supply source of the plan-ning and engineering of the Qing dynasty, controllingmost of the economic projects, and occupies anabsolute dominant power in the distribution of socialresources. for example, the inscription of the Qingdynasty stipulates that the provinces producing timberneed a certain amount of colored boards every year,and there are certain differences among differentprovinces (Jia, Zhou and shen 2013). the“regulations of the imperial Ministry of Works” is verydetailed, which not only divides the grades, but alsohas corresponding standards for different grades, andeven divides by size. in terms of material manage-ment, several management departments with specialstorage areas are set up by the Ministry of Work (Kaiet al. 2012). fujita Xiang et al. took a wooden ancient
building dougong as an example, made three kindsof test models of simple structure dougong (no troughand no trough lifter, no trough lifter, three trough) andcarried out horizontal low-cycle repeated load testand shaking table test. fujita et al. analyzed the effectsof different structures on the linear stiffness, deforma-tion characteristics, dynamic characteristics anddamping ratio of dougong. Based on the previousresearch results, they carried out horizontal low-cyclecyclic loading tests on the slightly complicateddougong (similar to the step-out 5), obtained the P-acurve of the dougong, and established the restoringforce model. on this basis, they used the single-masspoint spring element to simulate the dougong to carryout numerical simulation analysis. By comparing withthe test results, the validity of the parameters of thedougong resilience model was verified. akihisa et al.simplified the big bucket in the dougong into a wood-en block placed between the turns. the lower part wasconnected by short wooden pins. the upper part wassubjected to constant vertical load, and the bucketand the raft were assumed to be elastoplastic.
3. Renovation design of ancient buildings3.1. The overall reconstruction of the historical andcultural protection arealandscape space is a material carrier, different fromgraphic design, starting from space design. everyancient architectural project has inherent laws.landscape space is not the same as architecturalspace, but the combination of human and nature(dacarro 2012). in the planning and design, thebuilding is the main factor for dividing the space, alsothe main material for the atmosphere, and the mainpart of the planning and design. Partial non-architec-tural construction can be used to maintain buildings,such as decorations. the use of decorative compo-nents can highlight architectural styles, such as earth-en walls, curtains, etc. With the help of various deco-rative components, architectural styles and featurescan be continued. in the planning and design of archi-tectural conservation areas in Qing dynasty, colortone is one of the important characteristics of continu-ing cultural characteristics. the architecture of Qingdynasty extended the characteristics of architecture inYuan dynasty and Ming dynasty. the green brickswere widely used. Many old cities in Beijing are dom-inated by blue-gray, while official buildings are domi-nated by red walls. in the overall planning design, thetraditional color tone shall be kept as a whole, and theoverall effect shall be maintained. some newly builtbuildings also need to be in harmony with the sur-rounding colors to form a good visual effect.
new and old buildings in any space need tobe integrated and unified, and traditional blocks com-monly used in China are the most effective. in plan-ning and design, public space combined with green-ing can be used as transition space, and open spacecan be arranged between new and old buildings. ifthe protected area of cultural relics is small, outdoorspace of old and new buildings can be increased. inthe planning and design of surrounding residentialbuildings, the scale is a key consideration. from theperspective of protection, it is also necessary to strictlycontrol the height of buildings and update the ancientbuildings by means of planning.
for example, in the construction plan of thebig shan hurdles interchange, the space is small. it isa fusion of multiple cultures, presenting the state of
6 2
din
ghai
li
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Mat
eria
l Man
agem
ent i
n Pl
anni
ng a
nd C
onstr
uctio
n of
anc
ient
Bui
ldin
gs.
great courtyard and living in multiple households. inthe design, the original architectural exterior decora-tion features are maintained, and a large number oftraditional green brick materials are used for construc-tion. at the same time, the utilization of indoor spaceis increased. the glass curtain wall and wooden grat-ing are designed to improve the lighting effect. inorder to further improve the utilization rate of space, athree-dimensional public space is created on the roof,and the interior space is extended.
3.2. Space planning and designin the process of space renovation and reconstructionof buildings in the Qing dynasty, all kinds of buildingsin the Qing dynasty should be classified first, and theoverall plan of repair, renewal and maintenanceshould be put forward. it is required not to change theappearance of the original building, maintain the cul-tural relics building and improve the internal facilities.the original components should be preserved for cul-tural value, such as ventilation, wood carving orna-ments, flower cover, etc. Care should be taken to pro-tect artifacts with higher cultural connotations ratherthan throwing them away.
Planning and design should cover consump-tion space, transition space and so on. Consumptionspace is also a variety of service space, such as bars,pedestrian streets, restaurants, etc. in the design, thepositive space needs to be shaped to meet the basicneeds of the people, while expanding the consump-tion demand. secondarily, the rest space should beincreased, and necessary small squares, rest seats,lawn greenbelts and so on shall be set up, especiallythe rest place, so people can be attracted to dwell. intransportation planning and design, in addition topedestrian streets and public transportation, it is nec-essary to set up a stopover space, and at the sametime, it cannot conflict with the protection street.
transition space mainly refers to the transitionarea between protected areas and residential groups.in terms of street guidance, commercial and touristsigns should be strengthened to ensure that peoplecan enter the consumption space through them. interms of micro design, the planning diagram shouldbe able to reflect the design effect of two plane cor-ners. for example, the corners that are common in tra-ditional neighborhoods are adopted in the design ofshichahai and surrounding neighborhoods to com-plete the street transition.
in the process of space conversion, the sizenodes need to be controlled. in the design of eachspace and node, more than 70% of the space shouldbe residential space according to the regulations anddocuments, and tourism setting is strictly prohibited inthe planning area. the necessary internal orientationplaces should be provided to tourists to promote resi-dents’ interaction. road widening is the most commonway in traffic planning, but it is easy to destroy thehumanistic atmosphere of buildings. small-area pub-lic transportation such as a small bus may be consid-ered.
4. Architectural planning and design of cultural pro-tected area4.1. Qijiang ancient townlocated in the northeast of central sichuan, theancient town of Qijiang lies between Chengdu,deyang, Mianyang and suining. in the spring andautumn Period and the Warring states Period, the
ancient town of Qijiang was the seat of King Qi Cityof the princes. after King Hui of Qin destroyed shu, hedid not abandon the King of Qi. His capital was stillcalled the King of Qi City. architectural patterns ofancient towns are well preserved. from the Pre-Qindynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the remoteand mysterious Qiguo state evolved into today’slingxiu ancient towns, forming the most unique pictureof ancient towns on the spatial map of Chinese settle-ments.
external environment space—in the ancienttown of Qijiang, natural elements such as mountains,rivers and forests are the external environment spaceswhere the building groups are located. the externalenvironment plays a role in setting off the buildinggroups. the building group is backed by mountainsand waters, and it is at the junction of the two rivers.its location in fengshui has a great advantage.Jinzhongshan and lion Mountain can form a goodview exchange in the external exchange space. the tallancient banyan trees in Qijiang town also become apart of its external environment. in space, pointexchange space can be formed to form the oppositeview with mountains and waters.
any material urban environmental space con-tains both material and spiritual contents, which notonly have practical functions, but also have certainnon-material spiritual connotations. in the sense ofurban environment, the so-called non-materiality ofspace refers to the original behavior and cultural activ-ities of people’s life, work, communication and enter-tainment in the material space and original environ-ment composed of streets and buildings in ancienttowns. this kind of immateriality depends on the mate-rial space, but it gives the soul of the material spaceand becomes the basis for the combination of urbanhistory culture and space.
as a long-standing, simple and agile ancienttown, the intangible behaviors of various materialspaces in the ancient town of Qijiang are obvious. thestreet space of guzhen, in addition to its basic func-tion, is also an environmental space for people to con-duct folklore activities and market transactions. theenvironmental space of the ancient theater buildingcombined with the temple and the hall is characterizedby the social and cultural behaviors of religious wor-ship, interpersonal communication and drama. in par-ticular, we should mention the ancient stage spaceenvironment, which is not only the venue for people toengage in spiritual and cultural activities in ancienttowns, but also a manifestation of the spatial relation-ship between the material space of the stage and theintangible cultural and artistic form of opera culture.the intangible culture of sichuan opera performanceis expressed through the material space of the stage.
4.2. The planning and design of Baita temple and belltower and drum towerBaita temple is located in historical and culturalblocks, covering an area of 37 hectares, with a totalconstruction area of 242 thousand square meters. thenumber of registered households in the region is16,000, with more than 800 courtyards and morethan 4,000 existing buildings. as Beijing promotes theoverall protection and revitalization of the old city,courtyard houses are taken as the center in the plan-ning and design, and the renovation is carried outaccording to the needs of residents.
the courtyard is located at the y-shaped inter-
6 3
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Mat
eria
l Man
agem
ent i
n Pl
anni
ng a
nd C
onstr
uctio
n of
anc
ient
Bui
ldin
gs.
din
ghai
lisection, facing a relatively complete facade along the
street. the wall of the courtyard is relatively intact. thecourtyard can accommodate 8 families. in order tomeet the needs of life, there are many illegal buildingsin the courtyard, which form a pattern of large court-yards and a messy space. in the planning, the illegalbuildings in the central location are demolished torestore the original features. the straight corridor is setat the entrance, the Cafe is set on the right and thegate is at the end. six guest rooms are designed in thecourtyard, covering an area of 20 to 30 squaremeters. apart from guest rooms, the rest area is publicspace. the guest rooms and public spaces togetherform square courtyards. the roof of the public spaceis reinforced and designed as a roof terrace, wherethe Baita temple can be seen from afar. indoor spaceis used vertically to improve the utilization rate ofspace and the ground is dug partially. to increaselighting effect, double glazing is used in skylight andopen windows are designed inside the room.
Bell tower and drum tower is known as atime museum, located in the central city of Beijing. inaddition to the Bell tower and drum tower itself, theother buildings are mainly traditional quadrangleswhich are the key protected areas in Beijing. Belltower and drum tower is the center of time reporting,and it is one of the landmark buildings in the Qingdynasty. in the planning and design, the green spaceechoes with drum tower base, echoing the axis of thesoutheast triangle. Bell tower and drum tower coversan area of 5847 square meters, with a total construc-tion area of 14 thousand and 700 square meters. therelationship between the two sides of Bell tower anddrum tower and Bell tower and drum tower begins toblur. in the design, the original style is maintained, theexterior decoration style is mainly based on ancientdecoration, and the style and color of the ancientbuilding materials are used. Meanwhile, the roof light-ing and underground space are improved. in terms oflayout, Bell tower and drum tower is consistent withthe traditional quadrangle courtyard, which is a floorbuilding on the ground. the exterior decoration ismainly simple and generous, removing unnecessarydecoration, using the ancient architectural texture. atthe same time, modern technology is introduced,which is consistent with pure wood in the structure andappearance of doors and windows. Composite woodstructures are used to improve the durability of win-dows and doors. in order to maintain the style of belland drum tower, natural wood color spectrum isadopted. the roof is used to illuminate and solve theproblem of ventilation. the underground space isequipped with exhibition halls, auction halls, officelogistics and other departments. interior space adoptsmodern style and flexible layout. Multiple spaces forma large space to meet functional requirements, andstone decoration is used partially. diversity has beenachieved in interior decoration. decoration materialsare mostly modern decorative materials, according tothe needs of devices. the pattern is mainly representedby inlay and hardware.
5. ConclusionModern architectural design ideas come from theWest, which have certain one-sidedness and under-mine the historical charm of traditional blocks. theplanning and design of Qing dynasty planning projectwas mainly discussed, in order to show the character-istics of the ethnic culture of the building. Based on the
simple analysis of the planning of the material man-agement law of the Qing dynasty, the embodimentand transformation of the Qing dynasty architecture inmodern times were discussed. With a long history andprofound cultural accumulation, Qijiang ancient townrecorded the traditional architectural features, archi-tectural features, excellent architectural art, and prim-itive spatial forms. Meanwhile, Qijiang ancient town isthe carrier of traditional folk customs and excellentfolk customs culture, which has high research and uti-lization value. the ancient town of Qijiang, located insantai County, Mianyang City, currently retains sometraditional architectural features and external spacepatterns. However, with the development and con-struction of the city and the transformation of unrea-sonable architectural features, the original architectur-al features and patterns of the ancient town are grad-ually disappearing. therefore, how to deal with therelationship between urban construction and the pro-tection of ancient buildings is a great challenge.
REFERENCES
daCarro, f. 2012, Architectural ornament and structure: a studyon the links between contemporary ornamental trends and tradition-al ornament, focusing on the relation between decoration and tec-tonics, schools, 21:6, 158-167.
Jia, Q. ZHou, Y. and sHen, Y.n. 2013, Qin Brick and Han Tile inChinese Ancient Construction-Aesthetic Analysis of the AncientChinese Building Materials in Qin and Han Dynasties, appliedMechanics and Materials, trans tech Publications, 357, 282-284.
Kai. C. et al. 2012, Study on Mechanism of Degradation andFeature of Ancient Building Materials-rammed Earth in Arid Region,Journal of sichuan university, 44:6, 47-54.
liu, J. 2018, Component-driven pocedural modeling for ancientChinese architecture of the Qing Dynasty, international Journal ofarchitectural Heritage, 12:2, 280-307.
riQuelMe, f. et al. 2012, New Insights into Ancient Maya BuildingMaterials: Characterization of Mortar, Plaster, and CoquinaFlagstones from Toniná, Mrs online Proceedings library archive,1374, 145-164.
suling, B. ZHang, Y. and stanCanelli, C. 2016, Protectionand regeneration of traditional buildings based on BIM: A casestudy of Qing Dynasty tea house in Guifeng Village, internationalreview for spatial Planning and sustainable development, 4:1, 17-30.
tan, J. Wang, X.g. and Wang, M.l. 2011, Research on theparametric design technology of Qing Dynasty Architecture inChina, applied Mechanics and Materials. trans tech Publications,71, 3752-3755.
ZHao, X.M. et al. 2017, Impacts of ideological trends of renais-sance architecture on royal garden design of Qing Dynasty, China:a Lowland and Wetland case of the Old Summer Palace (Yuan MingYuan), lowland technology international, 19:1, 53-62.
author(s):dinghai li*1. southwest Jiaotong university, sichuan, China* Corresponding author: dinghai li, email: [email protected]
6 4
Guixia Li, Guiping Jiang
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Construction and Planning of Library Service Facilities System Based on Public Digital Culture
1. Introduction
Digital library construction has become the maindirection of information industry development and animportant part of information society. As the worldenters the digital age, the results of millions of docu-ments, museum exhibits and human intellectual activ-ities are converted into electronic resources.According to experts, by 2020, all resources in thecollection of libraries, archives and museums aroundthe world will be digitized. Therefore, the digital libraryproject has become a hot issue in the research of thelibrary community around the world. How to build thelibrary of international metropolis in China for publicculture education has been the top priority.
Using the literature research method andcomparative analysis method, the characteristics ofthe construction and service of the Russian NationalLibrary with the characteristics of a metropolis are dis-cussed. The construction of the Russian NationalLibrary was learned to serve and be used in the con-struction of Chinese libraries.
The system features and services of theRussian National Library are comprehensively summa-rized. The Russian National Library’s experience indigital resource construction standards, digitalresource construction characteristics, literatureresource selection standards, user service methods,and service characteristics has been used for refer-ence. This provides a new method for the constructionof national digital libraries in China. The constructionmodel, resource construction and policy support ofnational digital libraries in China and Russia are com-pared. The guarantee mechanism, digital resourceconstruction, digital resource copyright resolution anduser service methods of the construction of theNational Library of Russia have brought certainenlightenment to the construction of China’s nationaldigital library.
2. State of the artFor the massive literature resources of digital libraries,how to provide readers with information convenientlyand quickly to meet their individual needs is a problemfaced by library services. Recommended techniquesare an effective tool for solving this problem. Severalkey technologies of digital library personalized recom-mendation service are elaborated, including modelingof reader interest, modeling of recommendedresource objects and resource recommendation mode(Xiong 2014). The realization path of digital culturegovernance of public libraries in the era of big data isexplored. The positioning and mission of the library inthe construction of public digital culture was explored.Taking the digital construction of public libraries inJiangsu Province and the practice of digital resourcesconstruction in Nanjing Library as an example, rele-vant suggestions and measures are proposed aroundthe main content of library digital resources construc-tion. The construction and status quo of digitallibraries are comprehensively evaluated, includingproject background, resource organization, servicecharacteristics, technical characteristics, etc., andevaluations and recommendations are given. Thepractice and research on the integration of foreignpublic digital cultural resources was investigated.Based on foreign research results, cooperation mech-anisms, metadata standards, new technology applica-tions and intellectual property protection in the inte-gration of public digital cultural resources have beenstudied (Ximing and Qiaoyuan 2015). By visiting andanalyzing the library’s website page, empiricalresearch on the core services of the public libraries ofthirty-one informatized international cities was con-ducted. The index system of digital library (virtual) andphysical library (entity) in the role of public libraries inthe knowledge society is defined (Mainka, Hartmannand Orszullok 2013).
Guixia Li, Guiping JiangAbstractTo study the construction and planning of the library service facility system based on public digital culture teaching ininternational cultural metropolises, the main body of resources construction, channels, selection criteria, constructionstandards, user service policies, service methods and service objects of the National Digital Library of Russia were ana-lyzed. The construction foundation, policy support and digital resource construction of the Chinese and Russian nation-al digital libraries were compared. The results showed that the problem of digital copyright was solved while the librarycommunity was constructing digital resources according to the existing rules. Therefore, this method has certain impli-cations for the construction of digital libraries in metropolitan areas in China.
Keywords: National Digital Library, Public Digital Culture Education, Services.
CONSTRUCTION AND PLANNING OF LIBRARY SERVICEFACILITIES SYSTEM BASED ON PUBLIC DIGITAL CULTUREEDUCATION IN INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL METROPOLIS.
6 5
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Construction and Planning of Library Service Facilities System Based on Public Digital Culture
Guixia Li, Guiping Jiang
3. MethodologyThe literature research method is a relatively scientificresearch method. Through the HowNet, Wanfang,Google, and Yandex search engines, the literature onthe construction of the Russian National Library wasextensively searched. The contents of the documentwere sorted out. The background and developmenthistory of the Russian National Library, policy andlegal support, and the characteristics of resource con-struction and services were studied. The developmentprospects of the Russian National Library are predict-ed.
Comparative analysis was applied. The con-struction of the Russian National Library is comparedwith the construction of the National Digital Library ofChina. The successful experience of the constructionof the Russian National Library was borrowed. Theexperience of the construction of the Russian NationalLibrary in terms of legal policy funding, resource con-struction and services, and proper resolution of digitaldocument copyrights has been studied.
3.1. Digital resource constructionThe main body of the digital resources of the RussianNational Library in the national metropolis of Moscowpresents a clear diversity. In a way, this is a resourcesharing. The Russian national library is open. Any insti-tution or organization that wants to join the projectcan become a member of the Russian NationalLibrary. At the same time, the resources of the RussianNational Library are comprehensive.
At present, there are more than forty specialcollections in the resources of the Russian NationalLibrary. The main sources are divided into three parts:the resources provided by the national library ofRussia, the national library of Russia and the nationalpublic library of science and technology of Russia, theresources with local characteristics provided by the 27
federally principal local libraries, and the publicationsdigitized by the presidential decree of Russia 10%every year. The main digital resources of the RussianState Library are shown in Table 1. The main digitalresources of the Russian National Library are shown inTable 2.
Due to the diversity of the main body ofresource construction in the Russian National Library,the Russian National Library has developed a unifiedresource selection standard to ensure the quality ofresource construction and the books required for dig-ital readers, as shown in Table 3.
The Russian National Library is jointly built bythe All-Russian Library. National unified technicalrequirements for document digitization must be formu-lated, i.e. resolution, color and other parameters.Digital resources are divided into three categories:Class I is a book treasure published before 1830, aspecial precious ancient book and manuscript. ClassII is a publication with literary and cultural values andsocial significance, including the author’s illustrationsand manuscripts. Class III is a circulation documentwith information value in society. These three types ofdocuments should be treated differently in terms ofdigital devices, digital document preservation require-ments, scanning sources, scanning formats, resolu-tions, etc.
Every month, according to the discipline, onthe website of the Russian National Library and thePartner Library, the digital book catalogue is publishedto the public. The public can comment on the list. Onthe basis of public discussion, a list of 10% of theworks digitized each year is formed. The RussianNational Library is a combination of distributed stor-age and self-built digital resources. The decentralizedpreservation and centralized use of resources savesthe huge capital required for the uniform creation andmaintenance of the database. The Russian NationalLibrary complies with copyright in the construction ofdigital resources and actively promotes the revision ofcopyright laws. The National Library of Russia first dig-itizes works in the public domain that are not protectedby copyright and encourages authors to transfer digi-tal rights for free. The digital copyright of books is pur-chased with 10% of the digital funds allocated by theRussian Ministry of Culture.
Table 2. The main digital resources of the Russian NationalLibrary.
Table 1. The main digital resources of the Russian StateLibrary.
6 6
Guixia Li, Guiping Jiang
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Construction and Planning of Library Service Facilities System Based on Public Digital Culture
3.2 User servicePolicy is the guarantee of achieving services. To pro-tect users’ access to library services, the Russian gov-ernment has formulated various service policies. Toallow users to freely access the resources of theRussian National Library without restrictions on timeand space, the unified portal of the Russian NationalLibrary was officially launched on June 24, 2015. AnyRussian resident uses the portal to remotely obtain(can’t copy) a digital copy of the publication in thelibrary’s reading room or at home, and may find ahard copy of the publication in the nearest library.
The Russian National Library has four types ofclients: First, as an individual Russian National Libraryuser, users can read the literature from the RussianNational Library’s central portal in the nearest libraryor home. Second, the Russian National Library partic-ipants. Third, the Russian National Library user. It is alibrary that only utilizes the resources of the RussianNational Library but does not participate in the con-struction of the resources of the Russian NationalLibrary. Fourth, services for special user groups aremainly for the blind and visually impaired.
To facilitate users to take advantage of theresources of the Russian National Library, the Russian
National Library adopts a flexible and diverse serviceapproach. The national library of Russia is open notonly to Russian residents, but also to people from allover the world. The scope of service has changed fromRussia to the world.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Comparison of Chinese and Russian nationaldigital librariesBoth China and Russia attach great importance to theconstruction of the national digital library. The projectconstruction has been carefully planned and pre-pared. It has a good foundation for construction. Theconstruction of the Russian National Library reflects theprominent role of the government. The state providesfinancial support and legal guarantee for the construc-tion of the Russian National Library, and the develop-ment momentum is good.
China’s national digital library project lacksgovernment leadership and legal support.Cooperation between various industries, departmentsand other libraries is not close. State funds are limited.Compared with the construction of the RussianNational Library, there is a lack of unified planning atthe national level. National specialized agencies wereestablished for unified management and construction.Other social information institutions participated in theconstruction of the national digital library.The Russian Ministry of Culture has planned the con-struction of the Russian National Library as a whole.The Russian National Library has a strong policy sup-port and a relatively sound guarantee mechanism. In2001, the State Council listed the National DigitalLibrary Foundation Project as a national key project forthe Tenth Five-Year Plan. However, there is a lack ofpolicy support from more authoritative nationaldepartments, long-term and continuous national digi-tal library construction policies and funding.
4.2. The enlightenment of the construction of Russiannational digital library to ChinaAt present, China’s legal system is still not perfect.Compared with developed countries, there is still acertain gap in legal construction. The law of thePeople’s Republic of China on public libraries takeseffect on January 1, 2018. The bill focuses on theconstruction of the service system and the improve-ment of service levels. The experience of the construc-tion of the Russian National Library shows that alibrary law cannot solve all the problems of digitallibrary construction. The legal system of the librarycommunity in China is not perfect, which limits thedevelopment speed of the library industry. There is nolaw for reference in the construction of digital libraries.Therefore, China should plan the long-term develop-ment of the library business and formulate andimprove the construction of relevant legal systems assoon as possible.
Sustained capital investment is the lifebloodof digital library construction and requires long-termpolicy mechanism guarantee. The construction of thenational digital library mainly relies on governmentgrants, library funding and market operations. TheChinese government has limited investment in theconstruction of digital libraries. Based on existing poli-cies, a long-term national digital library policy wasdeveloped. An inter-departmental committee for thedevelopment of Russian national libraries like Russiawas established to solve problems in the development
Table 3. Russian national library document selection crite-ria and specific requirements for various indicators.
6 7
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Construction and Planning of Library Service Facilities System Based on Public Digital Culture
Guixia Li, Guiping Jiangof the national digital library. This escorts the construc-
tion of the national digital library.The digital literature of the Russian National
Library focuses on listening to the public. However, thedigitized collection of documents in China’s nationaldigital library is the type of digitized books determinedby the national library itself. The reader’s needs areless considered. Therefore, resource utilization andsatisfaction are not high. The construction of digitalresources of the National Digital Library should alsobe guided by the needs of users and adhere to thepeople-oriented principle. The user’s reading needswere investigated. The public actively participates inthe construction of digital resources in libraries.Copyright should not be neglected in the constructionof digital library resources. The Russian NationalLibrary is actively involved in the revision of the intel-lectual property component. The revision of the legalprovisions is conducive to the construction of theresources of the Russian National Library.
5. ConclusionsThrough the research on the resource constructionand user services of the Russian National Library, itcan be seen that the Russian National Library has mul-tiple sources of resources, unified resource selectionstandards and technical specifications for resourceconstruction. The public actively participates in theconstruction of national library resources. This is aresource-sharing model for division of labor andcooperation. Digital resource copyrights are properlyaddressed. The library’s service coverage is wide, theservice methods are diverse, and the service meansare advanced. The digital resource construction ofnational digital libraries in China and Russia is com-pared. The Russian National Library has become anational project. Its government-led role, cooperationbetween government departments, legal and policysupport, funding for construction, and advanced ser-vice concepts are all worth learning. China’s nationaldigital library should learn from the Russian NationalLibrary service experience and develop similar readinglicenses. This provides Chinese information resourcesto more users in the world.
Acknowledgements:The study was supported by the national social sciencefund of china. The study on the social education func-tions of the public digital culture service and its prac-tical strategies (Grant No.18BTQ011).
REFERENCES
MAINKA, A. HARTMANN, S. and ORSZULLOK, L.2013, Public libraries in the knowledge society: Coreservices of libraries in informational world cities, Libri,63:4, 295-319.
XIONG, Y.J. 2014, The Model Analysis ofPersonalized Information Recommendation Service inDigital Library, Library, 2, 132-134.
XIMING, X. and QIAOYUAN, L. 2015, ResearchProgress in Public Digital Cultural ResourcesIntegration, Journal of Library Science in China, 5,005.
Author(s):
Guixia Li, Guiping Jiang*Harbin University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080,China* Corresponding author: Guiping Jiang, Email: [email protected]
6 8
Jun Sh
i, Ning Lian
gop
en hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. Petro
leum
Res
ources
-bas
ed U
rban
Eco
logica
l Plann
ing an
d Dev
elop
men
t Res
earch Ba
sed on
...
1. Introduction
According to existing research, it is generally believedthat resource-based cities refer to the type of cities thatrely on the development of natural resources (such ascoal, oil and gas, other minerals), the export of energyor raw materials or the development of resource-based industries. The petroleum resource-based city isan important part of Chinese cities, which is basicallyaccompanied by the development of Chinese petrole-um industry. From the perspective of life cycle theoryand the development of resource-based cities abroad,resource-based cities inevitably go through theprocess of construction-development-prosperity-reces-sion-transformation (or decline). The typical petroleumresources cities in China include Yumen City, DaqingCity and Karamay City. With the gradual depletion ofpetroleum resources, these resource-based citiesinevitably face the transformation problems that allresource-based cities will face, otherwise they can onlywait for decline. In fact, the concept of green growthput forward by the Chinese government in recent yearshas forced these resource-based cities to adjust theirindustrial structure, gradually weaken the oil and gasindustry with high investment, high risk, high pollutionand high energy consumption, and develop relativelygreen industries.
Under this background, it is very necessary tostudy the ecological planning and development ofpetroleum resources cities. In fact, the transformationof petroleum resources cities can be understood as theproblem of urban functional growth and structuralinnovation. This means that the transformation ofpetroleum resources-based cities depends on the gov-ernment’s planning for urban development. Whether itis statutory planning or non-statutory planning, theeffective response of the planning system, planning
content and planning implementation to the transfor-mation of resource-based cities is an important guar-antee. Under the double pressures of green growthand economic transition, the adjustment of land usepattern, the division of urban functional areas and thedevelopment of urban ecology in petroleumresources-based cities require the government torespond positively to urban planning. Only by plan-ning first can we lead an orderly transformation andachieve sustainable development.
2. Research statusSince industrial revolution, great changes have takenplace in the mode of production of human society.Resources have gradually become the basic elementssupporting the development of human society.Resources-based cities, which grow up with the devel-opment of resources, have also become an importantmember of urban system. From the point of view ofexisting research, there are relatively many studies onresource-based cities transformation. For example,Lockie Stewart (Lockie, Franettovich and Petkova-tim-mer 2009) conducted an evaluation study on the eco-nomic and social impact of resource-based cities inCoppabella Coal Mine in central Queensland,Australia, and included the factors of governmenturban planning in its evaluation index. Pitlik H et al.and Smith S M et al. (Pitlik, Frank and Firchow 2010;Smith, Shepherd and Dorward 2012) believe thatinternational standards of resource-based cities gov-ernment management should be established toachieve the purpose of strengthening resource-basedcities organization management and rational develop-ment. The research on the transformation of petrole-um resources-based cities is mainly carried out fromthe perspective of industrial development and transfor-mation. Houghton (Houghton 1993) Treats the trans-
Jun Shi, Ning LiangAbstractPetroleum resource-based city is an important part of urban system in China. Under the background of green growthand economic transition, petroleum resource-based city is facing the problem of sustainable development. This papertakes petroleum resources-based cities in China as the research object, and uses urban ecological planning methodto analyze the basic methods of petroleum resources-based urban ecological planning and development from threeaspects: establishing multi-level city circle layer, building urban ecotope and promoting urban renewal. The resultsshow that green growth and economic transition of petroleum resources cities in China depend on government plan-ning for urban development, including statutory planning and non-statutory planning. Petroleum resources-based citiesshould promote the ecological planning and development of petroleum resources-based cities in China from threeaspects: optimizing the industrial structure of cities, optimizing the layout of urban functional areas and optimizing thelayout of urban ecolandscape in order to adapt to green growth and economic transition.
Keywords: Urban Planning, Ecological Planning, Green Growth, Petroleum Resource-Based City, Economic Transition.
PETROLEUM RESOURCES-BASED URBAN ECOLOGICAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT. RESEARCH BASED ON GREENGROWTH AND ECONOMIC TRANSITION .
6 9
open
hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. Petro
leum
Res
ources
-bas
ed U
rban
Eco
logica
l Plann
ing an
d Dev
elop
men
t Res
earch Ba
sed on
...Ju
n Sh
i, Ning Lian
gformation of petroleum resources cities from the direc-tion of industrial restructuring in petroleum resourcescities. Schelling and Nijkamp found that the transfor-mation of petroleum resources cities in many countriesmainly depends on industrial restructuring (Ludwigand Iannuzzi 2006; Güneralp, Perlstein and Seto2015). In addition, there are also some petroleumresources urban transformation studies from the per-spective of government governance. These scholarsadvocate that in the transformation of resource-basedcities, the government should establish financial sup-port, training services, fund management and othermechanisms, and put forward the development strate-gy of industrial transformation from the governmentlevel. Of course, there are also some scholars inChina who have studied the transformation of petrole-um resources-based cities, but generally speaking,there are relatively few studies on the transformationof petroleum resources-based cities at home andabroad from the perspective of urban ecological plan-ning and development, so this study has certain theo-retical and practical significance.
3. Petroleum resources-based urban ecological plan-ning method from the perspective of green growth andeconomic transition3.1. Reasonable control of ore district and establish-ment of multi-level city circle layerSince the reform and open in China, socioeconomichas achieved considerable development, but at thesame time energy consumption has also increaseddramatically. In 2013, China’s oil imports reached anall-time high of 304.2 million tons, and the proportionof imported oil to national oil consumption (importdependence) rose to 61.7%. The rapidly expandingenergy consumption demand has exposed the inher-ent contradiction of China’s energy shortage and thedifficulty of energy supply. Therefore, the petroleumresources-based city cannot get rid of the resourcemining and processing industry in a short time. TakingDaqing City as an example, Daqing belongs to a typ-ical petroleum resources-based city, which is built onDaqing oilfield. Daqing oilfield is composed of Sartu,Xingshugang, Lamadian, Chaoyanggou and Hailar oiland gas fields. Reasonable control of mining scale inDaqing oilfield is not only conducive to providing suf-ficient land and space for the development of socioe-conomic, but also conducive to establishing the devel-opment idea of paying equal attention to the tripleobjectives of economic benefits, social effects benefitand ecological benefit, and promoting the harmo-nious coexistence of urban development and naturalenvironment. From the perspective of planning angle,petroleum resources cities should establish a multi-level urban circle layer. The core circle layer is theexisting urban economic and administrative center, themiddle circle layer is the industrial development zone,and the outer circle layer is the urban developmentcontrol zone.
3.2. Make efforts to promote ecological restoration ofore district and build urban ecotopeSince reform and opening, China’s economic devel-opment has mainly depended on the secondary indus-try, but the basic national conditions are that theindustry started late and had a weak foundation, espe-cially at the cost of a large number of environmentaldamage in the early stage of development. In theprocess of production and exploitation, a large num-
ber of resources and energy are consumed, and alarge number of waste and waste residue appear,which has caused great pressure on ecotope.Petroleum resources cities in China have played a veryimportant role in the long-term economic and socialdevelopment process, but in the long-term develop-ment process, they have formed a serious ecologicaldamage problem. For a petroleum resources-basedcity to achieve green transformation, efforts must bemade to promote the ecological restoration of ore dis-tribution. Taking Daqing City as an example, DaqingOilfield National Mine Park has been establishedthrough ecological restoration, which not onlyimproves the ecotope of the oilfield, but also relies onthe old ore district. Daqing Oilfield National MinePark currently has 22 sites, including Daqing Historyand Exhibition Hall of Oil Field, Iron Man’s first well-Sa55 Well, Iron Man Wang Jinxi Memorial Hall,Daqing Petroleum Science and Technology Museumand other mining sites.
3.3. Actively promoting urban organic renewal andconstructing green low carbon cityMost of the petroleum resources cities are located inremote areas, especially in the western petroleumresources-based cities, many of which are in placeswith few people. These remote petroleum resourcescities have been expanding slowly in the process ofgradual development, but due to the reasons of eco-nomic and social development, the urban architectur-al style and quality are also uneven. To promote theresource-based cities organic renewal can start fromtwo aspects, on the one hand, actively promote thetransformation of old residential buildings and otherbuildings, including the renovation of building facadesand building comfort and energy-saving environmen-tal protection. On the other hand, it should increasethe proportion of green building in the new building ofthe city, integrate new ideas and new achievementssuch as healthy building, sustainable building, centu-ry-old architecture and prefabricated building, andexpand the connotation of green building. The newbuilding in the city fully implements the green buildingstandard and expands the scope of mandatory pro-motion of the green building. Some green buildingschemes, which can save resources to the maximumextent, including energy saving, land saving, watersaving and material saving, protect the environmentand reduce pollution, provide people with healthy,comfortable and efficient use space, and build a har-monious coexistence with nature.
4. Resource-based cities development path from theperspective of green growth and economic transition4.1. Optimizing urban industrial structure with eco-nomic green transformation as the goalPetroleum resources-based cities have graduallyemerged and developed along with petroleum indus-try in China. Without exception, the leading industriesof these cities are all petroleum industries. Petroleumindustry is a traditional resource industry, which maycause environmental pollution in exploration anddevelopment of oil and gas, oil and gas processing,oil and gas gathering and transportation, storage andtransportation, and oil and gas sales. Obviously, thisis not conducive to the green growth and ecologicaltransformation of the city. Taking Daqing as an exam-ple, Daqing is China’s largest petroleum industry baseand an important petroleum processing base. Its oil
7 0
Jun Sh
i, Ning Lian
gop
en hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. Petro
leum
Res
ources
-bas
ed U
rban
Eco
logica
l Plann
ing an
d Dev
elop
men
t Res
earch Ba
sed on
...
and gas industry is a well-deserved leading industry.However, after decades of development, the Daqingoil field has shown a depletion trend. Coupled with thepopularity of the Green low carbon consciousness,Daqing, an oil-producing city, is under pressure froman economic transition. Petroleum resources-basedcities need green transformation. On the one hand,they need to fully integrate existing resources, activelycreate development conditions, actively develop theexploitation and commercial utilization of newresources such as Shale gas, and strive to promote theoptimization of oil and gas industrial structure. On theother hand, we should actively guide the developmentof other industries, relying on the unique natural envi-ronment of petroleum resources city, and activelydevelop tourism industry, literary and creative indus-tries and high-tech industries.
4.2. Optimizing urban function area layout guided bysustainable developmentUrban functional area is a geographical space thatcan realize the accumulation of relevant socialresources and effectively exert the functions of a cer-tain city. It is an important space carrier for realizingthe economic and social functions of the city. It reflectsthe characteristics of the city and is a form of modernurban development. For most of the petroleumresources-based cities, the population gatheringbrought about by the development of the petroleumindustry has gradually developed. Therefore, the orig-inal urban center is located in a relatively concentrat-ed area of oil and gas enterprises, which indirectlyleads to the planning of the urban functional area isnot reasonable enough. Generally speaking, businessquarter, uptown, industrial estate, canton, culture areaand suburbs constitute the basic functional areas ofthe city. For petroleum resources cities, business quar-ter, uptown, industrial estate and canton are basicallyhighly coincident, which indirectly leads to the conges-tion in the core areas of the city. Under the back-ground of green growth and economic transition,petroleum resources type cities must optimize the orig-inal urban functional area if they want to obtain newdriving force for development. From the perspective ofthe long-term development of the city, the overlappingof functional areas is not conducive to the radiationeffect of the city center. Therefore, it is considered tomove the canton of the petroleum resource-type urbancenter away from the original urban center, and at thesame time expand the industrial estate gradually. Thebusiness quarter and the culture area and suburbs canbe dynamically fine-tuned according to actual needs.Specifically, the business quarter can keep the originalplan basically unchanged, the canton needs to grad-ually move away from the original space, the uptowncan be moderately extended, the industrial estatespace is relatively fixed, and the suburbs are dynami-cally adjusted according to the urban developmentneeds. Other functional areas are planned to provideresources such as land.
4.3. On the principle of natural harmony, optimize thelayout of urban ecolandscapeAs an important part of Urban Planning, ecoland-scape also plays an important role in the process ofresource-based cities transformation. Taking Daqingas an example, Daqing Oilfield implements ecologicalimprovement projects with the opportunity of creatinggreen oil field. In the process of implementation,
ecolandscape is planned from three aspects, fullyrespecting the natural law. First, the low-lying areasand water bubbles formed naturally are cleared andexpanded to connect the whole and the sub-areas andto improve the self-purification ability of water bod-ies.The second is the natural growth of grasshoppers,fence protection, reducing manual intervention, lessartificial creation, more natural regeneration, carefulprotection and restoration of grassland and lush land-scape; third, the construction of “Garden miningarea” in the central area of oilfield workers’ lives,Planting ornamental trees; constructing “Forest miningarea” in the southern part of the oil field suitable fortree growth, and planting Yinzhong poplar andCorolla wood into strips. The creation of theseecolandscapes has made the entire Daqing City agood ecotope with blue sky, green grass and greenmountains. For resource-based cities, the optimizationof urban ecolandscape layout requires urban greenspace system planning to further promote urban greenspace construction and urban external natural envi-ronment, agriculture and forestry industry, and buildurban gardens and suburban green resources, ruralagriculture and forest resources integration. The largegreen space system constructs urban and rural greenspace systems of three major spatial types: urbangreen space, suburban green space and rural greenspace.
5. ConclusionChina’s socioeconomic development is in a transition-al period. The resource consultative economic growthadopted at the beginning of reform and opening hasbeen unsustainable. Only by speeding up the adjust-ment of economic structure and changing the mode ofeconomic development can we promote the coordi-nated development of resources, environment andsocioeconomic. In order to adapt to the general trendof green growth and economic transition, petroleumresources-based cities must start with urban planningand use urban ecological planning method tostrengthen urban circle layer planning, ore distributionecological restoration and urban organic renewal.The study also shows that the petroleum resource-based city must optimize the urban industrial structurewith the goal of green low carbon; optimize the urbanfunctional area layout with sustainable development;optimize the urban ecolandscape layout based on theprinciple of natural harmony. Only by adhering to thedevelopment ideas of low carbon, green, and harmo-nious, and making urban development plans inadvance, the petroleum resources-based cities cancomplete the transformation and development.
Acknowledgement:This work is supported by Sichuan philosophy andsocial science program (NO.SC16C052) andHumanities and Sichuan Soft Science ResearchProgram (NO. 2017ZR0268).
7 1
open
hou
se in
ternationa
l Vol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tembe
r 201
9. Petro
leum
Res
ources
-bas
ed U
rban
Eco
logica
l Plann
ing an
d Dev
elop
men
t Res
earch Ba
sed on
...Ju
n Sh
i, Ning Lian
gREFERENCES
GÜNERALP, B. PERLSTEIN, A.S. and SETO, K.C. 2015, Balancing urban growth and ecological conservation: A challenge for planning and governance in China, Ambio, 44:6, 532-543.
HOUGHTON, D.S. 1993, Long-distance commuting: a new approach to mining in Australia, Geographical Journal, 281-290.
LUDWIG, D.F. and IANNUZZI, T.J. 2006, Habitat equivalency in urban estuaries: an analytical hierarchy process for planning ecological restoration, Urban Ecosystems, 9:4, 265-290.
LOCKIE, S. FRANETTOVICH, M. and PETKOVA-TIM-MER, V. 2009, Coal mining and the resource commu-nity cycle: a longitudinal assessment of the social impacts of the Coppabella coal mine, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 29:5, 330-339.
PITLIK, H. FRANK, B. and FIRCHOW, M. 2010, The demand for transparency: An empirical note. The Review of International Organizations, 5:2, 177-195.
SMITH, S.M. SHEPHERD, D.D. and DORWARD, P.T. 2012, Perspectives on community representation with-in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative: Experiences from south-east Madagascar, Resources Policy, 37:2, 241-250.
Author(s):
Jun Shi*, Ning LiangSchool of Economics and Management, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China* Corresponding author: Jun Shi, Email: [email protected]
7 2
Jinao Chen, Aming Lu, Feng Zhai
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Regional Layout and Planning of Large-Scale Sports Stadium
s and Gym
nasiums in Cities.
1. Introduction
With the opening of major international sports eventssuch as the Asian Games and the Olympic Games inChina, stadiums and gymnasiums have been built allover the country. However, due to the lack of theoret-ical analysis on the long-term planning and construc-tion of stadiums and gymnasiums, many stadiums andgymnasiums are planned and constructed solely forthe purpose of hosting competitions. Most of the sta-diums and gymnasiums are designed with the empha-sis on the requirements of the competition and lessconsideration of the requirements of the post-compe-tition mass sports, which results in the low utilizationrate, lack of analysis and comprehensive considera-tion of the actual situation. As a result, it leads to ahigh level of construction of large venues, and investsa lot of financial and material resources, but after thecompetition, the utilization rate is generally very lowand there are a series of contradictions (Baade andMatheson 2016; Rubin, Woodward and Harrison2016).
The relevant theories at home and abroadare summarized by the methods of field investigation,comparative analysis, and logical induction, and theconstruction planning of other stadiums and gymnasi-ums is analyzed in order to provide some reference forthe construction practice of Xi’an Sports Center, theFourteenth National Games and other stadiums andgymnasiums, so as to make them meet the require-ments of competition rules, function construction, andurban development.
The research method can be used to compre-hensively and systematically understand the planningand layout of the construction of stadiums and gymna-
siums at home and abroad, help to make up for thedeficiencies of the compilation of the task book of theplanning and design of stadiums and gymnasiums inChina, and put forward a relatively complete planningand design of stadiums and gymnasiums from the per-spective of sports construction technology. It has prac-tical guiding significance for the construction of Xi’anSports Center and the Fourteenth National Gamesand other stadiums and gymnasiums.
2. State of the artIn terms of the breadth of research, domestic scholarsmainly focus on the status, principles, relationshipbetween stadium layout and regional development,factors affecting stadium layout. On the basis of theabove research, foreign scholars further study the evo-lution process, development trend, motivation causes,and whether to promote regional economic develop-ment of stadium layout (Steffen, Moseid andEngebretsen 2017). From the point of view of researchmethods, the layout of stadiums and gymnasiums inforeign countries is more inclined to empiricalresearch and using a dynamic analysis perspective tostudy the development trend and characteristics of thelayout of stadiums and gymnasiums. Whereas,Chinese scholars mostly use static methods to analyzethe overall situation of the layout of stadiums andgymnasiums, so that they cannot fully and thoroughlyexplain the development trend and influencing factorsof the layout of stadiums and gymnasiums, let aloneguide the practice process of venue layout (Freitas etal. 2016; Ramshaw 2017). From the results of theresearch on the strategy of stadium layout, domesticscholars only discuss how to optimize the strategy ofstadium layout from the aspects of objectives, modes
Jinao Chen, Aming Lu, Feng ZhaiAbstractIn order to ensure the high-quality completion of the construction of stadiums and gymnasiums and the smooth holdingof the Fourteenth National Games, through on-the-spot investigation and collation of relevant literature at home andabroad, lessons are drawn from the experience of the planning and construction of the stadiums and gymnasiums ofthe recent three National Games. According to the investigation of the stadiums and gymnasiums in Shaanxi Province,the number, characteristics, overall layout and construction methods of the required stadiums are specifically analyzed.Taking Xi'an Sports Center as an example, from the point of view of the construction requirements of the main stadiumof the National Games and the sports construction technology, the functional orientation and construction standardsof the competition facilities and training base facilities are put forward. Especially for the planning and design of sportsconstruction facilities including "one stadium, two gymnasiums", Tennis Center and outdoor sports stadium, the specificindex analysis is made. The index analysis provides suggestions for the compilation of the planning and design tasksheet of Xi'an Sports Center, and provides reference for the planning and construction of other stadiums and gymna-siums for the Fourteenth National Games.
Keywords: The National Games, Sports Venues, Pre-Planning, Design Task Requirement.
REGIONAL LAYOUT AND PLANNING OF LARGE-SCALE SPORTS STADIUMS AND GYMNASIUMS INCITIES.
7 3
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Regional Layout and Planning of Large-Scale Sports Stadium
s and Gym
nasiums in Cities.
Jinao Chen, Aming Lu, Feng Zhaiand principles. However, foreign scholars have studied
the government’s behavior of utilizing public finance,urban development plan, site selection interventionmeasures, and professional alliance’s control over themonopoly of stadium, which has important enlighten-ment significance in enriching the research on opti-mizing the strategy of stadium layout. Overall, foreignscholars mainly emphasize the dynamic perspective toanalyze the evolution process, development trend,and change causes of the spatial layout of stadiumsand gymnasiums, and use case-based empiricalmethods to support the objectives, models and meth-ods of the layout. In addition, usually, from the twoaspects of government administrative intervention andmarket economy orientation, they study how toachieve the optimal layout of stadiums and gymnasi-ums.
3. Methodology3.1. Analysis of venues in the last three nationalgamesAccording to the statistics of the venues of the organiz-ers of the last three National Games, the demand forthe venues of the National Games is large, and theconstruction standard of the venues is high. The totalnumber of venues of the last three National Gamesshows a decreasing trend, and 116 venues can meetthe needs of the hosts of the Games.In addition to the large demand for the number ofvenues, the construction standards for venues are alsorelatively high. There are clear requirements for warm-up venues, the number of seats for spectators, compe-tition lighting indicators, etc. Even combined with thetype of competition to be undertaken in the future, theuse rate of venues is greatly improved by controllingthe standards of International competitions.
Summarize the experience of stadium plan-ning and construction in the past three NationalGames as follows: First, implement the coverage ofthe games to the whole province, and promote theconstruction of stadiums in various regions. Second,pay attention to the planning and design approval ofstadium construction. The planning and design of sta-diums should pay attention to the infiltration of sportsfunctions, not only to meet the requirements of thenational games, but also to take into account the uti-lization after the games. Third, attach importance tothe technical guidance and testing of stadium con-struction. The technical guidance of stadium construc-tion should run through the whole process of stadiumconstruction to control the quality of stadium construc-tion. Fourth, focus on the training of staffs in stadiumconstruction, strengthen the understanding of stadiumsports technology among stadium builders, andimprove the level of sports technology constructionand management.
3.2. Layout analysis of Shaanxi stadiums and gymna-siums during the fourteenth national gamesThere are 230 recommended venues in ShaanxiProvince, including 105 competition venues and 125training venues. The planning and construction of theFourteenth National Games venues should be basedon scientific norms, overall allocation, rational func-tions, leading technology and economic efficiency.Firstly, the competition bidding mode of 13 cities (dis-tricts) should be adopted to achieve the full coverageof the competition items in the province, promote theconstruction of sports venues, and promote the devel-
opment of sports. Secondly, it is suggested that thevenues of the National Games should take Xi’an asthe core, Guanzhong city (district) as the focus, andsouthern Shaanxi and Northern Shaanxi as the supportto carry out the layout of competition events andvenues construction. In principle, the major events orrelated events should be held in the same area, andtake the main urban area of each city (region) as thecenter to radiate to the adjacent jurisdiction areas andcounties. Thirdly, it is suggested to arrange theNational Games to enter the campus according to theactual situation of the stadiums and gymnasiums inShaanxi Province, so as to achieve a breakthrough inthe history of the National Games. Fourthly, arrangefor all-round transport projects to enter counties andtownships, such as equestrian events in Fuping, beachvolleyball events in Dali, and triathlon events inNanzheng. Fifthly, a small number of sports venueswith strong specialty should be built centrally to avoidwaste of venue construction. Sixthly, actively guide andaccording to the principle of “training, warming-upand competition integration for new stadiums andgymnasiums”, timely adjust the proposed and con-structed stadiums and gymnasiums, so as to achievethe construction service of the Fourteenth NationalGames in the most optimized way. Seventhly, theNational Games venues take Xi’an as the core,Guanzhong city (district) as the focus, and southernShaanxi and Northern Shaanxi as the support to carryout the layout of competition events and venues con-struction. Finally, in order to better serve the NationalGames, new venues should follow high standards andtake a sustainable road.
According to the conventions and basic prin-ciples of the National Games, as well as the competi-tion rules of the past two sessions, Shaanxi Provinceneeds no less than 116 sports venues to host theFourteenth National Games, including 58 competitionvenues and 58 training venues. In addition, it isequipped with three spare venues, including onespare stadium, one spare stadium and one spareswimming pool.
3.3. Method of planning and construction of the four-teenth national games stadiumThe Fourteenth National Games stadium has highconstruction standard, short construction period andrelatively scattered distribution. It is suggested that theplanning and construction process should follow thefollowing procedures. In view of the current situationof the existing sports facilities in Shaanxi Province, onthe basis of understanding the family background, thenew and expanded sports facilities are planned rea-sonably. According to the project and venue settingrequirements formulated by Shaanxi Sports Bureau,the competent sports departments of various cities(districts) put forward the site selection and scale of thevenue, the plan and guiding ideology, energy saving,water saving and environmental evaluation, trans-portation, safety, health and fire protection, organiza-tion and human resources allocation, project con-struction implementation plan, investment estimationand funds financing, financial evaluation, social andeconomic benefit evaluation, conclusions and sugges-tions, etc. Planning and design work should beinvolved in the pre-project research as soon as possi-ble so as to make the design task book more realistic,thus reducing design changes, shortening the designcycle and controlling project cost; the competent units
7 4
Jinao Chen, Aming Lu, Feng Zhai
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Regional Layout and Planning of Large-Scale Sports Stadium
s and Gym
nasiums in Cities.
of each venue should complete the bidding of venueconstruction units according to the procedures, strictlycontrol the progress, quality and cost of venue con-struction, and do a good job of project managementin the construction stage of venues. The organizingcommittee shall organize various sports supportdepartments to conduct large-scale inspections of allkinds of vehicles and personnel routes, rooms andvenues in various functional areas of the venues, andput forward suggestions for rectification of the differ-ences in the standards of functional rooms that do notmeet the competition conditions and affect the com-petition functions and relevant support offices.According to the plan of the Fourteenth NationalGames, all stadiums and gymnasiums should be builtin 2021 and submit to the Organizing Committee ofthe Competition for unified arrangement of relevanttest competitions, maintenance and trial operation.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Planning and construction contentsThe competition venues of Xi’an Sports Center arecomposed of “one stadium, two gymnasiums” and“tennis center”, of which “one stadium, two gymnasi-ums” occupy about 75.3 hectares and “one center”occupies about 33.3 hectares. stadiums, comprehen-sive gymnasiums, swimming and diving halls, tenniscenters; outdoor sports venues, such as outdoor bas-ketball courts, football courts; sports cultural land-scape, to show the Olympic spirit, Chinese sports spir-it, and other sports ancillary facilities are planned tobe constructed here.
Xi’an Sports Center Training Base covers anarea of 32.7 hectares. Track and field hall, shootinghall, comprehensive training hall; track and field,baseball field, archery field, flying saucer field, basket-ball court, etc.; Sports Education Research Center forsports science research and sports teaching; interna-tional exchange center, including athletes’ apartment,coaches’ apartment, exchange resident training per-sonnel apartment at home and abroad and athletes’restaurant, professional restaurant, domestic and for-eign exchange restaurant, etc. are planned to be con-structed here.
4.2. Overall design orientationFunctions of Sports Competition Center: After thecompletion of the Sports Center, it can meet the needsof holding high-level sports competitions at home andabroad, professional training of professional sportsteams, and the development of national fitness activi-ties. Function of the National Fitness Center: It shouldbecome the main place for the national fitness andleisure entertainment in Xi’an to meet the needs of theresidents of Xi’an for the national fitness. Function ofSports Training Center: It can meet the training needsof young people and athletes at home and abroad inXi’an. Function of sports culture center: it embodiesthe Olympic sports spirit, the concept and culture ofsports architecture, and the characteristics of sportsculture landscape and environment in Xi’an. Functionof Public Disaster Relief (Asylum) Center: It has thefunction of safe shelter for major public emergenciesin modern metropolis. In addition, according to thescope and nature of its use, the functions and tasks itpossesses, the volume of sports buildings, as well asthe objectives of construction, etc., the grade position-ing of individual sports buildings in sports centersshould meet the relevant standards.
4.3. Planning and design analysis of sports buildings“One stadium, two gymnasiums” and tennis center areused for holding large-scale and high-level sportscompetitions, taking into account the development ofpopular sports training, mass sports competitions,national fitness and other activities. They are requiredto meet the requirements of the national green build-ing with two stars. Warm-up training venues shouldfully consider natural lighting, reflect the characteris-tics of intelligent venues, consider solar energy (photo-voltaic) system, and power supply can be consideredin 1600 kw-2000 kw. Specific basic requirements forplanning and design are as follows. Stadium planningand design requires that the building height be con-trolled at about 45 meters and the torch orientationshould be set in the northeast or southeast of the maintrack and field. The basic requirements of comprehen-sive gymnasium planning and design are that theheight of the building should be controlled at about30 meters and the net height of the competition venueshould not be less than 15 meters; the height of theequipment transport corridor should be controlled atabout 4 meters and the box should be set at three U-shaped; and the basic requirements of the planningand design of the swimming and diving hall should becontrolled at about 20 meters and the net height ofthe competition venue should be no less than 16meters.
Table 1. Design positioning of major stadiums (venues).
7 5
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Regional Layout and Planning of Large-Scale Sports Stadium
s and Gym
nasiums in Cities.
Jinao Chen, Aming Lu, Feng ZhaiOutdoor sports venues are mainly used for mass
sports training, mass sports competitions, national fit-ness and other activities. According to the characteris-tics of sports, the venues of various sports should bearranged relatively centrally so as to meet the require-ments of competition and national fitness, and reflectthe theme of sports. The stadium sub-stadium is astandard 400-meter track and field with embeddedstandard football stadium, which is controlled at188m*112m, four-tower lighting, rubber compoundcoil on the ground layer of the track and field, artificialgrass on the ground layer, 10 straight runways, 9curves, U-shaped sand spillway for sand pits in fieldcompetitions, and 4m barrier-free zone control.
The sports training base mainly satisfies thetraining and part of the competition functions, includ-ing two comprehensive training halls, track and fieldhalls, shooting halls, track and field training grounds,football training grounds, baseball training grounds,basketball training grounds, archery training grounds,outdoor swimming pools and other sports facilities, aswell as the main subsidiary buildings of theInternational Exchange Center (i.e., teaching andresearch center) and sports apartment. The compre-hensive training hall is required to be controlled at120 meters by 60 meters. The track and field hall isrequired to be controlled at 146 meters by 65 metersand the building height is about 20 meters. The mainbuilding function of the International Exchange Centeris physical education teaching and scientific research,and the attached building function is administrativeoffice. The main building function of the sports apart-ment is the apartment for athletes and coaches. It hasa dining room for athletes and a reception restaurantfor exchanges.
5. ConclusionsThe relevant theories at home and abroad aresummed up by means of field investigation, compara-tive analysis and logical induction, and the construc-tion planning of other stadiums and gymnasiums isanalyzed. In addition, the layout method and con-struction planning of the Fourteenth National Gamesare discussed in detail. Moreover, combined with theplanning of the Fourteenth National Games in theaspects of competition venues and training facilities,as well as its functional orientation and main sports,from the point of view of sports construction technolo-gy, a concrete analysis of the planning and construc-tion of the gymnasium including “one-two gymnasi-ums”, tennis center, outdoor sports venues, trainingbase venues, etc., is made and relatively completebasic requirements for the planning and design of thegymnasium are given, which has practical guiding sig-nificance for the construction of the Xi’an SportsCenter and other Fourteenth National Games venues.
Acknowledgements:The study was supported by National Social ScienceFoundation Project “Research on the IntegrationDevelopment of Competitive Sports and School Sportsin China” (Grant No. 16BTY029).
REFERENCES
BAADE, R.A. and MATHESON, V.A. 2016, Going forthe Gold: The economics of the Olympics, Journal ofEconomic Perspectives, 30:2, 201-18..
FREITAS, C.F. OSORIO-DE-CASTRO, C.G.S. andSHOAF, K.I. 2016, Preparedness for the Rio 2016Olympic Games: hospital treatment capacity in geo-referenced areas, Cadernos de saude publica, 32,e00087116.
RAMSHAW, G. 2017, Sport heritage and the healthystadia agenda: an overview, Sport in society, 20:2,219-225.
RUBIN, A.L. WOODWARD, T. and HARRISON, L.2016, Medical Learning from the Special OlympicsWorld Games 2015, Current sports medicine reports,15:3, 134-139.
STEFFEN, K. MOSEID, C.H. and ENGEBRETSEN, L.2017, Sports injuries and illnesses in the Lillehammer2016 youth olympic winter games, Br J Sports Med,51:1, 29-35.
Author(s):
Jinao Chen1, Aming Lu2, Feng Zhai1,*1. Institute of Physical Education, China University ofMining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China2. Institute of Physical Education, Soochow University,Suzhou, Jiangsu, China* Corresponding author: Feng Zhai, Email:[email protected]
7 6
Yan Chen
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Research on Planning and Managem
ent of Large-Scale Sports Venues in Chinese Cities.
1. IntroductionThe level of supply of sports facilities marks the civiliza-tion and development of a city. The needs of fitness,leisure and entertainment are met. Sports facilities areone of the signs of improving the quality of life of themasses (Martínez, Hermanns and De lerma 2016).Reasonable sports facilities layout will also promotethe development of the sports industry. At present,domestic research on public service facilities focuseson the macro layout of the city. The user experience isignored (Finn 2016).
The literature data method, the questionnairesurvey method, and the comparative analysis methodwere used to study the operational management ben-efits of large-scale sports stadiums in China. Throughthe analysis of the operational management benefitsand its influencing factors of large-scale sports stadi-ums in China, the real reason for the poor perfor-mance of stadiums is found. Methods and recommen-dations for the efficient operation of venues were putforward.
Through the comprehensive application ofvarious methods, the operational management bene-fits of large-scale sports stadiums in China were stud-ied. The benefits of the venue and its causes were ana-lyzed. This is conducive to the venue operators toadjust the management mode. Business processes areoptimized and operating costs are reduced. Innovativeproducts and differentiated services are continuouslyintroduced according to market conditions and cus-tomer needs, and core competitiveness is discoveredand cultivated in the market competition, thereby fur-ther improving the efficiency of the venue.
2. State of the artForeign studies on sports buildings have started earlierthan in China, and they are more systematic
(Flourentzou, Pantet and Ritz 2017). As early as inancient Greece, the Olympic Games of Zeus wasborn. Therefore, the oldest existing sports stadium islocated near the temple. However, with the passage oftime and the changes in the architectural genre, thedevelopment of the form of sports architecture has notbeen a fixed model (Yu 2016). Until the end of thetwentieth century, the study of sports architecture hadsystematic results. Scholar Perrin proposed the devel-opment direction of sports architecture from the over-all planning, single design and management of sportsarchitecture, and put forward his own views on thedevelopment of sports architecture after the 1980s(Dinces 2016). At the same time, there are manyresearch results on large-scale sports buildings in for-eign countries. For example, American scholar Barclaymade a systematic introduction to the summerOlympic venues. The research results of Olympicsports buildings abroad have always been the guidingbasis for sports building construction around the world(Li, Ren and Jia 2016). However, people soon realizedthat sports buildings around the world were uniformand without personality, and regional architecturebegan to receive widespread attention (Deschriver,Rascher and Shapiro 2016). Bruckhardt used picturesto explore the regional characteristics of traditionalmaterials in sports architecture. As a result, the sportsbuilding began to transform from a grand and majes-tic landmark to a human nature. Research results onthe regional and environmental psychology of sportsbuildings are constantly emerging. Japanese sportsarchitecture is an excellent example of combining var-ious factors (Vandeviver, Bernasco and Van daele2018). In summary, the above studies are all aboutthe design of sports buildings. Therefore, the planningand management of sports venues are studied.
Yan ChenAbstractTo improve the operational management benefits of large-scale sports venues, the literature data method, question-naire survey method, and comparative analysis method were used to study the planning and management of large-scale sports stadiums in China. From the macro external environment, the micro external environment and the internalmanagement of the venue, the opportunities and challenges of China's large stadiums were analyzed. Correspondingcountermeasures to improve the efficiency of venue operation management were proposed. The results show that theproportion of business structure of large-scale sports stadiums in China was unreasonable, and the ontology manage-ment was in a polarized development trend. The venue utilization rate was generally low. In addition, the operationalmanagement benefits of large-scale sports stadiums in China were affected by the micro-external environment andthe internal conditions of the venues. Therefore, this research has important reference significance for the operationand management of stadiums.
Keywords: Large Stadiums, Operation Management, Benefits, Countermeasures.
RESEARCH ON PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OFLARGE-SCALE SPORTS VENUES IN CHINESE CITIES.
7 7
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Research on Planning and Managem
ent of Large-Scale Sports Venues in Chinese Cities.
Yan Chen3. Methodology
3.1. Literature methodAccording to the purpose and content of this study, rel-evant materials, journals, magazines, yearbooks andother materials are searched and collected throughvarious channels such as the National Library, BeijingSport University Library, China Knowledge Network,and Weipu Information Database. Theories of otherrelated disciplines such as economics, management,and marketing are reviewed. This provides a theoreti-cal and practical basis for the research content.
3.2. QuestionnaireIn order to study the operational benefits of large-scale sports stadiums in China, questionnaires weredesigned from the aspects of stadium construction,operation and expenditure, number of events held,and staff training. Approved by the experts of theChina Sports Association, the provincial and munici-pal sports bureaus issue and collect questionnairesfrom large-scale sports venues with certain represen-tativeness in the authority. This has ensured the relia-bility and validity of the survey to a certain extent. Atotal of 26 questionnaires were distributed in this sur-vey. 26 copies were recovered with the support of theprovincial and municipal sports bureaus, and therecovery rate was 100%, of which 24 were valid ques-tionnaires, and the effective recovery rate was92.31%. A large amount of first-hand information wascollected, and the basic situation of the operation andmanagement of large-scale sports stadiums in Chinawas understood.
3.3. Comparative analysisWhen analyzing the operation and management ben-efits of large-scale stadiums, the data on financingmodes, management methods and operational effi-ciency indicators of domestic and foreign venues werecompared and analyzed. The essential reasons for therelatively low management benefits of the operation oflarge-scale sports stadiums in China were found andsolutions were provided.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Macro external countermeasures for improvingthe operation and management benefits of large-scale sports venuesThe external factors of the stadium refer to the sum ofvarious objective factors and forces that exist aroundthe stadium and affect the operation and manage-ment activities of the stadium and its development.The macroscopic external factors that affect the bene-fits of stadium operation and management refer to thegeneral factors that have no direct effect on the activ-ities of stadium operation and management but oftenhave potential influence on the decisions of venueowners and operators. It includes political and legalfactors, economic factors, geographical environmen-tal factors, and social and cultural factors.
Political and legal factors refer to the politicalsystem, system, political situation, principles and poli-cies, laws and regulations of a country and region. Itis directly related to the promulgation of sports-relatedpolicies and laws, which in turn affects the operationand management of sports venues. Since the reformand opening up, China has promulgated eight lawsand regulations related to sports venues (Table 1).However, the contents of relevant laws and regulationsare lagging behind, and the contents of different laws
and regulations conflict with each other. The laws andregulations on the construction of urban sports venuesin China are relatively operability, and have no guid-ing effect on the construction practice of urban sportsvenues. The legal supervision mechanism is not soundenough. The implementation of laws and regulationswas affected. Therefore, in order to make the stadiumsoperate smoothly and healthily, it is necessary toestablish sound laws and regulations and increasesupervision and enforcement.
Economic factors refer to the objective factorssuch as various economic conditions, economic char-acteristics and economic links in the operation andmanagement of sports venues. It is an important factorthat must be considered in the operation and man-agement of sports venues.
With the development of economic globaliza-tion and the further acceleration of the development ofthe service industry, the living standards of our peoplehave been continuously improved. The demand forsports leisure and entertainment services is constantlyexpanding. As a carrier of leisure and entertainmentservices, the stadium will continue to usher in a majordevelopment opportunity, which will benefit the stadi-um’s efficiency. A blind copy of the concept of venueoperations in Western developed countries, especiallythe operation mode of large stadiums in the UnitedStates, may not work in China. The United States hasalways been a very mature and fully open marketeconomy system. In this economic environment, thesports industry is highly commercial and competitive.However, China’s sports stadium industry and even thesports industry cannot reach such a height in a shortperiod of time under a regulated market economy sys-tem. Therefore, while learning from the operation andmanagement methods of foreign stadiums, China’seconomic environment must be considered. The oper-ation strategy of large stadiums suitable for China’snational conditions was explored. Finally, the efficien-cy of venue operations management has beenimproved.
The development of science and technologydirectly affects the operation and management activi-ties of sports venues. The application of facilities andequipment for large-scale sports stadiums, the man-
Table 1. Laws and regulations related to sports stadiumspromulgated by China since the reform and opening up.
7 8
Yan Chen
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Research on Planning and Managem
ent of Large-Scale Sports Venues in Chinese Cities.
agement of the daily work of stadium practitioners,and the decision-making of major issues for stadiumoperators are inseparable from the escort of scienceand technology. High-tech equipment and equipmenthelp the stadium to save resources. This provides userswith safer, more convenient, more efficient servicesand a more humane fitness and entertainment space.At the same time, the development of science andtechnology has a profound impact on the people’ssports lifestyle, consumption patterns and consumerdemand structure. All of these are closely related tothe improvement of the benefit of sports venues.
4.2. Micro external countermeasures for improvingthe operation and management benefits of large-scale sports venuesThe market supply of large stadiums refers to the num-ber of venue products or services that venue operatorsare willing to offer and can sell at various possibleprice levels for a certain period of time. The marketdemand for large stadiums refers to the number ofvenue products or services that consumers are willingand able to purchase at various possible price levelsfor a certain period of time. The effectiveness of sportsvenues is constrained by both supply and demand fac-tors. A clear understanding of the law of supply anddemand is of great significance for improving theoperational management efficiency of large stadiums.
According to the supply and demand theo-rem, from the perspective of supply, the increase in thesupply of large stadiums providing the same kind ofservice (S0→S′) will cause the equilibrium price to fall(P0→P′), while other conditions remain unchanged.The number of equalizations increases (Q0→Q′).Conversely, a decrease in supply (S0→S″) causes anequilibrium price to rise (P0→P″), and the number ofequalizations decreases (Q0→S″). The price factordirectly affects the operational efficiency of the stadi-um, and the price is determined by the relationshipbetween supply and demand. Therefore, in the samecity or region, the supply of large-scale sports venuesmust be planned according to local needs. Due to thehigh investment amount, if the oversupply after thecompletion of the construction leads to the idleness ofthe venue and the loss, it is very unfortunate for thelocal residents or the whole country. On the contrary,if the supply of large stadiums providing the same kindof service is too small and the demand for supplyexceeds demand, consumers are likely to stop usingthe venues and switch to their substitute goods or ser-vices, which is still not conducive to the benefits of thevenue.
According to the survey data of the UrbanSocial and Economic Investigation Department of theBureau of Statistics, in 2007, Chinese cities (towns)had an average of 8.90 stadiums per 100,000 peo-ple. Among them, Beijing, Tianjin, Nanjing, andChengdu have more than 50 stadiums per 100,000people. In most second-tier cities, there is less thanone space per 100,000 venues, while other towns areminimal (Table 2). Therefore, China’s sports stadiumsstill need a quantitative growth and qualitative leap inthe future.
From the perspective of demand, the increasein consumer demand for venue products or services(D0→D′) will cause the equilibrium price to rise(P0→P′), and the equilibrium quantity will increase(Q0→Q′), while other conditions remain unchanged.The decrease in demand (D0→D″) causes the price to
drop (P0→P″), and the amount of equalizationdecreases (Q0→Q″). Therefore, increasing consumerdemand for stadium products and services has anindispensable effect on the improvement of stadiumperformance. The factors that influence demand aremainly the price of the venue product or service itself,the price of the relevant commodity, the level of con-sumer income, consumer preferences, and consumerexpectations for the future.
4.3 Internal management strategyChanges in the external environment have a certaindegree of uncontrollability for stadiums. The environ-ment provides opportunities and support for the oper-ation and management of large stadiums. The harshenvironment brings obstacles and challenges to thesurvival and development of large stadiums. In orderto truly seize the opportunity and meet the challenge,the venue must have good internal conditions. Itincludes materialized hardware conditions such asvarious facilities and equipment in the venue and non-materialized software conditions such as venue man-agement system, organization, employee manage-ment, and business capabilities.When seeing such a large stadium with excellent hard-ware, people can’t help but want to have fun.However, the superior facilities of large stadiums canonly attract customers to the venue. Long-term cus-tomers depend on the software environment of the sta-dium.
5. ConclusionsThrough this research, it is found that the proportionof the business structure of large-scale sports stadiumsin China is unreasonable. The ontology managementis in a polarized development trend, and the utilizationrate of the venue is generally low. Some venues are ina state of excessive idle, and the intensity of openingvenues is seriously inadequate. The opening hours arenot reasonable. In addition, the operation and man-agement benefits of large-scale sports venues inChina are influenced by the macro external factorssuch as politics, law, economy, geography, popula-tion, society, culture, science and technology, as wellas the micro external factors such as market supply
Table 2. The number of stadiums per 100,000 people insome cities (towns) of China in 2007.
7 9
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Research on Planning and Managem
ent of Large-Scale Sports Venues in Chinese Cities.
Yan Chenand demand, the competitiveness of the venue indus-
try, the development of the sports industry, and theinternal environment of the venues. Therefore, in orderto improve the operation and management efficiencyof stadiums, venue operators must be sensitive to theever-changing internal and external environment, clar-ify their own positioning, and adopt appropriate oper-ational measures.
REFERENCES
DESCHRIVER, T.D. RASCHER, D.A. and SHAPIRO, S.L.2016, If we build it, will they come? Examining theeffect of expansion teams and soccer-specific stadi-ums on Major League Soccer attendance, Sport,Business and Management: An International Journal,6:2, 205-227.
DINCES, S. 2016, The Attrition of the Common Fan:Class, Spectatorship, and Major League Stadiums inPostwar America, Social Science History, 40:2, 339-365.
FLOURENTZOU, F. PANTET, S. and RITZ, K. 2017,Design and performance of controlled natural ventila-tion in school gymnasiums, International Journal ofVentilation, 16:2, 112-123.
FINN, L.E. 2016, Photokeratitis linked to metal halidebulbs in two gymnasiums—Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, 2011 and 2013, MMWR. Morbidityand mortality weekly report, 65.
LI, H.N. REN, L. and JIA, Z.G. 2016, State-of-the-artin structural health monitoring of large and complexcivil infrastructures, Journal of Civil Structural HealthMonitoring, 6:1, 3-16.
MARTÍNEZ, J.F, HERMANNS, L. and DE LERMA, A.F.2016, Jumping load models applied on a gymnasiumfloor, Engineering Structures, 125, 26-38.
VANDEVIVER, C. BERNASCO, W. and VAN DAELE, S.2018, Do sports stadiums generate crime on dayswithout matches? A natural experiment on the delayedexploitation of criminal opportunities, Security Journal,1-19.
YU, F. 2016, Analysis of Operation Strategy andManagement of University Gymnasiums, Journal ofSports Science, 4, 318-324.
Author(s):
Yan Chen*Department of P.E, North China University of WaterResources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, Henan,450046, China* Corresponding author: Yan Chen, Email:[email protected]
8 0
Mingliang Feng
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Human-Oriented Smart City Planning and Management Based on Time-Space Behavior.
1. Introduction
Smart city is based on the concept of smart earth,which was proposed by an Internet company ratherthan a real estate company. This objectively reflectsthat the construction of smart cities is inseparable fromthe support of information technology and theInternet. Since IBM put forward the idea of “smartplanet” at the end of 2008, in 2009, the idea of build-ing a “smart city” has been proposed. The construc-tion and development of smart cities has become anunstoppable trend, which has become a new develop-ment form of the city.
With the strong support of the national policyand the active promotion, the development of smartcities in China has sprung up. Various participantsactively mobilized the diverse forces of society to buildsmart cities. These factors will promote continuousinnovation in development patterns and constructionmodels. In addition, the building power of diversifiedsmart cities is gradually guided. The fundamental roleof market factors in the construction and developmentof smart cities is fully exploited. The public is an impor-tant participating force in the construction of smartcities, which has gradually become an important dri-ving force for the development of smart cities. Thehealthy and orderly construction and development ofsmart cities is guaranteed and promoted.
Smart city construction planning is the blue-print for the promotion of smart city construction,which provides action guides and behavioral direc-tions for smart city construction. By studying the role ofthe public in the construction of smart cities, the signif-icance of the public in the process of building smartcities is clarified. The public’s ability to participate in
the construction and planning of smart cities isimproved, and citizens’ awareness of political partici-pation is cultivated. The pattern of public participationis optimized. This provides a good social foundationfor the construction and development of smart cities. Aharmonious smart city building social atmosphere wascreated.
2. State of the artThe public participation in urban planning and townrenewal processes in Germany was analyzed. Theimportance of German legal and political systems forurban construction is reflected. According to theGerman urban planning law, the stage of public par-ticipation in German cities and the method of publicparticipation are systematically introduced (Hashem,Chang and Anuar 2016). The construction and devel-opment of large international cities such as the UnitedKingdom, the United States, and Japan cannot beseparated from the effective participation of the pub-lic. The effective participation of the public in urbanconstruction planning can promote urban constructionand provide favorable suggestions and opinions forurban construction (Caldeira and Kastenholz 2018).The basic development trend of public participation inthe government policy development process was stud-ied. Taking ”public ponds” as an example, the signifi-cance and value of citizen participation in water envi-ronmental governance policy formulation are ana-lyzed. The important role of public participation inpublic policy development is discussed. The rationalityand scientificity of public participation are emphasized(Hao, Zhu and Zhong 2015). The land planningprocess should involve groups representing differentinterests. Under the stimulation of different interests,
Mingliang FengAbstractTo improve the quality of life, human-oriented smart city planning and management based on time-space behaviorwas studied. First, the basic theory of time-space behavior and smart city was introduced. The relationship betweenpublic participation and smart city construction planning was analyzed, and the positive and negative significance ofpublic participation in smart city construction planning was expounded. Then, the mechanism for public participationin smart city construction planning was proposed. Finally, public participation in smart city construction planning wasanalyzed from the perspectives of power balance, interest coordination and safeguard measures. The results showedthat public participation in smart city construction planning was an important manifestation of the realization of publicdemocratic rights. The scientific nature and feasibility of smart city construction planning was enhanced. The smoothimplementation of smart city construction planning was an important foundation for promoting smart city construction.Therefore, public participation is an important way to safeguard social public interests and build a harmonious soci-ety.
Keywords: Time Space Behavior, Smart City, Urban Planning, Public Participation
HUMAN-ORIENTED SMART CITY PLANNING ANDMANAGEMENT BASED ON TIME-SPACE BEHAVIOR.
8 1
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Human-Oriented Smart City Planning and Management Based on Time-Space Behavior.
Mingliang Feng
different modes of social benefit distribution areselected, so that the diversified interests can achievethe game. Planning is more rational (Yibin, Dai andMing 2016). The communicative behavior in planningis introduced into the planning and formulation field.Multi-participation, including the public, plays animportant role in promoting the formulation of con-struction plans, thus forming a new theory of planningand formulation (Centenaro, Vangelista and Zanella2016). The issue of public participation in the con-struction of low-carbon cities was analyzed. On thebasis of defining the relevant theories of public partic-ipation in low-carbon cities, the issue of public partic-ipation in the construction of low-carbon cities wasdiscussed. This provides basic countermeasures andsuggestions for improving public participation in theconstruction of low-carbon cities (Travis 2017). Publicparticipation in urban construction planning is con-ducive to promoting the process of social democrati-zation. Based on the beneficial experience of urbanconstruction and management in developed coun-tries, the institutional guarantee and organizationalguarantee for public participation in urban construc-tion planning are proposed (Kobayashi and Ikaruga2015).
3. Methodology3.1. Smart cityDigital city construction focuses on the construction ofinformation technology hardware, which is an essen-tial foundation for building a smart city. Smart citiesare developed from ordinary cities. As a complex, acity is a complex containing a wide range of contents(Habibzadeh, Boggio-dandry and Qin 2018). Thedefinition of cities is divided into different opinions.Cities are defined in terms of characteristics, popula-tion, physical geography, and function. The variousconcepts are mainly to define the city from a certainaspect. Therefore, smart cities are based on the defin-
ition of ordinary cities, and the definition of smart citiesshould be comprehensive and systematic.
According to the geographical location of thecity, urban natural conditions, social and economicconditions, social customs and population distribu-tion, smart city construction planning is a macro-strategic arrangement that combines emerging infor-mation technology with urban construction and devel-opment. According to the supply and demand situa-tion of urban construction development, urban infor-mation infrastructure is promoted. The smart citydevelopment plan is not static, and the smart city con-struction plan has not changed much overall.However, with the advancement of smart city construc-tion, some unreasonable smart city construction plansshould be revised and improved accordingly.According to the objective development reality, thesmart city development plan can scientifically guidethe construction of smart cities. The designed smartcity development plan becomes the actual urbanform, thus maximizing the rationality and feasibility ofsmart city construction planning.
3.2. Public participationPublic participation is a composite concept. The publicis a broad concept that refers to all people in a certainarea, and is a collection of objects that communicateand exchange with each other. Participation is both anact and a dynamic process. As a dynamic process,public participation can effectively promote the demo-cratic and scientific decision-making of the govern-ment, and realize the supervision of governmentbehavior and the restriction of government power.From the perspective of public power, public participa-tion is defined. Public participation is a kind of publicbehavior after the separation of the power of the pub-lic and the government. Through administrative deci-sion-making and business management, the role ofpublic participation is played. Public participation isan important symbol of modern democracy and playsan important role in promoting the democraticprocess. Public participation mainly refers to thebehavior of the public to have various rights in theprocess of decision-making, management, executionand supervision of public affairs, so as to safeguardthe interests of individuals and social organizations.
3.3. Human-oriented smart city planning and man-agementThe new situation of building a human-centered city inChina needs to advocate a new model of smart cityplanning and management with the focus on resi-dents’ time-space behavior as the core of daily life.On the one hand, based on individual behavior, theoptimal adjustment of urban spatial structure (such asland use layout) and urban time structure (such aspublic service facility operation time) ensures that theurban time space structure matches the needs of resi-dents’ living activities. This provides the basic guaran-tee for the urban material environment for the wisdomof residents’ daily life. On the other hand, for individ-ual behaviors, direct behavioral guidance is used toassist residents in making intelligent behavior deci-sions in their daily lives through soft policies and infor-mational means. Residents form smart, healthy, low-carbon behavioral patterns and lifestyles, and realizesmart cities with the wisdom of residents’ daily lives.Therefore, the smart city planning and managementbased on time-space behavior and people-oriented
Table 1. A comparative study of digital city and smart city.
8 2
Mingliang Feng
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Human-Oriented Smart City Planning and Management Based on Time-Space Behavior.
includes the life space planning and life time planningbased on individual behavior, as well as the behaviorguidance of urban residents.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Living space planning for smart cityThe urban living space reflects the interaction betweenurban residents’ life, leisure, shopping, commutingand other activities and urban material space.Through the overlapping analysis of the activities ofresidents in neighborhoods, neighbourhoods, andurban land use, the daily activities and travel charac-teristics of residents and their relationship with person-al attributes are identified, and the objective needs ofdifferent groups are understood. The daily demandcharacteristics of the residence are projected onto theurban physical space. Therefore, according to the dif-ferent needs, frequency and scale of the living spaceof the residents, the urban resident living space systemof “the daily life circle-commuting life circle-urban lifecircle” is constructed, which is the core of the urbanspatial structure oriented by the study living space.Therefore, based on the urban living space system ofthe “daily life circle-commuting life circle-urban lifecircle” hierarchical structure, the characteristics ofeach circle layer are analyzed by using the spatial timebehavior data of residents. The construction of urbanspatial structure planning oriented to living space canimprove the planning and management of various lev-els and different scales of the city.
4.2. Life time planning of smart cityBased on the needs of residents, the life time planningof smart city is promoted. By providing residents with aplatform for planning participation, the subjectiveneeds of residents in daily life are understood in manyways to improve public participation in different stagesof preparation and implementation of urban planning.Based on the time-space behavior data of residents,the relationship between their daily activities and traveltrajectories and their personal attributes was analyzedto understand the needs of different groups. The sub-jective and objective are combined, and the individualand the whole are considered. The optimal allocationof supply and demand is realized. For example, infor-mation such as facilities and usage in a smart commu-nity data center is integrated. The development func-tions of public facilities at different time periods areadjusted. A time management plan for communitypublic facilities is created for different groups of facili-ties, and the spatial and temporal layout of communitypublic facilities is adjusted to achieve optimal alloca-tion of community resources.
In general, the life time planning of smartcities includes two aspects. On the one hand, theoperation time management and planning of commu-nity public facilities achieve the optimal allocation ofcommunity public facilities resources. On the otherhand, the dynamic adjustment of the functions of pub-lic facilities in the community improves the efficiency ofthe use of public facilities and meets the needs of var-ious activities in accordance with local conditions.
4.3. Public participation in smart city constructionplanningPublic participation in the planning process of smartcity construction is a long-term behavior. The publicmust choose the appropriate smart city constructionplanning participation model to fully exert the influ-
ence and role of the public in the smart city construc-tion planning and safeguard the interests of the public.The choice of the model of the public to participate inthe planning process of smart city constructiondepends on the country’s policies and regulations, thesocial system environment, the social and economiclevel, the quality of the public, the people’s living stan-dards and quality, and the formulation, revision andimprovement of the smart city construction plan andthe process of implementation. In addition, it is closelyrelated to the decision-making process of smart cityconstruction planning.
There is only one goal for the public to par-ticipate in the planning of smart city construction, thatis, to participate in the formulation and implementa-tion of the planning of smart city construction as far aspossible, so that the public can enjoy the achieve-ments and convenience brought by the constructionand development of smart city. Public participation insmart city construction planning reflects the enjoymentof citizens’ political participation and political power.The interest dialogue and game between the publicand the smart city construction planners are realized.The common interests of the public are combined withthe construction of smart cities. The wisdom of thepeople is motivated, and the scientific nature and fea-sibility of the smart city construction plan are guaran-teed.
5. ConclusionsThe basic theory of smart city construction planningand public participation was introduced. The relation-ship between public participation in smart city con-struction planning was analyzed. The positive andnegative significance of public participation in theconstruction of smart cities was elaborated. At present,the construction and management of smart cities havedeviated from the daily needs of residents and thepeople-oriented concept of urban development. Thepremise and objectives of public participation in smartcity construction planning are analyzed. From the for-mulation and implementation phases of the plan, thecontent of public participation in smart city construc-tion planning was determined. The modes of publicparticipation under government guidance and publicactive participation in smart city construction planningare respectively elaborated. In the context of newrequirements and goals for building a new smart city,big data and time-space behavior are integrated. Aframework of smart city planning and managementbased on time-space behavior is proposed. Based onthe individual behavior patterns and decision-makingmechanisms of residents, the human-oriented smartcity planning and management model is constructed.From the three dimensions of living space planning,life time planning and behavior planning for residentsin smart cities, the wisdom of residents’ daily life isguided to promote human-oriented smart city plan-ning and management.
8 3
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2019. Human-Oriented Smart City Planning and Management Based on Time-Space Behavior.
Mingliang FengREFERENCES
CALDEIRA, A.M. and KASTENHOLZ, E. 2018, It’s sohot: predicting climate change effects on urbantourists’ time–space experience, Journal ofSustainable Tourism, 1-27.
CENTENARO, M. VANGELISTA, L. and ZANELLA, A.2016, Long-range communications in unlicensedbands: The rising stars in the IoT and smart city sce-narios, IEEE Wireless Communications, 23:5, 60-67.
HAO, J. ZHU, J. and ZHONG, R. 2015, The rise ofbig data on urban studies and planning practices inChina: Review and open research issues, Journal ofUrban Management, 4:2, 92-124.
HASHEM, I.A.T. CHANG, V. and ANUAR, N.B. 2016,The role of big data in smart city, International Journalof Information Management, 36:5, 748-758.
HABIBZADEH, H. BOGGIO-DANDRY, A. and QIN, Z.2018, Soft Sensing in Smart Cities: Handling 3VsUsing Recommender Systems, Machine Intelligence,and Data Analytics, IEEE Communications Magazine,56:2, 78-86.
KOBAYASHI, T. and IKARUGA, S. 2015, Developmentof a smart city planning support tool using the coop-erative method, Frontiers of Architectural Research,4:4, 277-284.
TRAVIS, C. 2017, GeoHumanities, GIScience andSmart City Lifeworld approaches to geography andthe new human condition, Global and PlanetaryChange, 156, 147-154.
YIBIN, L. DAI, W. and MING, Z. 2016, Privacy protec-tion for preventing data over-collection in smart city,IEEE Transactions on Computers, 65:5, 1339-1350.
Author(s):
Mingliang Feng*Chongqing College of Electronic Engineering,Chongqing, China* Corresponding author: Mingliang Feng, Email:[email protected]
8 4
Jinke Yang
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Safety Urban Planning and Design Based on Disaster Prevention, Crim
e Prevention and Psychological Safety.
1. Introduction
Urban residential area is the main place for urban res-idents to survive. The public safety of residential areais related to the vital interests of residents. With thedevelopment of social economy, more and more unex-pected incidents and disasters occur in urban residen-tial area. Through the study of public security environ-ment in residential areas, reasonable planning andconstruction of residential environment are carried outto ensure public security in residential areas. This hasa very realistic meaning for the people of residentialareas (Houle et al. 2017).
In the process of researching the public secu-rity environment of Xi’an residential area, the idea of“theory-practice-theory” and multi-disciplinary com-prehensive research method are used to study the con-struction environment of public security of Xi’an resi-dential area from the perspective of urban planningand design (Hyojik et al. 2017), and the planningmethod of public security space environment of resi-dential area is discussed in detail.
From theory to practice and then to the appli-cation of deductive induction of theory, practical prob-lems and theoretical analysis can be combined. Withthe help of multi-disciplinary induction, the currentproblems can be comprehensively understood frommultiple dimensions. Through this research method,the theories of many different fields are creativelylinked, and the construction environment of Xi’an res-idential public safety is accurately studied.
2. State of the artFor the study of urban public safety, the specific con-ditions of each country are different. In Japan,because of its geographical location and conditions, itis often attacked by natural disasters such as earth-quakes and typhoons, so there are many studies on
disaster prevention (Ming and Xiang 2017). In theUnited States, the response to natural disasters ismainly transferred to the handling of multiple crisisevents. At present, the public safety management inthe United States includes national security manage-ment, social crisis management, economic crisis man-agement mechanism, and moral crisis management(Butun et al. 2016). Russia’s public safety includes awide range of natural disasters, emergencies, publichealth incidents and so on (Fraga-lamas et al. 2016).In China, the study of urban public safety mainlyincludes urban safety planning with disaster preventionas its main focus. In the 1980s, China began to formsome relevant laws and norms. With the developmentof society, the problem of urban security has becomemore and more serious. China has gradually shiftedfrom focusing on natural disasters and individualsecurity to dealing with comprehensive public securityincidents (Prasad et al. 2016). Referring to theresearch methods and thinking of urban public safety,the public safety of residential areas is discussed, so asto provide a safe and harmonious living environmentfor urban residents.
3. Methodology3.1. Investigation and Research on public safety envi-ronment of residential areas in Xi’anThe public safety space environment of Xi’an residen-tial area is investigated and studied by using the meth-ods of field investigation, questionnaire survey andon-site interview, and its current situation is summa-rized. A total of 360 questionnaires were sent out and280 were recovered. 270 valid questionnaires werestatistically valid. According to the survey results, thetypes of public safety incidents are as follows.Urban residential public security mainly comes fromhuman-made public security problems in residentialareas and outside. Human-made public security prob-
Jinke YangAbstractIn order to ensure the public safety of residential areas, starting with the urban public safety of Xi'an, the constructionenvironment of defense safety, fire safety and traffic safety, and the public safety environment of residential areas areinvestigated. According to the characteristics of housing in Xi'an planned economy era and market economy era, theexisting situation is analyzed from the aspects of overall planning layout, road traffic space, building monomer, publicactivity space, greening space, and lighting facilities. Based on the analysis results, the principles of planning anddesign of public safety space environment in Xi'an residential areas are put forward. The planning and design methodsof residential space environment are discussed and studied in detail from the aspects of residential defense safety, firesafety, and traffic safety, so as to provide reference for the planning and design of urban residential safety and to createa safe, healthy and harmonious living environment for residents.
Keywords: Xi’an Residential Area, Public Safety, Residential Environment.
SAFETY URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN BASED ONDISASTER PREVENTION, CRIME PREVENTION ANDPSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY.
8 5
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Safety Urban Planning and Design Based on Disaster Prevention, Crim
e Prevention and Psychological Safety.
Jinke Yanglems can be reduced by means of space environment
planning and the creation of public security environ-ment atmosphere. However, natural safety accidentsare often unpredictable, irresistible and unavoidable.It is concluded that there are several types of humanaccident safety incidents frequently occurring in Xi’anresidential areas: theft and robbery incidents, fire inci-dents, traffic accidents and so on. The proportion ofall kinds of incidents is as follows.
3.2. Analysis on the space environment of residentialdefense safetyIn the planned economy era, some old residentialareas are not clearly separated from the outsideworld. If the design of the entrance and exit of residen-tial areas is not reasonable, the visibility of some resi-dential roads is not high; the public communicationspace of residents is insufficient or even absent, whichreduces the opportunities to provide natural surveil-lance for people; on the contrary, the burglar-proofwindows at the bottom will provide convenience forcriminals to climb to a certain extent. Drainage pipesand air conditioning racks in some residential areasare also one of the reasons for more burglaries in res-idential areas. Because some trees are too close or thebranches of big trees have reached the windows ofhouses, they may become a hiding place for criminals.The lack or damage of lighting facilities in old residen-tial areas is also one of the reasons for theft.
Under the market economy system, there is anegative space near the entrance and exit of manyresidential areas, which is not often used; in the roadtraffic planning of residential areas, the visibility ofroad organization in some residential areas is poor,which gives criminals shelter; Many commercial hous-ing residential areas do not have a reasonable alloca-tion of greening, but provide a hiding place for crimi-nals to commit crimes; some residential areas in thebuilding facade design some prominent decorativecomponents, providing opportunities for criminals;unreasonable allocation of residential lighting facili-ties in the number and location should cause theattention of relevant departments.
3.3. Analysis on the present situation of fire safetyspace environment in residential areasUnder the planned economy system, the fire preven-tion spacing between some buildings is too narrow,and more and more private cars lead to the narrowmulti-way traffic and even occupy the fire control pas-sage. In some residential areas, there are piles ofdebris on the fire control passage, which cause block-age and affect the efficiency of emergency rescue; thepublic activity space in residential areas is insufficient,which does not combine with the fire safety settings inresidential areas; the quality of residential buildings isaging and there are potential fire safety hazards; someresidential fire safety facilities are damaged or miss-ing.
Under the market economy system, some res-idential buildings do not have enough firefightingoperation sites, and the road structure of residentialareas is too tortuous, which will affect the efficiency ofdisaster prevention and relief in residential areas; thesituation of vehicle parking in disorder is widespread,which will affect the efficiency of disaster relief in resi-dential areas to a certain extent; high-rise residentialbuildings have the characteristics of high buildingheight and large flow of people. Once a fire occurs,
the loss will be great, so it is necessary to combine thecharacteristics of high-rise residential buildings tocarry out fire protection design for high-rise residentialbuildings.
3.4. Analysis on the present situation of traffic safetyspace environment in residential areas of Xi’anIn the planned economy era, roads in residential areasare not clearly classified and boundaries are not clear.Most residential areas adopt the mode of mixed traf-fic, which affects the traffic safety of residents in resi-dential areas; narrow multi-roads affect the trafficsafety of residents, especially in the areas where publicactivity sites intersect with roads in residential areas,the contradiction between people and vehicles is moreprominent; trees and plants grow too vigorously sothat they should be pruned in time to ensure the trafficsafety of residential areas; and some of the trafficsafety facilities in residential areas have been dam-aged.
Under the market economy system, the roadstructure in some residential areas is too circuitous,and the conflict between the low of people and vehi-cles at the intersection of the road and the publicactivity space is serious. The traffic organization modeof people-vehicle diversion in some residential areasof commercial housing built under the market econo-my system ensures the traffic safety of residential areasto a certain extent. Because of the increasing numberof private cars, the contradiction between pedestriansand vehicles often occurs in residential areas, whichresults in potential safety hazards; residential areasoften use a large number of tall trees, shrubs andother dense planting, and the traffic safety considera-tions in residential areas are not comprehensive; theallocation of traffic safety facilities in residential areasis also significantly better than that in old residentialareas.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Planning and design principlesIn terms of systematic principles, in view of the currentsituation of public security in Xi’an residential areas, itshould be planned from the material space environ-ment. At the same time, it is also supposed to payattention to the construction of public security environ-ment in residential areas. For the principle of overallcoordination, to study the public safety of Xi’an’s resi-dential areas, it needs to place the residential areas inthe city to study, grasp the integrity of the city, link theresidential areas with the surrounding environment,and strengthen the relationship between the residentialareas. Meanwhile, it is necessary to also consider theoverall coordination of the interior of the residentialarea, grasp the whole residential area, and makerational layout and planning of the buildings, roadspace, green space, public communication space,security facilities, etc. According to the principle ofadapting measures to local conditions, for differentresidential areas, specific planning of public safetyspace environment of residential areas should be car-ried out based on local conditions. The principle ofpeople-oriented is to consider the public safety needsof residents in Xi’an, and to plan, design and arrangethe space environment based on people’s behaviorand psychological needs, so as to embody people-ori-entation. As the principle of public participation, inpublic safety space environment planning in residen-tial areas, familiarity among residents in increased
8 6
Jinke Yang
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Safety Urban Planning and Design Based on Disaster Prevention, Crim
e Prevention and Psychological Safety.
through the planning of public communication space,which has a positive role in ensuring public safety ofresidents.
4.2. Space environment planning for residentialdefense safetyIn terms of overall planning and layout of residentialareas, the boundaries between residential areas andtheir surrounding environment should be clearlydefined, and the sense of domain of residential areasshould be emphasized, so as to give psychologicalhints to criminals. For the peripheral roads of residen-tial areas, it is urgent to try our best to combine thelayout of public service facilities such as commerce,medical treatment and entertainment to form theopportunity of natural surveillance; for the internalroads of residential areas, it is required to have a clearlevel; when setting up parking lots in residential areas,it is supposed to consider the adjacent buildings, so asto be able to appear in the sight of residents, andunderground garage can install intelligent anti-theftdevices. In residential areas, try our best to avoid theemergence of unused and managed negative space.The public space between groups should be equippedwith seats, so as to form natural surveillance, so thatstrangers entering residential areas have psychologi-cal fear. The greening inside the residential areashould not block people’s sight. At the same time,some activities and rest facilities should be reasonablyarranged to gather popularity and form the effect ofpublic surveillance. In the facade design of residentialbuildings, people should try to reduce the buildingcomponents which are easy to climb, and avoid over-hanging structures as far as possible. In order toensure the safety of residential areas, there are certainrequirements in the brightness and intensity of residen-tial lighting facilities. The number, type and location oflighting facilities will affect the safety of residentialareas.
4.3. Planning of fire safety space environment in resi-dential areasThe overall planning layout should be based on thedisaster prevention planning at a higher level, and thelocation of residential areas should be far away fromdangerous sources, such as gas stations; the roadspace, green space, building groups and environmen-tal facilities of residential areas should be rationallyorganized to ensure the fire safety of residential areas.To ensure reasonable fire prevention spacing of resi-dential buildings, the basic requirements of fire pas-sage in residential areas should be met. Negativespace should be minimized in residential areas so asnot to become a place for garbage and debris to pileup or bring about certain fire hazards. For areas withrelatively concentrated residential areas, necessaryrefuge sites should be set up. Road organization inresidential areas should take into account the evacua-tion of people and the avoidance of interference.Road design in residential areas should take intoaccount the density and width of roads to ensure thesmooth passage of evacuation. In addition, roadspace also has the function of preventing fire spread.For the organization of static traffic in residentialareas, it is necessary to reasonably predict the futureprivate car ownership. Greening in residential areascan also play a role in preventing the spread of fire, soit is supposed to choose some plants with higher fireresistance and more water content. The public green-
ing space of residential area is arranged in combina-tion with the public center of residential area, whichcan provide temporary shelter for residents. For streetgreening, it usually plays a certain role in preventingthe spread of disasters, but the tree species usedshould not be too large. In the design of buildingunits, the fire-resistant grade of buildings should beconsidered, smoke-proof zones and fire-proof zonesshould be reasonably arranged, the number and widthof safe exits of building units should meet the relevantstandards, and the layout of building groups shouldmeet the relevant standards as far as possible; the fire-fighting emergency facilities in residential areas shouldmeet the temporary domestic water and emergencyfire-fighting water when the fire comes, and the safetyfacilities should provide convenience for people andimprove the efficiency of rescue and evacuation in theevent of disasters.
.4. Space environment planning for traffic safety inresidential areasWhen planning residential roads, first of all, it is nec-essary to consider residential areas in the city, andproperly handle the relationship between residentialareas and urban roads. The grid road network is suit-able for use in residential areas where the traffic vol-ume of motor vehicles is small, which guarantees thesafety of residents to a certain extent; the ring roadnetwork is suitable for small-scale residential areas.The dynamic traffic organization modes of residentialareas mainly include pedestrian-vehicle branch,pedestrian-vehicle mixture and coexistence of pedes-trians and vehicles. The traffic accidents of residentialareas are minimized by the traffic mode of pedestrian-vehicle branch. The road network layout of residentialareas under the mode of pedestrian-vehicle mixturetraffic organization requires clear road classificationand should run through the interior of residentialareas. The organizational mode of coexistence ofpedestrians and vehicles must be designed reasonablyso that it will not affect the safety of residents in resi-dential areas. There are three main static organizationmodes in residential area: underground centralizedparking, ground parking, and overhead parking.Whatever static traffic organization mode is adopted,the relationship between parking lot and the road con-necting parking lot should be reasonably arranged,the number of parking spaces should meet therequirements of relevant norms, the relationshipbetween vehicles and pedestrians should be handledwell, and the traffic safety in residential area should beimproved. Greening can isolate traffic and pedestrianroads, and the parking range of residential areas canbe reasonably defined by greening landscape.However, in the selection of greening tree species, it isnecessary to avoid tall trees blocking the sight ofpedestrians and drivers, causing unnecessary losses.Appropriate setting of illumination and height of out-door lighting facilities will bring convenience to pedes-trians and drivers. Setting deceleration facilities androadblocks in some locations prone to traffic accidentswill improve the traffic safety of residential areas.
5. ConclusionsStarting from the public safety of Xi’an, the public safe-ty of residential areas constructed in different periodsin Xi’an is investigated and studied. It mainly investi-gates the construction environment of defense safety,fire safety and traffic safety, and the public safety envi-
8 7
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Safety Urban Planning and Design Based on Disaster Prevention, Crim
e Prevention and Psychological Safety.
Jinke Yangronment of residential areas, and its current situation
is also summarized and analyzed. According to theanalysis results, the principles of planning and designof Xi’an residential public safety space environmentare proposed. On the basis of following the aboveprinciples, the planning methods of Xi’an residentialdefense safety, fire safety and traffic safety are put for-ward, and the spatial environment planning of otherpublic safety events in residential areas which are sen-sitive to residents is briefly discussed.
REFERENCES
BUTUN, I. et al. 2016, Cloud-centric multi-levelauthentication as a service for secure public safetydevice networks, IEEE Communications Magazine,54:4, 47-53.
FRAGA-LAMAS, P. et al. 2016, A review on internet ofthings for defense and public safety, Sensors, 16:10,1644.
HOULE, J. COULOMBE, S. and RADZISZEWSKI, S. etal. 2017, An intervention strategy for improving resi-dential environment and positive mental healthamong public housing tenants: rationale, design andmethods of Flash on my neighborhood! BMC publichealth, 17:1, 737.
HYOJIK, L. et al. 2017, A Study on Designing PublicSafety Service for Internet of Things Environment,Wireless Personal Communications, 93:2, 447-459.
MING, Z and XIANG, L. 2017, Reprint of: Regionalrisk assessment for urban major hazards based on GISgeoprocessing to improve public safety, Safety sci-ence, 97, 112-119.
PRASAD, A. et al. 2016, Enabling group communica-tion for public safety in LTE-Advanced networks,Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 62,41-52.
Author(s):
Jinke Yang*Law School of Henan University, Institute of CrimeControl and Criminal Policy, Henan University,Kaifeng, Henan, China* Corresponding author: Jinke Yang, Email:[email protected]
8 8
Li Li
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Configuration of Public Sports Venues in China's Counties Under the Background of U
rbanization.
1. Introduction
Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, withthe continuous development of China’s economy andthe improvement of people’s living standards, thepeople’s demand for public sports venues has beenincreasing. However, the number of public stadiums isdifficult to meet the growing material and culturalneeds (Ritz, Brewer and Neumann 2016). The propos-al of new urbanization shows that urbanization beginsto shift from focusing on development speed to fair-ness, which also requires the government to changethe focus of work. More attention has been paid to theequalization of public sports venues between urbanand rural areas. The quality problem in the configura-tion of public sports venues takes precedence over thequantity (Mingxing, Weidong and Dadao 2016). Thecounty-level government is a key link in the allocationof public sports venues. The configuration of publicstadiums in the county directly affects the overall levelof public stadiums in China. Starting from the mainbody of the county government, it is of great researchvalue to study the related issues of public stadiums inthe context of new urbanization (Torsing et al. 2016).To this end, the basic principles proposed in the“Urbanization Plan” are used as a theoretical basisand policy orientation. Based on the status quo andproblems of county venues, the development scale,structure, configuration methods and policies of coun-ty public stadiums in the context of new urbanizationare discussed (Considine and Doran 2016). Using theinterview method and the literature research method,the configuration status of the county public sports sta-
diums under the background of new urbanization wasanalyzed.
From a research perspective, this study is dif-ferent from the previous research on the mechanism ofpublic stadiums. This study is based on the back-ground of new urbanization. The new characteristics,problems and influencing factors in the allocation ofpublic stadiums in the county are mainly analyzedunder the background of new urbanization. Under theguidance of the service-oriented government theory,the countermeasures for solving the problem of publicstadiums allocation are proposed. This research per-spective is an innovation of this paper.
2. Related workDomestic and foreign scholars have relatively littledirect research on the allocation of public sportsvenues under the background of new urbanization.Their research focuses on the connotation, configura-tion status and problems of public sports venues, andeffective provision of public sports venues.Jiankang et al. used literature data method, fieldinvestigation method and expert interview method toexplore the market allocation risk and monitoringproblems of public stadiums in China. The studybelieves that the market-based allocation of publicstadiums in China’s counties is limited in marketiza-tion. Under the condition that China’s market eco-nomic system is still not perfect and there are differ-ences in the economic and social development stagesof different counties, the market-oriented reform ofcounty public stadiums is a gradual process (Jiankanget al. 2016).
Li LiAbstractTo promote the effective allocation of public sports venues in the county and promote the construction of new urban-ization, the allocation of public stadiums in the county was studied under the background of new urbanization.Interviews and literature research methods were adopted. The differences between the new urbanization and the tra-ditional urbanization of the county's public stadiums were discussed. Under the background of new urbanization, thestatus quo of the allocation of public stadiums in China's counties was studied. Under the background of new urban-ization, the problems and influencing factors of the allocation of public stadiums in China's counties were analyzed.The corresponding proposal was put forward. The results showed that the number of county venues in China wasgreatly improved, but the total amount was still insufficient. The configuration structure was improved, but the structuralimbalance was still significant. The way of configuration was innovative, but the government dominated the main posi-tion. The configuration policy was constantly improving. The legalization was not perfect. Therefore, the balancebetween supply and demand, the balance of urban and rural settings, the optimization of public sports venues, andthe establishment of public stadiums under new urbanization are important. This will help to promote the study of theallocation of public sports venues in China's counties under the background of new urbanization.
Keywords: New Urbanization, County, Public Stadium, Configuration.
CONFIGURATION OF PUBLIC SPORTS VENUES INCHINA'S COUNTIES UNDER THE BACKGROUND OFURBANIZATION.
8 9
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Configuration of Public Sports Venues in China's Counties Under the Background of U
rbanization.
Li LiChen et al. studied the status quo of the deployment
of county sports stadiums in China during the urban-ization process. The current configuration is character-ized by a shortage of quantity, low quality, single func-tion, low usage rate, and a combination of govern-ment financial allocation and market financing (Chen,Yao and Zhang 2016).
Lang et al. studied the status quo and devel-opment strategies of rural sports public product allo-cation under the background of new urbanization. It isfound that in the configuration of many public goods,such as sports public goods, the new rural areas stillshow serious imbalance between supply and demandand supply anomie (Lang, Chen and Li 2016).
3. Methodology3.1. Interview methodThere are two types of interviewees. The first categoryis for the county sports center planning and design,investment and financing, supply main body, opera-tion mode, etc., consulting the county-level sportsdepartment management personnel and some enter-prise management personnel who have long beenengaged in the planning, construction and operationof sports venues. The second category is a topicalinterview with local stadium users during the field sur-vey. Residents’ satisfaction with the status of countysports venues was investigated to understand theiractual needs and expectations.
The use of interviews can directly understandthe real needs of residents and the recommendationsof sports-related management personnel, which isconducive to responding to the government’s opinionson residents and sports-related management person-nel, so that the government can configure sportsvenues as needed.
3.2. Literature researchAcademic works such as the Public Library of theBeijing Sports University Library and the NationalLibrary were reviewed. In the EBSCOHost,SpecialSciDBS, China Knowledge Network JournalDatabase, Wanfang Dissertation Database, Super StarElectronic Library, Google Academic and other elec-tronic resources platforms, more than two hundredacademic and dissertations have been obtained.Relevant data on economic and social developmentdata and sports venues, as well as news reports, werecollected on the website of some county governments,the State Sports General Administration and the web-sites of the provincial and municipal sports bureaus,the National Bureau of Statistics, and other govern-ment departments.
Through the literature research method, thesituation of various public sports venues in the countyfinance is understood, which is conducive to compar-ing the financial history of public sports venues. At thesame time, the literature research method is also aneffective way to understand the status quo of the allo-cation of public stadiums in the county.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Differences in the allocation of public sportsvenues in counties under the new urbanization andtraditional urbanizationIn the context of the continuous advancement of newurbanization, the allocation of public stadiums in thecounty has changed in many aspects, includingchanges in subjects, objects, concepts, and methods.
These changes have to some extent catered to therequirements of new urbanization for the allocation ofpublic sports venues. This is the product of advancingwith the times. At the same time, new requirementswere put forward for the in-depth development ofpublic stadiums.
Table 1. Comparison of different aspects of countypublic sports stadiums allocation under new urban-ization and traditional urbanization
By analyzing the differences between the configurationof public stadiums in the county and the configurationof public stadiums under the traditional urbanizationin the context of new urbanization, the correspondingchanges and adjustments are made.
4.2. Status quo of the distribution of sports facilities inchina’s counties during the process of urbanizationThe “National Sports Ground Census Data Bulletin”shows that there are 679,700 sports venues distrib-uted in rural areas, accounting for 41.39%. The sitearea is 612 million square meters, accounting for31.39%. Among them, there are 27,300 indoorsports venues with a site area of 0.05 billion m2. Theoutdoor sports ground is 652,400, and the site areais 607 million m2. The fifth national census datashows that the proportion of various sports venues intownship (town) villages is only 8.18%. Comparedwith this result, the area of sports fields in China’scounties has increased by a large margin. The 6thSports Field Survey Data Bulletin of Hunan Provincealso shows that the county sports grounds are devel-oping rapidly. However, in terms of quantity and scale,there are still problems of imbalance between urban
Table 1. Comparison of different aspects of county publicsports stadiums allocation under new urbanization and tra-ditional urbanization
9 0
Li Li
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Configuration of Public Sports Venues in China's Counties Under the Background of U
rbanization.
and rural areas and difficulty in full coverage, asshown in Table 2.
As of 2010, the population of Hunan Countywas 51.119 million, accounting for 72.39% of thetotal population of the province. In addition, the pop-ulation of the county is sparsely distributed and thepopulation density is small. The implementation of fullcoverage of county sites is very difficult. It can be seenfrom Table 3 that the number and scale of countysports venues in Hunan Province show the followingcharacteristics:
It can be seen that the total amount of facili-ties and facilities in the county sports fields in China isnot compatible with the sound and rapid developmentof the economy and society, the urban appearanceenvironment and the fitness needs of the people. Theurgent need for the masses to improve their healththrough fitness is difficult to be met.
4.3. Analysis on the problems and influencing factorsof the configuration of sports venues in china’s coun-ties under the background of new urbanizationAccording to the survey, the problems in the allocationof county sports venues are mainly concentrated onthe mismatch between supply and demand andurban-rural imbalance. These problems are also com-mon problems in most counties in the context of newurbanization. It is urgent to conduct research and pro-pose solutions. In the final analysis, these problemsare caused by the government’s lack of supervisionand insufficient public participation. Therefore, to finda good solution, the essence of the problem and theinfluencing factors need to be clarified. The specificanalysis is shown in Table 4:
4.4. Suggestions on the configuration of china’s coun-ty sports centers under the background of new urban-izationThe “urbanization plan” puts forward the principles ofpeople-oriented, fair sharing, synchronization of thefour modernizations, overall planning of urban andrural areas, optimized layout, intensive and efficient,ecological civilization, green and low-carbon, culturalinheritance, highlighting characteristics, market lead-ership, government guidance, overall planning andclassified guidance for urbanization development. Itwill be the most basic requirement for the allocation of
county venues under the background of new urbaniza-tion in China. The proposal provides a theoreticalbasis and policy orientation for selecting a venue con-figuration that is more in line with the law of sportsdevelopment and the reality of county economic andsocial development. Specific recommendations areshown in Table 5:
Under the guidance of the service-orientedgovernment theory, the countermeasures for solvingthe problem of the allocation of public stadiums inChina’s county areas under the background of newurbanization are proposed. A method to solve theproblem of dislocation of public stadiums in the coun-ty and the imbalance between urban and rural areaswas found.
5. ConclusionsNew urbanization is proposed by the development ofurbanization to a certain level. It is a continuation ofthe urbanization process. The uniqueness of China’scounties determines that new-type urbanization ofcounties is the key to new-type urbanization. Human-oriented is insisted on safeguarding and improvingpeople’s livelihood. Equalization of public sports
Table 4. Problems and influencing factors of the configura-tion of sports venues in China's counties under the back-ground of new urbanization
Table 3. The number and scale characteristics of countysports grounds in Hunan Province.
Table2. The number and scale of county sports grounds inHunan Province.
9 1
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Configuration of Public Sports Venues in China's Counties Under the Background of U
rbanization.
Li Li
venues is one of the important quality connotations ofnew urbanization in the county. The conclusions of thestudy include the following aspects: First, with thedevelopment of economy and society and theadvancement of new urbanization, China began toattach importance to the allocation of county-levelpublic sports venues. Many county-level governmentsin China have also made good progress in providingpublic sports venues. Second, although the economicdevelopment and new urbanization have been contin-uously promoted, great progress has been made inthe allocation of public stadiums in the county.However, there are still many problems. Third, afteranalyzing the existing problems and influencing fac-tors, the corresponding solutions are proposed. Atpresent, there are few theoretical studies on newurbanization and the allocation of public stadiums incounties, and the data is limited. In particular, thestudy linking the two is even more limited. Under thebackground of new urbanization, how to achieve thebalance between efficiency and fairness of county-level government public stadiums is also a problemworth studying.
REFERENCES
CHEN, X.F. YAO, S.M. and ZHANG, L. 2016, The the-ory and practice of urban–rural integration in Chinaunder the new urbanization, Sci. Geogr. Sin, 36, 188-195.
CONSIDINE, J. and DORAN, J. 2016, Evaluation ofan informal rule for the allocation of sports capitalfunding, Public Choice, 168:1-2, 43-54.
JIANKANG, W. et al. 2016, Analysis of new urbaniza-tion’s spatial pattern evolution and influence factors inChina, Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1, 008.
LANG, W. CHEN, T. and LI, X. 2016, A new style ofurbanization in China: Transformation of urban ruralcommunities, Habitat International, 55, 1-9.
MINGXING, C. WEIDONG, L. and DADAO, L. 2016,Challenges and the way forward in China’s new-typeurbanization, Land Use Policy, 55, 334-339.
RITZ, A. BREWER, G.A. and NEUMANN, O. 2016,Public service motivation: A systematic literaturereview and outlook, Public Administration Review,76:3, 414-426.
TORSING, R. et al. 2016, The Shaded Dome™: ASmart, Cool & Adaptable Facility for Sport Venues,Procedia engineering, 147, 848-853.
Author(s):
Li Li*Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun,Jilin, China* Corresponding author: Li Li,Email:[email protected]
Table 5. Suggestions on the allocation of county venues inChina under the background of new urbanization.
9 2
Hua
Wei
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Aesth
etic
Con
scio
usne
ss o
f Lite
rati
Pain
ting
and
Its A
pplic
atio
n in
Urb
an P
lann
ing.
1. Introduction
The splendid civilization of the Chinese nation for5000 years has bred splendid traditional culture andabsorbed various foreign civilizations on the basis ofthe inherent traditional culture of the nation. Afterdigestion and integration, it contains many factorssuch as philosophy, religion, art, literature, music, cus-toms, etiquette and so on, forming our extensive andprofound traditional culture (Jie and Xin 2017) andcreating our unique national aesthetic concept. As themainstream of Chinese painting, literati painting alsoreflects the traditional aesthetic concept of Chinese artto a large extent. Literati painting began in TangDynasty, flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties afterSong and Yuan Dynasty, and occupied the main posi-tion in Chinese painting circle after thousands of yearsof development. Scholar paintings adhere toConfucianism, Taoism and Zen in philosophy and per-sonality to express Confucianism’s self-cultivation andgentleman’s character (Chiem 2017); they pursueTaoism’s chic and free appearance; they also pursueZen’s spiritual comfort, the attitude of “seeing naturefrom the heart”, “agreeable intention”, “natural” life,and Zen’s love for natural mountains and waters,which have great influence on literati paintings (Weili2017). Literati painting pursues free and easy moodand expresses one’s mind directly in artistic style,which is a kind of art with emphasis on expression. Interms of aesthetic character, it is shown that “light,clear” is the beauty, and “nature” is the ultimate beau-ty (Lee 2017).
Based on the study of the developmentprocess and artistic characteristics of Chinese paint-ing, the classical philosophical ideas, natural land-scape imagery, brush and ink composition artistic con-ception, and abstract aesthetic conception containedin Chinese painting are summarized.
From the core point of view of “Chinesepainting meaning”, new requirements for residentiallandscape design are put forward, and new ideas and
new methods of modern residential landscape designare summarized. It is emphasized that residential land-scape design must make people feel “unrepeatable”painting beauty and “harmony between man andnature” artistic beauty, so as to obtain great artisticenjoyment. At the same time, the combination of sub-jective thoughts, feelings and objective scenery pro-duces a new “painting idea”.
2. State of the artThe earliest proposal of “painting idea” was that“painting idea does not draw shape” advocated byOuyang Xiu in Song Dynasty. His idea was supportedby many literati painters, and they began to regard“painting idea” as an important criterion for judgingpainting, which had a great impact on later paintingand gardening. Chinese traditional gardening andChinese painting share the same artistic characteris-tics. In the book Yuanye, Jicheng of Ming Dynastyemphasized that gardening should be “like painting”.He believed that gardening should “imitate the envi-ronment, natural painting”, “deep drawing, remainingfeeling hilly”. It can be seen that the idea of “painting”had been deeply rooted in people’s hearts at thattime, and was fully embodied in the gardening activi-ties in the late Ming Dynasty. Emperor Qianlong oncedescribed the Lion Forest with such poems as “a treewith a peak in the picture, a few curves in the heart ofthe distant world”, expressing his appreciation for thepicturesque beauty of the Lion Forest.
In the new century, people have higherrequirements for the quality of residential environment,but compared with the rapid development of urbanresidential environment practice in China, the corre-sponding theoretical level is still lagging behind(Pamučar et al. 2016). At the same time, the residen-tial landscape has also attracted increasing attention.It is considered that the residential landscape is a veryimportant part of the overall living environment, whichaffects people’s living feelings at anytime and any-where (Yishao and Yongjian 2016). At present, it is
Hua WeiAbstractIn order to find a way to combine traditional culture with modern living needs, taking "Chinese painting" as the break-through point, through the study of the development process and artistic characteristics of Chinese painting, fouraspects of classical philosophy, natural landscape image, brush and ink composition artistic conception, and abstractaesthetic conception contained in Chinese painting are summed up. The results of the study provide enlightenment forcontemporary residential landscape design, and summarize the methods of creating Chinese paintings in residentiallandscape design. Thus, a residential landscape model with the characteristics of "Chinese painting" is found out.
Keywords: literati painting, aesthetic concept, urban planning, Chinese painting.
AESTHETIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF LITERATI PAINTINGAND ITS APPLICATION IN URBAN PLANNING.
9 3
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Aesth
etic
Con
scio
usne
ss o
f Lite
rati
Pain
ting
and
Its A
pplic
atio
n in
Urb
an P
lann
ing.
Hua
Weiurgent to study the residential landscape pattern with
Chinese national characteristics and create a livingenvironment that not only satisfies the coexistence ofman and nature, but also has Chinese cultural andartistic characteristics (Chao et al. 2017). Based onthe current residential landscape practice, a systematicand comprehensive theory is summarized to guide thehealthy and correct development of urban residentiallandscape design.
3. Methodology“Literati painting” has occupied an important and spe-cial position in the Chinese painting circle for thou-sands of years, which has exerted a tremendous influ-ence on ancient Chinese painting. As a representativekind of Chinese painting, literati painting reflects themainstream aesthetic preferences of Chinese paintingto a large extent. For the concept of “literati painting”,the entries in the Dictionary of Literary Aesthetics areinterpreted as “referring generally to the paintings ofancient literati doctors, indicating morale”. Differentfrom the traditional methods of classifying flowers,birds, figures and landscapes by describing objects,the concept of “literati painting” is different from“courtyard painting” and “craftsman painting”. It isclassified by the subject of painting and the differenceof the status of the painter. Zhang Yanyuan in the TangDynasty once said in The Records of Famous Paintingsof All Dynasties: “From ancient times, good paintersare all of noble birth or the skilled”, and this statementhas a great influence. During the Northern SongDynasty, Su Shi clearly put forward the concept of“scholar painting”: “to observe scholar painting justlike reading the horse in the world”. Dong Qichang ofMing Dynasty began to use the term literati paintingformally. He mentioned in his Purpose of Painting that“literati painting began with Wang Youhang, thenDong Yuan, Juran, Li Cheng and Fan Kuan”. DongQichang here proposed Wang Wei as the founder ofliterati painting and the ancestor of Nanzong.Therefore, “literati painting” has a special guide topainting in the inheritance of painting style. Mr. YuJianhua gave two conditions to literati painters inTalking about Literati Painting Again: “Rich Literaryaccomplishment” and “Skillful professional training”.From this, it is seen that “literati painting” can refer to:literati, scholar-bureaucrat painting; literati origin,paintings of artists with comprehensive artistic accom-plishment with skilled professional skills and dedicatedto the cause of painting; Nanzong paintings. Mr. ChenHeng said: “the so-called literati painting, that is,painting with literati nature, containing the interest ofliterati, not on the basis of art in painting, but to seethe feelings of many literati outside the painting”.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Enlightenment of Chinese painting on contempo-rary residential landscape designThe idea of Chinese painting is the embodiment of thepainter’s philosophy and social outlook on paintingconcept and idea, which runs through the wholeprocess of painting. Ancient painters, deeply influ-enced by Confucianism, Taoism and Zen, showed dif-ferent personality traits and spiritual will. For thedesign of residential landscape, the designer’s per-sonality traits and spiritual will directly affect the con-cept, intention and style of the scheme. Differentdesigners have different ideas and opinions about thedesign.
Residential landscape is different from complex systemplanning such as factories, streets and squares. Thereare many factors besides aesthetics and life that needto be considered. The biggest characteristic of resi-dential landscape is to pursue high-quality life, andcreate ecological, healthy and open space effect is themost important content. Chinese society is in the tran-sitional period of development of various undertak-ings. The style of residential areas is influenced byideas and opinions from all over the world. Especiallyin today’s material prosperity, people’s spirit is in anunprecedented state of contradiction. Tradition andmodernity are constantly struggling and contrasting,gradually losing the strong idea of the designer’s mainbody, without the “self-entertainment” of ancientpainters, and without the bold and unconstrained gen-eral subjective feelings, and even losing the belief andintegrity of the national culture.
In fact, the image of Chinese paintingobserves the natural scenery or artificial things aroundwith aesthetic eyes, and presents in the picture with thehelp of the painter’s hand. It has the label of graphi-cal, expressive, abstract and emotional. The image ofChinese painting is divided into two parts: naturalimage and painting image. The natural image is theobjective object that the painter wants to express, suchas flowers, forests, rivers, etc. While the objectiveimage is the emotional image of the painter, and thetwo have great differences in form, which is also theessential difference between painting and other arts.In the design of residential landscape, designers oftenneed to use natural elements such as plants, stone,water to create an environment to show a more natur-al scene. The organization of these natural elements isthe product of the subjective consciousness of land-scape architects, with a strong form of refinement, fullyreflecting the theme of the design and the ability toadapt to the site. Therefore, the image of residentiallandscape is that designers need to use the means ofform refinement to shape a certain scene, and thematerial is the most basic elements of terrain, plants,water, stone and so on.
The artistic conception of Chinese paintingrefers to the way of expression and layout of the pic-ture presentation, and it is the technical embodimentof the artist’s realization of the image of the picture.After surveying and analyzing the base of residentiallandscape design, it is necessary to make a prelimi-nary conception of the overall project. From this pointon, the design techniques and conceptual layoutbegin to be integrated into the scheme, which runsthrough the whole process from the conception to therealization of the landscape intention. Painting artistsuse water, ink and mineral pigments as basic materialsto express rich content and changing levels by meansof pen, ink and color rendering, while residential land-scape design uses landscape elements such as gardenroads, small squares, water bodies, green spaces,stones, buildings and sketches to express landscapeimages. These landscape elements are abstracted intopoint, line, surface, body, color, texture and other pureform elements, as a plane form and vertical form ofcomposition elements, conforming to the basic princi-ples of beauty, comfort, etc. under the premise ofmeeting the function of residential areas.
Artistic conception first appeared in Buddhistsutras. Buddhists believe that the highest realm ofBuddha is realized by self-consciousness, which is
s u bjective and objective feelings. Different from ideas,
9 4
Hua
Wei
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Aesth
etic
Con
scio
usne
ss o
f Lite
rati
Pain
ting
and
Its A
pplic
atio
n in
Urb
an P
lann
ing.
imagery and artistic conception, the artistic conceptionof Chinese painting actually exists in the imaginationspace of the viewer’s mind. It is the abstract aestheticessence of the former three formed in the viewer’smind through mutual connection and interaction, thatis, the so-called “only understandable, not utterable”wonderful realm. Traditional gardening art andChinese landscape painting have the same aestheticessence of artistic conception, but they adopt differentways of expression.
4.2. Method of creating Chinese paintings in land-scape design of Chinese residential areasIn residential landscape, the interface includes verticalelements such as landscape walls, doors and win-dows, as well as plane elements such as paving, plant-ing and matching. The interface is an important sur-face element of space. The industrialized productionof contemporary landscape materials leads to the uni-form feeling of rigid landscape interface, losing thedecoration and difference of traditional landscapematerials and handicraft technology. Painting conveysthe image thinking in the brain through the hand. Ithas a variety of uncertain forms and unique creativity,which is called handicraft. Handicraft is the best wayto embody the creator’s imagination. The Chinesepainting of residential landscape should be good atcreating decorative interface by using the differencesand expressiveness of materials, so as to make it havethe visual impact and artistic charm of painting.
In the construction of landscape vertical ele-ments, walls and steps are the most important perfor-mance elements, among which brick and stonemasonry technology can best reflect the handmadedecorative aesthetic feeling. Masonry blocks need tofollow the building rules of masonry structure in con-struction. They can display a variety of visual imagesin accordance with the logic of material construction.From the overall effect of the distance to the close-upof details, the traces of their handmade constructioncan be seen, such as the ink lines in Chinese paint-ings, which are exquisite and simple. For the decora-tion of doors, windows and other holes, it is requiredto be good at using exquisite design patterns and nat-ural materials for construction, such as wood, stone,less and more precise materials, reasonable layout,reflecting the artisan craftsmanship of designers andbuilders, just as Chinese painting pays attention to thetaste of “cherishing ink as gold” pen and ink.
In composition, Chinese painting pays atten-tion to “laying out the potential”, that is to say, theimages to be displayed are arranged according to thelaw of beauty, and the primary and secondary struc-tures are arranged through the size, color and compo-nent of the objects in order to conform to their ownideas and concepts. Chinese painting is a plastic art,its composition is essentially for the expression of thecontent of the picture and services. Chinese landscapepainting takes natural landscapes, rocks, waterscapes,buildings and other natural objects as the image ofpainting, which makes the form of points and linesappear larger than that of natural objects themselves.It is also different from western painting in the form ofcolor modeling. The brush and ink of natural objectsin paintings are mostly natural lines, such as the rub-bing of mountains and rocks, the curvature of plantbranches, the curve shape of waves and currents, etc.,which form a lively and flexible line painting.
Chinese painting pays attention to “charm” and“momentum” in spatial form, which is dominated bythe operation of “heart” to pen. Western painting paysattention to “shape” in the space it paints, which isreflected in the pursuit of “rhythm” in western land-scape design. Rhythm is equivalent to charm andmomentum, while “rhythm” is the pursuit of quantita-tive proportion. Therefore, western gardens pursuegeometric spatial rhythm, and so-called geometricrhythm is the spatial form, spatial scale, path to bequantified, proportional graphics to reflect. Chinesepainting intends to be represented by graphics in resi-dential landscape space, but this kind of graphicsshould not have quantitative and proportional rela-tionship, so that the rhythm of space can be expressedby uncertain, vague or even more complex relation-ship.
Chinese traditional courtyard space is com-posed of buildings, pavilions, silk walls, shadow walls,ancient wood, strange stones, waterscape and so on.The construction of courtyard as a form of architectur-al art, the ultimate goal is to pursue artistic concep-tion. The landscaping elements of traditional court-yard are not only natural objects, but also paintingimages presented by ink and wash paintings, whichmake people in the courtyard as if they were in paint-ing. As the outer space of people’s living activities, thecourtyard is enclosed, giving people a certain sense ofprivacy. With the vivid scenery, people can enjoy theirpersonal time quietly and comfortably.
5. ConclusionsStarting from the “Chinese painting” concept, thelandscape design of residential areas in China is stud-ied, which is of great significance to the artistic her-itage of the Chinese nation. According to the charac-teristics and development history of Chinese painting,the meaning of Chinese painting is understood as fouraspects: idea, image, artistic conception, and abstractaesthetic conception, which is the starting point of theresearch. The relationship between Chinese paintingidea and traditional ideal living environment isexpounded from four aspects: classical philosophyidea, natural landscape image, brush and ink compo-sition artistic conception, and abstract aesthetic con-ception. And the expression of painting idea inChinese traditional gardening is discussed, whichincludes the following contents: gardening idea underthe influence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism,the appropriate conception, the landscaping elementsof humanized nature, the business location and spatiallayout, and the creation of an artistic conception.
9 5
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Aesth
etic
Con
scio
usne
ss o
f Lite
rati
Pain
ting
and
Its A
pplic
atio
n in
Urb
an P
lann
ing.
Hua
WeiREFERENCES
CHAO, C. et al. 2017, Crowddeliver: planning city-wide package delivery paths leveraging the crowd oftaxis, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent TransportationSystems, 18:6, 1478-1496.
CHIEM, K. 2017, Painting, Peonies, and MingLoyalism in Qing-Dynasty China, 1644–1795,Archives of Asian Art, 67:1, 83-109.
JIE, L. and XIN, Z. 2017, Influences of Literati paintingon garden-making: a comparative study of Yuan ye(The Craft of Gardens) and Fu sheng liu ji (SixChapters of a Floating Life), Studies in the History ofGardens & Designed Landscapes, 37:4, 336-341.
LEE, D.N.D. 2017, More Than Mere Diversion:Painting and Tihuashi in the Life of Luo Qilan, Archivesof Asian Art, 67:1, 61-82.
PAMUČAR, D. et al. 2016, Planning the City LogisticsTerminal Location by Applying the Green-MedianModel and Type-2 Neurofuzzy Network,Computational intelligence and neuroscience, 2016.
WEILI, S. 2017, A Generative Approach to ChineseShanshui Painting, IEEE computer graphics and appli-cations, 37:1, 15-19.
YISHAO, S. and YONGJIAN, C. 2016, New city plan-ning and construction in Shanghai: retrospective andprospective, International Journal of Urban Sciences,20:1, 49-72.
Author(s):
Hua Wei*Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou,Henan, China* Corresponding author: Hua Wei, Email:[email protected]
9 6
Yu Z
hou
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
App
licat
ion
of H
ybrid
Ant
Col
ony
Algo
rithm
in U
rban
Tra
ffic
Path
Pla
nnin
g
1. Introduction
With the rapid development of the economy, theexchange of various resources is increasingly depen-dent on smooth urban traffic (Wang, Chu and Mirjalili2016). According to some statistics, 5% to 8% ofChina’s GDP loss is caused by traffic congestion. Withthe increasing number of private cars, traffic safetyand traffic congestion are becoming more and moreserious. How to induce a vehicle to choose a “highquality” route when traveling is a common problem.Extreme traffic jams have turned the region into ahuge bottleneck during peak hours, which has causedenormous pressure on the roads every day (Chen etal. 2016). Therefore, the traffic route needs to be rea-sonably planned to actively prevent problems causedby traffic congestion. Since the introduction of thevehicle routing problem in 1959, a large number ofscholars have studied the vehicle routing problem.
Based on the above analysis, the ACO (antcolony algorithm) is used to select the best route planto avoid congestion in complex and variable trafficinformation. The main congestion impact conditionsare considered. The impact condition is used as thebasis for path selection, and a suitable search mecha-nism is obtained.
The algorithm is used to select a route thatmore satisfies the driving requirements. The aim is toprovide a way for the driver to avoid congestion, andthus avoid urban traffic congestion and traffic acci-dents. Therefore, the traffic route planning schememakes travel more convenient and safer. Resourcesare saved, and the waste of human and financialresources is reduced.
2. State of the artGenetic algorithms are also used to study the bestpath. Because of the parallelism and global searchability of genetic calculations, it has been widely usedby domestic and foreign scholars to solve path plan-
ning problems. In 1975, Holland proposed conceptsand methods. The core concept of the genetic algo-rithm is the chromosome, and then the required solu-tion or objective function is coded (Kim and Pineau2016). The last symbol of the code symbol is the chro-mosome, and the gene is expressed by the symbolstring. The length of the chromosome is equal to thenumber of bits in the symbol string. One solution tothe problem is represented by a chromosome, andeach chromosome is also called an individual. A pop-ulation is made up of the total number of chromo-somes produced by each generation, and each gen-eration is a collection of partial solutions. Therefore, agroup is a collection of all solutions. The solution isequivalent to the individual, and the solution is equiv-alent to the function value. The value of this functionis the adaptive function, which is the index that mea-sures the fitness of the chromosome to the environ-ment, and is also the objective function correspondingto the actual problem. The best algorithm for calculat-ing the genetic algorithm is to find the largest or small-est solution among the many results (Yazici et al.2014).
The SA algorithm, like the ACO algorithm,can continuously approximate the optimal solution. Intheory, the SA (Simulated Annealing) algorithm isindeed a global optimal algorithm. However, it alsohas problems: one is slow operation. The longer therunning time, the more likely it is to get a better solu-tion. A better solution is obtained at the cost of run-ning time. If the search space is larger, the runningtime of the algorithm grows exponentially, that is, itcannot get better results in linear time. Second, thesearch is completely random. If the number of search-es is too small, a better solution may be missed. Sucha large randomness needs to increase the runningtime to make up for it. When traffic is congested, thecurrent path of the above algorithm is difficult toreplace, which can lead to serious consequences (Ji etal. 2017). In addition, especially for those driving trav-
Yu ZhouAbstractTo plan the urban traffic path using the ant colony algorithm, the composition and functional division of the mobilerobot are analyzed. The TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) is used to deeply understand the traditional ant colony algo-rithm. Then, based on this, the improvement scheme of the traditional ant colony algorithm is analyzed. The resultsshowed that the artificial potential field method and the A* algorithm improved the performance of the ant colony algo-rithm. At the initial stage of the search path, the blindness and randomness of the ant colony algorithm due to insuf-ficient pheromone concentration in each path were solved. The local optimal path is avoided with the development ofalgorithm iteration. Therefore, the improved ant colony algorithm is superior to the traditional ant colony algorithm.
Keywords: Ant Colony Algorithm, Congestion, Optimal Path, Urban Traffic.
APPLICATION OF HYBRID ANT COLONY ALGORITHMIN URBAN TRAFFIC PATH PLANNING.
9 7
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
App
licat
ion
of H
ybrid
Ant
Col
ony
Algo
rithm
in U
rban
Tra
ffic
Path
Pla
nnin
gYu
Zho
uelers who are unfamiliar with the road, when there iscongestion or interruption of the selected road, theyoften have no way to change the road in time. Antcolony algorithm can simulate road congestion verywell (Jeong, Simeone and Kang 2018). In summary,the ant colony algorithm is another algorithm appliedto the optimization problem after the algorithms suchas the artificial neural network algorithm, the GAalgorithm and the SA algorithm. In practical applica-tions, the ACO algorithm has been able to successful-ly handle scheduling and TSP. A large number ofexperiments also show that the ant colony algorithm isvery good when looking for a better solution.However, the algorithm itself has some disadvantages,such as easy stagnation and slow convergence.
3. Methodology3.1. Ant colony algorithmThe flow chart for solving the TSP problem using theant colony algorithm is as follows:Before the operation of ant colony algorithm, all para-meters used in the algorithm need to be set, such asant number m, pheromone importance factor,pheromone volatility factor rho, importance factor ofheuristic function, total pheromone release Q, initialiteration number iter=1, and maximum iteration num-ber iter_max. Individual ants are randomly placed atdifferent starting points. It is worth noting that each antcan be at a different starting point or at the same start-ing point. Each ant K (K = 1, 2, 3...) is calculated toarrive at the next city to be visited. Then, according tothis method, it is calculated until all the ants in the antcolony have visited each city. After the ants have tra-versed each city, each ant should traverse the lengthof the path that all cities have traveled. At the sametime, the optimal path in this iteration is recorded,which is the shortest path. The pheromones on thepath connecting all cities are updated once. It isjudged whether the current iteration number iter is lessthan the maximum iteration number iter_max. Ifiter<iter_ max, iter=iter+l. The record table for eachant walking is emptied and re-entered the next itera-tion cycle. If iter≥iter max, the loop is terminated andthe optimal solution is output.
3.2. Overview of artificial potential field methodThe artificial potential field method was first proposedby Dr. Khatib. It imposes a virtual force on the environ-ment of the mobile robot. This method is to virtualizea mixed potential field in the environment of themobile robot. In this mixed potential field, one is agravitational potential field centered on the targetposition, and the other is a repulsive potential fieldcentered on each obstacle. The field environment ismainly subject to the attractive force Fg from the targetlocation and the repulsion Fo from the obstacle loca-tion. In the artificial potential field, the mobile robotmoves towards the target position mainly dependingon the gravitational force and repulsive force F.The structure of artificial potential field algorithm ismainly composed of gravity function and repulsionfunction. It corresponds to the source of the gravita-tional potential field acting on the object and therepulsive potential field. The formula of the gravita-tional potential field function is:
(1)
The corresponding gravity formula is as follows:
(2)
As the mobile robot approaches the obstacle, therepulsive force of the mobile robot gradually increas-es. As the mobile robot moves away from obstacles,the repulsive force of the mobile robot is graduallyreduced. The formula for the mixed potential field of amobile robot in the environment is:
(3)
The corresponding resultant force formula is:
(4)
In the environment where the mobile robot is located,the mobile robot receives only one gravitational force.However, every obstacle has the potential to repel it.Each repulsive force needs to be found one by one,and the total repulsive force of the mobile robot isobtained. Through the parallelogram rule in mechan-ics, the resultant force of the mobile robot in the envi-ronment is obtained. Then, the direction of the path ofthe movement is determined, and the specific path ofthe mobile robot to the target position is obtained.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Improvement of ant colony algorithm based ona* algorithmThe ant colony algorithm is a heuristic intelligent opti-mization algorithm. Because of its self-organization,parallelism and positive feedback, the ant colonyalgorithm has strong robustness. In the early stage ofthe operation, the traditional ant colony algorithm hasa long running time and consumes a lot of resources,which greatly reduces the performance of the antcolony algorithm. The improvement of the ant colonyalgorithm using the A* algorithm is mainly aimed atthe problems existing in the early stage of the antcolony algorithm.
The A* algorithm is a relatively fast heuristic searchalgorithm. The valuation function of the core of the A*algorithm is:
(6)
9 8
Yu Z
hou
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
App
licat
ion
of H
ybrid
Ant
Col
ony
Algo
rithm
in U
rban
Tra
ffic
Path
Pla
nnin
g
f(n} is a calculation function of the cost of reachingthe target position from the current position. g(n) is thecost calculation function taken from the initial positionto the current position in terms of the entire space. h(n)is used to calculate the relative better path from thecurrent position to the next effective position.
A* algorithm the improved ant colony algo-rithm is based on the initial pheromone concentrationof the ant colony algorithm. The core principles of theimprovement are as follows: In the traditional antcolony algorithm, many scholars and researchers useuniform standards when setting the initial pheromoneconcentration. Each possible walking path is set to arelatively small initial value B. Since the initialpheromone concentration on each feasible path is thesame and relatively small, the initial computationalspeed is greatly reduced. Therefore, the A* algorithmis used to improve the initial pheromone setting crite-ria. A simplified A* algorithm is used to first find a paththat is relatively short from the initial position to the tar-get position. The initial pheromone concentration onthis path is increased by a factor of W. Among them,W> 1. On the basis of the above steps, the simplifiedA* algorithm removes the steps of setting the parentnode in the first step, the second step, the third stepand the fourth step, and the process of retrieving theinitial position through the parent node after reachingthe target position in the fifth step. In this way, the set-ting of initial pheromone concentration in the antcolony algorithm is improved, and the operation effi-ciency of the whole ant colony algorithm is improved.
4.2. Application of improved ant colony algorithmbased on artificial potential field method in path plan-ningThe ant colony algorithm and the artificial potentialfield method are used to complete the path planning.The first is to build a model space. On this basis, theobstacle position is initialized. The second is to set therelevant parameters used in the program. After that,the algorithm starts running. The next step is to selectthe path based on the improved formula. The follow-ing steps are basically consistent with the traditionalant colony.
The two-dimensional space used by the tradi-tional ant colony algorithm in mobile robot path plan-ning is a 100*100 two-dimensional space. To find arelatively good path from the initial position to the tar-get point, some of the placed obstacles need to bebypassed. There are six obstacles in the simulatedtwo-dimensional space. The coordinates of the start-ing point are (1,1), and the coordinates of the targetposition are (69, 60).
The simulation results show that the improvedant colony algorithm can be applied well in 2D pathplanning. Moreover, when the number of iterationsreaches 320, the entire system tends to be stable, andan optimal path is determined. It can also be seenfrom the simulation results of the graph that there is noproblem of any local optimal solution, and the path ofthe planning is relatively smooth. This further showsthat the improved ant colony algorithm can allow themobile robot to select a better path to move towardthe target position after the introduction of the poten-tial field force. Potential field forces are added. In theearly stage of path searching, ant colony algorithmand potential field force interact with each other.When the mobile robot moves toward the target posi-tion, the gravitational force from the target position
and the repulsive force from the obstacle are simulta-neously reduced until reaching zero. The initial ran-domness and blindness of the algorithm are effectivelyavoided, and the search efficiency of the ant colonyalgorithm is greatly improved.
4.3. Application of improved ant colony algorithmbased on A* algorithm in path planningThe simulation experiment of the ant colony algorithmbased on the improved A* algorithm is carried out byMATLAB program. It can be seen from the model thatthe establishment of this simulation model is random,and the shape of the child is different, which enhancesthe persuasiveness of the program results.
The A* algorithm improved ant colony algo-rithm is used. This model can be used multiple times.During the experiment, different starting positions andtarget positions were selected to continuously receivethe complexity of the planning path. Furthermore, thefeasibility and robustness of the A* improved antcolony algorithm is verified. The specific experimentalresults are as follows:
In the case where the starting position and the targetposition are simple, the ant colony algorithm integrat-ed into the A* algorithm can plan a safe route to thespecified position and realize the path planningrequirement. The feasibility of the improved ant colonyalgorithm was verified. On the basis of the above sit-uation, the two obstacles were crossed between theend point and the starting point, and the programreached the expected level. Therefore, the improvedalgorithm has certain feasibility in the case of simula-tion.
As the starting point position and the endpoint position are gradually complicated, the robot inthe simulation environment can still safely reach thetarget position and complete the path planning, whichfurther verifies the feasibility of the algorithm. Moreimportantly, the stability and robustness of theimproved algorithm are verified by increasing thecomplexity of the starting point and ending positionsettings.
5. ConclusionsFirst, the origin and development of the ant colonyalgorithm was introduced. Next, the principle of theant colony algorithm is described in detail. Throughthe simulation results, the principle of the ant colonyalgorithm is further analyzed. Several systematic fea-tures of the ant colony algorithm are described. TheTSP problem of the basic prototype of the ant colonyalgorithm is simulated and explained. The artificialpotential field method and the A* algorithm wereintroduced. The improvement scheme of the tradition-al ant colony algorithm is discussed, and the key the-ories and formulas involved are analyzed in detail. Theimproved ant colony algorithm was used to programin MATLAB simulation software. The feasibility of theimproved ant colony algorithm was verified.
9 9
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
App
licat
ion
of H
ybrid
Ant
Col
ony
Algo
rithm
in U
rban
Tra
ffic
Path
Pla
nnin
gYu
Zho
uREFERENCES
CHEN, Y. et al. 2016, UAV path planning using artifi-cial potential field method updated by optimal controltheory, International Journal of Systems Science, 47:6,1407-1420.
JEONG, S. SIMEONE, O. and KANG, J. 2018,Mobile edge computing via a UAV-mounted cloudlet:Optimization of bit allocation and path planning, IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology, 67:3, 2049-2063.
JI J. et al. 2017, Path planning and tracking for vehiclecollision avoidance based on model predictive controlwith multiconstraints, IEEE Transactions on VehicularTechnology, 66:2, 952-964.
KIM, B. and PINEAU, J. 2016, Socially adaptive pathplanning in human environments using inverse rein-forcement learning, International Journal of SocialRobotics, 8:1, 51-66.
WANG, G.G. CHU, H.C.E. and MIRJALILI, S. 2016,Three-dimensional path planning for UCAV using animproved bat algorithm, Aerospace Science andTechnology, 49, 231-238.
YAZICI, A. et al. 2014, A dynamic path planningapproach for multirobot sensor-based coverage con-sidering energy constraints, IEEE transactions oncybernetics, 44:3, 305-314.
Author(s):
Yu Zhou*Chongqing College of Electronic Engineering,Chongqing, China* Corresponding author: Yu Zhou, Email: [email protected]
1 0 0
Hua Yan, Zhonghui H
uang
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Innovative Planning and Design of Sports Teaching Venues under Audience’s Em
otional Experience.
1. Introduction
Although the development of the times has already putforward the problem of the function of university sportsvenues, the recognition of the importance of researchon university sports venues in China has not reachedthe height it should be (Rinchen, Ritchie and Bellocchi2016). In fact, the construction of university sportsvenues and supporting facilities has been far behindthe development requirements of university sportsreform and is facing great challenges, which hasbecome a very important factor restricting the devel-opment of university sports (Su and Yang 2015).Therefore, how to better carry out the construction ofuniversity sports venues is an important issue thatneeds to be actively explored in the current reform ofuniversity sports (Pätynen and Lokki 2016).
On the basis of the existing theory and prac-tice of campus planning, in order to meet the needs ofsports activities of colleges and universities, inresponse to the construction of campus site, bettershape the college atmosphere, the idea of the devel-opment of the planning and design of university sportsvenues is explored, and the theory and the practicalapproach of the overall planning and design of cam-pus sports venues are put forward.
In view of the requirements of a gymnasium,a sports field and a swimming pool that must be metin the construction of stadiums in many universities,the theory of the overall development and constructionof university sports venues is proposed. Its core contentis to fully consider regional culture, economic environ-ment and natural geographical resources conditionson the basis of comprehensively improving the physi-cal and mental health quality of all students, meet therequirements of extensive national fitness activities,and meet the needs of sports and cultural exchanges
at home and abroad. At the same time, consideringthe needs of future human and social development, itanalyzes and optimizes the natural resources, culturalresources and social resources as a whole to make fulluse of them in the running process of college sportsand even sport for all. In this study, based on theanalysis of the current situation of the construction ofuniversity sports venues, the theory of the overalldevelopment and construction of university sportsvenues is discussed in order to provide reference forthe planning and construction of university sportsvenues.
2. State of the artThe planning and design of colleges and universitiesin China is becoming more and more mature.However, there is no systematic professional researchon the planning and design of university sports facili-ties in China. Some of the existing researches aremade by sports workers, and most of them are theo-retical discussions, and they are not professionallypractical. Research papers related to this researchtopic include the research of Rutledge et al. and Fu etal. (Rutledge et al. 2017; Fu 2015). In addition,Alexander et al. comprehensively and systematicallydiscusses examples of school sports facilities at homeand abroad (Alexander, Taylor and Innes 2008). Fromthe perspective of professionals in sports facilities con-struction, they discussed the school sports facilitiesfrom the aspects of school sports facilities’ concept,design idea, construction management and operationmanagement. All of the above basically reflect the cur-rent situation and problems existing in the planningand design of university sports venues in our country atthe present stage, and put forward correspondingviews and solutions from different perspectives andlevels.
Hua Yan, Zhonghui HuangAbstractIn order to solve many new problems in the planning and design of university sports venues, in this study, the planningand design of university sports venues in China with the method of audience emotional experience are mainly studied.Based on the existing theories and practices of campus planning, in this study, the ideas of meeting the needs of uni-versity sports activities, shaping the campus environment and exploring the development of planning and design ofuniversity sports venue is put forward. At the same time, the theory and specific practices of the overall planning anddesign of university sports venues is also proposed. The original intention of the planning and design is to expect thatthe planning and design of university sports venues can be implemented and reflected in the construction, use andoperation of the project. Therefore, it is helpful to build a harmonious and complete space environment on the cam-pus, to integrate the campus into the urban environment organically, and to achieve the goal of sustainable develop-ment of university sports venues through resource sharing.
Keywords: University Sports Venues, Audience’s Emotional Experience, Planning and Design.
INNOVATIVE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF SPORTSTEACHING VENUES UNDER AUDIENCE’S EMOTIONALEXPERIENCE.
1 0 1
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Innovative Planning and Design of Sports Teaching Venues under Audience’s Em
otional Experience.
Hua Yan, Zhonghui H
uang3. Methodology
3.1. The difference and connection between feelingand emotionFeelings and emotions are related to a person’s par-ticular subjective desires or needs. However, it is diffi-cult to fully express all the characteristics of this psy-chological phenomenon with a single concept ofemotion. In contemporary psychology, people useindividual feelings and emotions to more preciselyexpress different aspects of emotions. Feelings mainlyrefers to the process in which the individual needs tointeract with the situation, that is, the process of neuralmechanism activity of the brain. Feelings are situation-al, mobile and temporary, and often weaken or disap-pear with the change of situation and the satisfactionof needs. Feelings represent the primitive aspects ofthe phylogenetic development of emotions. In thissense, the concept of feeling can be applied to bothhumans and animals. And emotions are often used todescribe those feelings that have stable and profoundsocial significance, such as the love of the motherlandand the appreciation of beauty. As a kind of experi-ence and feeling, emotion has greater stability, deep-ness and durability. Feelings and emotions are differ-ent, but they are interdependent and inseparable.Stable emotions are formed on the basis of feelings,and they are expressed through feelings. The changesof feelings reflect the depth of emotions, and emotionsare contained in feelings.
3.2. The elements of feeling and emotionFeeling and emotion are composed of subjectiveexperience, external performance and physiologicalarousal. Subjective experience is the individual’s self-perception on different feelings and emotional states.Each feeling has different subjective individual experi-ence, which represents people’s different feelings, andit constitutes the psychological content of feeling andemotion. The outward manifestations of feelings andemotions are often called expressions. It is the quanti-fied form of movement of various parts of the body,including facial expression, gesture expression andintonation expression. Physiological arousal is thephysiological reaction of feeling and emotion.Physiological arousal is a physiological activationlevel. The physiological response patterns of differentfeelings and emotions are different, for example, whenpeople are satisfied and happy, their heart rates arenormal; when people are fearful or angry, their heartrates are increased, their blood pressures areincreased, their breathing rates are increased and theyeven have pauses; when people are in pain, the bloodvessel volumes are reduced.
3.3. Factors affecting students’ emotional experienceThe establishment factors of the stimulus situation: stu-dents have different knowledge and experience, andtheir judgment and evaluation of the same thing aredifferent, so their feelings and emotions are also dif-ferent. For example, people will panic when they see abear in the wild, but they will be happy instead ofafraid when they see a bear in a zoo. This is becausethe judgment and evaluation of the stimulus situationare different, and the cognition of the stimulus situa-tion is the direct cause of the feelings and emotions.
3.4. The design principle of general layout of the sta-diumIt should form a uniform design and leave room forpossible alteration and development; the layoutshould be compact, occupy less land, with reasonablefunctional zoning, convenient traffic, convenient man-agement and maintenance, and meet the relevantregulations and indicators of the local planningdepartment; meet the requirements of orientation,light, wind direction, wind speed, safety and protectionof all sport items; all sports facilities, especially out-door venues, should have a good orientation (thedirection of movement is generally north-south) toavoid the glare of daylight; pay attention to wind pro-tection to avoid the impact of wind speed on the useof outdoor venues; the traffic organization betweeneach part should be convenient, the traffic flow andpeople flow don’t interfere with each other, the netwidth of the road is not less than 3.5m, and the netheight is not less than 4m; reasonably arrange theentrance and exit of the sports area, which is con-ducive to evacuating people and traffic. There shouldbe enough squares and open spaces at the entranceand exit; design a certain parking area, motor vehiclefield can be located in the base, it can also be com-bined with the designated parking lot in the campus.The characteristics of the campus should also be takeninto account, and a certain number of non-motorvehicle parking places should be set up within thebase, and the underground space could be utilized;the engineering pipeline design should be completeand in accordance with the surrounding municipalsystem; in the base, the environment should be opti-mized, and increase the green area should beincreased.
4. Result analysis and discussionUniversity sports stadiums and gymnasiums are placeswhere teachers and students communicate with eachother. Despite the distinctive architectural features, itsexternal image should be integrated with the campusenvironment as much as possible, which is quite differ-ent from social sports stadiums and gymnasiums. Thelatter is often the landmark building of a certain area,and its external image is often emphasized and delib-erately expressed. In addition, university sports venuescan be divided into sports space and auxiliary space,while social sports venues are composed of audiencehall and other rooms. Therefore, different from socialsports venues, university sports venues don’t need toset up too many auxiliary rooms and equipmentrooms; and the sports teaching and research room,the sports audio-visual education room, the dataroom and other rooms are unique to the universitysports stadiums. These are the key points to be paidattention to in the design of university sports venues.
Outdoor sports facilities in schools refer tooutdoor sports venues and ancillary facilities or sportsvenues and facilities with covered roofs but withoutmaintenance structures. School outdoor sports facili-ties mainly include: track-and-field ground; footballfield; covered sports field; basketball, volleyball, ten-nis, baseball, softball, badminton and other ballcourts; swimming pool; equipment activity space;extreme sports space; other outdoor activities spaces;related ancillary rooms, facilities and equipment, etc.The athletic field and field facilities are mainly used tomeet the requirements of physical teaching and activ-ity training. According to the requirements of the col-
1 0 2
Hua Yan, Zhonghui H
uang
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Innovative Planning and Design of Sports Teaching Venues under Audience’s Em
otional Experience.
lege physical teaching syllabus, the teaching of trackand field mainly includes sprint, middle-distance run-ning, long jump, triple jump, and high jump. However,college sports teams have higher requirements for thefacilities of track and field, especially for the reform ofChina’s competition system and athlete training sys-tem. Therefore, colleges and universities are bound tobe the cradle of “high-level athletes”. Hurdle running,obstacle running and other items should also becomean important part of the university track and field facil-ities. On the one hand, the university’s athletic field isbasically the same as the athletic field for competitionin the use of training projects, covering almost all thecontent of track and field events. On the other hand,due to the characteristics of low ability, multiple group-ing and multiple repetition in college students’ physi-cal teaching, it is necessary to focus on positioning inthe design of university track and field facilities.
At present, due to the limitation of investmentand design concept, the construction of universitygymnasium in China is small in scale and monotonousin function, which makes it difficult to meet the needsof various aspects of social sports and school sports,especially the needs of emerging sports items favoredby the majority of young people. The school gymnasi-um belongs to the indoor sports facility, mainly satisfiesthe request of school sports teaching, the training andthe extracurricular sports activity, as well as the sportscompetition. In addition, it is also an important placeto cultivate students’ life-long physical concept, toactivate extracurricular life and to satisfy students’social communication. According to the current con-cept of domestic school sports facilities, school indoorsports facilities include gymnasium, covered sportsfield and other indoor sports facilities. School’s indoorsports facilities, such as gymnasium and coveredsports field, are actually large-span public sportsbuildings. They are different in function and structureform, focusing more on the characteristics of school.The following aspects should be paid attention to inthe design of university gymnasium in China: theschool gymnasium shall meet various functions andbecome an important facility for the school to holdgatherings and large-scale indoor activities. In thedesign of school gymnasium, the function of sportsfield should be given full play to provide maximumsports field for physical teaching, extracurricular phys-ical training and extracurricular athletics. The schoolgymnasium building should adopt simple structure asfar as possible, the composite entity should be conciseto reduce the investment of construction structure.
Therefore, the school gymnasium should be acombination of square and rectangular planes, andthe structure should be square or rectangular; indoorfixed seats should be controlled as much as possible,and more active seats can be used, which can be putaway at ordinary times, and the area of the venue thatcan be used for physical teaching should beincreased. Due to the shortage of school land inChina, the utilization of school gymnasium spaceshould be emphasized. In the design, the characteris-tics of school physical teaching should be fully consid-ered to understand the psychological feelings of ath-letes and create a colorful and varied indoor sportsbuilding space; school gymnasiums should take intoaccount the needs of social sports. School sports is anintegral part of social sports. The popularity of socialsports also depends on the development of schoolsports facilities. Therefore, when designing school
gymnasium, it is particularly important to study thedevelopment trend of social sports. For example, to setup a fitness center in a school gymnasium, it is neces-sary to have a good understanding of the project con-tent, address selection, service requirements, openinghours, service radius and surrounding customers ofthe fitness center. If the school sports are better inte-grated into social sports, it can create good conditionsfor the smooth implementation of the management ofschool gymnasium; wooden floors shall be used insports grounds in gymnasiums. At present, someschools are laying synthetic surface layer ofpolyurethane material in indoor gymnasium, whichhas certain toxic pollution. The area of a basketballcourt is less than 450 m2, and the difference betweenthe price of wooden floor and polyurethane syntheticsurface is only 40,000 - 60,000 yuan, which is only1% to 3% of the cost of college gymnasiums.Therefore, wooden floor can be completely adoptedas the sports ground; the school infirmary had betterbe set in the sports facility, in order to deal with theemergency nearby and ensure that the injured gettimely treatment; shower facilities should be the neces-sary condition of school gymnasium in the future toensure the health of students after physical education;toilets for men and women shall be designed sepa-rately in gymnasiums.
5. ConclusionsAs a university, it should first have a relatively standardand modern university stadium with a certain size ofstands. Such standardized modern university sportsvenues facilitate the organization and implementationof large-scale formal sports games and various cam-pus activities, and contribute to the integration ofschool sports and competitive sports. This l also makeit easier to rent out to the public, facilitate the holdingof large-scale activities, more effectively integrate intothe community and the city’s sports network, and com-bine school sports with mass sports. Second, thereneeds to be a large number of places for students todo daily physical exercises. This kind of daily physicalexercise, physical activity inside and outside classdon’t need to have the venue facilities of internationalstandards and large-scale grandstands and ancillaryrooms, what is needed here is the venue that meets therequirements of students’ exercise, the facilities thatmeet the needs of students’ fitness and entertainment,as well as a good environment and management.
1 0 3
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. Innovative Planning and Design of Sports Teaching Venues under Audience’s Em
otional Experience.
Hua Yan, Zhonghui H
uangREFERENCES
ALEXANDER, G.K. TAYLOR, A.G. and INNES, K.E.2008, Contextualizing the effects of yoga therapy ondiabetes management: a review of the social determi-nants of physical activity, Family & community health,31:3, 228.
FU, C.S. 2015, The Effect of Emotional Labor on JobInvolvement in Preschool Teachers: Verifying theMediating Effect of Psychological Capital, TurkishOnline Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET,14:3, 145-156.
PÄTYNEN, J. and LOKKI, T. 2016, Concert halls withstrong and lateral sound increase the emotionalimpact of orchestra music, The Journal of theAcoustical Society of America, 139:3, 1214-1224.
RINCHEN, S. RITCHIE, S.M. and BELLOCCHI, A.2016, Emotional climate of a pre-service scienceteacher education class in Bhutan, Cultural Studies ofScience Education, 11:3, 603-628.
RUTLEDGE, S.A. BROWN, S. and PETROVA, K. 2017,Scaling Personalization: Exploring the Implementationof an Academic and Social-Emotional Innovation inHigh Schools, Peabody Journal of Education, 92:5,627-648.
SU, L. and YANG, Z. 2015, Designing for emotionalsatisfaction: an inquiry of passengers’ subjective expe-rience on assistive products for train travel,International Journal of Design Creativity andInnovation, 3:2, 107-123.
Author(s):
Hua Yan*, Zhonghui HuangDepartment of Physical Education, SoutheastUniversity, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, China* Corresponding author: Hua Yan, Email:[email protected]
1 0 4
Lin
Lian
g, Y
inbo
Wen
, Yua
nyua
n Lv
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Fuz
zy In
tellige
nt C
ompr
ehen
sive
Evalua
tion
of U
rban
Reg
iona
l Inn
ovat
ion
Syste
m O
pera
tion
...
1. Introduction
Economic globalization is accelerating and interna-tional competition is becoming increasingly fierce. Indriving sustainable economic and scientific growth,promoting all-round progress of a friendly society andsafeguarding national security, the role of nationalindependent innovation capability is becoming moreimportant. The urban regional innovation system is theextension and embodiment of the national innovationstrategy in the urban perspective. The vigorous con-struction of the urban regional innovation system isconducive to the realization of the national innovationstrategy. Based on the background of national andurban development and the lack of existing research,the research on the framework structure, operationlaw and stage identification of urban regional innova-tion system has become an urgent problem to besolved (Wang et al. 2016).
Based on the relevant research of regionalinnovation system, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluationmodel is constructed (Shi et al. 2018). Based on thecombination of theory and practice, the four dimen-sions of urban innovation investment, innovation sub-ject, innovation content and innovation output and theoverall operation of the regional innovation systemwere evaluated. According to the indicator system, thekey points of urban innovation in the city are pointedout, and typical cities are stratified according to clusteranalysis. Based on Bayesian discrimination, the stagesof China’s urban regional innovation system are divid-ed, and the relevant research on stage identification isexpanded.
This study has broadened the horizons for thestudy of regional innovation systems and provided newideas for effective innovation by governments, enter-prises and research institutions. The research theory ofurban regional innovation system is enriched. The
research method for the identification of urban region-al innovation system stages is optimized. The opera-tion status of China’s urban regional innovation sys-tem was systematically evaluated. The hierarchicalstructure differences of typical urban regional innova-tion systems are analyzed. The stage of operation ofthe typical urban regional innovation system in Chinais divided.
2. Related workAfter the research boom of the national innovationsystem swept the world, foreign scholars began tofocus on the structural dimensions of the regionalinnovation system, and carried out targeted researchon macro, meso and micro regions. Domestic schol-ars quickly responded to international research onregional innovation systems. Domestic and foreignscholars’ research on the evaluation of regional inno-vation systems focuses on the efficiency of the opera-tion of the innovation system. Most of them are con-structed by using an index system and quantitative orqualitative research methods.
Gkypali et al. combined the EIS and DEAmethods to evaluate the European regional innovationsystem. Indicators such as education, employment,R&D expenditure, and number of patent applicationsare used as input indicators. With the per capita GDPas the output indicator, the coordination of theEuropean regional innovation system was evaluated(Gkypali et al. 2016).
Coenen et al. evaluated the status of regionalinnovation systems in nearly 200 regions of theEuropean Union by principal component analysis.Four main component impact factors of technologicalinnovation, human capital, economic structure andlabor market conditions were obtained (Coenen et al.2017).
Lin Liang, Yinbo Wen, Yuanyuan LvAbstractIn the process of vigorously promoting urbanization, the city development became a new driving force for China's pros-perity. To comprehensively analyze the urban regional innovation system, the typical urban city was taken as an empir-ical sample to consider as an urban regional innovation system. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was usedto evaluate the operation of typical urban regional innovation system, combined the cluster analysis and Bayesian dis-crimination for the research and analysis. The results showed that the evaluation of regional innovation system was anational innovation strategy. Therefore, the model provides an important evidence for the urban innovative develop-ment. The proposed targeted innovation development strategy is conducive to grasp the advantages and disadvan-tages of the typical urban regional innovation system construction as a whole. The analysis of the structural changelayers and sub-distribution of urban regional innovation effectiveness helps to clarify the stage of urban development.
Keywords: Regional Innovation, City, Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation, Bayesian Discrimination.
FUZZY INTELLIGENT COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATIONOF URBAN REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM OPERATION BASED ON BAYESIAN DISCRIMINANT.
1 0 5
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Fuz
zy In
tellige
nt C
ompr
ehen
sive
Evalua
tion
of U
rban
Reg
iona
l Inn
ovat
ion
Syste
m O
pera
tion
...Lin
Lian
g, Y
inbo
Wen
, Yua
nyua
n LvChunglin and Hanchao proposed the concept and
calculation method of the operational maturity of theregional innovation system. Based on the introductionof the association analysis method, the measurementmethod of the operational maturity of the regionalinnovation system is proposed. The operational matu-rity of regional innovation systems in 11 provinces andmunicipalities in China was determined (Tsai andChang 2016).
Chen et al. constructed a two-stage modelfor regional innovation system operation evaluationbased on DEA. Input and output are made from twoaspects of technical effectiveness and economic effec-tiveness. The regional innovation system is summa-rized into the technical output stage and the economicoutput stage through the invention patent, utilitymodel patent and design appearance patent status(Heng et al. 2017).
Under the framework of the regional innova-tion system, Lau et al. proposed the three modes ofoperation of the short-chain linear structure of theregional innovation system—enterprise participation,government participation, enterprise autonomy, andgovernment advocacy—enterprise participation. Thecomplex mechanism between universities, researchinstitutes, enterprises, governments, and intermedi-aries of the regional innovation system network struc-ture was investigated (Lau and Lo 2015).
3. Methodology3.1. Main research methodLiterature research methods, empirical research meth-ods, comparative research methods, quantitativeanalysis and qualitative analysis are combined to carryout research. A large number of research literatureson the concept, structure, operation, demonstrationand stage identification of regional innovation capa-bility systems have been reviewed. At the same time,the statistical yearbooks, national economic develop-ment bulletins, and website statistics of many citieswere reviewed as data samples for empirical research.According to the established urban regional innova-tion system model, cities in large urban agglomera-tions were selected as samples for empirical research.
Through the construction of the evaluationindex system, an empirical study of four-dimensionalevaluation is conducted. The innovation investment,innovation subject, innovation content and innovationoutput of typical cities and the operation status ofurban regional innovation system are compared, andtheir internal differences are reviewed. Through thecombination of quantitative and qualitative indicators,the typical cities are analyzed to grasp the operationstatus of the city’s regional innovation system.
3.2. Construction of evaluation modelHu Shuhua believes that the top-level structure of theregional innovation system includes four dimensions:innovation input, innovation content, innovation sub-ject, and innovation output. Each dimension includesthree components. The operational evaluation modelof the urban regional innovation system is constructed.
3.3 Research sampleThe research object is selected according to thenational urban spatial structure planning of theNational Urban System Planning Outline (2005-2020) and the spatial structure distribution of China’surban agglomerations and their economic status. The
convenience and scientific of data selection are con-sidered comprehensively. First, representative urbanagglomerations of 12 urban agglomerations such asthe Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and theShandong Peninsula were selected. In addition, onecity was selected as the research sample in other citiesof each urban agglomeration, with a total of 24 cities.The representative cities selected by each city groupare shown in Table 1.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Comprehensive operation of regional innovationsystem in typical citiesAfter evaluating the four dimensions of innovationinvestment, innovation subject, innovation content andinnovation output of typical cities, the evaluation indexmodel is used to analyze the comprehensive operationof regional innovation systems in typical cities. Thecalculation results are shown in Table 2.
Among the 24 typical cities, the top five citiesin the regional innovation system are Beijing,Shanghai, Xiamen, Shenzhen and Nanjing. The fivecities at the end of the ranking are Nanchang,Dandong, Xianning, Jiujiang and Tongchuan.First, the innovation content and the innovation sub-ject dominate the regional innovation of the city.The contribution of innovation subjects, innovationinputs, innovation content and innovation output tourban regional innovation were 29.46%, 17.86%,36.31%, and 26.37%, respectively. The innovativecontent and the main body of innovation contributed65.77%. The innovation content and the innovationsubject dominate the regional innovation of the city,which conforms to the logic that the innovation subjectcarries out innovation around the innovation content.
The direction and content of expression inno-vation should become the key point of urban innova-tion development.
Second, coastal cities are ahead of inlandcities in innovation.
The top 12 and the last 12 cities were com-pared. There are 7 inland cities and five coastal citiesin the top 12 cities. There are 9 inland cities and only3 coastal cities in the last 12 cities. In general, region-al innovation in coastal cities is generally ahead ofinland cities.
Table 1. List of sample urban agglomerations.
1 0 6
Lin
Lian
g, Y
inbo
Wen
, Yua
nyua
n Lv
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Fuz
zy In
tellige
nt C
ompr
ehen
sive
Evalua
tion
of U
rban
Reg
iona
l Inn
ovat
ion
Syste
m O
pera
tion
...
Third, the state of urban innovation is declin-ing to the periphery with the central city as the core.In the 12 central cities in the identified 12 urbanagglomerations, the central cities of most urbanagglomerations are far ahead of other cities within theurban agglomeration.
4.2. Cluster analysis of typical urban area innovationBy using fuzzy data of four dimensions of innovationsubject, innovation input, innovation content andinnovation output of 24 cities, clustering analysis of 24cities was conducted. The clustering status is shown inTable 3.
According to this classification, the regionalinnovation system operation status of 24 typical citiescan be divided into four categories: domestic leadinglayer, fast catching layer, steady development layer,and exploration starting layer. Shanghai and Beijing,at the leading level in China, are the cities with thebest performance of regional innovation system. Theyare examples of regional innovation for other cities.Nanjing, Yantai, Xiamen and Hangzhou are in thefast-catching layer of regional innovation system oper-ation. The dimension of innovation investment andinnovation has developed rapidly. They quickly catchup with Beijing and Shanghai. Twelve cities such asGuangzhou and Tianjin are in a stable developmentlayer. Through the exploration of regional innovation,these cities have stable development direction and
prominent points of regional innovation. Dandongand xianning are still at the initial stage of exploration,and the construction of regional innovation system isstill at the exploratory stage. Twenty-four cities aredivided into four stages. Assuming that similar citiesare at the same stage, discriminant analysis is used forerror discrimination. The classification of specific citiesis shown in Table 4.
4.3. Discrimination of the stage of urban regionalinnovation systemAfter the classification is completed, Bayesian discrim-ination is used for analysis (Harman and Prus 2018).In the analysis results, the three hypothetical cities areinconsistent with the discriminating results, namelyNanjing, Xinxiang and Fuzhou. The discriminatingresults of the other 11 cities are accurate. The accura-cy of the hypothetical category is 73%, which is higherthan the general standard. The classification of citiesand the status of urban agglomerations after discrimi-nation are shown in Table 5:
5. ConclusionsBased on domestic and foreign scholars’ research onthe concept, structure, operation evaluation, empiricalresearch and stage identification of regional innova-tion system, Bayesian discriminant method is intro-duced to judge the operation of urban regional inno-vation system. An urban regional innovation evalua-tion system was proposed. An evaluation model ofurban regional innovation system based on fuzzy com-prehensive evaluation and Bayesian discriminant isestablished to verify the discriminant result. The mainresearch conclusions include the following aspects:First, an operational evaluation model for urbanregional innovation systems was established. The logicof index selection is briefly introduced, which enriches
Table 2. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of regional inno-vation system in twenty-four typical cities.
Table 4. Classification of the operating stages of regionalinnovation system in twenty-four cities
Table 3. Clustering status.
1 0 7
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Fuz
zy In
tellige
nt C
ompr
ehen
sive
Evalua
tion
of U
rban
Reg
iona
l Inn
ovat
ion
Syste
m O
pera
tion
...Lin
Lian
g, Y
inbo
Wen
, Yua
nyua
n Lv
the research theories of urban regional innovation sys-tems. Secondly, the four dimensions of innovationinvestment, innovation subject, innovation content andinnovation output of the selected twenty-four typicalcities and the overall operation of the regional inno-vation system were evaluated. According to the indica-tor system, the focus of urban innovation in regionaldevelopment is pointed out. According to clusteranalysis, typical cities are divided into domestic lead-ing layer, rapid catch-up layer, steady developmentlayer and exploration starting layer. Thirdly, Bayesiandiscriminant effectively solves the fuzziness involved inthe evaluation process, and combines qualitative eval-uation with quantitative calculation. It can not onlyreduce the limitations and drawbacks brought aboutby personal subjective judgment, but also fully reflectthe ambiguity of the evaluation process. The judgmentresults are more consistent with the objective reality.The evaluation results are reliable and credible.
The research results show that the Bayesiandiscriminant method is accurate and efficient. Theurban regional innovation system can be effectivelydiscriminated, so that the operation of the urbanregional innovation system can be specifically imple-mented.
REFERENCES
COENEN, L. et al. 2017, Advancing regional innova-tion systems: What does evolutionary economic geog-raphy bring to the policy table? Environment andPlanning C: Politics and Space, 35:4, 600-620.
GKYPALI, A. et al. 2016, Science parks and regionalinnovation performance in fiscal austerity era: Less ismore? Small Business Economics, 47:2, 313-330.
HARMAN, R. and PRUS, M. 2018, Computing optimalexperimental designs with respect to a compoundBayes risk criterion, Statistics & Probability Letters,137: 135-141.
HENG, C. et al. 2017, Efficiency of technologicalinnovation in China’s high tech industry based on DEAmethod, Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics,20:6, 1493-1496.
LAU, A.K.W. and LO, W. 2015, Regional innovationsystem, absorptive capacity and innovation perfor-mance: An empirical study, Technological Forecastingand Social Change, 92: 99-114.
SHI, S. et al. 2018, Hazard-based evaluation modelof water inrush disaster sources in karst tunnels and itsengineering application, Environmental earth sci-ences, 77:4, 141.
TSAI, C.L. and CHANG, H.C. 2016, Evaluation ofcritical factors for the regional innovation system with-in the HsinChu science-based park, Kybernetes, 45:4,699-716.
WANG, S. et al. 2016, Regional innovation environ-ment and innovation efficiency: the Chinese case,Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 28:4,396-410.
Author(s):
Lin Liang*, Yinbo Wen, Yuanyuan LvSouthwest Petroleum University, Sichuan, China* Corresponding author: Lin Liang, Email: [email protected]
Table 5. Discrimination results of the operational phase ofthe regional innovation system in twenty-four cities.
1 0 8
Wen
wen
Wu
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Mod
ern
Urb
an P
lann
ing
and
Des
ign
Base
d on
Low
Car
bon
Econ
omy Con
cept
.
1. Introduction
The low-carbon economy is a means to cope withgreenhouse gas emissions, sustainable development,rational and efficient use of energy resources, andsound operation of environmental protection.Guangdong Province is the vanguard of the low-car-bon pilot. The Outline of the Plan for the Reform andDevelopment of the Pearl River Delta Region (2008-2020) clarified Zhaoqing’s strategic positioning as a“Traditional Advantageous Industry Transformationand Upgrading Zone” and “National TourismComprehensive Reform Demonstration Zone” (Han2016). This puts forward requirements for the devel-opment of low-carbon economy in Zhaoqing and cre-ates a good environment.
Based on the above analysis, the significanceand necessity of developing a low carbon economyare proposed. The strengths, weaknesses, opportuni-ties and threats of developing low-carbon economy inZhaoqing are systematically analyzed by SWOT analy-sis method. The general idea of developing a low-car-bon economy was proposed. On this basis, the mainpath to develop a low-carbon economy in Zhaoqingis summarized.
SWOT analysis can be used to analyze theopportunities and advantages of Zhaoqing. At thesame time, comprehensive consideration of disadvan-tages and risks has great guiding significance and ref-erence value for investigating Zhaoqing’s low-carbondevelopment ideas.
2. State of the artForeign scholars have started early on the study oflow-carbon economy. As early as 1999, famousAmerican scholars proposed the term low-carboneconomy. It believes that the foundation of a sustain-
able economic development is the revolution of theenergy economy. In 2003, the British government firstproposed the concept of a low-carbon economy,which caused widespread concern in the world (Yip2016). In terms of theoretical research, HarvardUniversity economics professors research and improvethe calculation method of urban carbon dioxide emis-sions (Dou et al. 2016). Furthermore, on this basis,from the perspective of economics and political sci-ence, it provides policy recommendations for thedevelopment of low-carbon economy in large andmedium-sized cities in the United States. Someresearchers have used the scenario analysis methodas a research method, and studied the big Braziliancities such as Rio de Janeiro, and conducted empiricalresearch on how to build a low-carbon city. Throughthe development of renewable energy, adjustment ofenergy structure, increased protection of wetlands,forests and other policy recommendations, the con-struction of low-carbon cities in Brazilian cities hasbeen promoted (Tan et al. 2017).
China’s research on the support of low-car-bon urban development policies generally follows theresearch ideas and methods of foreign scholars.Different scholars have put forward their own views onthe connotation of low-carbon cities from their respec-tive perspectives (Topi, Esposto and Govigli 2016). Inrecent years, domestic theoretical research on low-carbon cities has made great progress and has gaineda lot of experience. However, there are still someshortcomings in the more developed countries. Itmainly includes the following two aspects: On the onehand, most of the research still remains in the analysisand understanding of the concepts of low-carboneconomy, low-carbon industry and low-carbon cities,while the literature on the generalization and inductionof international experience is relatively rich. On the
Wenwen WuAbstractTo accelerate the development of low-carbon industry in Zhaoqing City, transform the mode of economic growth, andpromote industrial transformation and upgrading, the SWOT analysis method was applied. From the four aspects ofstrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, the feasibility of developing a low-carbon economy in Zhaoqing wassystematically analyzed. From the adjustment of industrial structure, the optimization of energy structure, the promotionof low-carbon tourism, the development of circular economy, and the enhancement of carbon sink capacity, the devel-opment path of low-carbon economy was explored. Based on the above analysis, a low carbon development planwas prepared. From the implementation of low-carbon development strategy, the choice of low-carbon economy pilot,and the low-carbon economic security system, the implementation steps of Zhaoqing's low-carbon economy were dis-cussed in detail. The results showed that the low-carbon economy concept provided some ideas for Zhaoqing's eco-nomic development. Therefore, Zhaoqing is still in its infancy. The city's transportation system is not perfect. To developa low-carbon economy, governments, enterprises, and individuals need to participate actively.
Keywords: Low Carbon Economy Concept, Urban Planning, Swot Analysis, Environmental Awareness.
MODERN URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN BASEDON LOW CARBON ECONOMY CONCEPT
1 0 9
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Mod
ern
Urb
an P
lann
ing
and
Des
ign
Base
d on
Low
Car
bon
Econ
omy Con
cept
.W
enwen
Wu
other hand, the breadth of research is still insufficient,most of the research is still at the national level, andthere is a relative lack of research on a certain regionor specific local (Wang 2016).
3. Methodology3.1. SWOT methodThe results of SWOT analysis of various aspects ofZhaoqing are as follows. According to SWOT analy-sis, Zhaoqing’s development of low-carbon economicopportunities and challenges coexist. The develop-ment of low carbonization is an inevitable trend. Fromthe perspective of its own advantages and disadvan-tages, Zhaoqing’s low carbon development has start-
ed. The economic development has advanced byleaps and bounds, infrastructure has been graduallyimproved, and energy monitoring has becomeincreasingly mature. A good development trend hasbeen formed. Therefore, Zhaoqing has the feasibilityof developing a low-carbon economy.
3.2. Optimization of industrial structure and develop-ment of low carbon industryFirst, the industrial agglomeration development hasbeen vigorously promoted, and carbon productivityhas been improved. All localities should speed up thecultivation and development of leading industries withlocal characteristics and upgrade their industrial level.
Table 1. SWOT portfolio strategy matrix for low carbon development in Zhaoqing city
1 1 0
Wen
wen
Wu
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Mod
ern
Urb
an P
lann
ing
and
Des
ign
Base
d on
Low
Car
bon
Econ
omy Con
cept
.
Industrial links between enterprises and external enter-prises are strengthened. Enterprises are being guidedto adopt ecological recycling technology. The devel-opment of the downstream venous industry is fostered,and waste is recycled. Second, the energy-savingindustry has been vigorously developed and theupgrading of the industrial structure has been promot-ed. High-tech industries and strategic emerging indus-tries were introduced. Traditional industries have beenupgraded and transformed. While developing strate-gic emerging industries, Zhaoqing should transformand upgrade its traditional industries, improve the exitmechanism of backward production capacity, promotetechnological energy conservation, and innovateprocess design. High-tech and advanced applicabletechnologies are used to transform and upgrade tradi-tional industries. The scale of high-energy-consumingindustries is controlled, and market access for high-carbon industries is limited. The energy conservationassessment and review system for fixed asset invest-ment projects is strictly implemented. Energy waste iseliminated from the source.
3.3. Energy structure optimization and low carbonclean energy security systemUp to now, coal is still the main energy fuel forZhaoqing City. In 2011, Zhaoqing consumed8,395,100 tons of standard coal. Compared with lastyear, it has increased by 10.44% (Chaolin 2017). Thespecific proportion of various energy consumption isas follows. Therefore, the change of energy utilizationstructure, the application of clean energy, and thedevelopment of clean coal technology are effectiveways to establish a clean energy system. The firstaspect is to vigorously develop clean energy.Renewable clean energy such as wind, water and solarenergy is actively exploited. Natural gas is the focus ofenergy structure upgrade to promote the applicationof clean coal technology. The second aspect is toimprove energy efficiency. Based on the actual situa-tion of Zhaoqing, the construction of the cogenerationproject has been accelerated, and the central heatingof industrial gathering places in the city has been sci-entifically planned. Smart grid and smart meter tech-nology are being promoted. Low-carbon energy hasbeen developed. The development of renewable ener-gy such as wind and water power has been accelerat-ed. The application of public transport, official busi-ness and passenger service industry is the focus. Thedemonstration project for the promotion and applica-tion of new energy vehicles was implemented.
3.4. The promotion of low-carbon tourismThe concept of low-carbon tourism has been popular-ized, low-carbon tourism knowledge education hasbeen strengthened, and people’s understanding oflow-carbon tourism has been enhanced. Travel agen-cies are encouraged to launch more low-carbon travelroutes to meet the market’s demand for low-carbontourism. The habit of low-carbon tourism was formed.Low-carbon tourism education has been strengthenedto attract more professionals to jointly study strategiesto achieve low-carbon tourism. At the same time, low-carbon tourism facilities have been improved and low-carbon tourism products have been developed. Low-carbon tourism consumption patterns have been pro-moted. Low-carbon tourism with local characteristicsin Zhaoqing was developed.
3.5. The development of circular economy and newindustriesThe circular economy pilot was selected and theregional recycling system was constructed. Clean pro-duction is fully developed. The development of thevein industry has been accelerated and the industrialcycle chain has been constructed. According to theprinciple of “3R” (reduce, reuse and recycle), a circu-lar chain is established to realize the recycling of vari-ous resources inside and outside the city. Clean pro-duction is implemented within the company. Throughthe construction of information networks and infra-structure, a common platform for the use of basicenergy and resources between enterprises is built. Theutilization efficiency of resources and energy isimproved. In addition, at the city level, through theconstruction of a horizontal comprehensive utilizationchain of waste, the zero-emission of external waste inthe entire high-tech zone was realized.
3.6. Increase of vegetation cover and carbon sinkcapacityWith the acceleration of urbanization in the province,the level of urbanization in Zhaoqing will reach 55%or even higher. The population is growing and energyconsumption is increasing. At present, the carbon sinkof Zhaoqing carbon dioxide is mainly from forestry,and the total carbon storage is about 5 million tons.The further increase in carbon sinks and the reductionof carbon dioxide emissions have become one of theimportant tasks for the city’s sustainable development.
4. Result analysis and discussion4.1. Preparation of low carbon planning and imple-mentation of low carbon development strategiesThe principle of planning first is adhered to and thelow carbon development plan of Zhaoqing City iscompiled as soon as possible. The concept andimportance of a low carbon economy was proposed.The necessity and feasibility of developing a low-car-bon economy in Zhaoqing is clearly defined. The low-carbon economic theory is fully utilized and a low-car-bon economic planning system is prepared. Localresources have been rationally utilized and low-car-bon economy pilots have been built. The low-carbondevelopment plan for key industries was formulatedand the promotion schedule was arranged. The corre-sponding safeguards were proposed. The develop-ment of low-carbon economy is used as an importantindicator to evaluate the economic development ofeach region. The low carbon economy is included inthe annual plan for national economic and socialdevelopment. The low carbon economy in the post-financial crisis era is understood. The improvement ofeconomic operation quality and structural optimiza-tion are realized. The application of green GDPaccounting was studied. The low-carbon urban plan-ning system in line with Zhaoqing’s reality was con-structed and the concept was transformed. Urbanplanning must reflect the low carbon concept. The lowcarbon development model was explored. The con-struction of a low-carbon urban planning systemshould include low-carbon industries, low-carbonenergy, low-carbon transportation, low-carbon con-struction, and low-carbon waste treatment.
4.2. Active implementation of the low carbon econo-my pilotIn order to adapt to local conditions, and aiming at
1 1 1
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Mod
ern
Urb
an P
lann
ing
and
Des
ign
Base
d on
Low
Car
bon
Econ
omy Con
cept
.W
enwen
Wuthe construction of low-carbon cities in Zhaoqing, the
urban functional layout was rationally planned, indus-trial planning was formulated, and the economicstructure was adjusted. Low carbon buildings werebuilt. It not only meets the requirements of life for tem-perature, humidity, airflow, brightness, air quality, butalso achieves energy conservation and efficient use. Inaddition, it is necessary to popularize green lighting,improve the financial subsidy policy for energy-savinglighting products, and encourage the masses to givepriority to LED energy-saving lamps. The developmentof low-carbon transportation is valued. At present,Zhaoqing still lags behind in the promotion of publictransportation, logistics and new energy vehicles. Theconstruction of public transport infrastructure needs tobe accelerated. Intelligent transportation and modernlogistics are adopted. The use of new low-carbonvehicles has become popular. The development envi-ronment for new energy vehicles has been furtherimproved. Policies to encourage the development ofnew energy vehicles and industrialization have beenimplemented.
4.3. Construction and development of low-carboneconomic security systemPreferential policies suitable for the development oflow-carbon economy in Zhaoqing City were formulat-ed, which created a good external environment forenterprises that meet the requirements. The price pol-icy has been improved. Price leverage is actively usedto eliminate natural resource price subsidy policiesthat are not conducive to resource conservation andenvironmental protection. According to the pollutiondegree of sewage discharged by users, the method ofgraded pricing and charging is implemented. Variousfinancial institutions are fully utilized to play the role offiscal credit. The enterprise management system wasclarified, corporate behavior was regulated, and on-site inspections were done. The regulation of pollutiondischarge behavior has been strengthened. A quotamanagement system has been established forresource conservation and recycling in key industriesand enterprises.
Technological innovation is encouraged, andthe cultivation and introduction of scientific and tech-nological talents is strengthened. Companies areencouraged to innovate on the basis of applying low-carbon technologies. Energy efficiency has beenimproved. Enterprises should carry out technical coop-eration with well-known universities and research insti-tutes at home and abroad to accelerate the industrial-ization of the introduction of high-tech achievements.The strategy of introducing talents was carried out.The talent cultivation and use mechanism has beeninnovated to attract specialized talents inside and out-side the province and at home and abroad. The pro-motion of education is emphasized to strengthen thecommunication and cooperation. Various communi-cation tools such as the Internet and television havebeen used to promote the importance and necessity ofimplementing a low-carbon economy. Communityecological culture is built to guide the public’s greenconsumption. The public participation mechanism wasimproved. The development of low-carbon economyexchanges and cooperation was carried out. The deci-sion-making and management capabilities of low-car-bon economic development have been enhanced.
5. ConclusionsThe feasibility and necessity of Zhaoqing’s low carboneconomy were analyzed. Zhaoqing’s low-carboneconomy must be planned first. Factors such as itsown advantages, industry status, and industrial struc-ture of surrounding cities are fully considered. In thenext few years, the overall development ideas in indus-trial development, urban construction, policy formula-tion and other aspects are proposed. The organicdevelopment path of tourism economy and industrialeconomy should be further explored. While industrial-ization and urbanization promote economic andsocial development, improve the overall competitive-ness of cities and improve people’s living standards,the environment is protected. Agricultural tourismresources were continued to explore. Low-carbontourism development system is constructed. In addi-tion, the development of low-carbon economyrequires the active participation of the government,enterprises and individuals, the formulation andimplementation of policies, the improvement of low-carbon consciousness, the change of consumptionconcept, the development of low-carbon technologyand other aspects of joint efforts.
REFERENCES
CHAOLIN, G. 2017, Research on Urban Carbon EmissionInventory and Its Application in Planning, China City PlanningReview, 26:2.
DOU, Y. et al. 2016, An empirical study on transit-oriented low-car-bon urban land use planning: Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis(ESDA) on Shanghai, China, Habitat International, 53: 379-389.
HAN, Y. 2016, Shenzhen International Low Carbon City inDevelopment: Practice of Low Carbon Planning Technology StrategyBased on Dynamic Demands, China City Planning Review, 25:3.
TAN, S. et al. 2017, A holistic low carbon city indicator frameworkfor sustainable development, Applied energy, 185: 1919-1930.
TOPI, C. ESPOSTO, E. and GOVIGLI, V.M. 2016, The economicsof green transition strategies for cities: Can low carbon, energy effi-cient development approaches be adapted to demand side urbanwater efficiency? Environmental science & policy, 58: 74-82.
WANG, X. et al. 2016, Low-carbon neighborhood planning tech-nology and indicator system, Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews, 57: 1066-1076.
YIP, S.C.T. 2016, Analysis Framework for the Low Carbon Eco-CityRegulatory Plan Administration System: The Case Study on thePlanning of Eco-City of Taihu New City, Wuxi, China, China CityPlanning Review, 25:3.
Author(s):
Wenwen WuCollege of Economics and Management, ShandongUniversity of Science and Technology, Qingdao,Shandong, China* Corresponding author: Wenwen Wu, Email:[email protected]
1 1 2
Kai X
ie, H
ao X
u, Jing
Wu
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Acc
essib
ility o
f Nan
jing
Urb
an Par
k Ba
sed
on G
IS.
1. Introduction
Urban parks are an important ecological infrastructurein cities and play an important role in improving thequality of the urban environment, including protectingthe physical and mental health of citizens, enrichingthe diversity of the urban ecological environments.However, with the rapid development of urbanizationand the increasing intensity of urban construction, thegreen space system cannot properly fulfill its ecologi-cal and recreational functions. People have come torealize the important role of parks in urban develop-ment, and the need to increase the number and sizeof parks to provide enough green space for the public.In this context, while paying due attention to the num-ber of urban parks and their size, whether urban resi-dents can use urban parks conveniently and equallyhas also become an important index to evaluate thesustainable development of urban ecological environ-ments.
The accessibility of urban park refers to howconvenient it is for residents to reach a certain urbanpark for recreational activities by overcoming resis-tance values such as distance, travel time, and travelexpenses. Previous studies on the accessibility of urbanparks have focused on the relationships between parkaccessibility and calculation methods, population size,green space distribution, residential area distribution,single mode of transportatio. In recent years, with the
rapid development of the city, the situation of urbanland use is tense, and the green space system networkpattern in downtown area of city tends to be stable.Therefore, this paper analyzes the impact of urbantraffic network changes and different traffic modes onthe accessibility of urban parks in downtown area ofcity based on GIS network analysis technology, andputs forward some suggestions on the development ofurban road networks in order to improve the accessi-bility of urban parks assuming the ongoing stability ofurban green space provision.
2. Related research progress and definitionW. G. Hansen first proposed the concept of spatial
accessibility and defined it as the opportunity of inter-action between nodes in network. Following on fromthis, research into such accessibility divides itself intothree aspects (Hansen 1959).In the application of accessibility theory, Mitchellexplored the layout of urban public facilities by puttingforward the “Central place theory”, and then consid-ered the social and economic factors involved in thelocation and layout of green space, he concluded thatthe lower the regional social and economic scale, thegreater the density of green space.At the level of accessibility measurement, Coline com-pares the“Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (2SFCA)method” with “A Variable-width Floating CatchmentArea (VFCA) method”, finding that the latter can be
Kai Xie, Hao Xu, Jing WuAbstractThe density and pattern of urban parks, traffic conditions are the main factors affecting urban park accessibility. Toclarify the influence of traffic mode and urban road network on urban park accessibility, we examine downtown areaof Nanjing, China, and based on GIS network analysis, analyze urban park accessibility under different traffic modesin the current year (2017) and the Nanjing master planning target year (2030). The results shows: Using automobilestakes the shortest time to get to urban parks in 2017 and 2030 (if the problem of parking is ignored). Comparing theresults of 2030 and 2017, by when the ground transportation network in the study area will be further improved, urbanpark accessibility was improved by a small margin under walking and automobile traffic modes, however, the densityof rail traits increased fastest, urban park accessibility is improved most under this mode of transportation, rail transitroute development becomes the dominant factor in improving park accessibility in downtown area of Nanjing. To acertain extent, this study reveals the leading factors of improving the accessibility of urban parks on the premise thatthe system of urban parks tends to be stable, and provides a reference for improving urban park accessibility.
Keywords: Accessibility, Downtown area of Nanjing, Urban Park; Mode of transportation.
Highlights:
* Urban park accessibility analysis* Urban sustainable development* A basis for urban green space planning.
THE ACCESSIBILITY OF NANJING URBAN PARK BASEDON GIS.
1 1 3
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Acc
essib
ility o
f Nan
jing
Urb
an Par
k Ba
sed
on G
IS.
Kai X
ie, H
ao X
u, Jing
Wuused to analyze the accessibility of urban parks under
different parameters and improve the accuracy of theanalysis (Dony and Delmelle 2015). In 2007, Oh andJeong used network analysis of GIS to study the acces-sibility of Seoul urban park in South Korea. They con-ducted a comparative analysis of the park in five dis-tricts of Seoul from aspects such as spatial distribution,service population ratio, and service area ratio,proposing the idea of spatial layout optimization con-sidering the relationship between park, population,and land use (Oh and Jeong 2007). Since then, thenetwork analysis of GIS has been widely used in thefield of urban park accessibility.
Once theories of accessibility and methods ofmeasuring it had reached a certain point of develop-ment, some scholars used this foundation of researchto analyze and study a variety of different factorsaffecting park accessibility. The results point to variousimportant factors that affect urban park accessibility,including park distribution and size, urban road net-work and traffic mode, population distribution density,and the psychology of residents (Ekkel and de, Vries2017).
From the perspective of park distribution,Reyes, Mario et al. assessed the relationship betweenMontreal’s child population distribution and accessi-bility to urban parks based on age, sex, income class,family structure, and geographical location in 2008(Reyes and Páez 2014). Xiaokun Gu, Siyuan Tao stud-ied the spatial accessibility of Shanghai country parksin terms of population distribution and park distribu-tion based on the Two-Step Floating Catchment(2SFCA) method, finding that spatial differences inaccessibility in urban country parks are significant (Guet al. 2017).
In the past 20 years, research into accessibil-ity has paid more attention to human nature, consid-ering accessibility in relation to issues such as race,population type, population structure and its spatialdistribution, and residents’ mindsets (Abercrombie etal. 2008; Coombes and Jones 2010; Tan andSamsudin 2017 ). Comber and Miyake were amongthe first to take ethnic, religious, and population den-sity factors into account in their accessibility evaluationof green space in Leicester (UK) and the parks in NewYork, finding and identifying a certain relationshipbetween the types of residents, population distribution,and the accessibility of parks (Comber and Brunsdon2008). Seo Hyun Jin investigated the environmentalequity and accessibility of urban neighborhood parksin the city of Daegu and found that the age percent-age of the urban population, the proportion of poor,and the percentage of free rental housing were closelyrelated to urban park accessibility (Seo and Jun2011). Focusing attention on the human elementgives the study of park accessibility a certain social sig-nificance and plays a role in improving the quality ofthe city.
Taking traffic mode and urban road networksinto account. Fan Yong carried out a quantitativeanalysis of the accessibility of park spaces in Nanjingand the travel convenience for residents under differ-ent traffic modes based on Nanjing’s urban road net-work and population distribution data. This paper pre-sents a method based on GIS to study the accessibilityand rational layout of urban green spaces (Fan et al.2016). Liang Huilin proposed that the public transporttravel mode should be included in urban park acces-sibility assessments, taking Shanghai as the study
area, the travel time between the family and the park was calculated using multiple equations on a multi-modal transport network, and the accessibility of dif-ferent regions was compared, thereby providing a yardstick for assessing public transport services to urban parks (Liang and Zhang 2018).
At present, most scholars study the accessibil-ity factors of urban parks from the above three angles. However, there is no research on the accessibility of urban parks in the context of the development direc-tion of road networks. Omitting religion and popula-tion as factors, the research scope of this study is the downtown area of Nanjing, using the network analysis method, and compares the current year (2017) with the year of the Nanjing City Master Planning Target (2030), analyzing and evaluating the influence of dif-ferent traffic modes on the accessibility of urban parks in central urban areas.
3. Materials and Methods3.1. Research areaNanjing is the capital of Jiangsu Province, located in
southeast China, at the western end of the Yangtze River Delta, with a total area of 6,582 square kilome-ters. Nanjing is an ancient city with a history of urban construction spanning more than 2500 years. During the period of the Republic of China, Nanjing was the capital of the National Government, and the name of Nanjing was thus determined. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing was designat-ed as the capital city of Jiangsu Province. Since the 1980s, urbanization has developed rapidly, and its population has reached 8.27 million, Nanjing has developed into a regional mega-city and a central city in the Yangtze River Delta. The scope of this study is the central area of Nanjing, the Nanjing City Master Plan (2013–2030) defines the central urban area as the main city and the three sub-cities of Dongshan, Xianlin, and Jiangbei, a total area of about 920 square kilometers (Figure 1).
3.2. Network analysis methodNetwork analysis is the geographic analysis and
modeling processing of transportation networks, power networks, and other similar structures. A net-work analysis model is an abstract representation of a complex network system, consisting of links, nodes, a center point, resistance, and other basic elements connected according to a certain topological relation-ship (Figure 2).
The Network Analysis method used in this study is based on Mathematical Graph Theory, using statistics to establish a model, and then, depending on the spatial relationship of the network, using mathe-
1 1 4
Kai X
ie, H
ao X
u, Jing
Wu
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Acc
essib
ility o
f Nan
jing
Urb
an Par
k Ba
sed
on G
IS.
matical methods to achieve this model, and finally getthe results, thus guiding the practical application. Inthis paper, we will adopt the accessibility analysismethod based on minimum impedance proposed byAllen (1995). This method uses the average minimumimpedance from the center point to all destinationpoints as the index of the accessibility of the centerpoint (source point), residents’ travel purposes are notgenerally considered. As shown in formula (1) and for-mula (2):
Formula (1) shows that the accessibility ofnode i is the average of the minimum impedance ofthe node to other points on the network, and the min-imum impedance can be the shortest distance, theshortest time, the least cost, or other factors.Formula (2) shows that the accessibility of the wholenetwork is the average of the accessibility of eachnode.
In this paper, the impedance is set as the min-imum travel time, all the road junctions in the studyarea are taken as the starting point, the entrance of allurban park green spaces is taken as the destinationpoint, and the average minimum traffic time from thestarting point to the entrance of the urban park is cal-culated, as an index of accessibility, the degree ofaccessibility of urban parks is measured.
3.3. Research data processingThe data relating to urban parks and traffic are main-
ly derived from the Google Landsat image of Nanjingin 2017. First, data was registered using the geometriccorrection tool in ERDAS 8.7, then, the information onurban parks and road networks in the study area wasextracted by field survey and ArcGIS10.3, and therespective databases for urban parks and the roadnetwork drawn up. At the same time, with reference tothe Nanjing Master Plan (2013–2030), the vectordatabase of aspects such as urban roads and urbanpark green space for 2030 was obtaineddigital(Figure 3).
After obtaining the traffic network informa-tion, it was necessary to construct topological relation-
ships, add the network data set to the new geographicinformation database, unify the geographic coordi-nate system, and then import each item of grade roadvector data into the element data set, set up commonrules and resistance models. Individual travel speed isaffected by transportation and traffic conditions, sothree different resistance models were created: net-work analysis and calculation of walking mode, auto-mobile traffic mode, and rail transit mode. The cumu-lative time cost of the starting point to the urban parkunder different traffic modes was calculated, and therange of accessibility grade of the urban park ana-lyzed. By comparing and analyzing the evaluationmaps of the accessibility of urban parks in 2017 and2030, this paper explores the influence of traffic modeand traffic network on the accessibility of urban parks.
4. Results4.1. Urban parks accessibility analysis (2017)As shown in Figure 4 and Table 1, the time required
Figure 1. Study site and Nanjing administrative division.
Figure 2. Diagram of Network Analysis method.
1 1 5
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Acc
essib
ility o
f Nan
jing
Urb
an Par
k Ba
sed
on G
IS.
Kai X
ie, H
ao X
u, Jing
Wu
for residents of downtown area of Nanjing to get to aspecific park is divided into four levels: 0–5 minutes,5–10 minutes, 10–15 minutes, 15–30 minutes. Theratio of urban park service scope to the area of con-struction land in the study area is taken as the basis tomeasure the degree of accessibility. Of these, areasthat take more than 30 minutes to reach the nearesturban park are considered service blind area (Figure4, Table 1).
In the walking mode of transportation, areasthat can reach an urban park in 5 minutes account for4.2% of the total area, those that can do so in 5–10minutes for 7.1%, and those 10–15 minutes away for12.3%. Figure 4 shows that most of the areas that canreach an urban park within 15 minutes are located inXuanwu, Gulou and Jianye district, the degree ofaccessibility is positively correlated with the area anddensity of the urban parks. Areas that can reach urbanparks within 15–30 minutes account for 30.7% of thetotal area. It takes more than 15 minutes to reach anurban park in more than half of the area, of which theJiangbei area and part of Yuhuatai District account fora large proportion. Due to the imperfect urban trans-portation network and uneven distribution of parks,some areas, accounting for 45.7% of the total, cannotreach urban parks effectively within 30 minutes.
Under the automobile traffic mode, the 5-minute coverage rate of urban parks accessibility inthe downtown area of Nanjing accounts for 20.1% ofthe total area, while 5–10 minutes covers another36.3%. Among them, a large proportion of those inGulou, Xuanwu, Qinhuai, Jianye, Qixia, andJiangning Districts reach the urban park within 10minutes. Pukou and Yuhuatai Districts and a smallerproportion of Liuhe District reach urban parks within10 minutes. The areas reaching an urban park in 10–30 minutes is about 33.9% of the total area, and theproportion of service blind area (over 30 minutes) isonly 9.7%. Compared with the walking traffic, the ser-vice blind area is reduced by 35.5%.
With the rapid development of Nanjing railtransit and the promotion of the concept of green trav-el, the possibility of residents choosing rail transit is
gradually increasing. When using this means of trans-port, 5.1% of the total area can reach the nearesturban parks within 5 minutes, 8.2% of the total areacan reach the nearest urban parks within 5–10 min-utes, and 15.6% within 10–15 minute, a further48.3% of the total area reach the nearest urban parkswithin 15–30 minutes. The range reach an urban parkwithin 30 minutes is distributed outwards with theincrease of accessibility time class, mainly spread lin-early along the subway station and park entrancepoints, as well as along the subway line. The range ofthe service blind area that reaches the urban park for
Table 1. Accessibility of urban parks under three modes oftransportation (2017).
Figure 3. (1) Distribution of park and traffic network in downtown area of Nanjing (2017); (2) Distribution of park andtraffic network in downtown area of Nanjing (2030).
1 1 6
Kai X
ie, H
ao X
u, Jing
Wu
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Acc
essib
ility o
f Nan
jing
Urb
an Par
k Ba
sed
on G
IS.
more than half an hour accounts for 41.1% of thetotal area, mostly distributed in areas where the sub-way line has not arrived and the traffic around it isclosed.
4.2. Urban park accessibility analysis (2030)By 2030, the distribution density and pattern of
urban parks in the downtown area of Nanjing isexpected to have changed little. However, the trafficconditions will have changed greatly, the ground net-work will have gradually improved, density increased,and rail transit significantly developed. By 2030, thenumber of rail transit routes will have increased to 17,and the coverage and density of rail transit routesincreased, especially on the south side of the YangtzeRiver.
As shown in Figure 5 and Table 2. By 2030,compared with 2017, for walking traffic, with theimprovement of the urban road network, the area canreach the park urban within 30 minutes increased sig-nificantly, from 54.3% to 63.9%. Areas reach theurban park within 15 minutes remain unchanged, it isthe range of access in 15–30 minutes that has signif-icantly increased, mainly in Jiangning, Yuhuatai, Qixia, Pukou, and Liuhe Districts and other old urban areaswith relatively small growth rates. The number of ser-vice blind areas without access to urban parks fallsfrom 45.7% to 36.1%. This means that with theimprovement of the transportation network, the timecost to residents to reach urban parks by walking willbe reduced, and accessibility will have improved in2030.
Compared with 2017, the amount of auto-mobile traffic arriving in urban parks in 5 minutes in2030 increases from 20.1% to 26.6% of the totalarea, more than 40% of the areas in Gulou, Xuanwu,and Qinhuai Districts can reach the nearest urbanpark in 5 minutes. The percentage of areas within 10minutes to reach urban park in the downtown area ofNanjing would now be as high as 66.9%. There is alsoa significant reduction in the number of service blindareas, from 9.7% to 2.1%. This shows that theimprovement of the road network will have improvedthe accessibility of the whole region.
When using rail transit, the area that reachesthe urban park within 10 minutes increases obviouslyfrom 13.3% in 2017 to 21.6% in 2030, distributed in
Xuanwu, Gulou, Jianye, Qinhuai, Jiangning, andYuhuatai Districts. The area that can reach an urbanpark in 30 minutes increases significantly, from 58.9%of the total area in 2017 to 78.1% in 2030, morethan 90% of the Xuanwu, Gulou, and QinhuaiDistricts reach the urban park area within 30 minutes.In 2030, the extent of service blind areas is reducedsignificantly, representing only 21.9% of the total area,the urban park accessibility is clearly improved.
5. ConclusionBy comparing the accessibility of urban parks in
2017 and the projections for 2030 for three modes oftransportation, a number of issues present themselves.First, in 2017, when choosing ground transportation,that is, walking or automobile traffic, the area servedby urban parks increases with the increase in trafficspeed. When using automobile traffic transport, theaccessibility of urban parks is higher than when walk-ing. When the rail transit mode is factored in, due tothe thin track, it cannot completely cover the wholeresearch area, so the accessibility of urban parksunder this mode of transportation is relatively poor.Second, in 2030, When we examine the rail transitmode, the area serviced by urban parks in downtownarea of Nanjing is greater than that accessible to walk-
Figure 4. Evaluation of accessibility of urban parks under three modes of transportation (2017): (1) Waling mode; (2)Automobile traffic mode; (3) Rail transit mode
Table 2. Accessibility of urban parks under three modes oftransportation (2030).
1 1 7
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Acc
essib
ility o
f Nan
jing
Urb
an Par
k Ba
sed
on G
IS.
Kai X
ie, H
ao X
u, Jing
Wu
ing traffic in 30 minutes, this is similar to the area ser-viced by urban parks within 30 minutes when travel-ling by automobile traffic transport.
Third, comparative analysis shows that by2030, the traffic conditions of downtown area ofNanjing will have been greatly improved. It is possibleto improve the accessibility of urban parks throughwalking and automobile traffic transport by dredgingand improving ground transportation, but the increaseis relatively small. The rapid development of rail transitwill have greatly improved residents’ access to urbanparks. It can be seen that with the rapid developmentof urban renewal, improved urban traffic conditions,especially rail transit, can reshape the citizens’ experi-ence, accessibility and comfort requirements for thepark in certain extent.
Based on the GIS network analysis method,this paper compares the influence of three differenttraffic modes on urban park accessibility in downtownarea of Nanjing, the quantitative analysis data areobtained, and the relationship between differentmodes of transportation and the accessibility of urbanparks is studied and expounded in detail, which pro-vides a new method to approach the study of urbanparks. However, this study was limited to the singleissue of urban park accessibility, there are other keyfactors that also need to be taken into consideration.How to evaluate the accessibility of urban parks underdifferent traffic modes needs further study.
Acknowledgments:This research was funded by the Postgraduate
Research &Practice Innovation Program of JiangsuProvince(KYCX17_0856)�the Top-notch AcademicPrograms Project of Jiangsu Higher EducationInstitutions(PPZY2015A063).
REFERENCES
HANSEN, W.G. 1959, How Accessibility Shapes Land Use, Journalof the American Planning Association, 25:2, 73-76.
DONY, C.C., DELMELLE, E.M. and DELMELLE, E.C. 2015, Re-con-ceptualizing accessibility to parks in multi-modal cities: A Variable-width Floating Catchment Area (VFCA) method, Landscape andUrban Planning, 143, 90-99.
OH, K. and JEONG, S. 2007, Assessing the spatial distribution ofurban parks using GIS, Landscape and Urban Planning, 82:1-2,25-32.
EKKEL, E.D. and DE, VRIES, S. 2017, Nearby green space andhuman health: Evaluating accessibility metrics, Landscape andUrban Planning, 157, 214-220.
REYES, M., PÁEZ, A. and MORENCY, C. 2014, Walking accessibil-ity to urban parks by children: A case study of Montreal, Landscapeand Urban Planning, 125, 38-47.
GU, X.K., TAO, S.Y. and DAI, B. 2017, Spatial Accessibility ofCountry Parks in Shanghai, China, Urban Forestry & UrbanGreening, 27, 373-382.
COMBER, A., BRUNSDON, C. and GREEN, E. 2008, Using a GIS-based network analysis to determine urban greenspace accessibilityfor different ethnic and religious groups, Landscape and UrbanPlanning, 86:1, 103-114.
SEO, H.J. and JUN, B.W. 2011, Environmental Equity Analysis ofthe Accessibility of Urban Neighborhood Parks in Daegu City,Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 14:4, 271–280.
FAN, Y. and MA, L. et al. 2016, Research on the Accessibility ofUrban Green Space Based on Road Network- A Case Study of thePark Green Space in City Proper of Nanjing, Journal ofEnvironmental Sciences-china, 32:1, 1-9.
LIANG, H.L. and ZHANG, Q.P. 2018, Assessing the public transportservice to urban parks on the basis of spatial accessibility for citizensin the compact megacity of Shanghai, China, Urban Studies, 55:9,1983-1999.
Author(s):
Kai Xie, Hao Xu*, Jing WuCollege of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing ForestryUniversity, China;* Corresponding author: Hao Xu , Email:[email protected]
Figure 5. Evaluation of accessibility of urban parks under three modes of transportation (2030): (1) Waling mode; (2)Automobile traffic mode; (3) Rail transit mode.
1 1 8
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
1. Introduction
Urban village is a special phenomenon that occurs inthe process of economic development and urbaniza-tion in China. Urban village is surrounded by a city.Influenced by the urban–rural dual system, urban vil-lage significantly differs from urban space in terms ofliving environment, building space, lifestyle, and com-position of residents. Therefore, renovating urban vil-lage to improve living environment and urban appear-ance has been emerging since the beginning of the21st century. Nowadays, nearly 600 renovation pro-jects of urban village have been completed in majorcities in Midwest of China, represented by Xi’an,Wuhan, Taiyuan, Zhengzhou, and Kunming. This ren-ovation proportion is higher than 50% of the total ren-ovation projects of urban village and involves nearly2.408 million residents (Jing et al. 2015). However,the construction and use of renovated urban villagedistricts bring a series of urban problems, such as theformation of a new urban village, the difficult transi-tion of villagers into citizens, and the difficult survivalof migrants. Viewed from the architectural perspective,
these problems are mainly manifested in two aspectsregarding the construction of the urban village com-munity. First, the function orientation of buildingspaces in planning urban village community deviatesfrom the orientation of user groups to an extent(Bartłomiej et al. 2015). Second, the spatial design ofmodern urban settlement areas is significantly differentfrom the building space of urban villages, which isformed by the evolution of traditional villages and fur-ther causes the insufficient spatial adaption and sub-sequent problems of use.
The composition of the construction space inrenovated urban village districts should be determinedby the types and demands of user groups. The inclu-sive renovation of urban village emphasizes on theimprovement of residential and living facilities for dif-ferent user groups in the original urban village (Yumin2015). Therefore, surrounding urban residentialareas, which have spatial correlation with urban vil-lage, must be included in studying the types anddemands of the different user groups of buildingspace. This scope is called the urban village commu-nity.
Jing H, Zhimin l., Ying S.AbstractRenovation philosophy and residential construction mode are key problems encountered in the renovation of urbanvillages in China. Existing research fruits on renovation philosophy, and policies consider fairness and efficiency andcover-sharing research consensus. However, research on residential construction mode in renovation still faces chal-lenges, such as weak relevant policy pertinence, insufficient objective references, and poor universality. In this study,the changes of the architectural spaces of a typical urban village community in Xi’an City from the beginning to theend of the renovation were discussed. The space requirements of different user groups were analyzed and summarized,and then adapted to the different types of building spaces. In addition, the residential construction model applicableto the inclusive renovation philosophy was established. Research results corroborated that the renovation of urban vil-lage should refer to its functional orientations in the community. The community-centered renovation residential districtshould also meet the requirements of different user groups in the community, including residential, living, and enter-tainment functions. Community-subcentered residential district should meet the space demands of residential and liv-ing functions. Community-subordinated residential district meets space demands of internal residents for residentialand living. Moreover, residential district space is relieved by combining practical and certain spatial factors. In thisresearch, the building space compositions of different user groups were reviewed and refined in the “bottom-up” pat-tern. Research conclusions provide design references for the practical renovation of urban villages.
Keywords: Renovation Community of Urban Village, Architectural Space Allocation, Urban Village Community,Demands of User.
Highlights:* The contrast in architectural spaces and users.* Urban village community.* Functional orientations for the renovation.
ARCHITECTURAL SPACE ALLOCATION IN THE RENOVATION OF URBAN VILLAGES: USERS DEMAND
1 1 9
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.
The types and demands of different user groups aresummarized by investigating the status of buildingspace in urban village districts. Residential, business,and entertainment spaces are further refined. Theirservice objects and scopes are analyzed by combiningindustrial standards. The types and demands of differ-ent user groups are adapted to building space. Thecomposition factors of building space in renovatedurban village districts are also summarized. In addi-tion, the corresponding design mode is further dis-closed. Thus, objective design references are providedto residential area planning and construction in therenovation of urban village in the future (Fig. 1).
2. State of the artIn the beginning of the 21st century, Peilin (2002) andXiao (2004) et al. were the first ones concerned aboutthe urban village phenomenon in China’s urbaniza-tion process. They studied the relevant developmentbackground, building space changes, and componentof migrants. With the first round of the large-scaledrenovation of urban villages in major cities in Chinafrom 2005 to 2008, associated academic studieshave shifted from phenomenon analysis to law sum-marization, from removal and construction of materialspace to integrated environmental improvement, andfrom passive removal to positive updating. Researchconsensus on the renovation philosophy based oncomprehensive consideration and inclusive sharinghas been reached. Shuang (2011:65), Xinhong(2007), Conglin and Yaping (2009) investigated theurban space pattern. They emphasized on updatingand renaissance in the entire region, including urbanvillages. They also paid attention to the functional andeconomic continuity in urban regions before and afterthe renovation. On the basis of the study of sociology,anthropology, and urbanology in urban villages,Yuyun (2005:51), Ye et al. (2012), Yi (2006:04) con-cluded that the renovation of urban villages shouldassure the space construction philosophy of diversity,flexibility, and continuity. Haozhong and Jin (2011),Xiaoying (2010) conducted a survey study on migrantpopulation in urban village. They also advocated therights of migrant population in equal living space dur-ing the renovation of urban villages.
With respect to the building space in renovat-ed residential areas, certain scholars proposed thedesign method of diversified building space, continu-ous functional orientation, and flexible construction
mode. However, further studies on functional orienta-tion, space composition, and combination mode inresidential areas are still necessary. Considering therenovation practices of urban villages in ShenzhenCity, Keshi and Hao (2015) suggested that the reno-vation of urban villages focus on the mixing and diver-sity of buildings. Mingfeng et al. (2015) suggested thatthe goal of the integration of different user groups andspaces be realized by mixing habitation and businessspaces. Haozhong and Jin (2011), Hang (2007), Yunet al. (2007) highlighted that the primary goal of ren-ovating urban villages is to assure the continuity ofeconomic life, social functions, and traditional culturebefore and after the renovation. Referring to the reno-vation case of Liede Village in Guangzhou City, Ye etal. (2012) advocated to attract user groups with differ-ent income levels by high-class apartments and diver-sified business spaces, thereby supporting the citiz-enization of villagers. Given the literature review con-cerning the renovation of urban villages in the world,De and Changchun (2009) , Jing et al. (2017)affirmed that space construction in urban residentialareas under the quantitative research methodologyand the philosophy of equality among different socialclasses is the major director to deepen research on therenovation of urban villages.
Hence, this study further discusses the con-struction of architectural space using mainstreamreconstruction philosophy considering the existingresearch shortages. Therefore, the factors of differentfunctional spaces in residential areas are classifiedand summarized. Thereafter, such factors are com-bined into renovated residential areas that can meetthe space demands of different user groups. Researchresults provide theoretical references for design prac-tices in renovating urban villages.
The rest of this study is organized in the fol-lowing manner. Section 3 presents a theoretical analy-sis on urban village community in Xi’an City. The com-position and characteristics of different user groups inthe typical urban village district are analyzed, and theirspace demands are summarized. Section 4 analyzesthe allocation of material space after reconstructionaccording to the space demands of users. In addition,the composition modes of different functional spacesare summarized and combined into the renovationcomponents of urban village with different functionalorientations. Moreover, whether such renovation ofurban village districts is applicable to most projects is
Figure 1. Research framework and idea
1 2 0
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
discussed by combining practical factors. Section 5provides the conclusions and prospects.
3. User groups and their space demands3.1. Main composition of user groupsIn the urbanization process from traditional agricultur-al production to modern house renting, urban villagesdo not exist alone. Nevertheless, the goal of servingfor surrounding urban residents and migrant popula-tion in the city is realized by continuously evolvingbuilding space in such villages. Fig. 2 illustrates anurban village community. In this community, stable“demand–supply” relationships among native vil-lagers, migrant workers, and surrounding citizens areformed by using the local building space as the carrier.These relationships are the framework of the urban vil-lage community. (In China, the construction of com-mercial and service spaces in communities is behindthe residential area construction. Thus, urban villagesshare commercial and service facilities with surround-ing urban residential areas in the process of urbaniza-tion. A combined region is also developed. In thisstudy, the geographical scope of this combined regionis defined as urban village community.) On the basisof this system, house owners in urban villages (nativevillagers) are called internal users, whereas migrantpopulation and urban residents who use the buildingspace such villages are called external users.
3.2. Space status surveyA typical case of renovation of urban villages in Xi’anCity (China) was investigated by combining quantita-tive and qualitative research methods. On the basis ofthe analysis of basic data (location, number of resi-dents, land area, residential form, and area index) of90 urban villages in Xi’an City, Jitai Village, which isclose to the downtown area and Huyi Village, which isclose to the commerce market were investigated. JitaiVillage is next to the Second Ring Road in Xi’an City.And it’s surrounded by the city, possessing perfect res-idential, education, public service, and business facil-ities. Hujiamiao Region where Huyi Village is locatedhas been the core region of the commodity transactionmarket in Xi’an City since the liberation. Huyi is a com-plicated urban village composed of the different types
of migrant population. The investigation focused onbuilding space and user groups. The former coveredstatistical analysis on the quantitative index data ofbuilding space, including residential, business, andentertainment spaces (Lytridis and Tsinakos 2017). Thespace demands of different user groups were mainlyanalyzed by questionnaire survey and behavior track-ing of internal and external users.
The compositions of residential and business spacesand the current living status of villagers, lessees,migrant population, and surrounding citizens in reno-vated Jitai and Huyi Village were investigated. Table 1presents the results of before and after comparison ofboth cases with these factors. Contradictions betweenspace demands and the use of internal and externalusers in typical urban villages were mainly manifestedin the following two aspects.
(1) Disagreements of business and service spaces withactual demands
In view of business patterns, urban villages were main-ly occupied by spontaneous businesses before the ren-ovation. However, business spaces after the renova-tion were mainly nurturing business spaces that wereconstructed for specific purposes and organizations.Business spaces in Jitai and Huyi Village after the ren-ovation were oriented at the home furnishing industryand the tea market, both were business spaces deviat-ed from daily living demands. Consequently, sponta-neous service facilities, such as vegetable and com-modity markets, were formed after both renovatedurban villages were put into service to meet the dailyliving demands of locals. For the design mode of busi-ness space, the nurturing business space of commer-cial–residential space combination and shops alongstreets contradicted the flexible and diversified sponta-neous business space to an extent.
(2) “Emphasis on inside and neglecting outside” in thedesign of residential space
The orientation of the residential space design focusedon the housing demands of villagers. Small differencesin housing types and areas existed. These housingtypes and areas disagreed with the temporal and tran-sitional space demands of most migrant populations.The structure, area, rent, and quantity of renting hous-es changed significantly compared with those beforethe renovation, driving the changing number and typeof tenants. The survival of many migrant residents inthe city was affected. For the living environment, vil-lage context and spiritual belief were not sufficientlyreflected, accompanied with the lack of and singleform of public activity space within a residential areaand between residential areas. These factors were dis-advantageous to the smooth citizenization of nativevillagers.
3.3. Classification and space demands Construction space should be refined according to
the characteristics of usage and developments. Doingso can offer appropriate spaces for different usergroups. Therefore, nine user groups were further divid-ed on the basis of the division of internal and externalusers. Table 2 presents the characteristics of construc-tion space usage
Figure 2. Relationships of residential and building spacesin an urban village community
1 2 1
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.
Table 1 fig 1 of 4. Comparison of construction spaces before and after renovation in Jitai and Huyi villages.
1 2 2
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
Table 1 fig 2 of 4. Comparison of construction spaces before and after renovation in Jitai and Huyi villages.
1 2 3
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.
Table 1 fig 3of 4. Comparison of construction spaces before and after renovation in Jitai and Huyi villages.
1 2 4
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
4. Space allocation and compositionSolutions to the space demands of internal and exter-nal users can be divided into three types, namely, res-idential, business, and traditional culture and activityspaces. Architectural space is allocated according tothe classification of users.
4.1. Residential spaceAccording to different demands of internal and exter-nal users, residential space can be divided into reset-tlement, rental, commodity, and public housing.Resettlement housing is constructed for replacementvillagers to improve living conditions. Rental housing isoffered for stable type migrants and continues the min-imum standard of living of returning villagers.Commodity housing improves living conditions for sur-rounding residents and stable type migrants. Publichousing is for the survival and settlement of newcom-ers and growth type migrants in cities.
Given the different land conditions, commu-nity status, and location characteristics during the ren-ovation of urban villages, residential space is com-bined according to the different types of objects. Table3 shows that the residential construction mode in ren-ovated urban village districts is summarized as basic,renewal, and benefit types. The basic residential modeguarantees living space for native villagers andmigrant workers. This mode is also the basic conditionto maintain major space users in the community. Therenewal residential mode maintains the balance andstability of new and old living systems in the entireurban village community by perfecting residential
space. The public benefit residential mode concernsthe survival difficulties of migrant workers that arisefrom the renovation of the urban village. These diffi-culties are realized by policy guarantee and construc-tion of corresponding living space(Canelo-Perez andMas-Alique 2018). The public benefit and renewalresidential modes are the ideal structures of residentialspace in renovated urban village districts.
4.2. Business and service spacesBusiness and service space types are determined intwo steps. First, service object and scope are deter-mined. Second, spaces are allocated to different ser-vice objects.
(1) Types and division references of business and ser-vice spaces
Different from the eight types of public service facilitiesin Urban Residential District Planning and DesignCodes, this study emphasized on the division of busi-ness and community service space� which is closelyrelated with the daily life of residents. Other types ofspaces, such as education, medical treatment, cultureand sports, and municipal public utilities, are plannedand coordinated on the basis of the current situationsof the community. In accordance with the regulationsof China’s Ministry of Commerce, GeneralAdministration of Quality Supervision and StandardCommittee (China Standard 2004) in business andservice spaces, such space can be divided into fourtypes according to management contents: daily neces-
Table 1 fig 4of 4. Comparison of construction spaces before and after renovation in Jitai and Huyi villages.
1 2 5
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.
Table 2. Classification and characteristic statistics of internal and external users in the urban village community.
Table 3. Division of living space and residential mode in renovated urban village districts.
1 2 6
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
sity sales, catering, service, and entertainment spaces.Daily necessity sales space has different scales andforms, including large-scale commercial complexes,shopping center and hypermarkets, middle-scalecommunity shopping center and supermarkets, as wellas small-scale convenience and specialty stores.Catering space is composed of different consumption-wide organizations, including restaurants, snack bars,fast food restaurants, centralized food plazas andbreakfast stands. Service space includes vegetablemarkets, daily service facilities (e.g., haircutting, laun-dry, sewing, and repairing), post offices, banks, andhotels. Among them, vegetable market is the most
closely related with the daily life of surrounding resi-dents. The market has different forms, such as inte-grated markets, convenience markets, and scatteredbooths. Entertainment space mainly covers musichalls, theatres, Karaoke, Internet cafés, game centers,coffee and tea stores, and gyms. In addition, businessand service spaces can be divided into “organized”nurturing business space and “non-organized” spon-taneous business space.
(2) Hierarchical structure of business and servicespaces
Table 4. Hierarchical structure of business space in renovated urban village districts
1 2 7
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.Different forms of the same type of business and ser-
vice spaces may have different service objects and scopes. Thus, the functional orientation of renovated urban village districts and the combination of suitable business and service spaces are required. Considering the service scope of city-wide and residential-wide nur-turing business and service facilities, current laws and regulations divide city commercial network into urban, regional, and community commercial centers, busi-ness streets, and various wholesale markets (Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China 2004). Demonstrative business space in the old com-munity, which was released by the Ministry of Commerce in 2005, included catering stores, veg-etable markets, grocery stores, beauty salons, repair stores, laundry stores, photo studios, renewable resource-recycling stations, family service stations, bookstores, and video stores (Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China 2005). However, no explicit regulation existed on the service scope of spontaneous and informal business spaces, such as vegetable markets and booths. In this study, business and service spaces in the renovation district were divided into city-wide, community-wide, and residen-tial-wide districts (Table 4) according to existing codes and standards. All wide spaces were divided accord-ing to business type and space size.
4.3. Traditional culture and activity spaceNineteen out of the ninety finished urban villages in
Xi’an City can assure outdoor entertainment of vil-lagers after the renovation. Only few urban villages, such as Xihejia Village and Changyanbao Village, were equipped with special activity spaces, which were idled for a long period. The remaining renovated urban villages had limited place and space for village activities, accompanied with poor manifestations of culture and traditional characteristics. Therefore, insufficient and inappropriate traditional culture and activity space for villagers is one of the major barriers of their citizenization during the renovation. Such citi-zenization should be enlisted into the renovation goal of urban villages. Guaranteeing spatial factors for cit-izenization in residential space construction should also be given attention. Traditional culture and activity space mainly cover four functions. (1) Daily meeting and entertainment activity. Meeting place is mainly used during traditional entertainment activities, wed-dings, and funerals. (2) Traditional festival place. Traditional festivals include the national holidays and traditional festivals of the village. The former often has thick atmosphere of festivals, humanity and living activities due to influences of traditional folk customs. These festivals are conducive to good interactions with surrounding urban residents. (3) Exhibition and inher-itance of folk culture. The demands of the functional space and emotional belonging of villagers can be met by reusing old buildings in the village (Skaiste and Virginija 2017). (4) Other composite functions: ① combined functions with an autonomous organization of villagers. In addition, the collective economic man-agement departments of the village are beneficial for village management and organization.② Combined functions with community business, service, education, and old caring become components of community service functions.③ Combined service objects reach the sphere of surrounding urban residents and migrant workers. The combination provides a valuable public activity place for the urban village community.
Moreover, these combined service objects are con-ducive to the communication and integration of differ-ent user groups and facilitate “citizenization” of vil-lagers.
4.4. Space composition and functional orientationOn the basis of the given analysis, residential, busi-
ness, service, and entertainment space were integrat-ed into a residential-wide district, thereby forming arenovation district with different functional orienta-tions. Fig. 3 shows that typical urban villages in com-pleted urban areas formed a close relationship withsurrounding residential areas before the renovation.The village was also equipped with functional attribut-es of community center. Therefore, community-cen-tered and -subcentered renovations of urban villagesare the main functional orientations of constructionspace in renovated urban village districts. In addition,with limited land areas for resettlement housing in therenovation of urban villages, functional spaces can bedistributed in surrounding urban residential areas. Thespace demands of different user groups in urban vil-lages can be satisfied by multiple channels throughthe renewal and complementation of the functions ofnew and old residential spaces.
5. Conclusions and prospectsThe space demands of different user groups in typical
urban villages in Xi’an City, China are analyzed tosummarize building spaces in renovated urban villagedistricts under the inclusive philosophy. The analyzedspace demands are adapted to building spaces, suchas residential, service, business, and cultural spaces.Given the different service scopes and objects of dif-ferent construction spaces, three functional orienta-tions are proposed for the renovation of urban vil-lages. The following conclusions can be drawn.(1) Community-centered renovation residential dis-tricts: functional orientation meets community-wideresidential and business service demands in surround-ing urban residential areas. The space mainly containsrenewal and public benefit residential spaces andcommunity-wide business and service facilities. Givenlimited land areas in the renovation of urban villages,public benefit residential housing can be planned inold residential areas in surrounding areas.(2) Community-subcentered renovation residentialdistricts: functional orientation and other residentialareas assume the community-wide residential andbusiness service demands. The space mainly includespublic benefit residential space and community-widebusiness service facilities. Given the limited land areasin the renovation of residential urban villages, com-modity housing and nurturing business space can beplanned in surrounding residential areas.(3) Community-subordinated renovation residentialdistricts: functional orientation only meets residentialand business service space demands for internal resi-dents. Both spaces cover public benefit and basic res-idential spaces and residential-wide business servicefacilities. With limited land areas in the renovation ofurban villages, public benefit housing and businessservice facilities can be planned in surrounding resi-dential areas.The three proposed renovation schemes for residentialdistricts have explicit functional orientations and clearservice objects to residential space, as well as clearbusiness service space forms. Moreover, certain spacedistribution measures are considered, laying founda-
1 2 8
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
tions to further study the overall layout, constructionspace combination, and accessibility of residentialareas. However, different user groups have differentspace demands due to different cultural customs andspace behaviors, thereby influencing the design modein renovated urban villages. Hence, future studiesshould further analyze the different space demands ofuser groups in urban villages in different cities andregions. Furthermore, the applicability of the residen-
tial design mode should be investigated.
Acknowledgments:This research work was supported by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China. (51508436).
Figure 3. Functional orientation and function distribution in renovated urban village districts under space combination.
1 2 9
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Arc
hite
ctur
al S
pace
Allo
catio
n in
the
Reno
vatio
n of
Urb
an V
illag
es: U
sers
Dem
and.
Jing
H, Z
him
in l.
, Yin
g S.REFERENCES
CONGLIN,P. and YAPING,W. 2009, A review onurban village research and planning policy recom-mendations, Urban Planning Forum,2, 96-101+62.
DE,T. and CHANGCHUN,F. 2009, Review andprogress of the research on urban villages, HumanGeography,24:6, 29-35.
HANG,M. 2007, Renewal of city village in Shenzhenfrom perspective of urban sociology, City PlanningReview,1, 26-32.
BARTLOMIEJ I., ROMAN B., ANNA I., MARCIN C.,MARTA P.D., 2015, SWOT analysis of the renewableenergy sector in Poland. Case study of Wielkopolskieregion, Journal of Power Technologies, 95:2, 143–157.
HAOZHONG,Y. and JIN,W. 2011, The organicrenewal theory in massive urban villages renewalplanning, Xi’an Univ. of Arch. & Tech. (Natural ScienceEdition) ,43:2, 260-265.
JING,H. , ZHIMIN L. and YING S. 2015, Briefly dis-cuss the design concept under “The equal considera-tion of both internal and external users” in the urbanvillage community, Architecture & Culture,10,127-128.
JING,H., YING,S. and ZHIMIN,L. 2017, Review of theresearch on reformation urban villages in the perspec-tive of architecture space, HuazhongArchitecture,35:3, 8-12.
LYTRIDIS C. and TSINAKOS A. 2017, mLearn: AMobile Learning Platform, Journal of EngineeringScience and Technology Review, 10:4,81-86.
KESHI,C. and HAO,T. 2015, Demand of floating peo-ple: A case of Wuhe, Bantian, Yangmei in Shenzhen,Modern Urban Research,7, 113-118.
MINGFENG,W., HONG,C. and YUEMIN,N. 2015,Social integration of migrants in Shanghai’s urban vil-lages, Acta Geographica Sinica,70:8, 1243-1255.
CANELO-PEREZ J.I., MAS-ALIQUE P. 2018, Definingsocial responsibility goals, Dyna, 93:1,13.
MINISTRY OF COMMERCE OF THE PEOPLE’SREPUBLIC OF CHINA 2004, Code of UrbanCommercial Networks Planning, Available online,http://file.mofcom.gov.cn/article/gkml/200804/20080499812293.shtml.
MINISTRY OF COMMERCE OF THE PEOPLE’SREPUBLIC OF CHINA 2005, Guidance on QuickenCommunity Commercial Development in our Country,Available online,http://file.mofcom.gov.cn/article/gkml/200803/20080393411120.shtml.
PEILIN,L. 2002, Radical change: The village’s finalityin the city, Social Sciences in China,1,168-179+209.
SHUANG,C. 2011, Spatial morphology of city villageharmonious transformation in great cities of central
and western China, Southeast University Press,Nanjing, China.
STANDARDIZATION ADMINISTRATION 2004,Classification of Retail Formats (GB/T 18106-2004),China Standard Press, Beijing, China.
XIAO,W. 2004, Investigation on the present status ofthe “city village” — taking the Zhujiang delta area asan example, Planners,5,5-7.
XIAOYING,F. 2010,Transformation of “urban village ”and cooperative governance of the floating popula-tion concentrated communities in Beijing, PopulationResearch,34:6, 55-66.
XINHONG, Z. 2007, The conomics analyzes the for-mation�existence and renovation in urban villages,Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Fudan University,Shanghai, China.
YE,L., YUQI,L. and ZHIGANG,L. 2012, Citizenizationof native villagers after redeveloped urban village: Acase study of liede community, Guangzhou, CityPlanning Review,36:7, 81-86.
YI,H. 2006, Urban social stratification and residentsegregation, Tongji University Press, Shanghai, China.
YUANYUAN,S. 2012, The anthropological research tothe “urban village” community, China Architecture &Building Press, Beijing, China.
SKAISTE J., VIRGINIJA J. 2017, Creative Cities andClusters, Transformations in Business Economics,16:2,214-234.
YUMIN,Y. 2015, Theoretical framework and mecha-nism innovation of the inclusive urban village recon-struction in Chinese megacities: Study and reflectionson Beijing and Guangzhou, City PlanningReview,39:8,9-23.
YUN,L., YANG,C. and XUN,L. 2007, The space ana-lyzation in urban villages for the case of Chepo inGuangzhou, Urban Problems,7, 63-70.
YUYUN,L. 2005, A new villages community namedurban village, SDX Joint Publishing, Beijing, China.
Author(s):JING H, ZHIMIN L., YING S.1. Architectural and Civil Engineering College, Xi’anUniversity of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China2. Architecture College, Xi’an University ofArchitecture and Technology, Xi’an, China* Corresponding author: JING H.,Email:[email protected]
1 3 0
Alina Delgado and Frank De Troyer
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. O
PEN ISSU
E: War and Cities .
1. Introduction
With the rapid development of urbanization in China,urban local flooding is happening more and more fre-quently. Multiple causes have given rise to urban localflooding, where the most important is the increasingfrequency of extremely heavy rainfall and numerousdrawbacks in the traditional urban construction.Traditional urban construction model has resulted ingradual expansion of non-pervious area at the surfacelayer and shrinkage of green land, which directly leadsto loss of urban rainfall absorbing function andincrease of surface runoff and then local flooding.According to a special investigation project by Ministryof Housing and Urban-Rural Development over flooddrainage capacities of 351 cities in 2010, during2008-2010, 62% of these cities experienced localflooding to different degrees, where 137 cities experi-enced local flooding for over three times; among citiesonce experiencing local flooding, maximum pondingduration of 57 cities exceeded 12h. Therefore, localflooding has become a serious problem endangeringpersonal property safety.
In the rapid urbanization progress, China isexperiencing severe shortage of water resources, andeven excessive development of water resources inrecent years, which gives rise to cutoff of multiple riversand large-area loss of lake wetland (Joksimovic andAlam 2014). Statistics shows that over 400 cities inChina are suffering from shortage of water resources,
where water supply is severely insufficient in over 100cities. Even though rainfall resources are abundant inChina, especially annual rainfall in southern provincessuch as Hunan reaches 1,150mm-2,100mm, rainfallutilization ratio in China is still at a considerably lowlevel. Backwardness of rainfall management and con-trol capacity will result in waste of water resources tosome degree.
City local flooding, deficiency of urban waterresources and aggravation of water environmentalquality have formed water crisis of Chinese cities.Within the global scope, similar problems are gener-ally encountered in urban construction process ofdeveloped countries, and most of them have formulat-ed related policies and strategies related to stormwa-ter management. In 2012, China formally proposedthe management concept of stormwater “sponge city”suitable for national conditions. This concept aims atregulating rainfall, making the city reserve waterresources like “sponge” to gradually recover ecologi-cal function of natural water detention. As a long-termprocess, sponge city construction needs participationof all sections of society, and university campus withlarge land use scale should play more positive roles.According to the statistics, newly added building areain Chinese universities exceeds 400 million, and newlyadded green area is about 100 million. Resource uti-lization in Chinese universities should be transformedfrom traditional extensive type into refined and scien-tific use mode, and sponge campus construction is
Tong Wen, Wen Chen, Liang Zhang, Xiaoming LiuAbstractUnder the background of rapid urbanization, all kinds of urban water problems have gradually come into being: localflooding frequently happens, water environment is deteriorated, water-supply is in tension, etc. Meanwhile, with rapiddevelopment of higher education in China, campus area and scale are gradually expanding, but traditional campusconstruction has many drawbacks. In order to promote sponge campus planning and construction of universities inhilly areas and provide demonstration windows for sponge city construction, based on deficiencies of campus con-struction of Hunan City University in the aspect of water resource utilization, we used ArcGis spatial analysis method,simulation method and comparative analysis method on Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to establishsponge campus construction indexes, content system and optimal design strategies with objectives of campus watersafety, water environment and water resource utilization. Results indicate that: difference between sponge campusplanning and traditional campus planning mainly lies in rainfall management. We combed the design process ofsponge campus planning in hilly areas from the perspective of rainfall management, and simulated the process ofsponge facilities controlling the rainfall in the campus via computer model to verify reasonability of sponge facility plan-ning and select the optimal planning and construction plan. This study has defined design process of sponge campusplanning in hilly areas to a certain degree and provided a research basis for sponge campus planning and constructionof universities, setting up a typical example and driving effects on solving urban local flooding problem and rainfallresource utilization in hilly areas.
Keywords: Sponge City, Hilly Area, Sponge Campus, Planning and Construction Study.
STUDY ON SPONGE CAMPUS PLANNING ANDCONSTRUCTION IN HILLY AREAS UNDER THE CONCEPT OFSPONGE CITY-A CASE STUDY HUNAN CITY UNIVERSITY
1 3 1
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. O
PEN ISSU
E: War and Cities .
Alina Delgado and Frank De Troyer
imperative. This will become an important link in thesponge city construction and will bring an opportunityto turn the increasingly severe water crisis. Spongecampus will gradually become the mainstream ofcampus planning and design in the future and spongecampus construction will become the demonstrationwindow of sponge city construction (Liu et al 2015).
2. State of the art Some developed countries in the world have alreadyreached a high level in the aspect of stormwater man-agement. In the 1970s, America proposed the con-cept of Best Management Practices (BMPs), which wasinitially used to control non-point-source pollution.Through its development for a certain while, rainfalldetention capacity in the catchment area wasenhanced through comprehensive measures likereducing area of the non-pervious region, increasingpermeation and runoff detention and developinglandscapes with low impact (Moore et al 2016).Afterwards, on this basis, new stormwater patternnamely Low Impact Development (LID) was graduallyformed with the emphasis laid on maintaining theoriginal hydrological features to the greatest extent inthe city construction (Frederick et al 2011; Chang etal 2018). Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) inAustralia was a kind of comprehensive managementmode and method developed for urban water envi-ronmental problems and a spatial integration methodusing technology (water sensitivity) and design (aes-thetics and function) from the angle of urban design.The core viewpoint of water sensitive urban design sys-tem is reasonable distribution of water resources withurban water cycle taken as a whole and realization ofmutual relation and mutual influence between watersystem and water environment from the overall urbanspatial layer so as to solve many water problemsoccurring in cities (FAISAL 2017). Sustainable UrbanDrainage Systems (SUDS) in UK is a new drainageconcept and management technology energeticallypromoted by the government. This system aims atstudying operation laws of groundwater and surfacewater to reach sustainable cyclic management andcontrol. SUDS highlights coordinated developmentbetween man and nature and closely combines waterquantity, water quality and water landscape in com-prehensive city designs so that water resource systemin the whole region can be optimized (Fletcher et al2015). In addition, some of other countries have car-ried out related researches and practices andobtained prominent achievements. Japan Ministry ofConstruction has promoted rainfall detention and per-meation plan since the 1980s and supplanted andconserved ground water and resurgent spring waterand recovered base flows of rivers by retaining anddetaining rainfall so as to reach effects of reducingflood peak and flood disasters (Che et al 2005).Ontario State of Canada issued Guidelines onRainfall Management Planning and Design in March,2003, which highlighted the comprehensive treatmentconcept and lowered confluence level by enhancinginternal detention in the catchment area and finallyconducted pipeline control through transmission con-trol. In 2004 version and follow-up updated version,water balance objective and inflow loss control wereintroduced to enhance rainfall detention effect(Bradford and Gharabaghi 2004). According to newstormwater management concepts and practices inthe abovementioned developed countries, it’s not dif-
ficult to find that the dialectical relationship between“detention” and “drainage” of stormwater has beenrecognized and understood internationally in a brand-new way, the traditional management method whichtotally separates “detention” from “drainage” hasbeen gradually abandoned, but instead, macroscopicoverall management is conducted from a globalscope, and doing stormwater detention as far as pos-sible under the condition of flood prevention hasgradually become a new trend.
China has a late starting in sponge city con-struction in China. In 2013, general secretary XiJinping put forward the concept of “constructingsponge cities featuring natural detention, natural per-meation and natural purification”. In October, 2014,Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development for-mally issued Technical Guide of Sponge CityBuildings—Establishment of Low-influence-Development Rainfall System, and this was the firsttime when the “low-influence development” conceptwas included in an official document in China. In2015, China built 16 first batches of pilot spongecities, which were input into construction firstly; inApril, 2016, 14 cities were listed in the second batchof pilot sponge cities. With advent of the trend“sponge city” construction, “sponge campus” plan-ning and construction has emerged in the proper time.Among existing studies, those are published as journalarticles include: taking Tsinghua University spongecampus, Shengyin Garden transformation project,Xuetang Road stormwater management and land-scape design and renovation project as examples, LiuHailong et al.(2014; 2016) integrated stormwatermanagement measures with landscape environmentthrough the application of a series of sponge campus-related measures; Wu (2018) and Qu et al. (2018)added the sponge city concept in planning and designof Jiangsu University and Guilin University ofTechnology; Du et al.(2014) investigated the campusrainfall utilization landscape scheme of HenanAgricultural University and put forward a rainfall col-lection and utilization landscape scheme.
Although domestic concepts like rainfallmanagement and rainfall utilization in China haveentered the visual field of scholars and managers, newconstruction and renovation projects are still verycomplicated and arduous under complicated regionalrainfall conditions. In fact, China obviously lagsbehind developed countries in sustainable develop-ment fields like rainfall utilization not only in aspects oftechnological methods, code standards, laws andpolicies but also in the aspect of concrete application.Faced with contemporarily complicated natural, geo-graphic and social environmental conditions andprominent conflicts, scientifically referring to concep-tual methods in developed countries like LID, WSUDand SUDS to study, popularize and apply themaccording to national conditions is still an enormouschallenge faced by sponge city and sponge campusconstruction in China (Managi 2016).
Therefore, sponge campus construction ofHunan City University in hilly area taken as an exam-ple, this study proposed the sponge campus planningscheme based on the sponge city concept by analyz-ing deficiencies of campus construction in the aspectof water resource utilization with objectives of watersafety, water environment and water resource utiliza-tion, and analyzed and evaluated it through StormWater Management Model (SWMM) simulation
1 3 2
Alina Delgado and Frank De Troyer
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. O
PEN ISSU
E: War and Cities .
method, expecting to provide a certain guidance andhelp for sponge campus construction of other univer-sities. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows:Section 3 consists on the profile of the study area andthe research methods used in this paper; Section 4presents the ArcGis spatial analysis method andSWMM simulation method, constructing sponge cam-pus construction indexes, content system and optimaldesign strategies; Section 5 draws research conclu-sions of this paper.
3. Methodology 3.1. Profile of the study area The study area in this paper is Hunan City University,an ordinary university located in millennial old cityYiyang in Hunan Province, China. Existing campusarea, building area and greening rate of the universityare 94.33, 550,200and 38.6% respectively.Mountain and water and building depend on eachother in the campus plan. Qingshan Lake, CuipingMountain and Yuhu Mountain are located in the corearea of the campus, and it belongs to a typical cam-pus with hilly terrain. Yiyang where the university islocated belongs to subtropical humid monsoon cli-mate with climatic features of moderate climate, con-centrated rainfall, dry summer and autumn and longhot summer. Abundant rainfall in the area providesconditions for utilization of campus water resources.With about 1.5 Qingshan Lake in the campus, it hasprovided a foundation for sponge campus construc-tion. The university has carried out some work in theaspect of water resource utilization and achievedsome effects, but this is far away from sponge campusrequirements, mainly manifested by the followingaspects:
3.1.1.Water quality of Qingshan Lake in the campusis gradually deteriorated.Due to sewer leakage, municipal wastewaters fromstudent dormitories permeate into Qingshan Lake,which results in N and P increase in the lake water.Watermifoil and water hyacinth grow wildly in the lake;water quality is transformed from Type III to Type IVand V; offensive odor comes from some water areaswith eutrophication phenomenon.
3.1.2. With large catchment area, traditional munici-pal drainage pattern is adopted in the campus, andlocal flooding can be easily formed in some sectionsunder a rainstorm.
Now catchment area in the campus is 94.33.The campus is divided into three drainage areas tocollect rainfall which will be discharged into YinchengAvenue municipal pipe network by Dongdamen mainpipeline. Meanwhile, the campus pipe network alsoundertakes about 53.3drainage area from the moun-tain in Zishan Lake at west side of the campus, andtotal catchment area reaches 147.6. As traditionalmunicipal drainage pattern is used in the campus, theconstructed drainage system is of low standard. Non-pervious pavements like in-campus road, plaza andstadium account for a large proportion. Surface runoffis large under a rainstorm, which results in overflow ofsome pipelines in the campus. Local flooding can beeasily formed in some sections like Xingcheng Plaza,stadium and canteen, which brings about much incon-venience to students and teachers. Meanwhile, rainfallis rapidly converged into main drainage sewer located
on Yincheng Avenue in the rainstorm period, whichusually gives rise to local flooding of Yincheng Avenueand affects transportation of trunk road.
3.1.3. Campus construction has not consideredcomprehensive utilization of rainfall.Even though campus construction area reaches550,200at present and number of students reaches17,821, roof greening and rainfall collection and uti-lization facilities are not considered in any building, soit’s far from “green building” standard. Some rainfallis consciously gathered into Qingshan Lake as land-scape water in the campus construction, but afterbeing stored in Qingshan Lake, rainfall is drainedaway with overflow. Purified rainfall is not comprehen-sively utilized to conduct campus landscape wateringand road and plaza cleaning.
3.2. Research methods 3.2.1. ArcGis spatial analysis method ArcGis was used to do a spatial analysis of elevation,slope, hydrology, land use and soil type in the univer-sity, and the area which was the most suitable for cam-pus sponge facility construction was obtained.
3.2.2. Comparative analysis method Through the analysis and comparison of features andadvantages of related theories proposed by developedcountries, construction indexes and design contentsystem of sponge campus planning were establishedand optimal design strategies of sponge campus wereput forward.
3.2.3. Computer simulation analysis method Sponge campus taken as the object, SWMM was usedto select proper low-influence development measures.Low-influence-development rainfall system model ofthe sponge campus was designed, scenario simulationof low-influence development was carried out, runoffchange process curve and pipe flow change at rainpipe output in the study area were analyzed, andeffects of low-influence development measures onstormwater management of the university were evalu-ated. 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Construct campus sponge facilities according tolocal conditions based on ArcGis spatial analysismethod A comprehensively analysis of current elevation, slope,hydrology, land use and soil type in the university wascarried out using ArcGis software. The campus terrainis high in the west and low in the east, water on theground surface is mainly drained from west to east bycrossing the campus, and 1.5 Qingshan Lake storessome surface water in the campus. Field researchcombined, the campus area with easy ponding can berapidly judged. The full understanding of the currentwater drainage and detention conditions in the cam-pus has provided a sufficient basis for proper con-struction of campus sponge facilities according tolocal conditions.
4.2. Sponge campus construction indexes, contentsystem and optimal design strategies 4.2.1. Sponge campus construction indexes In order to realize multiple objectives of Hunan CityUniversity namely campus water safety, improvementof campus water environment and saving of campuswater resources, a definite index system was formulat-
1 3 3
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. O
PEN ISSU
E: War and Cities .
Alina Delgado and Frank De Troyer
ed so as to solve problems existing in campus con-struction (Table 1).
4.2.2. Content system of sponge campus construc-tion
(1). Establishment of the water safety guarantee systemBased on the detailed campus status survey, localflooding causes are reasonably distinguished.Adhering to principles of paying equal attention tosource prevention and control and original projectrenovation, mutual complementation of traditionalscheme and new concept and regarding engineeringmeasures and management measures as equallyimportant, permeable pavement, rainfall detentiontank, detention pond and green roof are arranged atthe source to control runoffs, grass planting gutter,rainfall wetland and biological retention belt are usedin the midway to purify water quality and campus“sponge” function is maintained through water deten-tion of Qingshan Lake and humid pond at the eastentrance. Peak runoff is regulated to relieve the threatposed to municipal drainage pipe network onYincheng Avenue, reduce flood risk to the greatestextent, reduce disaster loss and guarantee campussafety.
(2). Establishment of comprehensive water environ-mental governance systemFor diffuse pollution existing in the campus water envi-ronment, on the one hand, optimizing drainage andsewage separation system, and prevent domesticwastewater from leaking into Qingshan Lake; on theother hand, reducing rainfall runoff pollution from thesource through LID such as rainfall wetland, biologicalretention, grass swale and detention pond. Startingfrom recovering landscape water functions ofQingshan Lake, Qingshan Lake is transformed into ahumid pond with self-purification ability, and compre-hensive water environmental governance system com-bining source control and ecological purification ofQingshan Lake is established to maintain hydrologicaland ecological environment of Qingshan Lake.
(3). Establishment of water resource utilization systemComprehensive rainfall utilization system will be con-
structed, and rainfall detention tanks are set in southand north sides of each student dormitory; buildingroofs of teaching buildings and secondary schools aregreened, and underground rainfall detention tanksare set between buildings; underground rainfall deten-tion tanks are set in stadium and plaza for sedimenta-tion, filtration and sterilization of collected rainwater;Qingshan Lake and green land at the east entranceare transformed into humid ponds to purify storedwater. Rainfall is stored, purified and recycled throughthese measures for campus landscape watering andstadium cleaning to improve rainfall utilization effi-ciency and effectively save water resources.
4.2.3. Optimal design strategies of sponge campus Current campus water drainage in Hunan CityUniversity is divided into three areas: north drainagearea, south I drainage area and south II drainagearea. Different schemes of rainfall collection, purifica-tion, storage and utilization were set according totopographical and drainage features of each area.
(1). North drainage area The rainfall collecting and disposing flow chart ofnorth drainage area as shown in Figure. 1.
(2).South I drainage area The rainfall collecting and disposing flow chart ofsouth I drainage area as shown in Figure. 2.
(3). South II drainage area The rainfall collecting and disposing flow chart ofSouth II drainage area as shown in Figure.3.
4.3. Evaluation of LID facility effect based on SWMMsimulation analysis Current campus status and rainfall runoff conditionsafter LID renovation were analyzed and comparedthrough the SWMM simulation method so as to eval-uate effect of LID facilities on campus stormwatermanagement.
Figure 1. Rainfall collecting and disposing flow chart ofnorth drainage area
Table 1. Sponge Campus Index
1 3 4
Alina Delgado and Frank De Troyer
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. O
PEN ISSU
E: War and Cities .
4.3.1. Simulation analysis of the current rainfall pipenetwork According to current pipe network systems such asrainfall pipe diameter, pipe material, rainfall well andpipe network layout form SWMM was used to simulaterainfall quantity. The site was divided into 61 sub-catchment areas according to land usage and terrainconditions. Through the model simulation of originaldata: 24 nodes were overloaded within 2-year recur-rence interval with ponding phenomenon, and 51pipe ducts among 61 ones were overloaded; 38nodes or impounding reservoirs were overloaded with-in 30-year recurrence interval. According to theSWMM simulation report, it could be known that totalrainfall depth under 2-year recurrence intervalreached 65.253mm and the effluent volume of theend discharge output wasL; total rainfall depth under30-year recurrence interval reached 114.833mm andeffluent volume at the end discharge outlet wasL .
4.3.2 .Simulation analysis of the rainfall pipe networksystem after planning of LID sponge campus facilities According to analysis results of current rainfall runoffsand control rate of total runoff quantity taken as theobjective, LID facilities were reasonably arrangedaccording to land usage in Hunan City University andsponge city concept, and campus sponge renovationwas carried out. Campus catchment areas were re-adjusted (40 catchment areas) according to optimaldesign strategies of the sponge campus. Through therainfall simulation with 2-year recurrence interval,total rainfall depth reached 65.253mm and effluentquantity at the end discharge outlet wasL, which wasobviously reduced relative to that (L) before renova-tion. Through rainfall simulation with 30-year recur-rence interval, total rainfall depth reached114.833mm and effluent quantity at the end dis-charge outlet wasL, which was obviously reduced rel-ative to that (L) before renovation. Pipe-free segmentand rainfall well were overloaded finally, indicatingthat LID facilities exerted significant effects and spongecampus construction effect was satisfying.
5. Conclusions In order to study construction paths and methods forsponge campuses of institutions of higher learning inhilly areas, Hunan City University taken as an exampleand starting from ArcGis spatial analysis method, thispaper used computer simulation technology onSWMM to analyze deficiencies of campus constructionin the aspect of water resource utilization. Spongecampus planning and construction indexes, contentsystem and optimal design strategies were proposedby taking water safety, water environment and waterresource utilization as the objectives. Conclusionswere drawn as follows:
Design flow of sponge campus planning in hilly areaswas teased out. The difference between sponge cam-pus planning and traditional campus planning lied inrainfall treatment, so from the angle of rainfall man-agement, this study proposed new reflection uponsponge campus planning and design in hilly areas.Campus planning and construction of Hunan CityUniversity taken as an example, the analysis was con-ducted from aspects of hydrological conditions andlandform features of the campus according to rainfallrunoff features, sponge campus planning and con-struction indexes and content system were established,and optimal design strategies of the sponge campuswere proposed.
(2) Model simulation method was used to verify thatthrough reasonable layout of LID facilities in thesponge campus, it could effectively improve control ofsurface runoffs so as to realize comprehensive utiliza-tion of rainfall resources in the campus. The main ideawas to take full consideration of the determined spatiallayout of the sponge campus and ponding distributionin the campus and then decide layout areas of LIDfacilities according to campus land use composition,ponding problem generated after construction, siteconditions and reserved site space, followed by hydro-logical simulation and evaluation through the SWMMso as to select the optimal planning and constructionscheme.
Figure 3. Rainfall collecting and disposing flow chart ofSouth II drainage area.
Figure 2. Rainfall collecting and disposing flow chart ofsouth I drainage area.
1 3 5
open house international Vol.44 No.3, September 2
019. O
PEN ISSU
E: War and Cities .
Alina Delgado and Frank De Troyer
The design flow of sponge campus planningin hilly areas was defined in this study so as to lay acertain research foundation for sponge campus plan-ning and construction of universities and exert demon-stration and driving effects on solving of city localflooding problem and rainfall resource utilization. This study is based on overall campus planning resultsand data of Hunan City University. The planning devi-ates somehow from actual construction conditions,and some planned lands are not developed yet, whichwill have a certain influence on calculation of runoff,impounding volume, etc. Therefore, attention shouldbe paid to complete and accurate campus data col-lection in the future study, which will contribute toproposing accurate and effective planning and reno-vation suggestions for the sponge campus.
Acknowledgments:This study was financially supported by the open foun-dation program of innovation platforms for universitiesin Hunan Province (16K014).
REFERENCES:
BRADFORD, A. and GHARABAGHI, B. 2004,Evolution of Ontario’ s stormwater managementplanning and design guidance, Water QualityResearch Journal of Canada, 39:4, 343-355.
CHANG, N.B. LU, J.W. CHUI, T. F. M. andHARTSHORN, N. 2018, Global policy analysis of lowimpact development for stormwater management inurban regions, Land Use Policy, 70, 368-383.
CHE, W. and ZHANG, Y. et al. 2005, Multi-functionalstorage of rainwater in urban area, Water &Wastewater Engineering, 31:9, 25-29.
DU, Y. WANG, H. and JIN, X. K. 2014, Study of cam-pus rainfall utilization landscape scheme of henanagricultural university, Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 4,26-29. (in Chinese)
FLETCHER, T. D. SHUSTER, W. and HUNT, W. F. et al.2015, SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more-The evolu-tion and application of terminology surrounding urbandrainage, Urban Water Journal, 12:7, 525-542.
FREDERICK, R. PASQUEL, R. F. and LOFTIN, H. J.2011, Overcoming barriers to implementation of LIDpractices, in: 2011 Low Impact DevelopmentConference, 25–28 September, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, pp 17-25.
FAISAL, A. 2017, A review of water-sensitive urbandesign technologies and practices for sustainablestormwater management, Sustainable WaterResources Management, 3:3, 269-282.
JOKSIMOVIC, D. and ALAM, Z. 2014, Cost efficiencyof low impact development (LID) stormwater manage-ment practices, Procedia Engineering, 89, 734-741.
LIU, H. L, ZHANG, D. M. and LI, J. C. et al. 2014,Fusion of landscape hydrology and historical site-envi-ronmental renovation design of shengyin garden inTsinghua university, Chinese Landscape Architecture,1, 7-12. (in Chinese)
LIU, H. L. 2016, Sponge campus-study of hydrologydesign of landscapes in Tsinghua university, UrbanEnvironmental Design, 2, 134-141. (in Chinese)
LIU, Y., AHIABLAME, L. M. and BRALTS, V. F. et al.2015, Enhancing a rainfall-runoff model to assess theimpacts of BMPs and LID practices on storm runoff,Journal of environmental management, 147:12-23.
MANAGI, S. GOONETILLEKE, A. and WILSON, C.2016, Water resources: Embed storm use in city plan-ning, Nature, 532:7597, 37.
MOORE, T. L. GULLIVER, J. S. and STACK, L. et al.2016, Stormwater management and climate change:vulnerability and capacity for adaption in urban andsuburban contexts, Climatic Change, 138:3-4, 491-504.
QU, C. Y. WANG, Y. W. and NONG, L. T. 2018,Sponge campus planning and study based on LID pat-tern, Resource Economization & EnvironmentalProtection, 2, 113-115. (in Chinese)
WU, R. F. LIU, S. M. and XIE, Q. J. 2018, Spongecampus design based on the sponge city concept,Engineering Construction, 50:12, 21-24. (inChinese).
Author(s):
Tong Wen, Wen Chen, Liang Zhang, Xiaoming Liu1. College of Architecture & Urban Planning, HunanCity University, China2. College of Municipal and Surveying Engineering,Hunan City University, China3. College of Landscape Architecture, BeijingForestry University, China * Corresponding author: Xiaoming Liu, Email:[email protected]
1 3 6
Feng
W, W
enhu
a, X
iang
guan
G.
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Res
earc
h on
the
Con
struc
tion
of U
rban
Visu
al P
lann
ing
Syste
m B
ased
on
the
Dev
elop
men
t
1. Introduction
As the evolution of economic globalization, manycities are keen to build modern high-rise buildings toenhance the city’s comprehensive grade accompany-ing with the gradually fade of their own city history andculture. As one highly possible result, in the nearfuture, the city’s historical and cultural elements aredifficult to be discovered by people and eventually willbe forgotten by them under those icy reinforced con-crete buildings in the city. When we visit a city, the tallbuildings should not be the first thing that catches oureyes but the city’s rich cultural heritage and culturalatmosphere. At the moment, just as the period of vig-orous development of China’s cultural tourism indus-try, the cultural tourism industry should form a benigninteraction mechanism with urban space re-engineer-ing, that is to say, the cultural and creative industriesare playing an very important role in the inheritanceand innovation of the urban cultural traditions, theimprovement and extension of the urban industrialstructure, and the strengthening and promotion of theurban cultural temperament. Therefore, how to high-light the local historical and cultural characteristics byadding the local cultural elements into urban planningand design and how to promote the development oflocal urban cultural tourism by effectively planning theurban visual system and enhancing the urban visualeffects, has become an necessary problem that needsto be considered. Based on this, this paper starts fromthe current situation and historical background ofurban space reconstruction in contemporary China,then fully explores the construction and implementa-tion ways of the urban visual system.
2. The Background and Problems of China’s UrbanSpace2.1. The Background of the China’s Urban spaceCompared with the developed countries, the urban-ization process in China has created an amazinggrowth rate, which has reached 58.52% by the end of2017. If we review the urbanization from the perspec-tive of urban construction, we can say the urbanizationis equal to the renewal and reconstruction of urbanspace. The conventional process of the urbanization,we often overlook the inheritance and innovation ofculture but focus on expanding the city space as quick-ly as possible, which caused the so called chaos(meaning every city has the same appearance). As aconsequence, all those urban constructions has noregional peculiarities, all those urban architectureshave no cultural connotation, and all the extraordinarytraditional elements are gradually abandoned, even-tually lead to the collapse of the city’s entire culturalcognition system. The modern process of the urban-ization can not only stay in the expansion level of thehorizontal dimension, but also expend to the sublima-tion of the vertical dimension. The “marriage”between the city and the culture in the 21st century isone inevitable result of historical progress because thedirection of urban development must start with the“functional city” then to the “cultural city” (Jixiang2007). The reconstruction of urban space began withthe horizontal “extended expansion” development pat-tern that is from the industrialization era, then trans-form to the vertical “connotation growth” developmentpattern that is from the post-industrial era�As shown infigure 1.
Feng W, Wenhua L, Xiangguan G.AbstractThe cultural tourism industry, which has subtly met the needs and solved the major problem of the current age, is anew growth point for the current city economic growth. Therefore, its position in the industrial structure system will beincreasingly improved. The development of the cultural tourism industry also provides an important opportunity for therenewal and re-engineering of urban space. For the current urban space construction crisis needs the integration ofhistorical and cultural elements urgently while the development of the cultural tourism industry itself happened to needthe city to provide the necessary carrying space and incubation carrier urgently as well. Thus this research discussesthe construction of urban visual planning system and the specific implementation path from the perspective of thedevelopment of cultural tourism industry.
Keywords: Cultural Tourism Industry, Urban Construction, Visual Planning.
Highlights:* The construction of urban visual planning system.* The implementation path of urban visual planning.
THE RESEARCH ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF URBANVISUAL PLANNING SYSTEM BASED ON THEDEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL TOURISM INDUSTRY
1 3 7
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Res
earc
h on
the
Con
struc
tion
of U
rban
Visu
al P
lann
ing
Syste
m B
ased
on
the
Dev
elop
men
t Fe
ng W
, Wen
hua,
Xia
nggu
an G
.
To explore the urban architectural culture elements,it is necessary to put the extraction and transformationof urban architectural elements in an important posi-tion. By using a specific carrier, sticking with the origi-nal, expanding the choice of channels then spreadingthe culture, which will all help us shape one uniqueimage of the city from multiple angles in the future andfully display the local historical and cultural heritage toeveryone. Urban architecture is one representation ofthe historical development of the city as well as areflection of the cultural changes in the city. Thechanging of architectural styles of the city not onlyrecord the occurrence of historical events and thedevelopment of urban history but also describe thecharacter and image of the city. The systematic reviewand research planning of urban architectural stylescan help to study the urban development context,shape the city image well, publicize and enhance thecity influence, and carry forward the local traditionalculture.
2.2. The Current Situation of Urban Space in China The construction of a city embodies the city’s culturaltaste and civilization as well as the city builder’s cul-tural accomplishment and cultural quality. The People-oriented spirit aims to seek a more optimized lifestyleby meeting both the basic needs and the spiritualneeds. Urban architectural design is a dynamic andpractical social aesthetic existence, which is composedof the contemporary society and the non-social massaesthetic integration, caused by social aestheticmotives and non-social aesthetic motives, andachieved by social aesthetic ability and non-socialaesthetic ability. It has the highest degree of symbol-ism, naturalness and enrichment, so it is the best waythat can reflect the profound national cultural her-itage. With today’s rapid development of society,urban buildings are changing fleetly, the high-risebuildings are everywhere and the intelligent construc-tion is emerging, yet the visual differences among dif-ferent cities are vanishing. When human beings striveto build more and more beautiful buildings, the local-ized visual culture is perishing
1)Cultural Remodeling: Cultural Crisis in Today’sUrban ConstructionThe modern cities are all facing the so-called “specialcrisis”. Scholar BAOXING Q attributed the primarycause of this crisis to the following two aspects: one isthe every city has the same appearance caused by themutual cloning of modern architecture; the other is thelong history of the culture suspends here caused by theincorrect urban renewal (Baoxing 2004). Mr. JIXIANGS, Dean of the National Museum, summarized theproblems existing in the current urban cultural con-struction into eight aspects, which are urban land-scape convergence, urban construction imbalance,urban image vulgarity, urban environmental deteriora-tion, urban spiritual decline, urban management dis-
location, city Culture sinks and city memories disap-pear.
Based on the above, urban space reconstruc-tion should follow the “urban diversity theory” and“small and meticulous planning” which is proposed byJane Jacobs in his book The Death and Life ofAmerican Big Cities, instead of blindly dismantling.Only in this way can we continue the cultural history ofa city. However, the real uniqueness of a city is rarelyderived from those tall modern public buildings butthe residential buildings scattered here and there.Sadly, these traditional residential buildings which arefull of regional characteristics are being replaced bythe popular real estate economy and the traditionalneighborhood relationship is facing a crisis of disinte-gration. Therefore, it is worth noting that Chinese con-temporary cities are not only facing the problem oflacking protection of old cultural heritage, but alsofacing the problem of insufficient creation of newurban cultural .
2)Industry Update: Industry Crisis in Today’s UrbanConstructionIn the post-industrial era, the trend of decentralizationin large cities became more and more obvious. Itgradually transferred many functions originallybelonging to urban centers and inner cities to the citiesof satellite city structures. More and more cities arefacing many practical problems such as the decline oftraditional industries and the hollowing out of urbanindustries, which means the industrial structure ofurban inner cities needs to be adjusted and the urbanrenewal is imminent. At the same time, along with thecontinuous development and growth of the culturalcreative industries in the new era, the city’s culturalrenaissance and industrial renewal have gained newopportunities for developing. With this, traditionalindustrial cities urgently need to explore new industrialdevelopment models to achieve a new round of urbanspace reconstruction.
3)Space Reengineering: The Control and ReductionCrisis of Today’s Urban ConstructionBAOXING Q once pointed out that between 1800and 2000, from historical cities to modern cities, themost fundamental change in the architectural stylewas that the isolated buildings replaced the courtyardbuildings (Xiaoyi 2016). This change has promptedthe “barbaric growth” of urban space in the verticalsense, which means more and more urban buildingsdesigners are blindly pursuing high volume ratios inmass and do not hesitate to destroy the scale and con-tour of the original city (Jixiang 2010). The originalcontinuous, piece-and-smooth, homogeneous urbantexture was rigidly divided into individual islands thatis caused by modern rapid traffic (Jian 2010), inanother word, the urban spatial landscape order wascompletely chaotic. The traditional urban culturalspace is forced to be compressed, and at the sametime, the flexible construction of the modern urbancultural space is often neglected, which made the cor-ridor between the individual spaces of the city is beingobscured, made the urban space divide into isolatedindividual closed spaces and made no effective “con-versation” or “communication” happen between eachvarious space.
With all the research above we are able toknow that the fundamental cause of all urban crisis isthat most modern cities often only have a high-scale
Figure 1. Development Model Transformation Map
1 3 8
Feng
W, W
enhu
a, X
iang
guan
G.
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Res
earc
h on
the
Con
struc
tion
of U
rban
Visu
al P
lann
ing
Syste
m B
ased
on
the
Dev
elop
men
t
spatial foundation, but have no strong cultural foun-dation. In the rapidly evolving urbanization process,large-scale isolated buildings can easily enhance theoppression of urban space. While the urban culturalspace can make the rigid urban space become moreflexible and add more vitality to every city. This canrestrain the violent expansion trend of the city in thespatial dimension and lead the urban to developtowards the connotative development direction, whichcan avoid the urban malformation effectively. Thevisual image of a city is the most direct and externalvisual expression conveyed to the whole society, is aconcentration of the natural features, historical andcultural genes, and humanistic spirit of local region. Itis embodied in the space, shape, narrative, color, tex-ture of the building, decoration and many otheraspects (Qianjun 2016). Therefore, it is significantlyimportant to establish the urban visual planning sys-tem.
3. Urban Visual Planning System Based on theDevelopment of Cultural Tourism and Construction3.1. The Connotation of Urban Visual PlanningSystemIn the past urban planning work, there alreadyincludes the work contents of urban visual planning,such as the height limit control in urban planning,color planning and outdoor advertising managementin urban control regulations, and the style coordina-tion area and visual gallery in urban cultural relicsprotection planning, the culture and graphic design ofthe road and urban tourism planning.etc. But the visu-al planning in these planning work is not systematicand incomplete, therefore, it is necessary to constructa city visual planning system. In today’s society, boththe pace of people’s life and the pace of society aregetting more and more rushing. In a fast-paced soci-ety, it is difficult to win a deeper understanding of cul-tural connotations and most people rely on the visualrepresentation of urban landscapes to realize the cityculture. Therefore, the supplier of the cultural informa-tion should provide more efficient and convenientinformation delivery methods for visitors because thevisual communication of cultural information is the keyfactor affecting how can the recipients receive effectiveinformation in time. This requires the governments andthe planners to pay attention to the visual image of thecity, to build the urban visual planning system on thebasis of the existing urban planning work, to displaythe historical and cultural elements in the most publicway to everybody, to lighten the public and thetourist’s cognitive burden and let them understand theinformation accurately and clearly in order to makethe urban culture and visual image gain a wider publicawareness. These all require that urban visual plan-ning must start with the local culture then try to find avisual image element that can reflect the historicalcontext of the city and conform to the contemporaryvisual aesthetics in the context of the development ofthe cultural tourism industry, which can not only inheritthe urban context, but also facilitate the spreadingspeed of the city culture.
3.2. Construction of Urban Visual Planning System To study the visual image, we need to start from the
four-dimensional elements, which are graphics, color,material and visual space. We can also use them todefine the visual image of anything. Therefore, theurban visual planning system has to construct from
logo, color, texture and visual corridor�See figure 2for details.
1) City Logo PlanningMost cities have their emblems, but with the changesin the aesthetics little by little and the disconnectionbetween urban planning work and urban cultural con-struction, most citizen know nothing about their city’semblem. Therefore, the first step of urban visual plan-ning should move up the urban culture and top-leveldesign by cultural excavation and graphic design inorder to change the emblem of the city into an easy-to-propagate graphic eventually confirmed in the formof urban CI and urban color also combined with thedevelopment of cultural tourism to spread the designof the cultural and travel logo(Xuefei and Lixin2018;Xiaotao 2014;Ren 2016). In the interest ofdeepening the concept of culture-oriented travel, weshould design the mascot. This series of logos orgraphic design fully consider about the application oflogo and urban color, especially about the importantthings such as city squares and city portals for achiev-ing the spread of urban culture during the period ofspatial planning in urban planning(Xiaotao2014;Xueyan 2015).
2) Urban color planningColor is the most important factor in vision, however,there still are color chaos and unclear problems exist-ing in many cities. Most the world’s great cities likePrague, Santorini all have their unique color system.The city logo planning completed the mining of urbanculture and business travel business cards first. On thebasis of urban logo planning, try to let the urban colormatch with the urban culture by using urban colorplanning. Then combining with the urban plans toplan the color of the main functional areas in thecity(Xiaowen and Huiying 2018;Liangjin 2017). Underthe color guidance of urban identity planning, com-plete the color planning of the city administrationarea, business area, commercial area and residentialarea(Changyong and Engang 2019;Jie etal.2018;Tianzhen and Jiahai 2018). Also under thecolor guidance of the cultural tourism logo, completethe color planning for cultural relics protection zones,landscape coordination zones, and tourism develop-ment zones.
3) Spatial Texture PlanningThe planning of urban spatial texture is based on theurban color planning to do a further visual planning ofurban spatial materials. Barcelona in Spain is a veryregional city and the famous architecture Scodi hasdesigned many unique buildings for the city throughhis whole life. The unique architectural form andmaterial texture left a deep imprint to everybody andeven become a world famous cultural heritage.Planning the texture material of the urban space canhelp to form a recognizable urban space. For exam-ple, , most of the building are using blue and whiteglass curtain walls, using the exterior color aluminumpanels in the CBD, aiming to establish a image of theurban business area. While the auxiliary central areaand residential area should spray on the outer wall.Urban color planning and urban texture planning arethe key and difficult steps in urban visual planning sys-tem.
1 3 9
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Res
earc
h on
the
Con
struc
tion
of U
rban
Visu
al P
lann
ing
Syste
m B
ased
on
the
Dev
elop
men
t Fe
ng W
, Wen
hua,
Xia
nggu
an G
.
4)Urban Visual CorridorIn urban planning, there has been planning awarenessand practice of the city skyline, but it has repeatedlybeen broken through, such as the Shanghai LujiazuiCBD where the public has just adapted to a certainstage of the skyline contour soon there are new build-ings break through the former skyline height. Thisshows that this issue has not been properly consideredin urban planning(Xinhao and Xuxiang 2013). Urbanvisual corridor planning, including two aspects, one isthe urban corridor planning that contents the urbanskyline and the hierarchical planning. The other is theplanning of cultural tourism corridors which contentsthe height limits of the cultural relics protection areasand the width of the view corridor and interface plan-ning. In the aspect of the urban landscape heritageremodeling, the key is to solve the problem of spatialcoordination of surrounding buildings and strengthenthe control of the height limit around the heritage andthe corridor(Yingxue and Deyi 2012;Yan etal.2010;Yao et al.2016). For example, the SuzhouHumble Administrator’s Garden borrowed the sceneryfrom North Temple Tower in the southwestern direc-tion, which is a typical borrowing scenery mode inChinese gardens. This unique urban cultural land-scape has been protected and reproduced by imple-menting strict policy of height limitation between thetwo of them.After mixing the cultural and historical elements intothe design of urban architecture, where the visitors cantruly feel the historical and cultural heritage. In theurban architectural design, after building the urbanvisual planning system constructed through the fouraspects above then it’s time to put the visual planninginto practice.
4. The Implementation Path Design of Urban VisualPlanning4.1. Fusion Path in Urban PlanningUnder the guidance of “multi-regulation in one”, the
urban visual planning system must be carried outunder the existing urban planning system and set onecity logo planning part, one city vision corridor part,one urban color planning part and one urban textureplanning part. The city logo planning can be widelyrecognized by the public through planning texts,design documents, government establishment proce-dures, etc. Urban color planning, urban texture plan-ning, and urban visual corridor planning are all imple-mented through urban zoning planning and urbancontrol regulations. In the end, it will be recognizedfrom the government to the public.
4.2. Implementation Path in the Development ofCultural TourismIn the process of rehabilitative protection of urban cul-tural heritage, most urban planners often overlookone key step, which is the construction of culturalecosystems around the cultural heritage. Specifically, itrefers to the creation of “invisible” external space out-side the ancient architectural body. For example,retaining some typical life styles in urban space, suchas the maintenance of traditional neighborhood rela-tionship, which carries the significance of the tradition-al urban culture. As the statement in the book MachuPicchu Charter (1977) saying “The personality andcharacteristics of a city depend on the size, structureand social characteristics of the city, so it is necessarynot only to protect and preserve the historical sites andmonuments of the city, but also to inherit the generalcultural tradition.”
4.3. The Bottom-up Extension PathThe traditional planning used the government and
the administrative department to decentralize planningtasks and the planning indicators as well as to achievethe planning objectives through planning manage-ment, which completed a large degree of unity andcoherence of the objectives, but still is lacking publicawareness of urban culture for the precipitation andinheritance. The design of urban visual planning sys-tem starts from urban culture, and it directly affects thepublic’s visual sense of the city, which largely makesup the lack of urban culture in traditional planning.The bottom-up path in this article includes both urbancitizens and the experience of the public. Especiallyabout the public experience of the cultural travel, dur-ing the era of urban transformation and development,the cultural industry and tourism industry will occupythe main position of urban economic growth. And dur-ing the self-media era, the good experience and visualcognition of the cultural tourism will be great motionto spread of urban culture and urban visual image.Through these specific implementation paths, whichcan publicize the urban culture effectively and impressevery visitor and citizen deeply. Eventually the historyand culture of the city can be continued and passedon effectively .
5. ConclusionThe city is a symbol of human civilization, an ideal
tool and environment for realizing the social organiza-tion and human life. It can not only provide the mate-rial conditions and conveniences for people, but alsocan meet the needs of people’s diverse life and devel-opment with its unique cultural, social and economicbackground. The city is not only a place for people tolive, but also a background and carrier for a variety ofcultural activities. As an organic part of cultural
Figure 2. Urban visual planning system diagram.
1 4 0
Feng
W, W
enhu
a, X
iang
guan
G.
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
The
Res
earc
h on
the
Con
struc
tion
of U
rban
Visu
al P
lann
ing
Syste
m B
ased
on
the
Dev
elop
men
t
tourism, the city reflects the rich cultural characteris-tics, the background of a specific era, the region andthe nation, which makes the construction of urbanvisual planning system have significant meaning. Theestablishment of the urban visual planning system canfix the problem of the inaccurate understanding of theurban culture and urban style. Combined with thedevelopment of the cultural tourism industry, it willhelp to achieve goal of spreading the urban cultureand embellishing the urban visual image.
Acknowledgments:This study was financially supported by the Soft
Science of Shanxi Province, China(No.2018041013-3).
REFERENCES
JIXIANG,S.2007, From “functional city” to “culturalcity”, Tianjin University Press, Tianjin, China. (inChinese)
BAOXING,Q.2004,Chinese cities face six major crisesin the future, Urban Development,8:23-27.
XIAOYI,W.2016, Urban science and the city of thefuture, Social Science Press, Beijing, China.(inChinese)
JIXIANG,S.2010,Retaining the “root” and “soul” ofurban culture — exploration and practice of Chinesecultural heritage protection, Science Press, Beijing,China.(in Chinese)
JIAN,Z.2010, Urban street research and planningdesign, China Architecture Publishing House, Beijing,China.(in Chinese)
QIANJUN,L.2016, Based on urban architecturalspace visual communication design research, ChinesePackaging,3:44-46.
XUEFEI,L. and LIXIN,S.2018, Research on the designmethod of city image sign based on region,design,07,118-120.
XIAOTAO,L.2014,Research on the application of con-text symbols in urban image design, Northwest FineArts,03,100-103.
REN,L.2016,Research on urban logo design, ArtPanorama,06,108-109.
XIAOTAO,L.2014,Analysis of the Cultural SymbolsBased on the Design of Urban Image IdentificationSystem, Design Research,04:4,42-46+57.
XUEYAN,B.2015,Aesthetic Conception in Modern CityLogo Design, Art and Design,02:Z1,31-32.
XIAOWEN,B. and HUIYING,Q.2018, The Practice ofColor Planning in Foreign Cities and Its Enlightenmentto Shanghai, Shanghai Urban PlanningReview,04,115-118.
LIANGJIN,M.2017,The Interaction between the Colorof Urban Architecture and Urban Planning,Construction Materials & Decoration,41,115-118.
CHANGYONG,C. and ENGANG,L.2019,Urbancolor planning practice from perceptual cognition toquantitative control, Planners,35:2,73-79.
JIE,S. and BO,Y. et al.2018, Urban Color PlanningResearch: A Case Study of Anlu City, Hubei Province,Huazhong Architecture,36:2,9-12.
TIANZHEN,X. and JIAHAI,H.2018, Study on urbancolor planning of canal towns in south of theyangtze— a case study of jiaxing central city,Urbanism and Architecture,29,96-98.
XINHAO,L. and XUXIANG,L.2013, The meaning andtechnique of the city skyline in the shaping of land-scape, Modern Decoration,10,52-53.
YINGXUE,R. and DEYI,D.2012, Study on urban sky-line landscape organization under the constraint ofnatural environment — taking nan ‘an as an example,Urban Problems,12,12-16.
YAN,M. and FENG,L. et al.2010, Research on thebuilding height control of urban transition node —taking the height analysis of dingshan turntable inpukou district of nanjing city as an example,Planners,26:S2,118-121.
YAO,Y. and SHAN,T. et al.2016, Analysis and controlof urban skyline along lishui river in zhangjiajie,Chinese & Overseas Architecture,11,65-67.
Author(s):
FENG W, WENHUA L, XIANGGUAN G.1. Arts College, Taiyuan University of Science andTechnology, Taiyuan, China2. School of Economics and Management, TaiyuanUniversity of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China* Corresponding author: FENG W, Email:[email protected]
1 4 1
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal v
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Stu
dy o
n En
viro
nmen
tal r
egen
erat
ion
arou
nd Q
ingl
ong
tem
ple
in X
i'an
City
.m
a Jia
o, W
u g
uoyu
an
1. Introduction
First built in the Sui dynasty, the Qinglong temple issituated on the leyou plateau, one of the six hills ofChang’an and the commanding height of the city. tobe specific, the six hills of Chang’an refer to six loessridges running across the capital base, south ofWeishui river and north of Zhongnansha. When plan-ning the daxing City, the emperor yu Wenkai regardedthe six high hills as the six hexagrams of Qian in theBook of Changes, and arranged them in the order of“Chu Jiu, Jiu Er, Jiu San, Jiu Si, Jiu Wu and Shang Jiu”from the north to the south. according to the meaningof Qian hexagram, public buildings with differentfunctions were built on the six hills: the imperial palacewas placed on the Jiu Er highlands, the imperial cityand government organs on the Jiu San highlands, andmore temples and taoist temples on the Jiu Wu high-lands because Jiu Wu means honor. in conclusion,important public buildings (palaces, imperial cities,government organs and temples, etc.) were all locatedon highlands, which were separated from the generalresidential areas placed on the lower terrain. in thisway, the combination of urban buildings and urbangeographical conditions allowed the overall layout ofthe city to be clear, three-dimensional and spectacu-lar. and these six high hills were the geographicalbasis of the overall planning and layout of the daxingCity (Chang’an City) and the skeleton of the city. as animportant temple, the Qinglong temple was plannedon the Jiu Wu leyou plateau, which was the com-manding height of Chang’an in tang dynasty and the
best scenic spot for climbing and sightseeing as itallowed tourists to have a panoramic view of thewhole city. in addition, it has been a tradition for localsto enjoy Zhongnanshan and watch sunset. tourists cansee Xingqing park and the Weishui river in the north,the dayan pagoda in the south, the Furong garden inQujiang below and Qinling mountains far ahead.
the Qinglong temple was once a famoustemple in Chang’an in Sui and tang dynasties, andthe leyou plateau where Qinglong temple was locat-ed was a tourist attraction as early as Qin and Handynasties. in Sui and tang dynasties, it was integratedwith Qujiang pool and Ci’en temple, which becamethe most attractive tourist attraction in Chang’an.moreover, it was high, always facing south and over-looking the city plains. Several poems have vividlydepicted the way that the plateau overlookedChang’an in tang dynasty, such as Bai Juyi’s “the fogin the northeast is so dense while the clouds flow intothe palace”, and “the world of mortals floods amonggreen trees when i look down at the 12 streets”.
the excavation of the Qinglong temple sitestarted in 1973. in 1980, the first conservation planwas planned to commemorate the exchange promo-tion by Kukai, which focused on the reproduction ofthe original Buddhist pattern of the Qinglong temple.in 1982, the construction of the Kukai monument wascompleted. at this time, the gardens between theKukai monument, and the east and the west yardsaround the pagoda were not yet built. in other words,there was only Kukai monument, on which you couldsee the dayan pagoda on the leyou plateau. in 1984,
MA Jiao, WU GuoyuanAbstractThe paper is aimed to avoid the situation that historical relics are encroached, isolated and fragmented because ofcities in the rapid urban process. Taking the environment around the Qinglong Temple in Xi'an city as an example andbased on the characteristics of urban patterns in the history, this paper explores the spatial connection relationshipbetween historical relics and surrounding villages as well as the connection between metro traffic and commercial bod-ies. At the end of the paper, the improvement strategy is put forward, namely the design concepts of “stepwise style”and “landscape style”, which can be achieved by the demand of ecological restoration and the relationship betweenurban axis. To be noted, the research shows, by restructuring new connection space, the city can promote the urbanmemory to be restored, the urban appearance to be reshaped, and the urban patterns in the history to be respectedand displayed.
Keywords: Qinglong Temple, Historical Pattern, Spatial Regeneration, Historical Relics.
Highlights:The Qinglong Temple of development.Connection space renewal.A basis for environmental regeneration designs.
STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATIONAROUND QINGLONG TEMPLE IN XI'AN CITY
1 4 2
ma
Jiao,
Wu
guo
yuan
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal v
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Stu
dy o
n En
viro
nmen
tal r
egen
erat
ion
arou
nd Q
ingl
ong
tem
ple
in X
i'an
City
.
the main body of the restoration project of theHuiguo-Kukai memorial Hall was completed, and thegardens between the Huiguo-Kukai memorial Halland the Kukai memorial Hall were completed oneafter another. after the completion of these two pro-jects, the upper ruins of no. 4 had been excavatedand maintained their original appearance. Since thenorth side of no. 4 ruins was only 6 meters away fromthe Huiguo-Kukai memorial Hall, for the conservationof the ruins, only greening treatment was adoptedinstead of hardening treatment.
in 2008, the Xi’an municipal governmentlaunched the second conservation plan, aiming atimproving the image of the Qinglong temple site andfocusing on the scenic spots and surrounding environ-ment of the Qinglong temple. to be specific, the gen-eral idea of the plan was to highlight the Buddhist cul-ture and the characteristics of tang dynasty of theQinglong temple, protect the historical features of theregion and improve its regional environmental quality,further realizing the benign cycle of the ecologicalenvironment and the sustainable utilization ofresources in the area. the unified plan solved all thematters by implementing the procedures step by step;it referred to the culture and history in tang dynasty toshape the landscape and characteristics of scenicspots; and it improved public service facilities such asrecreational green space, evacuation sites, parkinglots, urban sanitation and barrier-free facilities byrelieving the traffic and reforming roads, thus improv-ing the overall environmental quality of the area, andmaintaining the sustainable development of scenicspots.
From the excavation of the Qinglong templesite in 1973 to the completion of the first phase of theleyou plateau Heritage park in 2012, the Qinglongtemple on the leyou plateau has become a historicaland cultural scenic spot that integrates ruins, temples,parks, museums and tea houses. its main areas are asfollows: the Qinglong temple Site reserve in Sui andtang dynasties in the southwest, the Qinglong templearea and the Qinglong temple Site ConservationCenter in the south, the Huiguo Hall Business Hotel inthe southeast, the Historical and Cultural Experiencearea of the leyou plateau in the north, the Qinglongtemple museum of guyuan Building in the center, etc.
the base is adjacent to the Qinglong temple Heritagepark with tang culture as its main architectural style,the design of which emphasizes the cultural character-istics of amusement park and highlights the features ofsite protection.
Both plans try to maintain the temple patternof the Qinglong temple, namely the pagoda in thefront and the palace in the back, and succeed torestore the grand view when the temple was crowdedwith visitors and numerous pilgrims came to worshipthe Buddha in the prosperous tang dynasty. in addi-tion, the plans attempt to enable people to feel thegrand atmosphere from the tang dynasty here.However, the actual situation of the Qinglong templenowadays is worrisome. although there are manyBuddhists worshiping Buddha here, the original pat-tern and significance of the original leyou plateau inChang’an City have been in danger due to the high-degree development and the lack of shaping of histor-ical environment. therefore, it is urgent to truly realizethe once brilliant historical reproduction, whichrequires us to focus more on the heritage areas withspecial historical significance. this study focuses onhow to treat the historical heritage more correctly, howto make the spiritual and material urban heritage per-manent, and how to adapt to the surrounding environ-ment and the rapid urban development.
2.Investigation on the Present Situation of theSurrounding Environment of the Qinglong Temple inXi’an City2.1. Platform Erosion and Vegetation Destructionthe platform where the Qinglong temple is located israre in Xi’an. the erosion and excavation of the plat-form lead to the disappearance of the landscape.Consequently, the Qinglong temple on the “gangsitemple” before can not be completely restored. theloess exposed or the retaining wall built destroys theoriginal vegetation system.
2.2. Contradictory Relations with the Adjacent Villagein the Citythe Qinglong temple site is surrounded by villages,namely the tielumiao village (including tieyi villageand tieEr village) and the Wangjia village. in theprocess of urban development, all farmland in the vil-
Figure 1. Present situation of Qinglong Templein in Xi'an.
1 4 3
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal v
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Stu
dy o
n En
viro
nmen
tal r
egen
erat
ion
arou
nd Q
ingl
ong
tem
ple
in X
i'an
City
.m
a Jia
o, W
u g
uoyu
anlage has been gradually encroached and replaced bythe expanding city, and the villages adjacent to themain road of the city have been replaced by high-risebuildings. in the end, the villages have become the vil-lages in the city, resulting in the situation that high-risebuildings surround the villages in the city and these vil-lages surround the Qinglong temple site(Figure 1).
therefore, the common background that theQinglong temple and the villages in the city share isthe disorderly, mixed and gradually approaching high-rise buildings caused by the market. the historicalleyou plateau, the commanding height of Chang’anin tang dynasty, has been covered by the disorderedurban texture. Whenever people overlookZhongnanshan, watch the sunset or look at the dayanpagoda, they can be disturbed by the high-rise build-ings in the distance and have an incomplete and bro-ken viewing frame. only the 15-meter height differ-ence of the steep ridge below the cliff of the Qinglongtemple sees the past of the leyou plateau as the com-manding height of the city, which is insufficient for thecitizens to realize the importance of the Qinglongtemple and the leyou plateau in the spatial pattern ofChang’an City in tang dynasty.
2.3. Contradictions between the Qinglong Temple,and Urban Transportation and CommercialDevelopmentthe Qinglong temple Station is located in the south-east section of the second ring of Xi’an as well as inthe intersection of Xi’an metro line 3 and line 5. thestation is named for the nearby Qinglong templeHistorical and Cultural Scenic Spot. the core businesscircle of Xi’an City is in the south mostly, the secondarybusiness circle is within 3 kilometers of the southeastof the Bell tower, and the marginal business circle,such as the Sanqiao business circle, is located in a rel-atively remote position, while the Qinglong temple isin the overlapping coverage of lifeng internationalBusiness Circle and Qujiang business circle in Xi’an.Because of its location, the temple is surrounded bycatering, supermarkets, followed by hostels, barber-shops, etc. However, there is no comprehensive com-mercial mall around to provide people with one-stopshopping and entertainment experience. also,because of its remote location, a large number of carwash and repair industries and residential areas aremixed together, occupying the streets, hindering com-mercial development, and leading to the overcrowdedliving environment. it is one of the urgent problems tostimulate the life of the area by providing more jobopportunities for villagers, or attracting other peopleto be more active in this area or even settle down.
3. Design of Environmental Regeneration around theQinglong Temple in Xi’an City3.1. Space Connection between the Qinglong TempleSite and Surrounding Villages in the Citythere is a transitional area between the Qinglongtemple site and the surrounding villages in the city,which is situated in the 12 major taphrogenic belts ofXi’an City with a width of 30 meters, and remainsidle(Figure 2(1)). as the illegally-built villages in thecity are quite close to the cliff of the Qinglong templeand have occupied part of the taphrogenic belts whilethe cliff is reinforced by bricks and hardening, the plat-form has been eroded and the vegetation system hasbeen destroyed. From the Qinglong temple, the com-manding height of Chang’an in tang dynasty, people
can oversee the whole city. in addition, according tomany ancient poems and lyrics passed down fromgeneration to generation, the visual relationshipbetween the Qinglong temple and the dayan pagodacan be told. When planning and designing the Kukaimonument, the academician Zhang Jinqiu consideredthe visual relationship between the reception hall andthe dayan pagoda. However, due to the crowdedbuildings, the visual relationship between theQinglong temple and the dayan pagoda has almostcompletely disappeared. through field investigation, itis found that only near the inaccessible edge of thecliff in the Qinglong temple can tourist see the dayanpagoda while they cannot do so in other locations dueto the disturbance of the forest. therefore, the cliff inthe transitional area between the Qinglong templeand the villages in the city should be designed as anaccessible landscape area for visitors. on the onehand, such design can ensure the visual relationshipbetween the Qinglong temple and the dayanpagoda. on the other hand, it reuses the transitionaland idle area. Furthermore, the platform landform ofthe cliff can be restored through reasonable land-scape design. in this paper, the concept of “stepwisestyle” design is adopted and the following three land-scape strategies for spatial connection design areused(Figure 2(3)): (1) the design of slope landscapebelt is used on the cliff to integrate the Qinglongtemple site with the transitional area of the villages inthe city. the plants are planted on the slope surface toform a protective corridor and arranged based on thestep shape. Seven levels are set up to reflect theBuddhist “a pagoda of seven stories” culture. (2)Stone is used to reinforce the cliff surface and form agray space together with the slope surface. people canrest, meditate or carry out activities related to templeshere. (3) the “dustpan-like” platform is set up in thelandscape belt as such platform can effectively exertcertain pressure on the terrain, thus consolidating theterrain and reinforcing the original terrain. moreover,each dustpan-like platform can reinforce the terrainfrom three sides(Figure 2(2)).
3.2. Space Connection Design of the QinglongTemple Site and Surrounding Rail TransitBecause of the urban renewal of the villages aroundthe Qinglong temple, the efficient and effectiverenewal orientation is necessary. the support of urbanrail transit will make the region a public center forfuture urban construction, so it is necessary to designthe connection between the Qinglong temple site andthe surrounding rail transit space, especially in high-lighting the urban cultural heritage and integratingurban efficiency, which are of great values. accordingto the land regionalization map of the main urbanarea of Xi’an City overall plan (2008-2020),the tang City Wall ruins park on the east side isplanned to stay at the cross of the Xiying road and theyanxiang road, and connect with a small area ofgreen space at the Qinglong temple Heritage park onthe leyou plateau in the north. it is concluded that theoverall plan suggests that the large area of plannedgreen space of the Qinglong temple be used as thebeginning and the end of the green belt of the tangCity Wall, which means there should be a certainbond and connection between the Qinglong templeand the tang City Wall. after superimposed analysis ofthe ancient and modern road network in this area, it isfound that yanxing gate of Chang’an City in tang
1 4 4
ma
Jiao,
Wu
guo
yuan
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal v
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Stu
dy o
n En
viro
nmen
tal r
egen
erat
ion
arou
nd Q
ingl
ong
tem
ple
in X
i'an
City
.
dynasty fell at the cross of the yanxiang road and theXiying road. and according to the land regionalizationmap of the main urban area of Xi’an City overall plan(2008-2020), the tang City Wall ruins park temporar-ily remains where it is. Such decision may be based onthe idea of regarding the yanxing gate as the terminal
point, which is also proven. the Fangjian road thatthe yanxing gate faces passes through the south sideof the Qinglong temple park and connects the southgate of the Qinglong temple park with the yanxinggate. therefore, the axis relationship between theFangjian road and the yanxin gate should be high-
Figure 3. The Connection and Axis
Figure 2. The Design of Connection Space
1 4 5
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal v
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Stu
dy o
n En
viro
nmen
tal r
egen
erat
ion
arou
nd Q
ingl
ong
tem
ple
in X
i'an
City
.m
a Jia
o, W
u g
uoyu
an
lighted by controlling the sight corridor to allow visitorsto spot such relationship, or planning the pedestrianroad to make the relationship visible(Figure 3).
according to the present situation and baselimitation, this paper adopts the strategy of “land-scape-style” architecture to connect the Qinglong
temple with traffic hub and commercial space.different from the traditional vertical buildings isolatedin landscape environment, landscape-style architec-ture integrates the landscape into the roof by “fold-ing”, “embedding” and “inheriting”, which makes thecontemporary composite space with comprehensive
Figure 4. The “Landscape-style” Design
Figure 5. The “Landscape Architecture” Design.
1 4 6
ma
Jiao,
Wu
guo
yuan
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal v
ol.4
4 n
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Stu
dy o
n En
viro
nmen
tal r
egen
erat
ion
arou
nd Q
ingl
ong
tem
ple
in X
i'an
City
.
functions and huge scale show the flowing, meltingand smooth organic form. in addition, its spatial formcontinuously spreads horizontally, and enables thearchitecture to be merged with the urban surfacethrough the softening of the boundary. this organicspatial form reconstructs the urban surface and inte-grates the newly constructed space into the urbanenvironment. at the same time, the two opposite con-cepts of the top and bottom of the space are obscuredand blurred, which brings visual continuity to urbandesign. the new connection space is no longer isolat-ed on the surface as a contradictory heterogeneouselement, but is integrated into an organic unity as ahuge and continuous form with the environment. thiskind of strategy can make the new connection spaceless superior and integrate it with the surroundingenvironment in an open and continuous form. thesmooth transition from the Qinglong temple Heritagepark to the metro and commercial buildings helpsform a harmonic urban public space. in terms of thecity image, this strategy controls the height of architec-ture, showing humility, in order to highlight the leyouplateau. in this way, no sense of abruptness visually isshown while the architecture is well integrated with theenvironment, which is applicable to the situation thatZhongnanshan can be overlooked from the Qinglongtemple. therefore, it is an effective way to achievehigh volume ratio of traffic and commerce withoutdestroying the texture of the surrounding urban relics.
one of the air interfaces, used in the plazaswith roof gardens, can be combined with the land-scape space as a way to extend and spread space.another type of air interface, overhead space, canguide people into the second and third floors, showingthe “multi-first layer” pattern, which can increase theefficiency of the urban complex in the rail transit devel-opment period. Compared with the indoor atrium andthe indoor crossing space, it can also ensure theaccessible views, especially the significance of the his-torical pattern.
4. Conclusionurban historical relics bear the cultural heritage of
urban development. With the constant changes ofurban pattern, historical relics have been challengedunprecedentedly. Based on the basic analysis of thecurrent situation and the types of urban areas aroundthe Qinglong temple, and according to the character-istics of villages in surrounding cities, rail transit andthe development period of commercial bodies, thispaper puts forward the precondition of the connectiondesign between such urban relics and the surroundingenvironment space——the specific method of qualita-tive analysis and quantitative control of urban rela-tions. to be specific, this paper sorts out the urbanconnection and axis relationship in the area, exploresthe specific methods to control the planning scope,development intensity and building height, and illus-trates the specific design scheme.
Acknowledgments:this study was financially supported by young back-
bone teacher of Xianyang normaluniversity(XSygg201811).
REFERENCES
yali,Z.2012,On the Protection and Development of QinglongTemple Site Park in Xi’an,toursim overview, 1:51-52.
WEnli,d.2015,Study On Heritage Impact Assessment Of The RailTransportation Project In Planning Phase: Xi’an Metro Line FiveExample,planners,12:276-279.
JianQiang,y.2015,Protection of urban historical environment and traditional style,Shanghai urban planning review,5:18-22.
Song,Z.and XuEFEng,Z.2011,Historic urban landscape:a newapproach to urban conservation,Journal of tongji university(SocialScience Section),3,29-34.
vanoErSr.and Jian,Z.2013,Implementation of the 2011UNESCO “Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape inAsia and the Pacific”,research Frontier,7:9-12.
rao,C.and WEi,d.2014, Study on the conservation of city historicenvironment based on historical maps,modem urbanresearch,2:64-71.
WEi,d.2012,The gradient method for urban historical environmentconservation and rehabilitation,Beijing planning review,6:34-37.
Jian,l.and WEi,d.An integrated research approach on city mapdecoding based on reshaping decoding of ancient map ofHangzhou City, urban planning Forum,2:93-98.
BEntEng,l.and WEi,d.2008,Discussion about historic site preser-vation planning method base on hierarchy concept:a case study ofthe Xiaoling Mausoleum Sacred Way preservationplanning,planners,10:19-23.
JinQiu,Z.1983,Notes on the Architectural Design of QinglongTemple Imitating Tang Dynasty,architectural Journal,5:61-66.
JanE,J.1981,The Death and Life of Great American Cities.ramdomHouse,new york,uSa.
Shaanxi media network.Xi’an research and amendment Xi’anurban master plan(2008-2020). http://sx.sina.com.cn/news/m/2016 -02-25/detail-ifxpvysx1629118.shtml,accessed 25February 2016.
Author(s):
MA Jiao, WU Guoyuan1. design College, Xianyang normal university,Xianyang,China2. College of architecture, Xi’an university ofarchitectural Science and technology, Xi’an, China* Corresponding author: ma Jiao , Email: [email protected]
1 4 7
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Sen
sitiv
ity m
icro
scal
e of
Urb
an H
eat I
sland
Red
uctio
n by
Gre
en...
Shizh
en W
ang,
Hua
nchu
n H
uang
, Cui
Hao
, Lei
Cao
, Tin
g Li
u
1. Introduction
The urban heat island (UHI) effect refers to the phe-nomenon that air temperature or surface temperatureof urban built-up areas is higher than that of ruralareas. In cities today, the intensity and impact areas ofUHI have been increasing rapidly, which has seriouslyjeopardized public health and air quality.(Shi 2018)Although a large number of articles in the literaturehave suggested various measures to alleviate UHI,most of these measures have not been implementedexcept for green space construction, which is a practi-cal measure to reduce UHI.(Walter 2017) Relatedstudies have shown that urban green space structuresaffect the cooling efficiency; however, the sensitivespatiotemporal scale of effectively reducing UHI dur-ing the daily cycle in summer remains unclear.
2. Related research progress and definitionUHI is a spatial phenomenon of hierarchical structure.Green space is one of the primary tools to alleviateUHI. Abundant research on the reduction of UHIthrough “greening” has been conducted in China andother countries (Santamouris 2014). Urban greenspace can absorb 80–90% of solar radiation, which isreflected to the sky through branches, leaves, and leaf
crowns of macrophanerophytes, avoiding the directradiation of the ground by the sun. Urban green spacecan reduce the ambient temperature by horizontalecological processes such as wind and atmosphericturbulence (Gunawardena 2017). There is neverthe-less little concern about the efficiency of cooling, inparticular the scale and mechanism of efficient cool-ing. At present, only Huanchun Huang, Yingxia Yunand few other scholars have studied the scale sensitiv-ity problem of the floor area ratio(Huang 2017), andthere is a lack of systematic and in-depth research onthe spatiotemporal scale sensitivity of the reduction ofUHI with green spaces.
Since the 1970s, the use of satellite images inresearch on UHI has been widely accepted in Chinaand other countries, and many research findings havebeen obtained (Bernard 2017). After 2000, greenspace and UHI entered the quantitative researchstage, which successively focused on three aspects:first, the quantitative description of green space andUHI, and the irregular research conclusions that fail toguide the planning and design; second, research onpatterns, mainly concentrating on the UHI and theNormalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), vege-tation coverage, vegetation types, etc.(Yu 2006); third,only a few studies have centered on the spatial char-
Shizhen Wang, Huanchun Huang, Cui Hao, Lei Cao, Ting Liu
AbstractGreen space is one of the main measures to alleviate urban heat islands (UHI). The transformation mechanism of day-time and nighttime scale sensitivity of vegetation coverage to reduce the UHI effect in a daily cycle has been unclear.As a result, we propose a scale sensitivity measurement algorithm to study the spatial and temporal response relation-ship between UHI and green coverage. Based on the scale theory of landscape ecology and the method of geosta-tistical analysis, we adopted ArcGIS, MATLAB, SPSS, and other data processing software as well as a large amount ofmeasured and high-resolution satellite imagery data of Beijing and Tianjin to quantitatively study their spatial scale sen-sitivity and daily variation features of urban green spaces to reduce summer UHI. The results show that first, the greencoverage rate and the UHI intensity experience positive and negative correlations during the daytime, and negativecorrelations at night. When the correlation coefficient is significant, there is a linear relationship between the UHI inten-sity and the core green rate. Second, the reduction of the UHI by green spaces displays spatial and temporal changescale sensitivity characteristics. The radius scale of daytime sensitivity is 15m, and the radius scale of nighttime sensitivityis 60m. The study’s conclusion enriches the theoretical parameters of landscape ecological scales and patterns, andprovides spatial and temporal scales for systematic planning of green space to reduce UHI.
Keywords: Core Green Rate, Spatiotemporal Scale, Sensitivity, Urban Heat Island.
Highlights:* There is a linear relationship between the urban heat island intensity and the core green rate.* There are spatial and temporal change scale sensitivity characteristics of green spaces reducing UHI.* The study’s conclusion provides spatial and temporal scales for planning of green space to reduce UHI.
SENSITIVITY MICROSCALE OF URBAN HEAT ISLANDREDUCTION BY GREEN SPACE.
1 4 8
Shizh
en W
ang,
Hua
nchu
n H
uang
, Cui
Hao
, Lei
Cao
, Tin
g Li
uop
en h
ouse
inte
rnat
iona
l Vol
.44
No.
3, S
epte
mbe
r 201
9.Se
nsiti
vity
mic
rosc
ale
of U
rban
Hea
t Isla
nd R
educ
tion
by G
reen
...
acteristics of green spaces(Dos 2017). Currentresearch needs to be developed further in the follow-ing directions: improvement of the basic data acquisi-tion and analysis methods; clarification of the scaleeffect of the mitigation of UHI with green spaces; anddeepening of the model and enhancement of empiri-cal test support. Therefore, based on RemoteSenescing, Geographical information System, high-precision map data, and high-precision test instrumentresults, this paper quantitatively analyzes the spa-tiotemporal scale sensitivity and interaction mecha-nism of the reduction of summer UHI with greenspaces in Tianjin and Beijing, two typical cities. The layout of this paper is as follows: Section 3 dis-cusses a conceptual algorithm for the core green rate,and builds an algorithm for scale sensitivity; Section 4analyzes the space–time scale sensitivity of green cov-erage and UHI intensity, and clarifies the gradualchange characteristics between green spaces and UHIin summer; and Section 5 presents the study’s conclu-sions.
3. Methodology3.1. Study areasThe UHI effect displays different characteristics at dif-ferent latitudes and in different countries. In this paper,the study areas are the downtown area of Tianjin andthe urban area of Beijing. Beijing and Tianjin are twotypical cities of China’s building climate zone II andvegetation zone III, while the building climate zoneand vegetation climate zone are approximately coinci-dent. Therefore, the study of the UHI of Tianjin is rep-resentative of the eastern part of Northeast China, theNorth China region, the southeastern part of the LoessPlateau, and the Guanzhong area. The effects of inter-layer plants are not obvious in the community, whichis mainly composed of oak, beech, maple, ash, lin-den, and birch, with relatively wide leaves. With rapidurbanization, the severity of the UHI problem is inten-sifying. Therefore, the study areas explored in thispaper are determined as an area that covers most ofthe urban region in Tianjin, with a total area of 316;and an area that covers most of the central urbanregion of Beijing, with a total area of 1166.
3.2. Study dataIn this paper, the data collection and processing stan-dards have been significantly improved, eliminatingthe shortcomings of previous studies, such as low dataaccuracy, few monitoring points, and insufficient spa-tial layout samples. Although the intensity of the UHIat night is higher than during the day, the summer day-time is the most harmful period in terms of the degreeof damage by UHI. Consequently, the test time wasselected as daytime from July 7 to August 7, 2013,and from July 1 to August 30, 2015.
The meteorological conditions for testing andanalyzing data need to meet the following require-ments: first, the UHI observation avoids the effect ofrainfall because the impact of a large amount of pre-cipitation on the UHI is extremely significant, makingthe observation results not representative; second,while the representative clear and cloudy weather isselected to conduct observation, the intensity of UHIon sunny days is greater than on cloudy days; third,the average wind speed during the observation timeshould be controlled at a speed close to 2.6m/s. Thenumber of sites was arranged to ensure that enoughsamples would be taken. The test point data wereobtained from 24 urban regions, and 60 urban areaswere finally determined (Figure 1).
3.3. Research methods and theories3.3.1. Scale sensitivity measurement methodScales are the intrinsic features or patterns of things innature, which are expressed by human beings or otherorganisms. The problem of scale sensitivity is in factthe embodiment of the laws of geography. The gener-ation of UHI that is influenced by ground objects with-in a certain spatial scope in the surrounding area willbe no longer linked to relevant regional variables far-ther than a certain distance. This distance is the mostsensitive scale of the UHI. This paper focuses on thespatial scale sensitivity of greenery coverage to UHI,i.e., how the spatial scale of green space can bestexert its influence on the central point of the UHI. Themeasure of scale sensitivity index uses the absolutevalue of the correlation coefficient between the influ-encing factor and the UHI intensity. The study adoptedthe calculation proposed by Huanchun Huang andJiangang Xu.(Huang 2017)
Figure 1. UHI observation points in the suburb and city.
1 4 9
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Sen
sitiv
ity m
icro
scal
e of
Urb
an H
eat I
sland
Red
uctio
n by
Gre
en...
Shizh
en W
ang,
Hua
nchu
n H
uang
, Cui
Hao
, Lei
Cao
, Tin
g Li
u
3.3.2. The concept of and calculation method forthe core green rateThe percentage of greenery coverage is the percent-age of the vertical projected area of plants in the totalland area within a certain urban land-use scope. It isthe environmental control of the overall design of theplot—in fact, it homogenizes the space of the entireplot, ignoring the difference among the points in thespace. Therefore, this study proposes the concept ofcore greenery coverage rate (hereinafter referred to ascore green rate).
The calculation method of the core green rateuses the calculation idea of kernel density function.Based on the raster data format, the sliding circle forthe area space unit is used to perform point-by-pointcalculation of the space motion search, and the aver-age value (or point density) in the window as the coregreen rate value of the center point. A spatial variationmap of the core green rate with continuous spatialvariation can be obtained. Its calculation formula canbe expressed as:
4. Analysis and results4.1. The scale sensitivity of the reduction of UHI withthe core green rate
According to the scale sensitivity calculation formula,the search circle with different radii was set separately,and the spatial and temporal scale sensitivity of thereduction of summer UHI with the core green rate wascalculated and evaluated. The sensitivity index S at dif-
ferent spatial scales was used to draw the scale sensi-tivity curve of the reduction of summer UHI with thecore green rate (see Figure 2).
It can be seen from Figure 2(1) that the sen-sitivity of the 15m radius is the strongest on the micro-scopic scale during the daytime, and the sensitivity ofUHI of the core green rate is gradually reduced afterthe radius is greater than—or less than—15m.Therefore, it can be concluded that the core greenrate can best reflect the influence on UHI intensitywhen the spatial search radius scale is 15m, i.e., thegreen space laid out in a circle with a radius of 15mexerts the greatest reducing effect on the intensity ofUHI at the center point O during the daytime.It has been estimated that there is only one sensitivescale at night. It can be seen from Figure 2(2) thatthe sensitivity of the 60m radius is the strongest, andthe radius of the UHI is gradually reduced after theradius is greater than or less than 60m. Therefore, itcan be concluded that the core green rate can bestreflect the influence of greenery coverage on UHIintensity when the spatial search radius scale is 60m.
4.2. The core green rate and daily pattern of UHI insummerCorrelation needs to be used to accurately describeand characterize the relationship between the coregreen rate and the day-to-day variation of UHI in sum-mer. We calculated the correlation coefficientsbetween the core green rate and UHI intensity of 60stations in the Tianjin and Beijing urban areas, anddrew the correlation curves of daytime and nighttime(Figure 3).
Figure 3. The core green rate and the UHI intensitycorrelation curve during the daytime and night
It can be seen from Figure 3(1) that the core greenrate and the UHI intensity in the daytime go throughtwo stages, which are converted from a positive corre-lation to a negative correlation, and there are mainlynegative correlations in the afternoon. Locally there isa positive correlation between 8:30 and 13:00; thedegree of positive correlation changes from high tolow; the correlation is the highest at 8:30; and the cor-relation coefficient (8:30) exceeds the test with a con-fidence level of 0.04. 13:00–17:00 shows negativecorrelation; the change is symmetrical around 15:00;
Figure 2. Scale sensitivity curve at daytime and night.
1 5 0
Shizh
en W
ang,
Hua
nchu
n H
uang
, Cui
Hao
, Lei
Cao
, Tin
g Li
uop
en h
ouse
inte
rnat
iona
l Vol
.44
No.
3, S
epte
mbe
r 201
9.Se
nsiti
vity
mic
rosc
ale
of U
rban
Hea
t Isla
nd R
educ
tion
by G
reen
...
the correlation is reduced to both ends; and the cor-relation coefficient of 14:00–16:00 exceeds the testwith a confidence level of 0.05.As can be seen from Figure 3(2), the core green rateand the UHI intensity are always negatively correlatedfrom 20:00 to 06:00 the next day. From the results ofthe correlation test, the correlation coefficient exceedsthe test with a confidence level of 0.01. This showsthat the UHI intensity at night decreases as the green-ery coverage increases.4.3. The regression analysis of the reduction of UHIwith the core green rateThrough the comprehensive comparison and analysisof parameters such as and RMSE, it was found that thelinear equation has the best fitting effect. The fittingequations for each time period are:
It can be seen from the fitted curve (Table 1)that UHI intensity in the daily variation period is linearwith the core green rate. The UHI intensity decreasedas the core green rate increased, and the averagecore green rate increased by 10%. The UHI intensitydecreased by 0.18°C from 14:00 to 16:00, and theUHI intensity at night decreased by 0.24°C. From20:00 to 6:00 the following day, the negative correla-tion was stable. The more that green space was
arranged in the 60m scale, the lower the temperature,and the regression equation of the temperature of UHIhad higher credibility.
5. ConclusionBased on the kernel density and moving windowsearch method, this paper uses a large amount ofmeasured and high-resolution satellite imagery datato study the regularity of the green spaces to reducethe sensitivity of the micro-temporal scale of the sum-mer UHI, and draws the following conclusions:First, regarding the greenery coverage rate and UHIintensity, the UHI intensity during the daytime experi-enced two stages of positive and negative correlation;there was negative correlation at night; and the corre-lation showed periodic characteristics with time. Thecorrelation coefficient had a significant period, andUHI intensity had a linear relationship with the coregreen rate.
Second, the cooling of green spaces had thescale sensitivity characteristics of spatiotemporalchanges, and the sensitivity of spatial scale had timelimitations. The sensitive scales of daytime and night-time changed obviously, the microscopic sensitiveradius of the core green rate during daytime was 15m,and the night sensitive scale radius was 60m.With the improvement of data precision and theadvent of the era of big data, the urban UHI effect hasmany new research directions, and many of the origi-nal studies can continue to sharpen the accuracy.
Acknowledgments:This study was financially supported by NationalNatural Science Foundation of China(31600571).Top-notch Academic Programs Project of JiangsuHigher Education Institutions�PPZY2015A063�. AProject Funded by the Priority Academic ProgramDevelopment of Jiangsu Higher Education Insitutions.
Figure 3. The core green rate and the UHI intensity correlation curve during the daytime and night.
Table 1. The regression equation between core green rateand UHI intensity .
1 5 1
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
Sen
sitiv
ity m
icro
scal
e of
Urb
an H
eat I
sland
Red
uctio
n by
Gre
en...
Shizh
en W
ang,
Hua
nchu
n H
uang
, Cui
Hao
, Lei
Cao
, Tin
g Li
uREFERENCES
SHI,Y. and KATZSCHNER,L. et al. 2018, Modellingthe fine-scale spatiotemporal pattern of urban heatisland effect using land use regression approach in amegacity, Science of the Total Environment, 618,891-904.
WALTER,L. F. and LEYRE,E. I. et al. 2017, An evi-dence-based review of impacts, strategies and tools tomitigate urban heat islands, International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health, 14:12, 1-29.
SANTAMOURIS, M. 2014, Cooling the cities – areview of reflective and green roof mitigation tech-nologies to fight heat island and improve comfort inurban environments, Solar Energy, 103:5, 682-703.
GUNAWARDENA,K. R. and WELLS,M. J. et al. 2017,Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heatisland intensity, Science of the Total Environment,584-585, 1040-1055.
HUANG,H. and YUN,Y. et al. 2017, Scale andAttenuation of Water Bodies on Urban Heat Islands,Open House International, 42:3, 108-111.
BERNARD,J. and MUSY,M. et al. 2017, Urban heatisland temporal and spatial variations: Empirical mod-eling from geographical and meteorological data,Building and Environment, 125, 423-438.
YU,C. and HIEN,W. N. 2006, Thermal benefits of cityparks, Energy and buildings, 38:2, 105-120.
DOS,S. and Alexandre,R. et al. 2017, Spatial andtemporal distribution of urban heat islands, Science ofthe Total Environment, 605, 946-956.
GAGE,E. A. and COOPER,D. J. 2017, Relationshipsbetween landscape pattern metrics, vertical structureand surface urban Heat Island formation in aColorado suburb, Urban Ecosystems, 20:6, 1229-1238.
HUANG,H. and YUN,Y. et al. 2017, Scale response ofsummer urban heat island to building plot ratio and itswarning parameter. Tehnicki Vjesnik-TechnicalGazette, 24:3, 877-887.
Author(s):
Shizhen Wang, Huanchun Huang, Cui Hao, Lei Cao,Ting Liu1. School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China2. College of Landscape Architecture, NanjingForestry University, Nanjing 210037, China3. Beijing Meteorological Observatory, Beijing,100089, China4. Design and Planning, the University of Sydney,Sydney, 2006, Australia.* Corresponding author: Lei Cao, Email: [email protected] &These authors contributed equally to this work andshould be considered co-first authors
Book
Rev
iew.
open
hou
se in
tern
atio
nal V
ol.4
4 N
o.3,
Sep
tem
ber 2
019.
1 5 6
